Suchergebnisse

9 páginas, 4 Figuras, 1 Tabla. ; Background: In this study, two traits related with resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) were measured in 529 adult sheep: faecal egg count (FEC) and activity of immunoglobulin A in plasma (IgA). In dry years, FEC can be very low in semi-extensive systems, such as the one studied here, which makes identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to infection a difficult task. A zero inflated negative binomial model (ZINB) model was used to calculate the extent of zero inflation for FEC; the model was extended to include information from the IgA responses. Results: In this dataset, 64 % of animals had zero FEC while the ZINB model suggested that 38 % of sheep had not been recently infected with GIN. Therefore 26 % of sheep were predicted to be infected animals with egg counts that were zero or below the detection limit and likely to be relatively resistant to nematode infection. IgA activities of all animals were then used to decide which of the sheep with zero egg counts had been exposed and which sheep had not been recently exposed. Animals with zero FEC and high IgA activity were considered resistant while animals with zero FEC and low IgA activity were considered as not recently infected. For the animals considered as exposed to the infection, the correlations among the studied traits were estimated, and the influence of these traits on the discrimination between unexposed and infected animals was assessed. Conclusions: The model presented here improved the detection of infected animals with zero FEC. The correlations calculated here will be useful in the development of a reliable index of GIN resistance that could be of assistance for the study of host resistance in studies based on natural infection, especially in adult sheep, and also the design of breeding programs aimed at increasing resistance to parasites. ; This work was supported by a competitive grant from the Castilla and León regional government (Junta de Castilla y León) (Ref. LE245A12-2); the EC-funded Innovative Training Network (ITN) NematodeSystemHealth (M. A. and J. M. P., P7-KBBE-2009-3-245140); the BBSRC grant BB/L004004070/1; the Spanish "Ramón y Cajal" Programme from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (B. G. G., RYC-2012-10230) and a postdoctoral Jae-Doc contract from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and co-funded by the European Social Fund (M. M. V.). ; Peer Reviewed

BACKGROUND: The Portable Eye Examination Kit (Peek) is a mobile phone-based ophthalmic testing system that has been developed to perform comprehensive eye examinations. Shortages in ophthalmic personnel, the high cost, and the difficulty in transporting equipment have made it challenging to offer services, particularly in rural areas. Peek offers a solution for overcoming barriers of limited access to traditional ophthalmic testing methods and has been pilot tested on adults in Nakuru, Kenya, and compared with traditional eye examination tools. OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study evaluated the acceptability and usability of Peek in addition to perceptions regarding its adoption and nationwide deployment. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with patients and analyzed using a framework approach. This included analysis of interviews from 20 patients, 8 health care providers (HCPs), and 4 key decision makers in ophthalmic health care provision in Kenya. The participants were purposefully sampled. The coding structure involved predefined themes for assessing the following: (1) the context, that is, environment, user, task, and technology; (2) patient acceptability, that is, patients' perceived benefits, patient preference, and patient satisfaction; (3) usability, that is, efficiency, effectiveness, learnability, and flexibility and operability of Peek; and (4) the benefits of Peek in strengthening eye care provision, that is, capabilities enhancer, opportunity creator, social enabler, and knowledge generator. Emerging themes relating to the objectives were explored from the data using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Patients found Peek to be acceptable because of its benefits in overcoming the barriers to accessing ophthalmic services. Most thought it to be fast, convenient, and able to reach a large population. All patients expressed being satisfied with Peek. The HCPs perceived it to satisfy the criteria for usability and found Peek to be acceptable based on the technology acceptance model. Peek was also found to have features required for strengthening ophthalmic delivery by aiding detection and diagnosis, provision of decision support, improving communication between provider and patient and among providers, linking patients to services, monitoring, and assisting in education and training. Some of the deployment-related issues included the need for government and community involvement, communication and awareness creation, data protection, infrastructure development including capacity creation, and training and maintenance support. CONCLUSIONS: According to all parties interviewed, Peek is an acceptable solution, as it provides a beneficial service, supports patients' needs, and fulfills HCPs' roles, overall contributing to strengthening eye health.

