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The rapid development of online media as a major location for news consumption has stimulated a variety of debates about how journalism is changing in the Internet era. Of particular importance have been worries about a potential turn toward populism, whereby journalists and editors shift away from reporting what is newsworthy to what their audience wants to hear supported by the widespread availability of audience metrics. A wealth of ethnographic research has pointed to the potential importance of such statistics; but little quantitative work has been conducted to test for the existence of a relationship between audience behavior and editorial decisions. This study seeks to fill that gap. Based on a novel data set of over 40,000 articles published in five major UK news outlets over a period of 6 weeks, we explore the relationship between a news story's readership and its likelihood of being removed from the front page, based on the "most read" lists common to many news websites. We find that being a most read article decreased the short-term likelihood of being removed from the front page by around 25% and that this effect was broadly similar for both political and entertainment news. Surprisingly, we find a considerably greater influence in "quality" publications than their tabloid counterparts. Our results are discussed as evidence of a still limited, but potentially developing, turn toward online populism. © The Author(s) 2013.

Abstract Background Clonidine effectively decreases perioperative mortality by reducing sympathetic tone. However, application of clonidine might also restrict anaemia tolerance due to impairment of compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, the influence of clonidine induced, short-term sympathicolysis on anaemia tolerance was assessed in anaesthetized pigs. We measured the effect of clonidine on anaemia tolerance and of the potential for macrohemodynamic alterations to constrain the acute anaemia compensatory mechanisms. Methods After governmental approval, 14 anaesthetized pigs of either gender (Deutsche Landrasse, weight (mean ± SD) 24.1 ± 2.4 kg) were randomly assigned to intravenous saline or clonidine treatment (bolus: 20 μg · kg −1 , continuous infusion: 15 μg · kg −1 · h −1 ). Thereafter, the animals were hemodiluted by exchange of whole blood for 6 % hydroxyethyl starch (MW 130.000/0.4) until the individual critical haemoglobin concentration (Hb crit ) was reached. Primary outcome parameters were Hb crit and the exchangeable blood volume (EBV) until Hb crit was reached. Results Hb crit did not differ between both groups (values are median [interquartile range]: saline: 2.2 (2.0–2.5) g · dL −1 vs. clonidine: 2.1 (2.1–2.4) g · dL −1 ; n.s.). Furthermore, there was no difference in exchangeable blood volume (EBV) between both groups (saline: 88 (76–106) mL · kg −1 vs. clonidine: 92 (85–95) mL · kg −1 ; n.s.). Conclusion Anaemia tolerance was not affected by clonidine induced sympathicolysis. Consequently, perioperative clonidine administration probably has not to be omitted in view of acute anaemia.

Na Li,1 Xiang Yu,2 Michael Pecht3 1School of Law, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China; 2School of Law and Politics, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China; 3Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USAAbstract: The concept of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection comes from the West. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) establishes the basic rules for pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection. People's Republic of China's domestic law is consistent with the TRIPS agreement. In the drug registration approval process of the People's Republic of China's Drug Supervision Department, pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection has encountered some problems, including data authentication, exclusive rights to data, number of drugs requiring data to be submitted, and drug costs. In view of the long-term interests of the People's Republic of China's pharmaceutical industry and intellectual property protection trends, there are a lot of difficulties in the enforcement of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection law that need to be overcome. Some measures can be taken, such as establishing a shorter data exclusivity protection period, only protecting the data submitted and relied on in the People's Republic of China, only protecting the drugs that use new chemical components, allowing application and necessary research before the expiry of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection period of generic drugs.Keywords: drug, developing countries, approval, competition

Narcotics are the lifeblood of Tajikistan's economy: drug trading makes up for at least 30 per cent of the country's GDP. This article addresses the questions of why and how this dependency materializes, and what the effects are on the economy and population. The analysis is structured along the following pattern: i) Causes of addiction: for what reasons is the economy addicted, and why is there no reduction of trafficked volumes despite international efforts? ii) Extent of addiction: how dependent is Tajikistan on drug trafficking in economic terms, and are there sensible ways to measure it? iii) Consequences of addiction: what short- and long-run economic, sociological and political effects is Tajikistan facing if it stays "hooked"? The article concludes with a brief discussion of iv) Counter narcotics policies: what is the current approach to Tajikistan's problems, and does it work? This article argues that Western donor governments should reconsider the way they are combatting drug trafficking in Tajikistan. A sound approach will recognize that the production of opiates is largely demand-driven, and should thus be aimed primarily at demand reduction. Opium and heroin bring death and destruction along the paths they travel, but they also inject an immense amount of wealth into the Tajik economy. Counter narcotics policies must, therefore, be evaluated with a view to the potentially destabilizing effects on the socioeconomic fabric, in particular to which segments of the population they are hurting.

