Suchergebnisse

In the Peruvian practice of international law, the universe of international agreements is not reduced merely to treaties. In that context, this article seeks to examine the international instrument par excellence that is celebrated between public entities of at least two States. Such accord, within the framework of Peruvian legislation, is called «interinstitutional agreement».First, this paper will study the main characteristics of this kind of agreement with the purpose of identifying its legal nature. Subsequently, it will examine some of the main challenges the use of an interinstitutional agreement faces: (1) the difficulty of classifying an interinstitutional agreement as a legal norm within the Peruvian system of law sources; (2) the possible confusion with other international instruments, such as twinning arrangements (a kind of interinstitutional agreement), memoranda of understanding or collaboration agreements; (3) the possible consequences than an interinstitutional agreement infers in regard to the commission of an international illicit act in the sphere of the international responsibility of the State. ; En la práctica peruana de derecho internacional, el universo de acuerdos internacionales no se reduce a los tratados. En ese contexto, el presente artículo busca examinar el instrumento internacional por antonomasia que se celebra entre entidades públicas de al menos dos Estados y que, en el marco de la legislación peruana, se denomina «acuerdo interinstitucional».Primero, se estudiarán sus principales características con el fin de identificar su naturaleza jurídica. Posteriormente, se examinarán algunos de los principales desafíos que el uso del acuerdo interinstitucional afronta: (1) la dificultad de catalogarlo como norma jurídica dentro del sistema de fuentes de derecho en el Perú; (2) la posible confusión con otros instrumentos internacionales, como los acuerdos de hermanamiento (una especie del acuerdo interinstitucional), el memorándum de entendimiento o los convenios de colaboración; y (3) las posibles consecuencias del incumplimiento de un acuerdo interinstitucional y su relación con la comisión de un hecho ilícito internacional en el plano de la responsabilidad internacional del Estado.

[EN] The educational capacity of many Institutions of Higher Education in Nuclear Engineering has been sharply decreasing during last decades under the combined effect of a declining interest among students as well as from academic and political authorities. Furthermore, financial restrictions have made it increasingly difficult to maintain and develop facilities, equipment and academic staff needed for practical training of students as well as for basic research in the involved institutions. Industry, research institutes and universities need to work together to co-ordinate more effectively their efforts to encourage the younger generation and to develop and promote a program of collaboration in nuclear education and training. The obvious solution is an increasing cooperation at the international level on the educational efforts. The CHERNE network is a wide-scope open academic initiative to enhance cooperation among its partners, focused on teaching and learning activities. Typical activities organized within the network include workshops, intensive courses and seminars. Student and professor exchanges are very important and are organized in the framework of the ERASMUS and other international programs. In this paper, the CHERNE network, its objectives and the activities developed, or foreseen are presented ; [ES] La capacidad educativa de muchas instituciones de educación superior en ingeniería nuclear ha disminuido considerablemente durante las últimas décadas bajo el efecto combinado de un interés decreciente entre los estudiantes y las autoridades académicas o políticas. Además, las restricciones financieras han hecho cada vez más difícil mantener y desarrollar instalaciones, equipo y personal académico necesario para la capacitación práctica de los estudiantes, así como para la investigación básica en las instituciones involucradas. La industria, los institutos de investigación y las universidades deben trabajar juntos para coordinar más eficazmente sus esfuerzos para alentar a las generaciones jóvenes y ...

Academic Health Science Centres (AHSCs) have been a key feature of the North American healthcare landscape for many years, and the term is becoming more widely used internationally. The defining feature of these complex organisations is a tripartite mission of delivering high quality research, medical education and clinical care. The biomedical innovations developed in AHSCs are often well documented, but less is known about the policy and organisational processes which enable the translation of research into patient care.This paper has two linked purposes. Firstly, we present a scoping review of the literature which explores the managerial, political and cultural perspectives of AHSCs. The literature is largely normative with little social science theory underpinning commentary and descriptive case studies. Secondly, we contribute to addressing this gap by applying a policy transfer framework to the English case to examine how AHSC policy has spread internationally. We conclude by suggesting a research agenda on AHSCs using the relevant literatures of policy transfer, professional/managerial relations and boundary theory, and highlighting three key messages for policy makers: (1) competing policy incentives for AHSCs should be minimised; (2) no single AHSC model will fit all settings; (3) AHSC networks operate internationally and this should be encouraged.

Article 3(5) of the Treaty on the European Union concerns EU external relations and was a new provision of the Lisbon Treaty. It has been seized upon by scholars for its reference to 'strict observance of international law' by the EU in its relations with the wider world. However, recent case law in the Court of Justice of the European Union has demonstrated little movement towards this supposed ideal. This article supports the fact that rigid and unquestioning adherence to international law has not emerged in case law, particularly as Article 3(5) TEU also mandates that the Union 'uphold and promote its values and interests'. By taking a broader view of both the text and context of Article 3(5) TEU in EU law as a whole, and through consideration of the limited demands international law places on domestic courts, the article argues that – contrary to current literature – a more expressly balanced approach towards respect for international law is required and should be nurtured in the case law.

The development of laws and public policies always lags behind the emergence of new technologies. That is certainly the case with the digital technology and network revolution. Governments have been trying to keep pace with the rapid changes in the digital age and to regulate the implementation and uses of these technologies at the national and international levels.

The 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Treaty (INF) was a medium-range nuclear agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union which is now called Russia, which deals with reducing the use of nuclear weapons. The form of the agreement (INF) between the United States and Russia resulted that the two countries had to destroy a total of 2,692 short and medium-range missiles. This agreement basically focuses more on limiting the number of nuclear weapons, but beyond that the two countries aim at flexibility in determining the strategic composition, character and strength.This research is a normative law research which is a legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data. Library research on this concept is data collection by studying literature and legal sources related to problems in books, journals, research reports, printed and electronic media, legal studies, concepts and theories as well as expert opinions and findings related to the problem under study.Based on the research results, the compilers can conclude that there are three important discussion points in this agreement, namely: The nuclear warheads installed in each country's ICBM or SLBM are limited to 1,550 warheads within seven years after the agreement is ratified, Nuclear launch vehicles , whether with nukes still installed or not and each of them must be 800 units. The number of nuclear launch vehicles installed in each country must be 700 units.