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Cet article a fait l'objet d'un WP SMART-LERECO n°18-06, voir lien ; Russia has been for many years an important outlet for the European Union (EU) in the agri-food sector. Following the break-up of the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991, Russian agriculture, which until then had been dominated by sovkhozes and kolkhozes, suffered a drasticfall in domestic production, in particular in animal production. Over the past fifteen years, and due to a policy encouraging investment in agriculture,especially in agro industrial complexes where the integration model prevails, agricultural production progressed rapidly, at least in certainsectors, including cereals, poultry meat and pork. This development of domestic supply and the diversification of supplier countries (including theUnited States, Brazil…) had, even before the embargo imposed in August 2014, led to a substantial loss of European exports to Russia. Since theembargo has been effective, Russia is no longer a privileged partner for European animal production. Thanks to the growth of imports in severalAsian countries, especially in China, several European animal sectors have nevertheless managed, despite the closure of the Russian market, toincrease their exports. This article deals, first of all, with the main stages of the Russian agricultural and trade policy, the development of agriculturalproduction in this country and the implementation of the embargo. Using customs statistics data (from BACI and COMEXT databases) overthe period 2000 to 2016, it then discusses the evolution of trade flows following the implementation of the embargo, with particular emphasis onRussia's bilateral relations with the EU and four animal sectors: milk and milk products, beef and veal, poultry meat and pork. ; La Russie fut pendant de nombreuses années un débouché important de l'Union européenne (UE) dans le domaine agroalimentaire. À lasuite de l'éclatement de l'Union des Républiques Socialistes et Soviétiques (URSS) en 1991, l'agriculture russe jusqu'alors dominée par dessovkhozes et des kolkhozes, a en effet subi une baisse drastique de sa production intérieure, notamment en productions animales. Depuisune quinzaine d'années, et moyennant une politique favorable à l'investissement en agriculture, surtout dans des complexes agroindustrielsoù le modèle de l'intégration prévaut, la production agricole progresse rapidement, du moins dans certaines filières dont celles descéréales, de la viande de volailles et de la viande porcine. Ce développement de l'offre intérieure et la diversification des pays fournisseurs(dont les États-Unis, le Brésil…) ont, avant même l'embargo appliqué depuis août 2014, entraîné une perte substantielle des exportationseuropéennes vers la Russie. L'embargo ayant été efficace, la Russie ne constitue plus un partenaire privilégié pour les productions animaleseuropéennes. Grâce à la croissance des importations dans plusieurs pays asiatiques, surtout vers la Chine, plusieurs filières animaleseuropéennes sont néanmoins parvenues, en dépit de la fermeture de ce marché, à augmenter leurs exportations. Cet article traite, toutd'abord, des principales étapes de la politique agricole et commerciale russe, du développement des productions agricoles dans ce payset des conditions de la mise en oeuvre de l'embargo. Moyennant la valorisation des données statistiques des douanes (bases de donnéesBACI et COMEXT) sur la période 2000 à 2016, il discute ensuite de l'évolution des courants d'échanges consécutive à la mise en oeuvre del'embargo, en insistant surtout sur la relation bilatérale de la Russie avec l'UE pour quatre filières animales : le lait et les produits laitiers, laviande bovine, la viande de volailles et la viande porcine.

The nature of South–South international economic relations has changed significantly in recent decades, especially since the early 1990s. In areas such as trade, investment, labor markets, technology, and policy coordination, regional cooperation between countries of the South and pro-market policies have supported a rapid growth in South–South linkages. Looking ahead, the prospects are that the changing architecture of international economic relations that South–South cooperation has underpinned will contribute to growth across the developing world. Governments in developing countries of the Asia and Pacific region can foster expanded South–South cooperation by strengthening the capacity of governments to support pro-market policies. Potential gains for the region include expanded opportunities to promote growth and productivity, openings to expand connectivity between and within countries, a stronger collective voice in global decision making, more effective regional institutions, and improved economic security and stability.