The article studies the question of the place and role of local administrations in the management of land resources. Emphasized the special legal status of local state administrations is to combine the powers of the body of general and special jurisdiction. An authority in local government administration in the field of land relations understand entrusted to it by the State and enshrined in law the obligations regarding the impact of certain social relations.Today is an acute problem of land control and its clear legal regulation, improve the effectiveness of local administrations in monitoring the use and protection of land, their interaction with law enforcement agencies in identifying violations, their implementation of preventive action and appropriate development of legislation of Ukraine in this area .Local administrations are some of those that are able to quickly and effectively state land policy in place to ensure effective and efficient use of land resources by all actors land relations on the principles of equal access to the realization of the relevant rights. Therefore, the formation of a clear and effective system of powers in the sphere of land relations and the related institutional and organizational changes in the country remain extremely relevant.Thus, the functions of public authorities in the field of land resources should characterize their legislative strengthening, associated with the implementation of state functions. Conditionality and necessity of government operations must meet state content operation of the mechanism of state management of land resources and clear legal regulation of their competence and must meet specific conditions of public relations.Ensuring an effective policy on land relations central and local executive authorities in the implementation of possible institutional requirements: creation of affordable and open land registry of the country; Land valuation independent state body based on the annual rental value of all consideration of land and so on. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню питання місця і ролі місцевих державних адміністрацій в управлінні земельними ресурсами. Наголошено на особливому правовому статусі місцевих державних адміністрацій, що полягає в поєднанні повноважень державного органу загальної та спеціальної компетенції. Запропоновано під повноваженнями місцевих державних адміністрації у галузі земельних відносин розуміти покладені на неї державою й закріплені на законодавчому рівні зобов'язання щодо впливу на певні суспільні відносини. ; Статья посвящена исследованию вопроса места и роли местных государственных администраций в управлении земельными ресурсами. Отмечено особый правовой статус местных государственных администраций, заключающийся в сочетании полномочий государственного органа общей и специальной компетенции. Предложено под полномочиями местных государственных администраций в области земельных отношений понимать возложенные на нее государством и закрепленные на законодательном уровне обязательства по влиянию на определенные общественные отношения.

Globalization is marked with the spread of Western culture technology products. One of the Western cultural products that are very influential was Hollywood movies. Fictitious narratives produced the some imaginative ideas that apply also on social media communicative as dating site, video porn sites, until advertising. The awareness of imaginative west of geopolitics outside himself or Other revealed by Edward Said in Orientalism. Said that initially examine the practice of West imaginative through Literature opens up the possibility of resumption of studies on other media with the idea that the West has distortion of the knowledge of the East, one considers that the exotic East. Exotic ideas still present in western digital imagination when respect women Asia as the representation of the women of the east. Some Hollywood movies, dating site, video porn sites until the advertisements still presents stereotypes Asian women foreign, mysterious, strange and sensual display. Asian women trapped in exotic role in the Digital imagination space. They exoticiziation and exoticted themselves before the digital public. Globalisation and the development of communications technology in digital imagination proved does not stop the stereotypes against Asian women that they exotic. Thus through digital imagination and the will of the global capitalism, representation Asian women shown, celebrated, promoted and taken advantage of it.Keywords: digital imagination, women Asia, post-Orientalism, exoticAbstrakGlobalisasi ditandai dengan tersebarnya produk teknologi budaya Barat. Salah satu produk budaya Barat yang sangat berpengaruh adalah film Hollywood. Narasi fiktif tersebut menghasilkan beberapa gagasan imajinatif yang berlaku juga pada media sosial komunikatif seperti situs kencan, video porno, hingga iklan. Kesadaran imajinatif barat terhadap geopolitik di luar dirinya atau other diungkap oleh Edward Said dalam Orientalisme. Said yang pada awalnya mengkaji praktik imajinatif Barat melalui Sastra membuka peluang terbukanya kajian pada media lainnya dengan gagasan bahwa Barat memiliki distorsi pengetahuan tentang Timur, salah satunya menganggap bahwa Timur Eksotis. Gagasan eksotis tetap hadir dalam imajinasi digital Barat ketika memandang Wanita Asia sebagai representasi wanita timur. Beberapa film Hollywood, situs kencan, video porno hingga iklan masih menghadirkan stereotip Wanita Asia yang asing, misterius, aneh dan sensual. Wanita Asia terjebak pada peran eksotisnya dalam ruang imajinasi digital tersebut. Mereka dieksotiskan dan mengeksotiskan diri di hadapan publik digital. Globalisasi dan perkembangan teknologi komunikasi dalam imajinasi digital terbukti tidak menghentikan stereotip terhadap wanita asia bahwa mereka eksotis. Justru melalui imajinasi digital dan kehendak kapitalisme global, representasi wanita asia dipertontonkan, dirayakan, dipromosikan dan diambil keuntungan darinya.Kata kunci: imajinasi digital, wanita Asia, pasca-Orientalisme, eksotis