Background: Clonidine effectively decreases perioperative mortality by reducing sympathetic tone. However, application of clonidine might also restrict anaemia tolerance due to impairment of compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, the influence of clonidine induced, short-term sympathicolysis on anaemia tolerance was assessed in anaesthetized pigs. We measured the effect of clonidine on anaemia tolerance and of the potential for macrohemodynamic alterations to constrain the acute anaemia compensatory mechanisms. Methods: After governmental approval, 14 anaesthetized pigs of either gender (Deutsche Landrasse, weight (mean ± SD) 24.1 ± 2.4 kg) were randomly assigned to intravenous saline or clonidine treatment (bolus: 20 μg · kg−1, continuous infusion: 15 μg · kg−1 · h−1). Thereafter, the animals were hemodiluted by exchange of whole blood for 6 % hydroxyethyl starch (MW 130.000/0.4) until the individual critical haemoglobin concentration (Hbcrit) was reached. Primary outcome parameters were Hbcrit and the exchangeable blood volume (EBV) until Hbcrit was reached. Results: Hbcrit did not differ between both groups (values are median [interquartile range]: saline: 2.2 (2.0–2.5) g · dL−1 vs. clonidine: 2.1 (2.1–2.4) g · dL−1; n.s.). Furthermore, there was no difference in exchangeable blood volume (EBV) between both groups (saline: 88 (76–106) mL · kg−1 vs. clonidine: 92 (85–95) mL · kg−1; n.s.). Conclusion: Anaemia tolerance was not affected by clonidine induced sympathicolysis. Consequently, perioperative clonidine administration probably has not to be omitted in view of acute anaemia.

В статье рассмотрены основные аспекты взаимодействия России и Израиля во время проведения российской военной операции в Сирии. Автор утверждает, что в современных реалиях произошло сближение национальных интересов России и Израиля, в равной степени заинтересованных в недопущении усиления террористической организации «Исламское государство» и стабилизации обстановки в регионе в целом. Лидеры России и Израиля сумели найти общий язык, и в настоящий момент между странами установлено тесное взаимодействие в том, что касается проведения военной операции в Сирии российской стороной. Таким образом, сегодня основные противоречия между Россией и Израилем отошли на второй план, однако при неблагоприятном развитии событий они могут усилиться. Автор прогнозирует, что в краткосрочной перспективе для сохранения благоприятных отношений сторонам придется пойти на взаимные уступки. ; The article deals with the main aspects of cooperation between Russia and Israel during Russian military operation in Syria. The author argues that in modern realities there was a rapprochement of Russia's and Israel's national interests as both nations were equally interested in preventing the strengthening of the terrorist organization "Islamic state" and the stabilization of the situation in the region as a whole. The leaders of Russia and Israel have managed to find a common language, and in the moment two countries have established close cooperation during the military operation in Syria by Russian air-space force. However, the author predicts that in the short term both parties will have to make mutual concessions to maintain their favorable relations.

The rapid development of online media as a major location for news consumption has stimulated a variety of debates about how journalism is changing in the internet era. Of particular importance have been worries about a potential turn towards populism, whereby journalists and editors shift away from reporting what is newsworthy to what their audience wants to hear, supported by the widespread availability of audience metrics. A wealth of ethnographic research has pointed to the potential importance of such statistics; but little quantitative work has been conducted to test for the existence of a relationship between audience behavior and editorial decisions. This study seeks to fill that gap. Based on a novel dataset of over 40,000 articles published in 5 major UK news outlets over a period of 6 weeks, we explore the relationship between a news story's readership and its likelihood of being removed from the front page, based on the 'most read' lists common to many news websites. We find that being a 'most read' article decreased the short-term likelihood of being removed from the front page by around 25%, and that this effect was broadly similar for both political and entertainment news. Surprisingly, we find a considerably greater influence in 'quality' publications than their tabloid counterparts. Our results are discussed as evidence of a still limited, but potentially developing, turn towards online populism.

