Suchergebnisse

Co-Designing Sustainable Communities: The Identification and Incorporation of Social Performance Metrics in Native American Sustainable Housing and Renewable Energy System DesignBy: Ryan L. Shelby Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Alice M. Agogino, ChairOver the last quarter-century, the twin concepts of sustainability and sustainable development have emerged as a defining imperative of humanity that is situated at the nexus of science, technology, culture, economics, policy and the environment. These twin concepts are both framed as a means to mitigate the negative impacts of natural resource depletion, energy consumption, water consumption, and climate changing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated anthropogenic activities. Since the creation of the term `sustainable development' in the Brundtland Commission's Our Common Future report in 1987 until the present, there has not been a determinate meaning assigned to it. Over the last 25 years, advocates of sustainable development have been trying to assign different frameworks to the ill-defined concept first expressed in the report: that development should "meet the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". When one reviews the Brundtland Commission's report, one finds that (1) `needs' are not defined, (2) the processes for identifying these `needs' are not defined, (3) sustainability indicators or performance metrics for measuring these `needs' are not defined, and (4) there is an implicit assumption that the society of the present will have some idea and understanding of the `needs' that the society of the future will possess. These voids within Our Common Future present a great opportunity for the creation of a methodological framework that allows designers, engineers, and community members to understand the needs and the social performance metrics that local communities utilize to define sustainability and evaluate technology options for their sustainability goals. This dissertation is a case study of a design research project with the Pinoleville Pomo Nation (PPN), a federally recognized, self-governing Native American tribe located near Ukiah, California, to determine their framework for sustainability framework, to identify their needs as it relates to their sustainability framework, and to co-design housing and renewable energy power systems to meet their needs. The design research was conducted between April 2008 and May 2011 with members from the PPN tribal government, administration, and community members living on and off the primary land base near Ukiah, California. The emphasis of this research is not about merely providing technological solutions for the PPN to adopt; nor is it about getting the PPN to return to some romanticized way of life in which indigenous people lived with no environmental impact. Instead, this research focuses on the development of the co-design methodological framework that fosters the co-production of knowledge as it relates to sustainable buildings and energy systems design and implementation by situating the concept of sustainability and sustainable development in the local context of the end user community. The co-design methodological framework presented in this dissertation represents a discourse contribution in the areas of eliciting end user needs/metrics, situating sustainability knowledge bases, the role of citizens in the design of engineering systems, and community-based design approaches for the development of sustainable communities. This dissertation operationalizes the identification of local sustainability frameworks, the identification of needs for sustainability, the identification of social performance metrics for sustainability, and the co-design of solutions to meet local sustainability frameworks within the aforementioned discourse areas.

Part I: Performance of national preservation organization -- Chapter 1. The Brazilian experience of the World Heritage Sites -- Chapter 2. Preservation actors: challenges and risks of managing World heritage cities -- Chapter 3. Current challenges and risks for preservation of the historic center of Salvador -- Chapter 4. World Heritage in Brazil: a reflection and criticism -- Chapter 5. When sensitive memories sites become heritage: the case of the Valongo Wharf, Rio de Janeiro -- Chapter 6. Afro-Brazilian religions and protected urban areas: the cases of Laranjeiras and São Cristóvão, Sergipe -- Chapter 7. The Pampulha Modern Ensemble and its recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site -- Chapter 8. Reflections on tourism in Jesuitic-Garani Missions -- Part II: International experiences in preserving the world heritage -- Chapter 9. "Which Egypt will answer"? Some genealogical notes on world heritage -- Chapter 10. The experience of managing the city of Porto as a world heritage site: how to teach and how to learn? -- Chapter 11. World heritage sites in Latin America: conservation and management under a value-based approach -- Chapter 12. Immaterial heritage and the risk of forgetting: the case of the hidden Nagazaki Christians -- Chapter 13. Environmental History and Cultural Landscape in Israel (2003-2020) -- Part III: World heritage risks and threats -- Chapter 14. Brazil in the circuit of international cultural relations: return and devolution of ethnographic goods -- Chapter 15. World Heritage in danger: case studies about some of the factors that threaten cultural sites -- Chapter 16. The risk of fire in the twin buildings of the Ouro Preto historic center: world heritage -- Chapter 17. PlunderersofDevotionalHeritage.