Understanding the growth mechanisms of nanostructures obtained from chemical solutions, a high-throughput production methodology, is essential to correlate precisely the growth conditions with the nanostructures' morphology, dimensions and orientation. It is shown that self-organized (011)-oriented CeGdO (CGO) nanowires having a single in-plane orientation are achieved when an anisotropic (011)-LaAlO (LAO) substrate is chosen. STEM and AFM images of the epitaxial nanowires reveal the (001)CGO[0-11](011)LAO[100] growth orientation, with the enlargement occurring along the [0-11]CGO direction with (111) lateral facets. The chosen substrate allowed us to study a unique case where the resulting biaxial strain is isotropic, while the dissimilar lateral surface energies are the key factor to obtain an energetically imbalanced and non-degenerated nanowire configuration. Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) has allowed sorting of experimental nucleation from coarsening and analysis of the kinetic phenomena of the nanowires. A thermodynamic driving force is shown to exist for a continuous elongation of the nanowires while the coarsening rates are found to be strongly temperature dependent and so kinetic effects are the key factors to control the size and density of the self-organized nanowire system. A remarkably fast nanowire growth rate (14-40 nm min) is observed, which we associate with a high atomic mobility probably linked to a high concentration of oxygen vacancies, as detected by XPS. These nanowires are envisaged as model systems pushing forward the study of low energetic and highly oxygen deficient {111} lateral facets useful for catalysis, gas sensors and ionic conductivity applications. ; We acknowledge financial support from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the "Severo Ochoa" Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2013-0295 and SEV-2015-0496), CONSOLIDER Excellence Network (MAT2015-68994-REDC), COACHSUPENERGY project (MAT2014-51778-C2-1-R, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund), and the projects MAT2011-28874-C02-01, ENE2014-56109-C3-3-R and Consolider Nanoselect (CSD2007-00041), and from the Catalan Government (2014-SGR-753, 2014-SGR-1638 and Xarmae). AQ and MdlM are also grateful for JAE-Predoc fellowship from CSIC (E-08-2012-1321248 and E-08-2013-1028356, co-financed by the European Social Fund). Authors also thank the INA-LMA facilities for the use of the advanced (S)TEM equipment. ; Peer Reviewed

Статья посвящена вопросам совершенствования и практики применения государственной дактилоскопической регистрации как фактора общей превенции и как элемента реализации криминалистического предупреждения преступлений. Основной идеей выступает положение о необходимости введения всеобщей дактилоскопической регистрации, что неизменно скажется на уровне раскрываемости преступлений. ; It is well known that the system of criminalistic registration keeps records of three groups of objects: persons, subjects, crimes. The most prevalent registration sign of people is fingerprints that form dactyloscopic accounting. Improving fingerprint registration is more than relevant at present, given the level of social relations development, scientific and technical support activities of law enforcement agencies and government bodies and crime level. Questions of perfection and the practice of state fingerprint registration are actively discussed among law enforcers and scientists. Modern conditions require an accurate, efficient, single system of registration, a system that would solve the problem of identification and provide an adequate fight against crime. First of all, it is a universal compulsory fingerprinting which will have both investigative and preventive value. Criminalistic accounting is currently beyond the traditional and outdated understanding of criminal registration, and, therefore, does not lead to a total control by the state. The main purpose of criminalistic registration is to use accounting information in law activities, especially in activities to ensure safety and protection of the legitimate rights and interests of man and citizen. If to talk about the limitation of rights and freedoms, fingerprint registration is not affected by it, unlike other registrations. Information about fingerprint registration is not used until a person commits an offense. Universal fingerprint check will help to create a single, universal and simple system of combating crime, designed to provide an adequate level of protection of society and citizens. The most effective and widespread method of universal fingerprinting is dactylography when applying for a passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation at the age of 14. Then fingerprinting will also be provided with the photograph of a face; this procedure does not create any difficulties either, given the technical equipment of law enforcement bodies. The legislative process for the creation of a new federal law is a long process; the author proposes to introduce an additional paragraph in Article 9 of the current law. In the future, this accounting can and should be supplemented by a DNA database which should be formed today by combining it, for example, with registration of weapons of all kinds.

