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Since at least the late 1970s, we have had to grapple with the question of how economics influences politics. Before scholars made use of extensive survey research, most observers, noting the relationship between the state of the economy & election outcomes, argued that individual voters were driven by their own financial concerns. Using survey data, scholars found that individual economic concerns were not strongly related to vote choice. The work of Kinder & Kiewiet (1979, 1981) further upset this consensus by showing that voters were more concerned with the collective than their own concerns. The research presented here, making use of the rather unique 1992 ANES, argues that voters are concerned with both. The apparent non-existent relationship between egocentric economic evaluations & political evaluations is the result of question wording. When appropriately worded egocentric & sociotropic economic survey items are put in equations predicting political phenomena, both are important. Tables, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

Chile, which suffering from many of the same social and economic problems that afflict other Latin American countries, has enjoyed remarkable political stability. With the exception of one brief interlude, Chile has been governed by elected rules for half a century. The feature of Chilean development that explains its exceptional nature in contrast to the rest of Latin America is the special role of the bureaucracy, which functions as a broker for the conflict

Conflicts over territorial politics are intimately bound up with issues of class representation in national politics. The thesis of this paper is that the persistence of British regional policy, with support from both major parties of government over a period of forty years or more, reflects an attempt to maintain the class-based dual party system of national politics by minimising the importance of other dimensions of political preference. The paper has two main sections. In the first a series of conventional rationales for regional policy are examined in terms of efficiency, equity, and the government's interest in reelection, and it is concluded that none of these adequately explains the uncontested basis of British regional policy. In the second main section a version of Downs's model of electoral competition is adopted to investigate the stability of forms of two-party competition, and it is argued that in a class-based national system the parties have a strong interest in avoiding the emergence of a separate territorial dimension of politics. The conclusion to the paper is a consideration of the relationship between regionalism, regional politics, and regional policy in the context of Mrs Thatcher's government's weakening of regional policy and emphasis on strong central control.

Abstract: Islam has practically taught people about the income-politics policies employed by Prophet Muhammad SAW from the previous period. Zakat has been well-known as one of the state income concept. Zakat is globally a part of 5 (five) pillars of Islam, besides shadat, prayer, fasting, and hajj. One form of responsibility is to maintain finance income and expenditure. One of the things that will be an interesting improvement in this article is about the method of income and budget spending in order to carry out state activities to achieve the goal of prosperity for the society. The results of the study are zakat, ghanimah, fai ', jizya, and kharaj / tax. The revenue from the sources of funds obtained is allocated to public interests such as poverty eradication, state defense and security, legal development, development of infrastructure and social facilities, and education.Keywords: Income; Expenditur; tax; policy.

1. A general theoretical analysis : ethnicity (ethnopolitics) and democratic transition -- 2. The fallacy of existing transition models : consociationalism revisited -- 3. Rwanda : the pre-colonial and colonial background -- 4. The First Republic (1959-1973) -- 5. When democratic transition killed -- 6. Slouching towards democratic transition -- 7. Crowning the transition? : the 2003 legislative and presidential elections.

On the history of natural law until Grotius -- The right of Protestant princes regarding indifferent matters or adiaphora -- On the power of secular government to command its subjects to attend church diligently -- Is heresy a punishable crime? -- On the crime of sorcery -- On the right of a Christian prince in religious matters. - Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-286) and index. - Translated into English. - Formerly CIP