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As performance and energy efficiency have become the main challenges for next-generation high-performance computing, asymmetric multi-core architectures can provide solutions to tackle these issues. Parallel programming models need to be able to suit the needs of such systems and keep on increasing the application's portability and efficiency. This paper proposes two task scheduling approaches that target asymmetric systems. These dynamic scheduling policies reduce total execution time either by detecting the longest or the critical path of the dynamic task dependency graph of the application, or by finding the earliest executor of a task. They use dynamic scheduling and information discoverable during execution, fact that makes them implementable and functional without the need of off-line profiling. In our evaluation we compare these scheduling approaches with two existing state-of the art heterogeneous schedulers and we track their improvement over a FIFO baseline scheduler. We show that the heterogeneous schedulers improve the baseline by up to 1.45 in a real 8-core asymmetric system and up to 2.1 in a simulated 32-core asymmetric chip. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Government (SEV2015-0493), by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (contract TIN2015-65316-P), by Generalitat de Catalunya (contracts 2014-SGR-1051 and 2014-SGR-1272), by the RoMoL ERC Advanced Grant (GA 321253) and the European HiPEAC Network of Excellence. The Mont-Blanc project receives funding from the EU's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 610402 and from the EU's H2020 Framework Programme (H2020/2014-2020) under grant agreement no 671697. M. Moretó has been partially supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship number JCI-2012-15047. M. Casas is supported by the Secretary for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the Cofund programme of the Marie Curie Actions of the 7th R&D Framework Programme of the European Union (Contract 2013 BP B 00243). ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

[EN] Zircon-type holmium phosphate (HoPO4) and thulium phosphate (TmPO4) have been studied by single-crystal x-ray diffraction and ab initio calculations. We report on the influence of pressure on the crystal structure, and on the elastic and thermodynamic properties. The equation of state for both compounds is accurately determined. We have also obtained information on the polyhedral compressibility which is used to explain the anisotropic axial compressibility and the bulk compressibility. Both compounds are ductile and more resistive to volume compression than to shear deformation at all pressures. Furthermore, the elastic anisotropy is enhanced upon compression. Finally, the calculations indicate that the possible causes that make the zircon structure unstable are mechanical instabilities and the softening of a silent B-1u mode. ; This research is partially supported by the Spanish government MINECO under Grants No: MAT2016-75586-C4-1-P/2-P/3-P, MAT2013-46649-C4-1-P/2-P/3-P and MAT2015-71070-REDC. A.M. and P.R-H. acknowledge computing time provided by Red Espanola de Supercomputacion (RES) and MALTA-Cluster. This work was also partially supported by the National Nuclear Security Administration under the Stewardship Science Academic Alliances program through DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-NA0001982. Part of this work was conducted at HPCAT (Sector 16), Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory and at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). HPCAT operations are supported by DOE-NNSA under Award No. DE-NA0001974 and DOE-BES under Award No. DE-FG02-99ER45775, with partial instrumentation funding by NSF. APS is supported by DOE-BES, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The ALS is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Use of the COMPRES-GSECARS gas loading system was supported by COMPRES under NSF Cooperative Agreement EAR 11-57758 and by GSECARS ...

This work calls the attention over a rarely considered problem by philosophers of social contract and it can be presented in an interrogative manner: Which is the original position of the individuals who pact an agreement on the foundation of a civilized society? To answer this question, this essay considers Hobbes' social contract approach presented in his works De Cive (1642) and Leviathan (1651). In here, the author argues that Hobbes' appeal is worthless, despite the fact that it is presented as vital within his contractual approach. Such appeal is the Social Pact. Nonetheless that move grounds civilised life, it is abandon by Hobbes himself being forced to apply to the coercive force of the sovereign to accomplish the promises of the pact. The reason is that human beings are selfish and tend to be rascals: the coercive force of the sovereign has to correct such behaviours. The conclusion reached by this essay is that the negotiation table could be only conformed by some prudent people and many rascals and fools. This set of individuals with different perception about the meaning of social interest justifies the great weight of the argument of the coercion of the government time after the agreement reached by the Hobbesian society. ; El trabajo llama la atención sobre un problema poco atendido por los filósofos contractualistas el cual puede presentarse a manera de pregunta: ¿Cuál es la posición original de los individuos que pactan un acuerdo de fundación de la sociedad civilizada? Para efectos del presente trabajo recurriré a la propuesta de contrato social en De Cive (1642) y Leviathan de Thomas Hobbes (1651). El trabajo defenderá la tesis de que el camino sugerido por Hobbes apela a un recurso que, a pesar de ser presentado como de vital importancia en su teoría contractual, resulta inútil. Tal recurso es el que se refiere al pacto de sociedad. A pesar de que este paso fundamenta la vida civilizada finalmente es abandonado por el autor teniendo que recurrir a la fuerza coactiva del soberano para hacer ...