In den Jahren der Weimarer Republik erfuhr die ostpreußische Provinzialhauptstadt Königsberg i. Pr. einen tiefgreifenden städtebaulichen Wandel. Nach Analyse der funktionalen und symbolischen Bedeutung zahlreicher Großbauprojekte kommt die Studie zu dem Ergebnis, dass die 1919 entstandene Insellage der Provinz Ostpreußen sich nicht hemmend auf die Entwicklung Königsbergs i. Pr. auswirkte, sondern als Katalysator eines umfassenden Modernisierungsprozesses fungierte. Die Stadtverwaltung und das Oberpräsidium initiierten zusammen mit der hiesigen Kaufmannschaft in nur zehn Jahren einen komplexen Modernisierungsprozess, der auf eine Modernisierung der sozialen, vor allen Dingen aber (verkehrs-)technischen Infrastruktur abzielte und somit der Förderung von Handel und Gewerbe diente. Möglich war dies nur, weil die ostpreußische Provinzialhauptstadt nach der Abtrennung Ostpreußens vom Reich (1919) die besondere Aufmerksamkeit der Berliner Reichsregierung genoss. Diese wollte durch die Gewährung von Sonderkrediten neue wirtschaftliche Perspektiven in der Region schaffen und auf diese Weise eine Abwanderung der deutschsprachigen Bevölkerung eindämmen. Die Bemühungen waren also nicht nur ökonomisch motiviert, sondern dienten insbesondere dazu, Perspektiven für eine irgendwann zu vollziehende Grenzrevision zu schaffen. Trotz enormer politischer Divergenzen bemühte man sich aber auch frühzeitig nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg um eine konstruktive Lösung wirtschaftlicher Probleme und um eine Wiederbelebung der Handelsbeziehungen. Hier, aber auch als Drehkreuz im Flugverkehr zwischen Deutschland, den baltischen Staaten und der Sowjetunion, nahm Königsberg eine Brückenfunktion nach Osteuropa ein. ; In the Weimar Republic Königsberg i. Pr. experienced a profound urban transformation. Numerous building projects have been realized, including the first civilian airport in the world (1922-23) or the German East Fair (1920). In the study the author presents the genesis of these projects and investigates their functional and symbolic meaning. He comes to the conclusion that the island position of East Prussia, which was created in 1919, had no negative effect on the development of Königsberg i. Pr., but - on the contrary - acted as a catalyst for a comprehensive modernization process. The city council and the Oberpräsident initiated together with local merchants in only ten years a complex modernization process, which aimed at the modernization of the social infrastructure and the transport system by land, sea and air. So, trade and commerce were promoted. This was only possible because East Prussia enjoyed the special attention of the government in Berlin after the separation from the Reich in 1919. By granting special credits Berlin wanted to revitalize the economy and in this way contain a migration of the German-speaking population from East Prussia. Therefore, the efforts were not only economically motivated, but in particular served as a tool for a possible change of boundary in the future. However, the modernization process cannot be reduced on a pure German-nationalistic bastion mentality. For example the German East Fair, which was founded in 1920, had very intensive economic relations with the Baltic States and the Soviet Union. Directly when the First World War was over the local authorities made efforts to a constructive solution of economic problems and to a revival of trade relations with Eastern Europe - despite enormous political divergences. Here, as well as a hub in air traffic between Germany, the Baltic States and the Soviet Union, Königsberg was a bridge between Germany and Eastern Europe.

Big data we mean a huge set of data in heterogeneous sources and forms, continuously fed in real time, which requires processing technologies and different management, better than traditional technologies, able to change the decision-making processes, methods production of knowledge and the cultural approach to the data value. The processing of big data gives the opportunity to those who are in possession of these particular types of data to collect an unprecedented amount of data, to gain a predictive capability on social, economic or political phenomena already in place or under development to others foreclosed and the tendency to use and continually reuse the data in such a way as to derive new information and new knowledge about reality. One can not ignore, therefore, the potential impact of these new technological and cultural possibilities inherent in the data and their management on the action and administrative organization. Govern with the Big Data means knowing produce, process and reprocess data from public sources and private owned by public administrations so as to enhance knowledge of the factual situations to which the administration must intervene, the speed and effectiveness of ' public intervention, efficiency and good management of public services. The processing of big data sets all'amministrativista the issues of no small moment: their use during the administrative action changes the traditional canons procedural investigation? Approaching the administrative decision to the optimal decision? It makes it increasingly relevant to the principle of material truth that must tend the administrative action? Govern with the Big date includes, however, the ability to govern the Big Date, ie the ability to equip public authorities the right technological infrastructure in order and to organize the internal information systems and the coordination of information between the administrations just as appropriate: ultimately to be able to organize the management of data held by public authorities. The management of big data sets, the same way, relevant legal issues: how we collect and how we retain this data? Which data quality can be achieved and what quality you have to ensure that these data? Which of these files you make reusable? The Big Date, ultimately, emphasize that it is necessary to rethink the cognitive function of government, understood in its dynamic sense (administrative action), both in its static sense (organizational): a cognitive function more and more autonomous because highly technical and difficult to place as assets only instrumental administrative action.

