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Background -- In successfully negotiating the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the World Health Organization (WHO) has led a significant innovation in global health governance, helping to transform international tobacco control. This article provides the first comprehensive review of the diverse campaign initiated by transnational tobacco corporations (TTCs) to try to undermine the proposed convention. Methods and Findings -- The article is primarily based on an analysis of internal tobacco industry documents made public through litigation, triangulated with data from official documentation relating to the FCTC process and websites of relevant organisations. It is also informed by a comprehensive review of previous studies concerning tobacco industry efforts to influence the FCTC. The findings demonstrate that the industry's strategic response to the proposed WHO convention was two-fold. First, arguments and frames were developed to challenge the FCTC, including: claiming there would be damaging economic consequences; depicting tobacco control as an agenda promoted by high-income countries; alleging the treaty conflicted with trade agreements, "good governance," and national sovereignty; questioning WHO's mandate; claiming the FCTC would set a precedent for issues beyond tobacco; and presenting corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an alternative. Second, multiple tactics were employed to promote and increase the impact of these arguments, including: directly targeting FCTC delegations and relevant political actors, enlisting diverse allies (e.g., mass media outlets and scientists), and using stakeholder consultation to delay decisions and secure industry participation. Conclusions -- TTCs' efforts to undermine the FCTC were comprehensive, demonstrating the global application of tactics that TTCs have previously been found to have employed nationally and further included arguments against the FCTC as a key initiative in global health governance. Awareness of these strategies can help guard against industry efforts to disrupt the implementation of the FCTC and support the development of future, comparable initiatives in global health.

En Chile la educación preescolar constituye una estrategia pública para la equidad a favor de niños y niñas menores de 6 años en condiciones de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica, como aquella población cuya familia reside en sectores rurales. Dadas las relevantes implicaciones que dicha educación tiene sobre el desarrollo infantil, la investigación se planteó como objetivo explorar la forma en que la política de jardines infantiles ha respondido a las condiciones socioculturales y geográficas del medio rural a partir de 1990 en adelante. Por medio de una revisión documental, se identificaron 1664 documentos (en su mayoría gubernamentales) y se seleccionaron y analizaron 82. Se evidenció que la política de jardines toma la intersectorialidad como estrategia para la pertinencia territorial con el fin de fortalecer la educación y la salud de la primera infancia y, además, avanzar en la superación de la pobreza e inserción laboral de las madres. Se concluye con una discusión acerca de la escasa claridad de las políticas estudiadas con respecto a mecanismos que articulen la educación parvularia con los territorios rurales. ; Since preschool in Chile represents a public strategy in favor of equity for children under 6 years of age in vulnerable socioeconomic conditions, as those whose family lives in rural areas, and it has relevant implications in child development, it was explored the way in which preschool policy is intended to respond to the sociocultural and geographic conditions of families in rural areas from 1990 onwards. Through a documentary review, 1664 (mostly governmental) documents were identified, and 82 were selected and analyzed. The results showed that preschool policy takes intersectoriality as a strategy for territorial pertinence, in order to strengthen education and health in early childhood, overcome poverty, and insert mothersin the labor market. Conclusions discuss the scarce clarity of the policies studied with respect to mechanisms that articulate preschool education with rural territories.

Cinema, both fiction and documentary genres, has a narrative feature that allows to expose points of view, explain, and construct alternative truths. This article is a historical approach to narratives that Chilean documentary cinema has collected from women and men who chose Chile as their destination. The study focuses on audiovisual stories produced in Chile between 2001 and 2019, which, along with capturing experiences, open the possibility of understanding Chilean society and characterize social, political, and cultural behaviors present in it. The stories of migration represented in these audiovisual productions make visible both the existence of critical intersections as narratives of the subjects, contributing from a micro-historical analysis to the social and cultural history and to the visibility of open conflicts of recent history. ; El cine, tanto en su género de ficción como documental, tiene una virtud narrativa que permite exponer puntos de vista, explicar y construir verdades alternativas. Este artículo es una aproximación histórica a narraciones que el cine documental chileno ha recogido de mujeres y hombres que eligieron a Chile como lugar de destino. Relatos audiovisuales producidos en nuestro país entre 2001 y 2019, que, junto con plasmar experiencias y vivencias cotidianas, abren la posibilidad de comprender a la sociedad chilena y caracterizar conductas sociales, políticas y culturales presentes en ella Representadas en estas producciones audiovisuales, las migraciones evidencian tanto la existencia de coyunturas críticas como narrativas de los sujetos, contribuyendo desde un análisis micro histórico a la historia social, cultural y a la visibilidad de conflictos abiertos de la historia reciente.

Cinema, both fiction and documentary genres, has a narrative feature that allows to expose points of view, explain, and construct alternative truths. This article is a historical approach to narratives that Chilean documentary cinema has collected from women and men who chose Chile as their destination. The study focuses on audiovisual stories produced in Chile between 2001 and 2019, which, along with capturing experiences, open the possibility of understanding Chilean society and characterize social, political, and cultural behaviors present in it. The stories of migration represented in these audiovisual productions make visible both the existence of critical intersections as narratives of the subjects, contributing from a micro-historical analysis to the social and cultural history and to the visibility of open conflicts of recent history. ; El cine, tanto en su género de ficción como documental, tiene una virtud narrativa que permite exponer puntos de vista, explicar y construir verdades alternativas. Este artículo es una aproximación histórica a narraciones que el cine documental chileno ha recogido de mujeres y hombres que eligieron a Chile como lugar de destino. Relatos audiovisuales producidos en nuestro país entre 2001 y 2019, que, junto con plasmar experiencias y vivencias cotidianas, abren la posibilidad de comprender a la sociedad chilena y caracterizar conductas sociales, políticas y culturales presentes en ella Representadas en estas producciones audiovisuales, las migraciones evidencian tanto la existencia de coyunturas críticas como narrativas de los sujetos, contribuyendo desde un análisis micro histórico a la historia social, cultural y a la visibilidad de conflictos abiertos de la historia reciente.

Summary
The immunity (or vaccine) passport of the coronavirus pandemic, as a concept and object, is not unprecedented. This health and identity document features a history spanning over half-a-millennium and appearing across diverse geopolitical and sociocultural contexts. This article presents a documentary history of the immunity passport and its heterogeneous material instantiations, uses and effects across divergent historical settings. It illuminates how the immunity passport has helped shaped identities and public health, as well as impacted individual and institutional agency, during health crises. Four historical cases are explored, including the plagues ravaging the Renaissance Mediterranean region, the 1665 Great Plague of London, the yellow fever outbreaks in the antebellum slave-era southern USA and the chronic cholera conditions confronting colonial-era British India. Although disparate, these historical cases share the immunity passport as a non-pharmaceutical intervention into their respective health crises that played important roles in people's lives during these troubled times.

La valoración documental es unos de los procesos más controversiales de la Archivística en la actualidad, por sus implicaciones desde el punto de vista informacional, político y social. Si bien los antecedentes de este proceso pueden encontrarse en la época medieval, sería inexacto hablar sobre alguna sistematización teórica antes de las aportaciones de los estadounidenses Philip Brooks y Theodore Schellenberg entre la década del 40 y del 50 del siglo XX. A la luz del paradigma poscustodial, la valoración de documentos de archivo ha sido objeto de no pocas reflexiones teóricas, lo cual ha dado lugar a diferentes posiciones. Este artículo se propone realizar una aproximación a la valoración de documentos de archivo a partir de los paradigmas custodial y poscustodial. En tal sentido, se abordan los enfoques de Jenkinson, y de Scellenberg, para luego comentar algunos de los aspectos que han sido objeto de cuestionamientos en ambos casos. Posteriormente, se presenta el análisis de macrovaloración y sus características fundamentales. ; Currently, documentary assessment is one of the most controversial processes in archival science because of its implications from an informational, political and social point of view. Although the background of this process dates back to medieval times, it would be inaccurate to speak about some theoretical systematization before Americans Philip Brooks and Theodore Schellenberg's contributions in the 40s and 50s in the 20th century. In the light of the post custodial paradigm, the assessment of archival documents has been the object of increasing theoretical reflections, which has led to different positions. This article intends to perform an approach to archival document assessment based on custodial and post custodial paradigms. To that effect, it addresses some of the aspects which have been the subject of questioning in both cases. Afterwards, this article presents a macro assessment analysis and its fundamental characteristics.

The present article examines the perspective of two German filmmakers on the process of democratic transition in Argentina through an analysis of two documentaries: De l'Argentine / De la Argentina/ For example Argentina (Werner Schroeter, 1983-1985) and Kreuzzuggegen die Subversion / Panteónmilitar (Wolfgang Landgraeber, 1991). These films denounce different aspects of Argentina's traumatic past, focusing on the difficulties that, during the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, the Argentinean State was encountering to condemn crimes against humanity committed during the last military dictatorship. The approach to these documentaries will have as its main objective a study of the cinematographic take on the "disenchantment" that deepened among wide sectors of the society after the statutes of limitation on military trials. Key Words: .Cinema; Documentary; Argentina; Dictatorship, Transition to democracy ; El presente artículo analiza la mirada de dos cineastas alemanes sobre el proceso de transición democrática en Argentina a través del análisis de dos documentales: De l'Argentine / De la Argentina (Werner Schroeter, 1983-1985) y Kreuzzug gegen die Subversion / Panteón militar (Wolfgang Landgraeber, 1991). Estos films denuncian distintos aspectos del pasado traumático argentino, deteniéndose en las dificultades que encontraba hacia la década del ochenta y comienzos de la del noventa el Estado argentino para condenar los crímenes de lesa humanidad cometidos durante la última dictadura militar. El abordaje de estos documentales tendrá como objeto principal el estudio del tratamiento fílmico del "desencanto" que fue profundizándose en amplios sectores de la sociedad a partir de las leyes de prescripción de causas militares.

En el presente artículo, además de repasar las características y antecedentes del documentalismo fotográfico contemporáneo, veremos dos ejemplos del mismo que se produjeron en dos países muy distintos (Estados Unidos y España) en la misma época: los años ochenta del siglo XX. Se trata, en primer lugar, del trabajo de Mary Ellen Mark, quien apostó por un documentalismo en la línea de los concerned photographers, y de Miguel Trillo que fotografió a la juventud española de la década de los ochenta cuando las tribus urbanas representaban verdaderas identidades definidas dentro de una sociedad española ya inmersa en la democracia y la libertad de expresión. ; In this paper, besides reviewing the traits and the antecedents of contemporary documentary photography, two examples of this photographic genre will be seen. They took place in two very different countries (U.S. and Spain) at the same time: the eighties of the XX century. It is, firstly, the work of Mary Ellen Mark, who opted for a documentary on the line of the concerned photographers, and Miguel Trillo who photographed the Spanish youth when urban tribes real represented identities defined within a Spanish society immersed in democracy and freedom of expression.

"Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary, 1952." ; At head of title: Committee print, 82d Congress 2d session ; Mode of access: Internet.