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Are lawyers strangling our government's ability to fight the first war of the twenty-first century? Does judicial adventurism and the fear of litigation undermine the War Against Terrorism? In essence, is our national security apparatus overlawyered? This article analyzes how some lawyers have produced a synthetic "litigation culture" over the war on terror. It argues that litigation concerning electronic surveillance, interrogation and all manners of prisoner treatment has chilled counterintelligence since 9/11.

The analyses of the security environment of the second decade of the 21st century clearly indicate that the period will be recorded in history as a decade of change, a time of discontinuation. Liberal democracy ceases to be the dominant paradigm, and the challenging of the liberal-democratic ideas is the most profound change since the establishment of the democratic order in the West in 1945. We are facing a growing gap between societal expectations and the abilities of the governments as well as the results that they deliver – the function of the state is changing, and governing is becoming ever more difficult. It is highly likely that the consequences of these changes will be more serious than the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The basic principles of the international order created after World War II are becoming increasingly obsolete. It appears obvious that these changes affect not only individual societies in the West, but also global international relations. These changes are accompanied by a scientific and technological revolution, in particular with regard to information. These phenomena can and should be analysed in terms of changes in the security environment understood as a mix of opportunities, challenges, threats and risks. This applies to the European Union in particular, as well as to the entire continent. It is reasonable to assume that risks and threats to Europe gain new depth within this context.

Professor Demchak criticizes the current Homeland Security Agency proposal as a convenient piling together of overstretched small agencies. After identifying principles appropriate for designing complex systems, she then applies these principles for strategies to strengthen U.S. domestic security. She recommends developing an 'Atrium' of information, or a semi-living database that captures, creates and shares knowledge across agencies rapidly. Such a system would also be capable of mitigating 'rogue outcomes' that cannot be known beforehand under any circumstances. She closes by providing guidelines to assess progress in implementing these strategies. Adapted from the source document.

Nigeria is one of the relatively secured nations in West African sub-region. In recent times, this endowed nation suddenly metamorphosed into an abode of serial bombing, hostage taking, armed robbery, cold-blooded killings and ethno-religious conflicts traceable to militant groups with conflicting ideological, political and religious agenda. Among these militant groups are Niger-Delta insurgents, Campus cults, Bakassi Boys, Armed robbers, O'odua People's Congress, Boko Haram et cetera. The resultant loss of lives, rising budgetary spending for security and destruction of valuable government facilities portend devastating consequences for sustainable economic development in the country. This paper examines the link between national security and sustainable economic development in Nigeria. The authors adopt quantitative method, which entails extraction of secondary data from the publications of Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and other reliable reports on the subject. The generated data were carefully analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics on the basis of which far-reaching conclusions were drawn. The research findings indicate that Nigeria's expenditure on national security is rising faster than spending on education, agriculture, health and construction. This unpleasant finding has negative effect on sustainable economic development in Nigeria. The paper proffers tripartite recommendations for governments, the citizens and policy-makers.

The penetration of social media mainly Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram in Pakistan is very high. At the same time several organizations including political organizations, religious pressure groups, separatists, terrorists and nonstate actors are using social media to promote their ideologies and propagation in favor to achieve their vested interests which can be very detrimental to national security of Pakistan. The young generation (millennials) are captivated by the powerful effects of social media on their daily lives. The study aims to find out the relationship between the users of social media and their perception of the national security of Pakistan. The findings of the study show that national security is an important issue, and the users are aware of its challenges; consequently, they are aware of the harmful use of social media. The results also showed that the youth considered that rumors on social media can create panic among the masses. The majority of the respondents stressed the need for the online vigilance of social media and recommends that concrete steps should be taken for public awareness about this issue.

Cyber warfare refers to a state's ability to penetrate another state's digital systems to cause disruption. Cyber warfare has emerged as the fifth operational warfighting domain. India has been strengthening its cyber warfare capabilities for a long time, which can seriously affect Pakistan. Considering the theoretical constructs of Barry Buzan and Ole Waever regarding the broader concept of security, this paper aims to highlight the possible threats and security challenges that India's cyberspace can pose to Pakistan's national security. The paper argues that India has acquired a robust cyberspace that can potentially cause financial damage, political instability, societal unrest, and radicalisation in Pakistan's society. Furthermore, strong cyberspace can also challenge nuclear deterrence between the two neighbours, thus threatening military security. The paper concludes with recommendations regarding what Pakistan can do to mitigate this growing cyber threat.


Bibliography Entry
Ashraf, Nageen and Dr. Saima Ashraf Kayani (2023) "India's Cyber Warfare Capabilities: Repercussions for Pakistan's National Security" NDU Journal. 37: 34-45.

"Our Germans is a highly engaging history of one of the United States' most controversial intelligence operations during the early Cold War. Project Paperclip brought fifteen hundred German scientists and their dependents to the United States in the first decade after World War II. More than the freighters full of equipment and documents recovered from caves and hastily abandoned warehouses, the "German brains" who designed and built the V-2 rocket and other "wonder weapons" for the Third Reich proved invaluable to America's emerging military-industrial complex. Whether they remained under military employment, transitioned to civilian agencies like NASA, or sought more lucrative careers with corporations flush with government contracts, German specialists recruited into the Paperclip program assumed enormously influential positions within the labyrinthine national security state."--Provided by publisher

"Energy Security" is a safe and abrupt means of getting a secure supply of energy sources. In order to function smoothly, the modern economies need to have a secure and uninterrupted supply of energy resource. This importance has linked Energy Security with the National Security of Nation-States thus making energy primarily a significant resource for the powers around the globe. However, an uneven distribution of the resource has led to susceptibility amongst states thus leading to a situation of anxiety around the globe. Roots of this anxiety can be traced back in 1973, the oil embargo, which forced the giant economies to think seriously about the concept of Energy Security. This study thus aimed to explain that there exists a link between energy, economy and National Security. This linkage of energy with economy and national security has paved way for the National Security Paradigm shift. The study explains the factors related to political as well as economic global scenario that have ignited the concept of "Energy Security" and its link with "National Security".