Seit dem 1. Januar 2015 gilt in Deutschland ein gesetzlicher Mindestlohn von 8,50 Euro pro Stunde. Noch im Jahr 2014 hatten zwischen 4,8 und 5,4 Millionen Beschäftigte einen geringeren Stundenlohn. Auch wenn sich bislang noch nicht exakt sagen lässt, wie viele Beschäftigte letztendlich von der Einführung des Mindestlohns profitiert haben, so deuten die überdurchschnittlich hohen Lohnsteigerungen in klassischen Niedriglohnbranchen auf erhebliche Mindestlohneffekte hin. Auch die Tarifpolitik hat von der Einführung des Mindestlohns profitiert und dazu beigetragen, dass die untersten Lohngruppen weiter angehoben wurden. Die von vielen Ökonomen befürchteten negativen Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt sind dagegen ausgeblieben. Die Beschäftigung in Deutschland hat im Gegenteil kontinuierlich zugenommen. Lediglich bei den Minijobs ist ein starker Rückgang beobachtbar, wobei hier ein erheblicher Anteil in sozialversicherungspflichtige Arbeitsplätze umgewandelt wurde. Vor dem Hintergrund der positiven Erfahrungen wird derzeit über die zukünftige Anpassung des Mindestlohns diskutiert, die erstmals Anfang 2017 erfolgen soll. Als Orientierungsgröße für die Empfehlung der Mindestlohnkommission soll laut Mindestlohngesetz die vergangene Entwicklung der Tariflöhne gelten. Nach dem Tarifindex des Statistischen Bundesamtes stiegen die Tariflöhne in den Jahren 2014 und 2015 insgesamt um 5,5%. Demnach müsste der Mindestlohn auf etwa 9 € angehoben werden. Darüber hinaus wäre zu prüfen, ob ein solches Mindestlohnniveau tatsächlich den im Mindestlohngesetz geforderten "angemessenen Mindestschutz der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer" gewährleistet. ; Since 1 January 2015 a statutory minimum wage of € 8.50 per hour applies in Germany. In 2014 between 4.8 and 5.4 million employees still earned a lower hourly wage. Even if it cannot yet be stated exactly how many employees benefitted from the introduction of the minimum wage, above-average wage increases in the classical low-wage sectors indicate significant effects of the introduction of the minimum wage. Even collective bargaining policies benefitted from the introduction of a minimum wage and contributed to the further increase of the lowest wage groups. The negative effects on the labour market that were predicted by many economists did not materialise. On the contrary, employment in Germany has seen a continuous increase. Merely the so-called 'mini jobs' (a special form of marginal part-time employment) show a strong decline, but many of these were transformed into regular jobs requiring social insurance. Against the background of these positive experiences, discussions are currently being held on the future adjustment of the minimum wage that is to come into effect at the beginning of 2017. Following the German Minimum Wage Act the Minimum Wage Commission - composed by employers and trade union representatives - has to give a recommendation by taking into account the recent developments of collectively agreed wages. According to the wage index of the Federal Statistical Office, collectively agreed wages increased by a total of about 5.5% in 2014 and 2015. Thus, the minimum wage would have to be increased to about € 9. Furthermore, it should be examined whether this level of the minimum wage actually guarantees "appropriate minimum protection for employees", as required by the Minimum Wage Act.