International audience In contemporary conditions, the Great Silk Road remains the subject of modern historical research naturally intertwined with research in the area of sustainable development. Its significance caused not only by providing sales, but also cultural, scientific and diplomatic relations. Way, which arose, as a trade infrastructure, soon became an important factor of technical, scientific and spiritual progress of the population of different countries. The Silk Road segment on the territory of modern Kazakhstan as a historical gate of the Great Silk Road also has its specific international significance. Today the idea is re-emerging of renewing the way in a new historical incarnation and revival of the Great Silk Road in order to preserve and enhance its tremendous influence on the political, economic and cultural systems of the countries through which it passes.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы внешнеторговой политики Республики Казахстан, которые занимают особое место в правительственных программах, либерализации внешнеэкономической деятельности, налаживанию и укреплению внешнеэкономических связей, рационализации структуры экспорта и импорта, в целях повышения конкурентоспособности отечественных товаров и услуг. Особо важное значение приобретает рационализация структуры экспорта и импорта. Структура импорта республики ориентирована на удовлетворение потребительских нужд. Главной особенностью же экспорта является его моноориентированность, что нехарактерно для мирового экспорта. Моноориентированность означает то, что основу экспорта республики составляют несколько видов экспортируемых товаров, в основном, топливно-сырьевые ресурсы. В свою очередь, это вызывает узость номенклатур экспортируемых товаров, сырьевую специализацию экономики, а также влечет высокую зависимость от конъюнктуры цен на мировых рынках топлива и сырья. ; The article examines the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which occupy a special place in government programs, liberalization of foreign trade, development and consolidation of foreign economic relations, to rationalize the structure of exports and imports, in order to enhance the competitiveness of domestic goods and services. Importance of having rationalization of the structure of exports and imports. Structure of imports focused on meeting consumer needs. The main feature is the same export monoorientirovannost it, which is unusual for world exports. Monoorientirovannost means that the country's export base are a few types of exported goods, mainly fuel and raw materials. In turn, this causes a narrow list of exports, raw specialization economy and implies a high dependence on the world market prices of fuel and raw materials.

Illegal logging is widely recognized as a major economic problem and one of the causes of environmental degradation. Increasing awareness of its negative effects has fostered a wide range of proposals to combat it by major international conservation groups and political organizations. Following the 2008 US legislation which prohibits the import of illegally harvested wood and wood products, the European Union (EU) is now discussing a legislation proposal which would ban illegal timber from the EU market. In this study we use the ICES computable general equilibrium model to estimate the reallocation of global demand and timber imports following the pending EU legislation. With this exercise our final objective is to assess the economic impacts and measure the potential emission reduction resulting from the introduction of this type of policy. Results show that while the EU ban does not seem particularly effective in reducing illegal logging activities, its main effect will be the removal of illegal logs from the international markets. In addition, the unilateral EU ban on illegal logs increases secondary wood production in illegal logging countries as their exports become relatively more competitive. Through this mechanism, part of the banned, illegal timber will re-enter the international trade flows, but it will be "hidden" as processed wood. This effect is, however, limited. Finally, given the limited effect on overall economic activity, effects on GHG emissions are also limited. Direct carbon emissions from logging activities can decrease from 2.5 to 0.6 million tons per year

This article examines the application of neoclassical economics to the discussion of China's transition to the market in the 1990s and its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. It shows how this theory shaped, and misled, forecasts of the impact of that accession and of China's subsequent economic performance. It discusses the debate between mini-bang and big-bang transition policies in the 1990s and shows the two sides shared far more in common than separated them. Both sides misestimated, in fact grossly underestimated, the dynamism of China's economy. It shows how widely anticipated predictions of crisis and collapse with China's WTO accession were the natural result of the assumptions of the neoclassical model. It suggests that a rival model of market transition based on Bukharin and Kuznets has much to offer.