With the EU 2020 climate and energy package and the 2030 framework, the European Union has set clear objectives to be on track to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% compared to 1990 levels by 2050. The objective of this work is to conduct a comparable analysis that takes account of EU climate energy and policy developments and recent Commission's proposals, including its 'Clean Energy for All Europeans' package (EC, 2016a) and its proposals for an Effort Sharing Regulation for the period 2021-2030 (EC, 2016d) and revised EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) (EC, 2015b), as well as international climate negotiations orientated towards the preparation of climate pledges for 2030 in the context of the Paris Agreement. The analysis is conducted with the PACE (Policy Analysis based on Computable Equilibrium) model. Four main policy scenarios are considered to examine the impact of the 2030 targets on the competitiveness of the EU's industrial sectors. They reflect two levels of action within the Paris Agreement (EU unilateral action vs. international action beyond 2020) and two ways of using the EU ETS auction revenues (lump-sum transfer to households vs. subsidies for Renewable Energy Sources (RES)). In addition, these four scenarios are also examined with some variants to analyse further the impact of different settings for RES support schemes in Member States (MS). Indeed, the model was developed to allow for different types of RES support, which can also be combined: RES public support paid by tax payers, electricity levy directed to RES support and paid by electricity users and RES subsidy financed by the auction revenues. In the four main scenarios, the RES support settings have been chosen to be as close as possible to the current situation in the different MS while in variant (1) RES support is assumed to be an electricity levy in all MS. In variant (2), RES support is also a levy everywhere in Europe but the ETS sectors are not exempted from the levy.

International audience ; The strategy for the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions from ships after the Paris agreement. Thoughts on the relevance of the International Maritime Organization as a level of action. Maritime greenhouse gas emissions account for 3% of global emissions and this number is expected to increase in the coming years. Thus, it is obvious that the maritime sector must contribute to the global effort to reach the 2°C target set by the Paris Agreement. Since the Kyoto Protocol, the OMI has the authority to act in this domain but, the measures adopted within the organization seem little ambitious regarding the actual challenge. The question of the relevance of the IMO as a level of action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is therefore all the more important as the European Union intends to seize,the issue. Focusing our attention on the locks and levers of IMO's work in this area will make it possible to identify the priorities of the organization in order to contribute decisively to the 2° C objective. ; Les émissions maritimes de gaz à effet de serre représentent aujourd'hui 3% des émissions mondiales et ce chiffre devrait croître dans les années à venir. Dès lors, il est évident que le secteur maritime doit contribuer à l'effort mondial pour atteindre l'objectif des 2° C fixé dans l'Accord de Paris. Depuis le Protocole de Kyoto, l'OMI s'est vu reconnaître la compétence pour agir dans ce domaine, mais les mesures adoptées au sein de l'organisation semblent aujourd'hui peu ambitieuses eu égard au défi à relever. La question de la pertinence de l'OMI comme échelle d'action pour diminuer les émissions maritimes de gaz à effet de serre se pose alors d'autant plus que l'Union européenne entend s'emparer de la question. Pencher notre regard sur les verrous et les leviers de l'action de l'OMI dans ce domaine permettra d'identifier les priorités de l'organisation pour contribuer de manière déterminante à remplir l'objectif des 2° C.