Since 1 January 2015 a statutory minimum wage of € 8.50 per hour applies in Germany. In 2014 between 4.8 and 5.4 million employees still earned a lower hourly wage. Even if it cannot yet be stated exactly how many employees benefitted from the introduction of the minimum wage, above-average wage increases in the classical low-wage sectors indicate significant effects of the introduction of the minimum wage. Even collective bargaining policies benefitted from the introduction of a minimum wage and contributed to the further increase of the lowest wage groups. The negative effects on the labour market that were predicted by many economists did not materialise. On the contrary, employment in Germany has seen a continuous increase. Merely the so-called 'mini jobs' (a special form of marginal part-time employment) show a strong decline, but many of these were transformed into regular jobs requiring social insurance. Against the background of these positive experiences, discussions are currently being held on the future adjustment of the minimum wage that is to come into effect at the beginning of 2017. Following the German Minimum Wage Act the Minimum Wage Commission - composed by employers and trade union representatives - has to give a recommendation by taking into account the recent developments of collectively agreed wages. According to the wage index of the Federal Statistical Office, collectively agreed wages increased by a total of about 5.5% in 2014 and 2015. Thus, the minimum wage would have to be increased to about € 9. Furthermore, it should be examined whether this level of the minimum wage actually guarantees "appropriate minimum protection for employees", as required by the Minimum Wage Act. ; Seit dem 1. Januar 2015 gilt in Deutschland ein gesetzlicher Mindestlohn von 8,50 Euro pro Stunde. Noch im Jahr 2014 hatten zwischen 4,8 und 5,4 Millionen Beschäftigte einen geringeren Stundenlohn. Auch wenn sich bislang noch nicht exakt sagen lässt, wie viele Beschäftigte letztendlich von der Einführung des Mindestlohns profitiert haben, so deuten die überdurchschnittlich hohen Lohnsteigerungen in klassischen Niedriglohnbranchen auf erhebliche Mindestlohneffekte hin. Auch die Tarifpolitik hat von der Einführung des Mindestlohns profitiert und dazu beigetragen, dass die untersten Lohngruppen weiter angehoben wurden. Die von vielen Ökonomen befürchteten negativen Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt sind dagegen ausgeblieben. Die Beschäftigung in Deutschland hat im Gegenteil kontinuierlich zugenommen. Lediglich bei den Minijobs ist ein starker Rückgang beobachtbar, wobei hier ein erheblicher Anteil in sozialversicherungspflichtige Arbeitsplätze umgewandelt wurde. Vor dem Hintergrund der positiven Erfahrungen wird derzeit über die zukünftige Anpassung des Mindestlohns diskutiert, die erstmals Anfang 2017 erfolgen soll. Als Orientierungsgröße für die Empfehlung der Mindestlohnkommission soll laut Mindestlohngesetz die vergangene Entwicklung der Tariflöhne gelten. Nach dem Tarifindex des Statistischen Bundesamtes stiegen die Tariflöhne in den Jahren 2014 und 2015 insgesamt um 5,5%. Demnach müsste der Mindestlohn auf etwa 9 € angehoben werden. Darüber hinaus wäre zu prüfen, ob ein solches Mindestlohnniveau tatsächlich den im Mindestlohngesetz geforderten "angemessenen Mindestschutz der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer" gewährleistet.

In today's increasingly globalized world, people need to quickly adapt to a rapidly changing environment. Change underpins constant and continuous social and personal development. A person's attitude towards lifelong learning plays an important role and ensures the process goes smoothly. Each person should be able to learn independently, analyse and reflect experience, seek knowledge in professional activities or the areas of interest. To do that systematically and consistently a person has to master learning to learn abilities and start developing them from preschool age.In the context of lifelong learning, the importance of preschool age is emphasised in the European agenda for education as well as in Lithuania's documents on preschool and pre-primary education. In the context of learning to learn, document analysis allows the author to state that there is almost no direct mention of preschool education in Lithuania's national policy on education although, speaking about a need for and the ability to learn through one's life, this stage of education is of prime importance within the importance of other stages of education.EU and Lithuania's document analysis on education may serve as the grounds for in-depth research into children's ability to learn at the preschool and/or pre-primary education stage at a theoretical and empirical level and the (self)education of learning to learn of higher quality. ; Šiuolaikiniame, vis labiau globalizacijos veikiamame pasaulyje žmogui būtina greitai prisitaikyti prie sparčiai besikeičiančių aplinkos sąlygų. Vykstantys pokyčiai skatina nuolatinį ir nenutrūkstamą visuomenės ir asmens tobulėjimo procesą. Norint užtikrinti, kad šis procesas vyktų sklandžiai, labai svarbios tampa mokymosi visą gyvenimą nuostatos. Kiekvienas žmogus turėtų sugebėti mokytis individualiai, analizuoti, reflektuoti savo patirtį, siekti profesinių žinių. Kad šis procesas būtų sistemingas ir nuoseklus, individui būtina gerai įvaldyti mokėjimo mokytis įgūdžius ir šiuos įgūdžius pradėti ugdyti jau ikimokykliniame amžiuje. Ikimokyklinio amžiaus prioritetas mokymosi mokytis visą gyvenimą kontekste išryškinamas daugelyje Europos Sąjungos dokumentų; tai akcentuojama ir šiandienos Lietuvoje parengtų dokumentų, apimančių ikimokyklinį ir priešmokyklinį ugdymą, tekstuose. Remiantis analizuotais Lietuvos švietimo politikos dokumentais galima teigti, jog tiesiogiai ikimokyklinio ugdymo etapas mokymosi mokytis kontekste menkai akcentuojamas, tačiau šio etapo reikšmingumą galima identifikuoti aptariant visų švietimo lygių svarbą, kai kalbama apie asmens poreikį ir mokėjimą mokytis visą gyvenimą. Atliktų Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos dokumentų analizė sudaro galimybę imtis išsamesnės mokėjimo mokytis ikimokykliniame ir (ar) priešmokykliniame ugdymo etape analizės teoriniu ir praktiniu lygmenimis, siekti kokybiškesnio mokėjimo mokytis ugdymo(si) įgyvendinimo.