Towards the end of 2019, the global economy appeared to be on an optimistic path of expansion, financial markets were bullish, and trade and political tensions were predictable. The onslaught of COVID-19 in early 2020, has abruptly cast a dark shadow of uncertainty through a concerted health, economic and humanitarian crisis playing out synchronously across the world. As countries have tried to 'flatten the curve' through lockdowns and social distancing guidelines, these measures have restricted the flow of goods, capital and labor, disrupted global supply chains, and resulted in losses of jobs and income, defaults and bankruptcies. Global efforts to flatten the 'infection curve' has triggered a macroeconomic 'recession curve'. The IFIs have projected a contraction of the global economy ranging between 3.3 percent and 5.2 percent, which is likely to worsen under more pessimistic scenarios. Cross border flows such as trade, capital flows and remittances also are expected to shrink in 2020. Likewise, logistics restrictions have prompted multinational firms to either diversify supplies over efficiency gains or turn inwards. Tourist arrivals is estimated to fall by 60 to 80 percent in 2020, translating to a decline in international tourism receipts (exports) of USD 80 billion globally. Nevertheless, countries are trying to carve safe corridors or 'bubbles' where groups of countries that have tamed the spread of coronavirus would be allowed to travel only among themselves as tourists or even temporary migrants. Furthermore, consumers tend to buy more essential goods and postpone conspicuous consumption in uncertain times: worldwide spending on tourism has seen a fall of over 50 percent. Likewise, lockdowns have prompted adoption of digital and low-touch activities. Some countries stand out for having tackled COVID-19 through widespread testing and contact tracing, early preparedness; harnessing of technology, often a result of sustained public investments in health infrastructure and leadership that believes in accountability.

Glavni je problem priopćenja vanjska politika Republike Hrvatske (RH) u vezi s Ustavom BiH jer nedovoljno pridonosi rješavanju društvenih, političkih, ekonomskih, kulturnih itd. slabosti Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH) koje mogu i trebaju biti rješavane unutar prava. Ta je politika nedovoljno uspješna jer nije državna, nego strančarska. Matica politike je narodnjačka, tj. etnička. Alternativa zanemaruje činjenicu da je RH, kao stranka Daytonskoga mirovnog sporazuma, čiji je dio Ustav BiH, internacionalnim pravom ovlaštena zahtijevati od drugih stranaka, uključujući BiH, da poštuju i primijene Sporazum. Sporedni je problem priopćenja nedostatna znanstvena spoznaja glavnog problema. Posljedica je pomanjkanja interesa pravnih znanstvenika u RH i previda pravnih slabosti politike. Temeljna je svrha priopćenja priprema istraživačkog projekta unutar integralne pravne znanosti dopunjene izvornom pravnom dogmatikom i prilagođenom pravnopolitičkom analizom. Hipoteze, koje su dijelom ispitane, pripisuju politiku uvjetima te predviđaju razvoj problema ako se politika ne promijeni i ako se prromijeni u skladu s prijedlogom izloženim u priopćenju. ; The paper deals with the main problem of the Republic of Croatia's foreign policy on the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which fails to alleviate the social (political, economic, cultural, etc.) inadequacies of Bosnia and Herzegovina that can and ought to be solved within the limits of the law. It is of meagre success because it is a policy of political parties rather than of a nation-state. The mainstream policy is ethnicist. Its alternative ignores the fact that the Republic of Croatia, as a party to the Dayton Peace Agreement, whose part is the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is by international law entitled to demand other parties, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, to observe and change the Agreement. The subordinate problem is a paucity of knowledge provided by legal scholars in the Republic of Croatia about the main problem. The knowledge deficit is a consequence of the lack of interest in the policy and oversight of its legal ramifications. The principal goal of the paper is the preparation of a research-project within integral legal scholarship supplemented by original legal dogmatics and adjusted policy analysis. The principal hypotheses are that the past policy can be ascribed to Croatian institutions (legalistic order, ethnic state, parochial studies) and their environment (dependence on foreign powers, pre-political and pre-legal conditions of the Croatian population); and that the same policy, even in a stable environment, should be expected to facilitate threats to the very existence of Bosnia and Hercegovina and Bosnian Croats, thus greatly endangering the Republic of Croatia. On the assumption that the environment, as well as the institutions and doctrines improve, the paper proposes a state policy as an alternative to past partisanship, with a view of re-instituting Bosnia and Hercegovina as a functional nation-state, establishing local and cultural autonomy, and retaining the constitution-making power of each major ethnic community in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The expected consequences are the strengthening of Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnian Croats, and the Republic of Croatia, in line with the values and principles of the inquiry.

El presente trabajo de investigación ha tenido como objetivo formular criterios para establecer un acuerdo bilateral entre Perú y Ecuador para prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, en base al Plan de Acción Internacional PAI-INDNR, promovido por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentación (FAO). A través de un estudio cualitativo se abordó la problemática de la pesca INDNR que viene afectando a las zonas marítimas del Perú y Ecuador desde varios años atrás, involucrando dimensiones en el campo político, jurídico, económico, social, medioambiental y de seguridad. A través del análisis documentario de estudios referentes al tema, así como entrevistas a especialistas, profesionales y expertos que trabajan en diversas áreas involucradas al problema, se obtuvieron resultados que permitieron obtener un panorama completo de la situación actual referente a la pesca INDNR en ambos países. Para ello se consideró en la investigación las consecuencias causadas por la pesca INDNR, la efectiva aplicación del PAI-INDNR, la situación actual de las relaciones internacionales, y estableciendo diversos criterios que fueron perfeccionados por profesionales y expertos. Se concluyó que la pesca INDNR ha causado un impacto en los campos político, jurídico, económico, social, medioambiental, así como en diversos problemas de seguridad; que existen condiciones óptimas para que el Perú y Ecuador establezcan mecanismos para el combate efectivo contra la pesca INDNR; y como propuesta, se han establecido criterios que permitirán establecer un Acuerdo Bilateral entre ambos países para prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca INDNR tomando como base el Plan de Acción Internacional PAI-INDNR. ; The purpose of this research work has been to formulate criteria to establish a bilateral agreement between Peru and Ecuador to prevent, discourage and eliminate illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, based on the International Plan of Action PAI-IUU, promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Through a qualitative investigation, the problem of IUU fishing has been affecting the maritime areas of Peru and Ecuador for several years, involving dimensions in the political, legal, economic, social, environmental, and security matters. Through the documentary analysis on the subject, as well as interviews with specialists, professionals, and experts working in several areas involved, results were obtained that allowed have a complete overview of the current situation regarding IUU fishing in both countries. It has been considered in the present investigation consequences caused by IUU fishing, the effective application of the IPA-IUU, the current situation of international relations, and establishing various criteria improved by professionals and experts. It was concluded that IUU fishing has caused a mainly legal, economic, and social impact, as well as various security problems; there are optimal conditions for Peru and Ecuador to establish mechanisms for effective combat against IUU fishing; and as a proposal, criteria have been established that will allow the establishment of a Bilateral Agreement between both countries to prevent, discourage and eliminate IUU fishing based on the PAI-IUU International Action Plan.

Annotation. Cross-border cooperation is phenomenon of global scale and it is a key element of the European Union's policy towards its neighbours. It supports sustainable development along the EU's external borders, helps to reduce disparities in living standards and to address common problems across those borders. The role of the cross-border cooperation in regional development is determined by its ability to mobilize and effectively use the existing potential of border areas and activate the resources of neighbouring border regions to find the solution to common problems and promote cooperation within cross-border regions. The article analyses the state of cross-border specialization of regions of Ukraine that have border with the EU member states. Ensuring the effective use of cross-border cooperation opportunities for regional development is possible only with a systematic approach to the organization of managerial influence on the processes of such cooperation. It is very important to take into account the specifics and individual features of each cross-border region. To assess the coefficient of cross-border specialization of Ukrainian cross-border regions four areas were studied: investment, foreign trade, tourism, and migration. Based on the analysis, the areas with the highest coefficient of border specialization and with the lowest were identified. The results of the calculation allowed us to identify areas of interaction with the highest degree of cross-border specialization. The author also analyses the dynamics of the coefficient of border specialization of the studied regions during the last decade and proves the importance of cross-border cooperation for the border regions of Ukraine that have the common border with the EU member states ; Прикордонне співробітництво є явищем глобального масштабу і є ключовим елементом політики Європейського Союзу щодо своїх сусідів. Воно підтримує сталий розвиток вздовж зовнішніх кордонів ЄС, допомагає зменшити диспропорції у рівні життя населення та вирішити спільні проблеми суміжних регіонів по обидва боки кордону. Роль транскордонного співробітництва у регіональному розвитку визначається його здатністю мобілізувати та ефективно використовувати наявний потенціал прикордонних районів та активізувати ресурси сусідніх прикордонних регіонів для пошуку рішення спільних проблем та сприяння співпраці у транскордонних регіонах. У статті проаналізовано стан прикордонної спеціалізації областей України, що межують з державами-членами ЄС. Забезпечення ефективного використання можливостей транскордонного співробітництва для регіонального розвитку можливе лише при систематичному підході до організації управлінського впливу на процеси такої співпраці. Дуже важливо враховувати специфіку та індивідуальні особливості кожного прикордонного регіону. Для оцінки коефіцієнта прикордонній спеціалізації областей України автором запропоновано дослідити досліджено чотири сфери: інвестиційну, зовнішню торгівлю, туризм, міграційну сферу. На основі проведеного аналізу визначено області із найбільшим коефіцієнтом прикордонної спеціалізації та із найменшим. Результати розрахунку дозволили виявити для кожної області напрямки взаємодій з найбільш високим ступенем прикордонній спеціалізації, а також виокремили слабкі сфери реалізації прикордонної спеціалізації. Проаналізовано динаміку коефіцієнта прикордонної спеціалізації досліджуваних областей упродовж останнього десятиліття та доведено важливість транскордонного співробітництва для прикордонних областей України, що межують з державами-членами ЄС.

[ES] La globalización creciente de los mercados vinícolas, con la aparición de nuevos actores en la oferta y en la demanda y la mayor competencia, ha aumentado el interés por analizar su comercio internacional, buscando nuevas herramientas que permitan entender mejor el comportamiento de los flujos comerciales del vino. Este artículo examina las posibilidades del análisis Shift-Share ¿una técnica clásica que ha evolucionado para superar las limitaciones del modelo tradicional sin perder los atributos que la han hecho popular entre los investigadores de numerosos campos de la economía¿ para explicar la evolución de las exportaciones mundiales de vino. Para ello se aplica el modelo clásico y dos modelos derivados de él ¿Cuota de Mercado Constante y modelo econométrico Shift-Share¿ a las exportaciones de vino de los once principales países exportadores del mundo a los grandes mercados de importación entre los años 2000 y 2015. Con ello se pretende, en primer lugar, comprobar la consistencia de los resultados entre los tres modelos y, en segundo lugar, si es posible, determinar las fuentes de variación de las exportaciones en cada uno de los casos analizados. El análisis demuestra que, en general, los tres modelos dan lugar a resultados dispares e, incluso, contradictorios, lo que limita su aplicación de forma indiferenciada. Dicho esto, cabe señalar la excepción de los resultados en el caso de Nueva Zelanda que, además de ser los mejores, son los únicos consistentes. Los resultados para España son globalmente positivos, pero el factor competitividad da resultados diferentes según el modelo empleado ; [EN] The globalization of wine markets, with the emergence of new players offering and demanding wine and a greater competition, has increased the interest in analysing international wine trade, looking for new tools to better understand the performance of the trade flows of wine. This article examines the possibilities of Shift-Share Analysis -a classic technique that has evolved to overcome the limitations of the ...