Plant primary production is a key driver of several ecosystem functions in seasonal marshes, such as water purification and secondary production by wildlife and domestic animals. Knowledge of the spatio-temporal dynamics of biomass production is therefore essential for the management of resources—particularly in seasonal wetlands with variable flooding regimes. We propose a method to estimate standing aboveground plant biomass using NDVI Land Surface Phenology (LSP) derived from MODIS, which we calibrate and validate in the Doñana National Park's marsh vegetation. Out of the different estimators tested, the Land Surface Phenology maximum NDVI (LSP-Maximum-NDVI) correlated best with ground-truth data of biomass production at five locations from 2001–2015 used to calibrate the models (R 2 = 0.65). Estimators based on a single MODIS NDVI image performed worse (R 2 ≤ 0.41). The LSP-Maximum-NDVI estimator was robust to environmental variation in precipitation and hydroperiod, and to spatial variation in the productivity and composition of the plant community. The determination of plant biomass using remote-sensing techniques, adequately supported by ground-truth data, may represent a key tool for the long-term monitoring and management of seasonal marsh ecosystems. ; We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; David Aragonés, Isabel Afán, Ricardo Díaz-Delgado and Diego García Díaz (EBD-LAST) provided support for remote-sensing and LSP analyses. Alfredo Chico, José Luis del Valle and Rocío Fernández Zamudio (ESPN, ICTS-RBD) provided logistic support and taxonomic expertise during the field work (validation dataset). Ernesto García and Cristina Pérez assisted with biomass harvesting and processing (calibration dataset). Gerrit Heil provided support in the project design. This study received funding from Ministerio de Medio Ambiente-Parque Nacional de Doñana, Consejeria de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucia (1999–2000): RNM118 Junta de Andalucia (2003); the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No. 641762 to ECOPOTENTIAL project; and the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Plan Estatal de I+D+i 2013–2016, under grant agreement CGL2016-81086-R to GRAZE project.

Magnetic data storage and magnetically actuated devices are conventionally controlled by magnetic fields generated using electric currents. This involves significant power dissipation by Joule heating effect. To optimize energy efficiency, manipulation of magnetic information with lower magnetic fields (i.e., lower electric currents) is desirable. This can be accomplished by reducing the coercivity of the actuated material. Here, a drastic reduction of coercivity is observed at room temperature in thick (≈600 nm), nanoporous, electrodeposited Cu–Ni films by simply subjecting them to the action of an electric field. The effect is due to voltage-induced changes in the magnetic anisotropy. The large surface-area-to-volume ratio and the ultranarrow pore walls of the system allow the whole film, and not only the topmost surface, to effectively contribute to the observed magnetoelectric effect. This waives the stringent "ultrathin-film requirement" from previous studies, where small voltage-driven coercivity variations were reported. This observation expands the already wide range of applications of nanoporous materials (hitherto in areas like energy storage or catalysis) and it opens new paradigms in the fields of spintronics, computation, and magnetic actuation in general. ; Financial support by the European Research Council (SPIN-PORICS 2014-Consolidator Grant, Agreement No. 648454), the Spanish Government (Project Nos. MAT2014-57960-C3-1-R and FIS2015-64886-C5-3-P and associated FEDER) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Nos. 2014-SGR-1015 and 2014-SGR-301) is acknowledged. E.M. acknowledges the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant Agreement No. 665919. E.P. is grateful to MINECO for the "Ramon y Cajal" contract (No. RYC-2012-10839). E.I.-C. acknowledges the grant awarded by the National Council on Science and Technology in Mexico (CONACYT). R.C., R.R., and P.O. acknowledge support from EU H2020-EINFRA-5-2015 MaX Center of Excellence (Grant 676598). The authors would also like to acknowledge networking support by the COST Action e-MINDS MP1407. ICN2 acknowledges the support from the Severo Ochoa Program (MINECO, Grant No. SEV-2013-0295). ; Peer reviewed

We present the cluster selection function for three of the largest next-generation stage-IV surveys in the optical and infrared: Euclid-Optimistic, Euclid-Pessimistic and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). To simulate these surveys, we use the realistic mock catalogues introduced in the first paper of this series. We detected galaxy clusters using the Bayesian Cluster Finder in the mock catalogues. We then modelled and calibrated the total cluster stellar mass observable-theoretical mass (M * -M) relation using a power-law model, including a possible redshift evolution term. We find a moderate scatter of σ of 0.124, 0.135 and 0.136 dex for Euclid-Optimistic, Euclid-Pessimistic and LSST, respectively, comparable to other work over more limited ranges of redshift. Moreover, the three data sets are consistent with negligible evolution with redshift, in agreement with observational and simulation results in the literature.We find that Euclid-Optimistic will be able to detect clusters with > 80 per cent completeness and purity down to 8 × 10 h M up to z < 1. At higher redshifts, the same completeness and purity are obtained with the larger mass threshold of 2 × 10 hM up to z = 2. The Euclid-Pessimistic selection function has a similar shape with ~10 per cent higher mass limit. LSST shows ~5 per cent higher mass limit than Euclid-Optimistic up to z < 0.7 and increases afterwards, reaching a value of 2 × 10 h M at z = 1.4. Similar selection functions with only 80 per cent completeness threshold have also been computed. The complementarity of these results with selection functions for surveys in other bands is discussed.© 2017 The Authors. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 656354 and support from a postdoctoral fellowship at the Observatory of Paris. SM acknowledges financial support from the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), of which she is senior member. ; Peer Reviewed