This article analyses discussions between representatives of three schools in the theory of international relations - realism, liberalism and constructivism - on the driving factors of nuclear proliferation. The paper examines major theoretical approaches, outlined in the studies of Russian and foreign scientists, to the causes of nuclear weapons development, while unveiling their advantages and limitations. Much of the article has been devoted to alternative approaches, particularly, the role of mathematical modeling in assessing proliferation risks. The analysis also reveals a variety of different approaches to nuclear weapons acquisition, as well as the absence of a comprehensive proliferation theory. Based on the research results the study uncovers major factors both favoring and impeding nuclear proliferation. The author shows that the lack of consensus between realists, liberals and constructivists on the nature of proliferation led a number of scientists to an attempt to explain nuclear rationale by drawing from the insights of more than one school in the theory of IR. Detailed study of the proliferation puzzle contributes to a greater understating of contemporary international realities, helps to identify mechanisms that are most likely to deter states from obtaining nuclear weapons and is of the outmost importance in predicting short- and long-term security environment. Furthermore, analysis of the existing scientific literature on nuclear proliferation helps to determine future research agenda of the subject at hand.

Customer misbehavior in service settings is problematic for two reasons: (1) because of the direct damage it causes and (2) because of additional negative effects that arise from the contagion of such misbehavior. The authors extend existing theory of customer misbehavior by studying its contagious effect. The investigation focuses on access-based services, defined as transactions in which multiple consumers successively gain temporal, short-term access to a good, while legal ownership remains with the service provider (e.g., car sharing and fashion rentals). Due to the nature of these services, they are especially prone to indirect customer misbehavior, which is directed at the accessed product and occurs in the absence of others. Two online experiments provide the first empirical evidence for a contagiousness of misbehavior and reveal that this effect is driven by customers' perceptions of the social norms among the customer group. Moreover, they indicate that greater strength of the accessed product's brand as well as lower anonymity of the accessed product's owner attenuate contagion. A field experiment shows that an increase in the communal identification among access-based service customers reverses the contagious effect, with customers more likely to remove signs of previous users' misbehavior. The results suggest that access-based service providers should address customer misbehavior by (a) investing in the products they offer access to, (b) establishing more personal relationships with customers, and, foremost, (c) increasing communal identification among customers.

Argentina's universal model of healthcare and open immigration policies make it a popular destination for people from neighbouring countries requiring free medical treatments. These medical tourists come from Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay. They are often from low-income households and rural areas, and travel to Argentina seeking medical attention in public hospitals because they are unable to pay for services in their own countries. In addition to these patients, current governmental-private sector agreements are being put in place to attract patients from the US and Europe. This new initiative – called Medicina Argentina (Argentina Healthcare) – hopes to raise the number of foreign patients from 6000 per year to 100,000. In theory, this change in government policy seeks to: provide services to patients who might not be able to access them in their own countries (due to high cost, unavailability, or long waiting lists), increase Argentine tourism income, and improve the quality of the medical services available for local populations. However, in practice, it will mean that an already overburdened healthcare system will have to adapt to suit the needs of short-term, medical tourists. The flow of foreign patients will interact with local migrating patients to create a tiered system of medical tourism, posing ethical and legal challenges in the distribution of scarce resources and regulation of medical care. In this article, I explore the ethical and practical impact of this 'new' medical tourism industry on the care provided to the local population.

O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão em torno do conceito de reinserção social de indivíduos que se tornaram dependentes de drogas, com o objetivo de oferecer uma contribuição na construção de políticas públicas sobre drogas capazes de fazer frente a este importante problema de saúde pública na contemporaneidade. Além dos aspectos conceituais da reinserção social, discutimos seus pressupostos e objetivos; seu contexto sempre atravessado pelas complexidades e singularidades características da dependência de drogas; aspectos tais como abstinência, riscos de recaídas, desconstrução e reconstrução de estilos de vida; o caráter multidisciplinar e a necessidade do trabalho continuado e metódico, no curto, médio e longo prazos, exigindo a cooperação de distintos agentes e sujeitos implicados nos desafios da reinserção social. Abstract: In this paper, we propose an analysis about the concept of social reinsertion of individuals who have become drug addicts. We want to help in planning public actions about drugs which can face this important public health problem nowadays. Apart from the conceptual aspects of social reinsertion, we hereby discuss its proposals, objectives and its context which is permanently affected by the complexities and peculiarities of drug dependency; aspects such as withdrawal, the risk of relapse, deconstruction and reconstruction of lifestyles; its multidisciplinary character and the need for continuous and methodical short-, mid- and long-term work, requiring the cooperation of those specific agents and subjects implied within the challenges of social reinsertion.