AbstrakOrganisasi Kemasyarakatan hadir, tumbuh dan berkembang sejalan dengan sejarah perkembangan bangsa. Dalam sejarah perjuangan kemerdekaan negara Republik Indonesia, Ormas merupakan wadah utama dalam pergerakan kemerdekaan, pada satu sisi, Ormas merupakan sebuah bentuk kebebasan fundamental yang dimiliki oleh setiap individu baik dalam kerangka etika maupun legal, yang dilindungi dan dijamin pelaksanaannya oleh negara. Namun pada sisi lain, pelaksanaan kebebasan fundamental tersebut justru ditengarai memiliki dampak negatif, yakni menabrak batas-batas keajegan dan ketertiban sosial masyarakat Indonesia.Penelitian ini melihat kebijakan pemerintah daerah dalam mengatasi konflik antar organisasi massa. Adapun pokok masalah ini diurai dalam beberapa pertanyaan, yaitu bagaimanakah dinamika konflik antar Ormas yang terjadi dan apa saja faktor penyebabnya, Kebijakan apa saja yang telah keluarkan oleh Pemerintah Daerah dalam rangka pengananan konflik antar Ormas, Bagaimana pengaruh kebijakan Pemda terhadap pengananan konflik antar Ormas.Penelitian ini dianallisis dengan menggunakan teori mobilisasi sumber daya dan analisis circle of conflict, untuk mendapatkan jawaban bagaimana Konflik Ormas yang terjadi di Sumatera Utara dan Jawa tengah (Solo) dan bagaimana penanganan konflik oleh Pemerintah di kedua lokasi tersebut.Penelitian ini menilai bahwa Pemda masih secara parsial menangani potensi konflik antar Ormas. Kebijakan yang ada masih bersifat administratif ketimbang sepenuhnya memberdayakan Ormas dalam mencapai tujuan bersama.Kata kunci: Pemerintah, konflik, OrmasAbstractCivil society organizations present, grow and develop in line with the historical development of the nation. In the history of the struggle for freedom in Indonesia, CSOs are the main container in the independence movement, mass is a form of the fundamental freedoms of every individual in both the ethical and legal framework, which is protected and guaranteed execution by the state. the implementation of the fundamental freedoms it is considered to have a negative impact, namely crashing boundaries and social order of Indonesian society.The research looked at government policy in resolving the conflict between CSOs. As this subject is broken down into several questions, namely how the dynamics of the conflict between CSOs happened and what are the causes, any policy that has been issued by the local government in order from administration of conflict between CSOs, How to influence the Government's policies from administration of conflicts among CSOs.This study in anallisis by using the theory of resource mobilization and the circle of conflict analysis, to get the answer to how conflicts CSOs that happened in North Sumatra and Central Java (Solo) and how to deal with conflict by the Government at both locations.The study assessed that the existing policy is still an administrative nature rather than fully empowering organizations to achieve common goals.Keywords: government, conflict, CBOs

Solar PV mini-grid electrification application has been introduced in Ghana to provide electricity for some rural areas that are located disproportionately beyond the reach of the national grid. Through the Renewable Energy Act (832) enacted in 2011, the government of Ghana has developed policy plan to vigorously increase the share of renewable energy sources in the generation mix to 10% by the year 2020. In accordance with the policy, the Ghana Energy Development and Access Project (GEDAP) under the Ministry of Energy (MoE) have undertaken the goal to deploy solar PV mini-grid systems to supply electricity to the rural island communities on the Volta Lake. By virtue of their locations, the island communities have existed for many years without access to electricity. This is because reaching these communities through the conventional grid appears highly impractical. Qualitative research, case study method was used to examine the potential socio-economic and environmental impacts of the solar PV mini-grid project on the local communities, specifically Pediatorkope and Atigagorme. Three research questions were answered using qualitative content analsysis approach. Generally, the findings show that the solar PV mini-grid electricity is an ideal energy alternative for the island communities on the Volta Lake in Ghana. However, there are variations regarding the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the project on the communities. In terms of economic impact, given the energy level or capacity provided, the electricity fulfills the provision of light to boost and extend hours of petty trading and selling activities at night in the communities. The capacity does not support higher applications such as refrigerators, which could help improve the economic conditions of the fishing communities. Government intervention in the form of subsidies will be necessary to sustain the electricity services so as to extend its impact on the communities. Ultimately, the solar PV mini-grid electricity is likely to yield much social impact on the communities than any of the dimensions revealed in the study. Finally, positive environmental impact of the project on the communities will be achieved when majority of the inhabitants are eventually connected to the solar PV mini-grid electricity. There is a challenge concerning recycle and disposal of systems components such as batteries and PV cells after end-of-life. The study concludes that electricity supply in rural areas should bring more than just light to initiate improvement in the quality of life of rural dwellers.