Congo has signed a number of international agreements on the protection of the right to health. Despite the signing and ratification of these agreements, however, the right to health has not yet become a protected right stricto sensu, and the Congolese population still faces great pitfalls in access to care. Some say that this notion of "access to care" is only a slogan in the Congo. That health is not part of public policy priorities and that the lack of will of the public authorities as evidenced by the lack of health insurance do not make effective use of the care possible. Others, on the other hand, qualify these assertions and consider that even if difficulties exist in access to care in the Congo, these difficulties are not specific to this country. In many African and even western countries there are barriers to access to care. On the other hand, Congo has tried to take action to improve access to health care for its population. That these actions were supported by the support of International Organizations such as WHO and also by NGOs. Ac ; Le Congo a signé bon nombre d'accords internationaux relatifs à la protection du droit à la santé. Cependant, en dépit de la signature et la ratification de ces accords, le droit à la santé n'est pas encore devenu un droit protégé stricto sensu et la population congolaise connait toujours de grands écueils dans l'accès aux soins. D'aucuns affirment que cette notion "d'accès aux soins" n'est qu'un slogan au Congo. Que la santé ne fait pas partie des priorités de politiques publiques et que le manque de volonté des autorités publiques comme en témoigne l'absence d'assurance maladie ne rendent pas possible le recours effectif aux soins. D'autres nuancent par contre ces affirmations et considèrent que même si,des difficultés existent dans l'accès aux soins au Congo, ces difficultés ne sont pas spécifiques à ce pays. Dans bon nombre de pays africains, voire occidentaux, des obstacles existent également dans l'accès aux soins. Par ailleurs, le Congo a essayé tout de même ...

13 pags., 6 figs. 3 tabs.-- Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 3.0 ; The bound states of Be have been studied by removing single neutrons from Be nuclei. A 2.8 MeV u beam of Be was produced at ISOLDE, CERN and directed on to both proton and deuteron targets inducing one-neutron removal reactions. Charged particles were detected to identify the two reaction channels (d, t) and (p, d), and the individual states in Be were identified by gamma detection. All bound states but one were populated and identified in the (d, t) reaction. The combination of REX-ISOLDE and MINIBALL allowed for a clean separation of the high-lying states in Be. This is the first time these states have been separated in a reaction experiment. Differential cross sections have been calculated for all the reaction channels and compared to DWBA calculations. Spectroscopic factors are derived and compared to values from the litterature. While the overall agreement between the spectrocopic factors is poor, the ratio between the ground state and the first excited state is in agreement with the previous measured ones. Furthermore, a significant population of the state is observed, which which may indicate the presence of multi-step processes at our beam energy. ; This work was supported by the Danish Research Council, by the European Union Seventh Framework through ENSAR (Contract No. 262010) and a Marie Curie Actions Grant under Contract No. PIEF-GA-2008-219175, by the BMBF under Contracts No. 06MT7178, No. 06MT9156, No. 05P09PKCI5, No. 05P12PKFNE, No. 06DA9036I, No. 05P12RDCIA, No. 05P15PKCIA and Verbundprojekt 05P2015, by the Spanish MINNECO under Contracts No. FPA2012-34332 and No. FPA2015-, by the FWO-Vlaanderen (Belgium), by GOA/10/010 (BOF KU Leuven), by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BriX network P7/12), by the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council, and by Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratorium, Garching. ; Peer Reviewed

В статье предпринята попытка комплексного анализа сделки «газ-трубы» как наиболее яркой договоренности в рамках энергетического сотрудничества СССР и ФРГ в 1960 — нач. 1980-х гг. на материале журнала Der Spiegel — одного из самых читаемых в то время западногерманских изданий, занимавшего достаточно либеральную позицию по отношению к социалистическим странам. Для изучения было отобрано, переведено и проанализировано около тридцати статей, напечатанных в период с 1963 по 1982 гг. и осветивших процесс подготовки и реализации проекта. Интерес западногерманских журналистов к соглашениям по газу и трубам свидетельствовал о большом резонансе, который вызвал данный проект не только в среде политических и деловых кругов Западной Германии, но и общественности. И хотя среди статей журнала нередко встречались критические высказывания в отношении Советского Союза, в целом Der Spiegel выполнил важную функцию по поддержке советско-западногерманского энергетического сотрудничества. Несмотря на напряженную международную обстановку, СССР и ФРГ в 1960-80-е гг. сумели преодолеть политические и идеологические разногласия и создать основу взаимовыгодного партнерства в энергетической . In this article the authors attempt to provide a complex analysis of the "gas-pipe" deal as the brightest agreement in the field of energy cooperation between the USSR and FRG in 1960-80s. The analysis is performed on the data from Der Spiegel magazine — one of the most widely read West-German periodicals, which took a liberal position towards socialist countries. About thirty articles were selected for the study. These articles were published between 1963 and 1982. They highlighted how the project started and how it was implemented. The concern of the West-German journalists with "gas-pipes" agreements demonstrates the resonance that this project was of great interest not only to the political and business circles of West Germany, but also to the public. Although some magazine articles often criticised the Soviet Union, on the whole, Der Spiegel performed an important function in the support of energy cooperation between the Soviet Union and West Germany. Despite the tense international situation, the Soviet Union and West Germany overcame the political and ideological differences in the 1960s-80s and created the basis for successful partnership in the energy sector.

In some processes, latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) systems might work under partial load operating conditions (the available thermal energy source is discontinuous or insufficient to completely charge the phase change material (PCM)). Therefore, there is a need to study how these conditions affect the discharge process to design a control strategy that can benefit the user of these systems. The aim of this paper is to show and perform at laboratory scale the selection of a PCM, with a phase change temperature between 120 and 200 ºC, which will be further used in an experimental facility. Beyond the typical PCM properties, sixteen PCMs are studied here from the cycling and thermal stability point of view, as well as from the health hazard point of view. After 100 melting and freezing cycles, seven candidates out of the sixteen present a suitable cycling stability behaviour and five of them show a maximum thermal-stable temperature higher than 200 ºC. Two final candidates for the partial loads approach are found in this temperature range, named high density polyethylene (HDPE) and adipic acid. ; The work was partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA and DIOPMA (2014 SGR 123, 2014 SGR 1543). GREA and DIOPMA are certified agents TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This project has received funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) under Grant agreement No. PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 657466 (INPATH-TES). Jaume Gasia would like to thank the Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació de la Generalitat de Catalunya for his research fellowship (2017 FI_B1 00092). Camila Barreneche and Aran Solé would like to thank the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España for Grant Juan de la Cierva FJCI-2014-22886 and FJCI-2015-25741, respectively.

Spinoza foresees a state of nature among states, just like the one among human beings. Human beings, under this chaotic condition, are not bound by the contracts they have concluded, if these contracts have lost their utility. States, too, may cease to observe those international agreements, if obedience to these is not advantageous any more for the state concerned, or whenever there is a more advantageous alternative than those perks offered by the international agreement. These findings have led many scholars of International Relations and International Law to deem Spinoza as a thinker in the mold of Hobbes or the like, someone who allocates no place for morality in political affairs. Spinoza proves at times to be a stingier critic of morality than Hobbes, yet he still calls for cooperation on international fora. This he does by distancing himself from the rhetoric of natural law. International solidarity, according to him, will enable participating states to be more powerful and to enjoy more rights. Yet again, he does not set idealistic goals and just underlines the more advantageous state to be created owing to the establishment of such a peaceful cooperation. ; Spinoza, gerçek insanlar için öngördüğü doğal hali devletler için de öngörmektedir. Buna göre, faydalı olma süresi sona ermiş veya daha faydalı başka bir siyasi alternatifi ortaya çıkmış bir uluslararası andlaşma söz konusu devlet idarecileri tarafından uygulanmayabilir. Yani, Spinoza, en azından ilk bakışta ciddi bir keyfi davranma yetkisini karar alıcılara verir gibi görünmektedir. Bu yaklaşım Uluslararası ilişkiler ve hukuk uzmanlarını Spinoza'nın hukuki yükümlülükleri yok saydığı inancına götürmüştür. Bir anlamda bu çıkarımlar da doğrudur ancak Spinoza aslında doğal hal durumundaki devletler ile belli bir uluslararası örgütlenmeye katılmış devletler arasında önemli bir ayrım yapmaktadır. Tractatus Politicus'da Spinoza işbirliğine giden devletlerin aslında daha güçlü olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Spinoza uluslararası barışının kurulmasını salıklayan bir düşünür olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu salıklama herhangi bir yüksek idealizmden kaynaklanmamakta, bilakis devletlerin daha fazla güç kazanma yolu olarak görülmektedir.