The formulation of legal norms is greatly conditioned not only by different juridical systems and drafting traditions, but also by specific linguistic features and socio-cultural aspects. The paper investigates this issue by taking into consideration provisions concerning commercial arbitration in an Asian country. The text selected for our analysis is The People's Republic of China Arbitration Law 1994 (PRCAL, for short). This law can be considered a highly important step in the development of Chinese legislation in this field as it has had a great impact on international arbitration carried out by Chinese companies. International business exchanges with China have increased enormously over the last few years and even the recent economic recession has not slowed down this growth, making China the biggest Asian market in terms of import-export trade. As a natural consequence, this increase in business deals and contracts has brought about a rise in the number of trade disputes, with a consequent increase in arbitration proceedings. The aim of this paper is to examine the English version of PRCAL in order to highlight some of the linguistic and legal features present that betray specific cultural values. In some cases, the PRCAL text is compared to the United Nations Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, with the aim of offering a more detailed understanding of textual phenomena closely linked to differing legal and cultural traditions.

This article presents an agent-based model designed to explore the development of cooperation in hunter-fisher-gatherer societies that face a dilemma of sharing an unpredictable resource that is randomly distributed in space. The model is a stylised abstraction of the Yamana society, which inhabited the channels and islands of the southernmost part of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina-Chile). According to ethnographic sources, the Yamana developed cooperative behaviour supported by an indirect reciprocity mechanism: whenever someone found an extraordinary confluence of resources, such as a beached whale, they would use smoke signals to announce their find, bringing people together to share food and exchange different types of social capital. The model provides insight on how the spatial concentration of beachings and agents' movements in the space can influence cooperation. We conclude that the emergence of informal and dynamic communities that operate as a vigilance network preserves cooperation and makes defection very costly. ; MICINN http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/ CSD2010-00034 (SimulPast CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010) and HAR2009-06996; the government of Castilla y Leónhttp://www.jcyl.es/ GREX251-2009; the Argentine CONICET http://www.conicet.gov.ar/PIP-0706; and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Researchhttp://www.wennergren.org/ "Social Aggregation: A Yamana Society's Short Term Episode to Analyse Social Interaction, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina". The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Science and Humanities, College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan, Phuentsholing-21102, Chhukha, Bhutan E-mail : basant@cst.edu.bt Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore-632 014, Tamilnadu, India The Punatshang Chu, Thimphu Chu and Pa Chu are rivers located in three different districts of Punakha, Thimphu, and Paro respectively and drain the region of Western Bhutan. These rivers ultimately drain their water in Brahmaputra, which is one of the major rivers that flow through the North East region of India towards Bay of Bengal. These rivers are of great economic importance since they have been extensively utilized for the generation of hydropower, agriculture and domestic purposes. This study is based upon short-term data collected consisting of parameters such as pH, conductivity, TDS, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, lead, chromium from 15 different sampling spots that were selected along the course of these three rivers. Based on the analysis report the quality of the river water in these rivers is affected by the anthropogenic activities such as unsanitary condition along the banks, improper disposal of solid wastes and the untreated domestic wastewaters discharged directly into them. Addressing this issue, the quality of water can be improved and further deterioration can be curbed by taking appropriate measures involving the government authority and active community participation

The study analyzed the technical efficiency of groundnut-based cropping systems among farmers in Hong Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 120 randomly selected groundnut farmers using multi-stage sampling technique. The study identified two groundnut-based cropping systems, namely; sole groundnut which accounted for 39.2% of the cropping systems and groundnut/sorghum which accounted for 60.80% of the cropping systems, indicating that mixed cropping dominate groundnut enterprise in the study area. The result of the stochastic frontier production function shows that sigma squared was 0.522 and significant at 1% level, indicating good fit and correctness of the distributional form assumed for the composite error term. The value of gamma was 0.841 and significant at 1% level, suggesting that 84% of the variability in the output of farmers was due to differences in their technical efficiency. Coefficients of farm size, hired labour, family labour and herbicides were positive and significant at varying levels indicating direct relationship with the output of groundnut-based cropping systems. The analysis of the inefficiency variables shows that formal education, cropping system, primary occupation and household size decreases technical inefficiency of the farmers. Mean technical efficiency (TE) was 74% indicating that farmers have the potential to increase their TE by 26% in the short run given the current state of technology. To achieve this, farm inputs should be provided on time and at subsidized rate by government and relevant stakeholders.