Foreword by Francesco Schettino Part I:Capitalism and Socialism as Modes of Production 1. Introduction to Part I2. The hard scientific underpinnings of XXIth century political economy3. Modes of production and socioeconomic formations 4. Labor and value 5. Real competition, pending issues and the core propositions of the surplus approach6. Real socialism and the law of value7. The Meta-Mode of Production 8. Socialism under the Meta Mode of Production Part II: China's journey from the early agricultural reforms to the New Projectment Economy 9. Introduction To Part II10. Macroeconomic Dynamics11. Rural reforms and the rise of Non-Capitalist Market-Oriented Enterprises 12. The Large State-Owned Business Conglomerates13. The National Financial System And The Strengthening of China's Monetary Sovereignty14. The dynamics of the new economic and social formation 15. NDRC and SASAC: a quantum leap in China'slanning and governance capabilities16. The New Projectment Economy Part III: The other two members of the new class of SEF: Vietnam and Laos17. Introduction to part III18. Agricultural reforms and the launching of Doi Moi19. Equitization20. SOE, FDI, and simple commodity production 21. Employment, wages, and productivity22. Accumulation, growth, and structural change23. Finance24. Development of productive forces and modernization in Vietnam and China25. Poverty, inequality and human development26. The differences between comrades Masina and Cerimele and us27. Vietnam and China: brothers, not twins 28. Laos: the least developed member of the new class of SEFs 29. Concluding Remarks

Martin Katzman, Cities and Frontiers in BrazilPhilip Musgrove, Consumer Behavior in Latin America (An ECIEL Study)William R. Cline and Enrique Delgado, eds., Economic Integration in Central AmericaWayne A. Cornelius and Robert V. Kemper, eds., Metropolitan Latin America: The Challenge and the ResponseJames M. Malloy, ed., Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin AmericaMerilee S. Grindle, Bureaucrats, Politicians, and Peasants in Mexico: A Case Study in Public PolicyCOURTS, CRIME, AND LAW Richard Lehne, The Quest for Justice: The Politics of School Finance ReformRay C. Jeffrey, Crime Prevention through Environmental DesignLinda Medcalf, Law and Identity: Lawyers. Native Americans and Legal PracticeBenno C. Schmidt, Jr., Freedom of the Press vs. Public AccessLawrence A. Gooberman, Operation Intercept: The Multiple Consequences of Public PolicyMilton Heumann, Plea Bargaining: The Experiences of Prosecutors, Judges and Defense Attorneysenneth C. Laudon, Communications Technology and Democratic ParticipationRaymond Bowers, Alfred M. Lee, and Cary Hershey, eds., Communications for a Mobile Society: An Assessment of New TechnologyRoy Bahl, ed., The Fiscal Outlook for Cities: Implications of a National Urban PolicyMark Gottdiener, Planned Sprawl: Private and Public Interests in SuburbiaAnthony James Catanese and W. Paul Farmer, eds., Personality, Politics and Planning: How City Planners WorkRobert L. Lineberry, Equality and Urban Policy: The Distribution of Municipal Public ServicesJohn J. Harrigan and William C. Johnson, Governing the Twin Cities Region, The Metropolitan Council in Comparative PerspectiveD. S. Chauhan, Public Labor Relations: A Comparative State StudyA. Lawrence Chickering, ed., Public Employee Unions: A Study of the Crisis in Public Sector Labor RelationsMartin Binkin and Shirley J. Bach, Women and the MilitaryMartin Binkin, with Herschel Ranter and Rolf H. Clark, Shaping the Defense Civilian Work Force: Economics, Politics, and National SecurityRichard K. 3etts, Soldiers. Statesmen, and Cold War CrisesSelig Harrison, China. Oil, and Asia; Conflict Ahead?J. T. Pempel, ed., Policymakinq in Contemporary JapanFred H. Sanderson, Japan's Food Prospects and PoliciesA. Doak Barnett, China and the Major Powers in East AsiaStockholm International Peace Research Institute, Tactical Nuclear Weapons: European PerspectivesThomas H. Etzold and John Lewis Gaddis, eds., Containments: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945‐1950William O. McCagg, Jr., Stalin Embattled. 1943‐1948Barry B. Hughes, The Domestic context of American Foreign Policy

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Praise for Environmental Governance and Greening Fiscal Policy -- Contents -- About the Author -- Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- 1 Introduction: The Twin Environmental Crises and Wishful Thinking -- 1 Setting the Scene -- 2 Theory of Change -- 3 The Roles of Government, Markets, and Civil Society -- 3.1 Role of the Private Sector -- 3.2 Role of Civil Society -- 3.3 International Influences -- 4 Overview of the Book -- Appendix 1: Simplified High-Level Theory of Change -- References -- 2 Reporting on the State of the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Framework for National State of the Environment Reporting -- 3 Country Practices in Environmental Reporting -- 4 Weaknesses and Proposals for Reform -- 4.1 The DPSIR Framework is Largely Backward Looking -- 4.2 Independence -- 4.3 SOERs May Fail to Highlight the Areas of Most Concern -- 4.4 Governments Are Not Required to Respond to an SOER -- 4.5 Gaps in the Data and/or in Its Analysis of Varying Severity -- 4.6 Capacity Gaps -- 4.7 Potential Link to the Electoral Cycle -- References -- 3 Mainstreaming Environmental Stewardship in Government Strategy and Policy -- 1 Incorporating Environmental Targets in Overall Government Strategy: Developing a Dashboard of Key Environmental, Economic, and Social Indicators -- 2 Comparative Policy Governance: The Importance of Requirements to Set Policy Goals and Targets for Environmental Outcomes -- 3 Integrating Environmental Objectives and Targets in Fiscal Strategy and the Annual Budget -- References -- 4 The Evolution of Green Budgeting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of Terms -- 3 Fiscal Policies and the Environment: Two-Way Interactions -- 4 The Evolution of Climate Budgeting and Green Budgeting -- 4.1 Development of Guidance -- 4.2 Country Practices in Climate Budgeting and Green Budgeting.

Both the European Union and Japan have been major beneficiaries and supporters of the liberal international order, first led by the United States since the end of World War II. During this period, they have emerged as global powers, however, the very order that nurtured their rise is now facing twin threats. First, through authoritarian China's promotion of alternative models of global governance, and second from a crisis of liberalism, manifested in the policies of President Donald Trump and Brexit. As the first book to shed light on the new Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and Japan, this book will be useful to students and scholars of Japanese Studies, as well as European Union politics and international political economy more generally.This book explores these challenges faced by both the EU and Japan, providing a multidisciplinary approach to studying the relationship between the two. It analyses their cooperation in terms of security, defence and trade and examines how their shared normative values are ultimately implemented. Having recently concluded an Economic Partnership Agreement and with a Strategic Partnership Agreement in the pipeline, this book asks whether theycan convert their latent and modest cooperation into an alternative form of leadership and an antidote to the illiberal tide sweeping the developed world?.

In the course of the global financial crisis, countries that did not experience a sovereign debt crisis for several decades suddenly faced increasing sovereign default risk spreads as investors started to doubt the sustainability of fiscal positions. Several European countries struggled to avoid a government default and Greece defaulted in 2012. The three chapters of this thesis analyze several important questions related to sovereign borrowing and sovereign default risk that have received much attention in the wake of the European sovereign debt crisis. Chapter 1 investigates whether the co-movement of the fiscal balance and the current account depends on the indebtedness of the government. The first part of the analysis presents the estimation of a dynamic panel threshold model for 15 European countries to quantify the influence of the level of government debt on the relationship between the fiscal balance and the current account. Below the estimated threshold of 72 percent government debt-to-GDP a significant, positive relationship between the fiscal balance and the current account is found. In contrast, above the threshold the partial correlation is insignificant with a point estimate around zero. The second part of the analysis provides a structural explanation for the empirical evidence based on a small open economy model allowing for the possibility of sovereign default. High government debt-to-GDP ratios raise non-linear sovereign default risk premia due to the increasing probability of government default and lead to a higher uncertainty about future taxes. Therefore, private saving increases while fiscal deficits are expanding, leading to a less pronounced current account deficit. In line with the empirical evidence, the model-based correlation of the fiscal balance and the current account declines by 0.15 when moving from a low government debt regime to a high government debt regime. Chapter 2 relates to the European sovereign debt crisis during which the International Monetary Fund (IMF) together with the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and its predecessors provided financial assistance to countries facing financial distress. The chapter investigates within a quantitative model of sovereign default how the provision of financial assistance by a supranational agency like the IMF affects the debt level and the probability of a government default. The analysis shows that for given government debt levels the provision of financial assistance helps to reduce the number of defaults that are either due to runs by private investors or due to bad fundamentals. In equilibrium, the smaller default probability translates into lower sovereign risk spreads for given debt levels. The resulting lower borrowing costs, however, induce the government to accumulate higher levels of debt and thus increase default incentives. Simulations reveal that overall the availability of financial assistance reduces the number of defaults that occur due to self-fulfilling runs by private investors. However, at the same time it raises average debt levels strongly and causes an overall increase of the probability of default. Chapter 3 studies how the option to devalue the currency to reduce the debt burden affects the average debt level and the default incentives of the government. While some governments borrow from foreign investors in foreign currency, many governments borrow from foreign investors primarily in domestic currency. Borrowing in domestic currency provides the government with the option to partially default on its debt by devaluing its currency. The option to devalue gives the government a higher degree of flexibility and might reduce the frequency of outright defaults. In contrast, pegging the exchange rate to a foreign currency deprives the government of the option to devalue its currency to reduce the real debt burden and might therefore increase the default probability. For the analysis a quantitative model of sovereign default and devaluation is considered. Simulations show that average debt is higher when the government cannot devalue. The elimination of devaluation risk leads to lower sovereign spreads at low government debt levels. Lower sovereign spreads induce the government to accumulate larger amounts of debt. The probability of a sovereign default and the average spread increase. This is due to both higher average debt levels and a lower flexibility when facing sovereign debt crisis as the option to devalue to lower the value of the debt burden is not existent anymore.