The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the period between 1981 et 1985 was a watershed in the conflict in Northern-Ireland, focusing on the evolution of the Nationalist and Republican struggle during these five years. From the 1981 hunger strikes to the Anglo-Irish Agreement signed in November 1985, there was a transition from pure systematic violence to a more pacific and legal participation, particularly through the rivalry between Sinn Féin, Republican party, and the SDLP, Nationalist party opposed to violence. The hunger strikes brought Sinn Féin to the electoral stage. Between Sinn Féin, that supported the Provisional IRA's armed struggle, and the SDLP that was looking for a political settlement to escape Northern Ireland's stalemate, the debate was heated. This unstable situation led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement, that somehow marked the beginning of the peace process in the Province, by establishing a strong and previously unseen link between Great-Britain and the Republic of Ireland in the administration of Northern-Ireland. ; Ce mémoire veut démontrer que la période allant de 1981 à 1985 représenta un tournant dans la résolution du conflit nord-irlandais, en se concentrant sur l'évolution de la lutte nationaliste et républicaine sur ces cinq ans. Des grèves de la faim de 1981 à l'accord anglo-irlandais signé en novembre 1985, une transition entre violence pure, systématique et participation légale et pacifique s'opéra, notamment à travers la rivalité entre le Sinn Féin, parti républicain, et le SDLP, parti nationaliste opposé à la violence. Les grèves de la faim précipitèrent le Sinn Féin sur la scène électorale. Entre le Sinn Féin, qui défendait la lutte armée de l'IRA Provisoire, et le SDLP qui cherchait un accord politique pour sortir de l'impasse dans laquelle se trouvait l'Irlande du Nord, le débat fut animé. Cette situation instable déboucha sur la signature de l'accord anglo-irlandais, qui initia en quelque-sorte le processus de paix dans la Province, en établissant un lien fort et inédit entre la Grande-Bretagne et la République d'Irlande pour l'administration de l'Irlande du Nord.

12 pag.s., 11 figs., 3 tabs. -- This article replaces the version published on 8th September 2017, to provide an updated citation for ref. 19. ; A new method is proposed to analytically represent the potential energy surface of reactions involving polyatomic molecules capable of accurately describing long-range interactions and saddle points, needed to describe low-temperature collisions. It is based on two terms, a reactive force field term and a many-body term. The reactive force field term accurately describes the fragments, long-range interactions among them and the saddle points for reactions. The many-body term increases the desired accuracy everywhere else. This method has been applied to the OH + HCO → HO + HCO reaction, giving a barrier of 27.4 meV. The simulated classical rate constants with this potential are in good agreement with recent experimental results [Ocaña et al., Astrophys. J., 2017, submitted], showing an important increase at temperatures below 100 K. The reaction mechanism is analyzed in detail here, and explains the observed behavior at low energy by the formation of long-lived collision complexes, with roaming trajectories, with a capture observed for very long impact parameters, >100 a.u., determined by the long-range dipole-dipole interaction. ; We acknowledge the support from Ministerio de Economıa e Innovacion (Spain), for grants CSD2009-00038, AYA2016-75066-C2-1-P, RyC-2014-16277 and FIS2014-52172-C2 and from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement no. 610256 (NANOCOSMOS). E. Jimenez acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for supporting this work under the GASSOL project (CGL2013-43227-R). AC is indebted to the French National Programme ''Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire'' (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES. We also acknwoledge the finantial support of the European COST program, CM1401, ''Our Astrochemical History''. The calculations have been performed at the CSIC computing centers, which are acknowledged. ; Peer Reviewed