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Data has taken immense importance in the last years. Consider the amount of data that is being collected worldwide every day, industries are reshaping their activities into a data-driven business. The digital transformation of all industries, portent of the fourth industrial revolution, is creating a new kind of economy based on the datafication of almost any aspect of human social, political and economic activity as a result of the information generated by the numerous daily routines of digitally connected individuals and technology. The financial services industry is part of this trend. Embracing the digital revolution and creating the right foundations allow incumbent financial institutions to disrupt their own business model. Hence, financial institutions are creating new businesses within their existing structures that adapt and collaborate to meet the challenges of digital transformation and make better use, faster, of their enduring source of competitive advantage – their own customer insight. Open banking and banking as a service (BaaS) are emerging as new forms of intermediation in the financial system that portraits positive and negative externalities for the financial system. Both concepts – open banking and BaaS – refer to the use of open Application Programming Interfaces that enable third parties to build applications and services around a financial institution that exposes its data and/or its infrastructure. The use of these schemes represents a new form of intersection between data and finance, which is changing the way traditional products, services and customer experience traditionally work in the financial sector. This paper explains the open banking and BaaS foundations and what they exactly entail. It also explores the benefits and risks that this interaction between financial institutions and third parties portrait for the financial services industry and analyses from a comparative perspective the different approaches financial, data privacy and competition regulators have implemented to boost open banking phenom. This paper argues that the compulsory approach to open banking is not in all cases the best approach for capitalizing the benefits of open banking and managing its risks. Indeed, some regulators have proposed a compulsory approach to open banking regulations to increase competition in retail banking or in the payment systems. In opposition, this paper argues that open banking and BaaS models in the financial industry might lead to more concentration and these risks have been understated by financial regulators and competition authorities. Finally, we provide some policy recommendations regarding open banking regulations, such as: the same regulatory approach should not apply to all jurisdictions, regulators should encourage reciprocity, especially when choosing the compulsory approach, coordination among different regulatory authorities is needed on a national and international levels, risk-based regulation is a correct type of approach, and monetization of data should not be restricted for incumbents.

Cover -- About This Issue Guide -- Introduction: The Future of Work: How Should We Prepare for the New Economy? -- Option One: Free to Succeed -- Free from Dictates -- The Spirit of Innovation -- Barriers to Success -- What We Could Do -- Option Two: An Equal Chance to Succeed -- Education Is Critical -- The Cost of Higher Education -- Not Just Four Years -- Not Just Education -- What We Could Do -- Option Three: Choose the Future We Want -- A Wave of Change -- Choosing the Jobs of the Future -- What We Could Do -- Summary: The Future of Work: How Should We Prepare for the New Economy?

Argues that there is no solid evidence of the illicit sale of weapons, weapon components, or militarily significant quantities of weapons-grade material. Alleged smuggling of uranium and "red mercury," dual-use exports, unsafeguarded nuclear facilities, export controls, and emigration of nuclear experts.