UK: Досліджується місце та роль політичної комунікації в іміджмейкерстві партійного лідера. Розкриті особливості партійної комунікації як важливого різновиду політичної комунікації. Проаналізовані види партійної комунікації й дано характеристику змінам у контексті загальної інформатизації суспільства. Результати дослідження свідчать про суттєву роль та значущість партійного лідера в системі політичних комунікацій. Одним із найважливіших напрямів політичної діяльності партійних лідерів є партійна комунікація. Вона є складовою більш широкого поняття - політичної комунікації. Політична комунікація натомість є специфічним видом політичних відносин і розглядається як невід'ємний елемент політичної сфери суспільства. Головним призначенням партійної комунікації є створення передумов для публічної політики та публічної влади через інформаційний вплив політичних акторів один на одного та навколишнє соціальне середовище. Особливість партійної комунікації полягає в тому, що вона передбачає різного роду повідомлення та інформацію, яка циркулює всередині партії між її структурними елементами та членами, або ж з ініціативи партії передається особі, громадянину, групі, іншій партії, політичному актору чи політичному інституту. Розуміння теоретичних засад партійної комунікації, їхнє творче застосування у розвитку партійних кіл є запорукою успіху діяльності партійних лідерів і зростання авторитету серед мас. EN: Investigates the place and role of political communication in party leader image-making. The peculiarities of party communication as an important kind of political communication are uncovered. Analyzed types of party communication and gives the characteristic for changes in the context of the common society information. The results of investigation indicate a significant role and importance of party leader in political communications system. One of the most important direction of politics of party leaders are party communication. It is part of a larger concept - political communication. Political communication is a specific type of political relations and is seen as an inseparable element of the political domain of society. The main purpose of the party communication is creating conditions for public policy and public authority through the informational influence of political actors on each other and the social environment. The feature of party communication is that it provides the variety sort of messages and information that circulates within the party between its structural elements and members. Although this information basis on the initiative of the party can be given to the person, citizen, group, to the other party, political actor or political institutions. Understanding the theoretical foundations of party communication, their creative implementation in the development of party circles is the key to the success of the party leader's activity and authority increasing among the masses

В статье рассматриваются исторические причины и условия возникновения коррупции в России и некоторых зарубежных странах. Кратко исследовано понятие коррупции с точки зрения действующего законодательства, с целью предложения законотворческой инициативы в будущем расширить определение понятий: коррупционное поведение; коррупция; коррупционное правонарушение и преступление. В работе обозначены основные признаки коррупционного деяния, его разрушающее влияние на суверенитет и безопасность государства. Особое внимание обращено духовно-нравственной составляющей возникновения коррупционного поведения в обществе, а также его влияние на социальное, политическое, экономическое развитие государства. Исследование определяет разрушительную силу коррупционных проявлений как фактор дестабилизации экономической и политической жизни общества и страны, а также воздействие этого влияния на Международный авторитет и внешнюю безопасность государства. В статье на примере политических событий происходящих в странах дальнего и ближнего зарубежья, указано, что коррупция является основной причиной возникновения внутренних и внешних военных конфликтов. В работе определены предложения по усовершенствованию действующего антикоррупционного законодательства Российской Федерации, учитывая основные принципы верховенства закона, с целью недопущения внутренней и внешней дестабилизации в стране, а также для укрепления безопасности и Международного авторитета государства ; The article deals with the historical causes and conditions of corruption in Russia and some foreign countries. The concept of corruption in terms of the current legislation is briefly studied with the aim of proposing legislative initiatives in future to expand the definition of concepts: corrupt behavior; corruption; corruption offense and a crime. The work outlines the key features of act of corruption, its devastating impact on the sovereignty and security of the state. Particular attention is paid to the spiritual and moral component of occurrence of corrupt behavior in society, as well as its impact on social, political and economic development of the state. The study determines the destructive force of corruption as a factor of destabilization of the economic and political life of the society and the country, as well as the impact of this effect on the international credibility and external security of the state. In the article on the example of the political events taking place in the countries of near and far abroad, it is stated that corruption is the main cause of internal and external wars. The article identifies proposals for the improvement of the current anti-corruption laws of the Russian Federation, taking into account the basic principles of the rule of law, in order to prevent internal and external destabilization in the country, as well as to strengthen security and the international prestige of the state