AbstractIn the wake of the Government of India Act of 1935, provincial politics emerged as a challenge to the authority and legitimacy of all-India, centralised political parties. While the Congress and the Muslim League set up a binary opposition between secular and religious nationalism, provincial politicians refused to succumb to the singularity of either alternative. Partition historiography has been concerned with the interplay of national and communal ideologies in the 1940s, overshadowing this third trajectory of regional politics that was informed by provincial particularities. This article traces a short-lived alternative that emerged in Bengal between 1940 and 1943 under the premiership of Fazlul Huq. Huq produced a peculiar form of identity politics that appealed not only to religious sentiment but also to regional loyalty that cut across the religious divide. Significantly, he did so without resorting to secular claims. By challenging Jinnah's claim to being the sole spokesman of Muslims in India and highlighting the different concerns of a province with a Muslim majority, Huq reconciled the twin identities of religion and region within the same political paradigm, and foreshadowed the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971.

The British controlled their empire in India through the twin instruments of the army and the civil services. But the army was never used much to administer British territories and the day-to-day business of law and order was left to the civil services, headed by the élite corps of covenanted officers, the Indian Civil Service. This corps was the vital link that carried the dictates of the centre to the two hundred and fifty districts that made up British India. Obviously a Service only a thousand or so strong had a presence too thin to achieve what some hagiographers have claimed but it was, nonetheless, a vital part of the structure of British rule. In the years immediately following the first world war, this vital part seemed unable to cope with the galaxy of problems with which it was beset: its own members increasingly questioned the value of their role; Indian politicians attacked what they saw as the remnant of imperial control whilst, on the widest scale, the complex task of governing India seemed to be beyond the creaking, anachronistic and overworked I.C.S.

"Digital Rebellion examines the impact of new media and communication technologies on the spatial, strategic, and organizational fabric of social movements. Todd Wolfson begins with the rise of the Zapatistas in the mid-1990s, and how aspects of the movement--network organizational structure, participatory democratic governance, and the use of communication tools as a binding agent--became essential parts of Indymedia and all Cyber Left organizations. From there he uses oral interviews and other rich ethnographic data to chart the media-based think tanks and experiments that continued the Cyber Left's evolution through the Independent Media Center's birth around the 1999 WTO protests in Seattle. After examining the historical antecedents and rise of the global Indymedia network, Wolfson melds virtual and traditional ethnographic practice to explore the Cyber Left's cultural logic, mapping the social, spatial and communicative structure of the Indymedia network and detailing its operations on the local, national and global level. He also looks at the participatory democracy that governs global social movements and the ways the movement's twin ideologies, democracy and decentralization, have come into tension, and how what he calls the switchboard of struggle conducts stories of shared struggle from the hyper-local and dispersed worldwide. As Wolfson shows, understanding the intersection of Indymedia and the Global Social Justice Movement illuminates their foundational role in the Occupy struggle, Arab Spring uprising, and the other emergent movements that have in recent years re-energized radical politics."--

Ethiopian immigrants in South Africa are increasingly occupying informal trading space in townships, rural areas and in select central business districts across the country. This article documents the experiences of Ethiopian migrants in the informal sector in South Africa. Theoretically, the article rests on the concept of everyday life. It draws on data from interviews, focus group discussions and observations carried out between October 2020 and September 2021. This signals a period in which everyone was challenged by COVID-19, especially migrants, which compounded the hierarchies of marginality in which Ethiopian migrants in South Africa are situated. Coupled with this, Ethiopian migrants face two broad levels of marginality: firstly, marginality from state policies and the communities in which they reside and work; and secondly, marginality from gendered and class-based inequalities within the Ethiopian community. The structural and hegemonic barriers range from lack of documentation to regularize residency status and business respectively, extortion by gangs in the name of "protection fee," exploitation by local level state/community structures and women restricted to female roles. By the same token, we see the creativity and ingenuity of this community, that focuses on their personhood, to make sense of their lives and create conditions to live meaningful lives. This article explores some of the core contestations emerging out of these twin marginalities the ways in which Ethiopian migrants structure their lives and livelihoods in South Africa.