SUMMARYOne of the currently most interesting sources of rural sociological research in contemporary Poland is the examination of the socio‐economic and political consequences arising from the co‐existence of a largely privately owned agricultural sector and a state industrial sector. The emergence of the dual‐occupational "peasant‐worker" is just one very important aspect of this phenomenon, and the aim of this paper is to outline some of the problems it creates for both these sectors.These peasant‐workers fall outside of the state's attempts at incorporating the individual peasant into the planned economy whilst at the same time they are not as responsive nor as dependent as might be desired upon the state's demands in industrial production. Their "awkwardness" is all the greater in that the state does not possess the resources to propel them in one direction or the other.RésuméUn des aspects les plus intéressants àétudier dans la Pologne con‐temporaine est les conséquences socio‐économiques et politiques de la coexistence d'un large secteur privé d'agriculture individuelle et d'un secteur industriel étatique. La double profession du paysan‐ouvrier est un élement important de cette situation et le but de Particle est de préciser quelques‐uns des problémes posés aux deux secteurs.Les paysans‐ouvriers demeurent en dehors des efforts de l'Etat pour intégrer des agriculteurs individuels à l'économie pianifiée, car leur situation de double dependance ne leur permet pas d'être inclus dans la production industrielle. lis sont "encombrants", car l'Etat n'a pas les moyens de les orienter dans l'une ou l'autre direction.ZusammenfassungEiner der derzeit wohl interessantesten Ansatzpunkte für agrarsoziologische Untersuchungen im heutigen Polen ist die Beobachtung der sozioökonomischen und politischen Folgen, die sich aus dem Nebeneinander eines großteils privatem Agrarsektor und einem staatlichen Industriesektor ergeben. Die Erscheinung der Doppelbeschäf‐tigung "Bauer ‐ Arbeiter" ist nur ein sehr wichtiger Aspekt dieses Phänomens. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, einige der Probleme aufzuzeigen die hierdurch für beide Sektoren entstehen. Diese "Bauern‐Arbeiter" passen nicht in die staatlichen Bemühungen, den "individuellen Bauern" in die Planwirtschaft zu integrieren. Auf der anderen Seite sind diese auch weder so verständnisvoll noch so abhängig, wie dies staatlicherseits für die Anforderungen der industriellen Produktion für wünchenswert erachtet wird. Ihre "Ungeschicklichkeit" ist umso größer, als der Staat nicht über die Mittel verfügt, sie in die eine oder andere Richtung zu lenken.

AbstractThis paper explores the emergence of B Corp as a new research field through a bibliometric analysis of the B Corp literature, based on a database of 142 documents collected by Scopus and published between 2009 and 2020. This emergent field is an important component of the structural change occurring in our society, which, in recent years, has seen the emergence of new for‐profit organisational forms with a strong social consciousness. The bibliometric analysis reveals the foundational works and the historical evolution of the research field, pinpointing the connections between similar concepts in the literature on sustainable enterprises, such as B Corp, hybrid organisation, benefit corporation, and corporate social responsibility. Through a social network analysis, we sustain a relational view of B Corp research, and propose a taxonomy of concepts and terminology, which shows that the concept of B Corp defines an emergent organisational form.

The Monuments of History is a collection of over 100 most valuable monuments in Poland. At the same time, the Monuments of History are one of the 5 forms of protection of monuments, specified in Polish legislation. These circumstances make it necessary to assess the functioning of this form of the monuments protection. Many elements in the concept of the Monuments of History, the procedure of their nomination and the substantive assessment are taken over from the UNESCO World Heritage System. Therefore, this system may be a point of reference for the evaluation of the functioning of the Monuments of History. At the same time, on the basis of this comparison, it is possible to indicate directions for improving the functioning of the Monuments of History. The paper discusses fundamental aspects of the functioning of the Monuments of History – including the place and role of the Monuments of History in the Polish system of the monuments protection, the procedure of nomination, the procedure of evaluation, the relationship of the Monuments of History with the assets of the UNESCO World Heritage. ; Pomniki Historii to zbiór ponad 100 najcenniejszych zabytków w Polsce. Jednocześnie Pomniki Historii to jedna z 5 form ochrony zabytków, określonych w polskim prawodawstwie. Te okoliczności sprawiają, że konieczna jest ocena funkcjonowania tej formy ochrony zabytków. Wiele elementów w koncepcji Pomników Historii, procedurze ich nominowania, oraz merytorycznej ocenie jest przejętych z systemu Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. Dlatego też ten system możne być punktem odniesienia do oceny funkcjonowania Pomników Historii. Jednocześnie w oparciu o to porównanie można wskazać kierunki doskonalenia funkcjonowania Pomników Historii. W artykule omówiono zasadnicze aspekty funkcjonowania Pomników Historii – m.in. miejsce i rolę Pomników Historii w polskim systemie ochrony zabytków, procedury nominowania, procedurę oceny, relację Pomników Historii z dobrami Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO.