Suchergebnisse

Shipping list no.: 98-0171-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Though the existence of a European insider-outsider division has previously been theorised, a robust link between the actions of certain workers and the existence of such divisions has yet to be demonstrated. In this article, I examine differing reactions of German and French trade unions to austerity in Southern Europe. German and French unions reacted to austerity in a lukewarm manner, contributing to the emergence of European divides. This was particularly the case in Germany, in which the stronger position within Economic and Monetary Union meant that there were fewer incentives for solidarity. I link this development with the nature of the contemporary EU, contending that the division is related to the propensity of Economic and Monetary Union to initiate competition between national labour markets and an upturn in nationalism.

Reviews issues to be discussed at the European Union Intergovernmental Conference of 1996, including monetary union, role of France, and foreign and security policy; 7 articles.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Dedication -- Copyright information -- Endorsement -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: how shorter- term "woods" have blinded us to longer- term "trees" -- 1 The means to an end: the looming prospect of a referendum -- Parliament versus the people -- Alien device -- Enter the people -- Referendum talk -- Accession without referendum -- Enter the referendum -- Maastricht -- The single currency breach -- Arms race -- Tortured tactics -- Enter the referendum parties -- The referendum enters the constitution -- Increasingly inevitable … -- Addendum 1.1 The proliferation of referendum promises, 1997-2015 -- 2 How to be out without being out: the deepening conundrum of the eurozone -- A strategy for decline - and a vision for renewal -- From monetary cooperation to the vision of monetary union and the Werner Plan -- The vision returns: from the EMS to Maastricht and the eurozone -- The eurozone comes into being and consolidates -- Addendum 2.1 How the European vision of economic and monetary union was fleshed out, 1972-2009 -- Addendum 2.2 UK positions regarding EMU, 1990-2016 -- 3 To vanishing point and beyond: the strategic goal of enlargement and its logical consequences -- Strategies have consequences -- The UK's attitude towards EU enlargements over time -- Widening, and its opposite, invariably means deepening -- Do the maths -- The absence and impossibility of statecraft -- Conclusion -- 4 Being careful what you wish for: the british in the european parliament, before and after proportional representation -- Introduction: more power (the EP), less influence (the UK) -- Declining relative weight -- UK representation in the European Parliament, 1979-2014: from a sort of coherence to post-PR fragmentation -- The introduction of proportional representation.

Summary in English. Includes discussion of public debts.

Banking in Estonia Before 1992Under the Soviet regime Estonian banking, like banking anywhere in the Soviet Union, was controlled and managed by the Central Bank of the Soviet Union. Besides the central bank, there was a limited number of all-Union banking structures with their numerous local branches in Estonia as well as in other Soviet republics. The whole banking system was state-owned and rigidly controlled from the center.