This article explores the relationship between the development of labor law and the cost of labor in Romania between the end of World War I and the 1960s. Drawing on a variety of archival and printed sources, the author argues that the historical trajectory of this peripheral East European country shows in exemplary fashion how the increasing juridification of labor relations was first enabled by policy makers' concern to neutralize class conflict during the 1920s and then propelled by the collapse of industrial wages and the turn to import substitution in the aftermath of the Great Depression. The state socialist regime after 1945, the author further contends, inherited not merely the cheap labor of the interwar epoch but also the institutional mechanisms for controlling prices and wages set up to manage the economy during World War II, all of which facilitated the expansion of socialist labor law during the first two postwar decades. By the second half of the twentieth century, rapidly industrializing socialist Romania could thus integrate an expanding workforce into a type of employment relationship normally deemed standard: full-time, stable, dependent, and socially protected work. The author concludes by pointing out some of the implications of this Eastern European case study for how we might rethink the twin issues of the cost of labor and the transformation of labor law in our age of precarity.

AbstractThe Ukraine crisis itself is, to some extent, the result of a flawed approach on the part of the EU to the strategic question of its relationships with its Eastern neighbours, an approach rendered more fraught by the parallel American enlargement of NATO. The EU has found itself constrained in its reaction to the Ukraine crisis by policies adopted over previous decades. In the first part, this article will situate the crisis in the historical context of the twin enlargements of the EU and NATO. Secondly, it will assess the consequences of the European neighbourhood policy in fostering the crisis. In the third part, this article will argue that, during the crisis itself, the EU acted in ways that were more constraining than enabling. Finally, the article will evaluate the EU's response in terms of the criteria laid out in the Introductory Framework to this Special Issue.

In this paper, House elections of the past decade are examined with a focus on the freshmen. While others have studied the role of realignment & candidate factors in overall House elections during this period, no study to date has provided an analysis of freshmen elections. The resultant findings clearly indicate that the districts represented by the freshmen are more polarized now than in the past & that the campaign finance advantage has undoubtedly shifted to the GOP. This twin benefit, representing the two schools of thought for the GOP takeover outlined in this paper, has worked well for the Republicans in the past decade. However, despite these two critical advantages, the GOP has performed rather poorly in each election after 1994. These findings, while not giving a striking advantage to the GOP nor comfort to the Democrats, suggest that we may be in a period of back & forth, at least for the foreseeable future, in partisan control of the House until voters become certain about handing one party substantial control or generating a new majority party after some time. Until then, the prevailing partisan parity is likely to lead to unpleasant politics. 6 Tables, 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

Examining the legal effects of EU concluded treaties, this book provides an analysis of this increasingly important and rapidly growing area of EU law. The EU has concluded more than 1,000 treaties including recently its first human rights treaty (the UN Rights of Persons with Disability Convention). These agreements are regularly invoked in litigation in the Courts of the member states and before the EU courts in Luxembourg but their ramifications for the EU legal order and that of the member states remains underexplored. Through analysis of over 300 cases, the book finds evidence of a twin-track approach whereby the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) adopts a maximalist approach to Treaty enforcement, where EU agreements are invoked in challenges to member state level action whilst largely insulating EU action from meaningful review vis-à-vis agreements. The book also reveals novel findings regarding the use of EU agreements in EU level litigation including: the types and which specific EU agreements (including the types of provisions) have arisen in litigation; the nature of the proceedings (preliminary rulings or direct actions) and the number of occasions in which they have been addressed in challenges to member state or EU action and the outcomes; who has been litigating (individuals, institutions, or member states) and which domestic courts have been referring questions to the CJEU. The significance of the judicial developments in this area are situated within the context of the domestic constitutional ramifications for member state legal orders thus revealing a neglected dimension in the constitutionalization debates, which traditionally emphasized the ramifications of internal EU law for the domestic constitutional order without expressly accommodating the constitutional significance of this external category of EU law nor the different challenges that this poses domestically.