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AbstractBackgroundTo mitigate and slow the spread of COVID-19, many countries have adopted unprecedented physical distancing policies, including the UK. We evaluate whether these measures might be sufficient to control the epidemic by estimating their impact on the reproduction number (R0, the average number of secondary cases generated per case).MethodsWe asked a representative sample of UK adults about their contact patterns on the previous day. The questionnaire documents the age and location of contacts and as well as a measure of their intimacy (whether physical contact was made or not). In addition, we asked about adherence to different physical distancing measures. The first surveys were sent on Tuesday 24th March, one day after a " lockdown" was implemented across the UK. We compared measured contact patterns during the " lockdown" to patterns of social contact made during a non-epidemic period. By comparing these, we estimated the change in reproduction number as a consequence of the physical distancing measures imposed. We used a meta-analysis of published estimates to inform our estimates of the reproduction number before interventions were put in place.FindingsWe found a 73% reduction in the average daily number of contacts observed per participant (from 10.2 to 2.9). This would be sufficient to reduce R0 from 2.6 prior to lockdown to 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37 - 0.89) after the lockdown, based on all types of contact and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.22 - 0.53) for physical contacts only.InterpretationThe physical distancing measures adopted by the UK public have substantially reduced contact levels and will likely lead to a substantial impact and a decline in cases in the coming weeks. However, this projected decline in incidence will not occur immediately as there are significant delays between infection, the onset of symptomatic disease and hospitalisation, as well as further delays to these events being reported. Tracking behavioural change can give a more rapid assessment of the impact of physical distancing measures than routine epidemiological surveillance.Research in contextEvidence before this studyMany governments have adopted physical distancing measures to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is unclear to what extent these measures reduce the number of contacts and therefore transmission. We searched PubMed and medRxiv on March 28, 2020, with the terms " (coronavirus OR COVID-19 OR influenza) AND ((school OR work) AND (closure OR holiday)) AND (contact OR mixing)" and identified 59 and 17 results, respectively. Only one study conducted in China during the COVID-19 pandemic reported a reduction in daily contacts outside the home during the period of " lockdown". We found no other published articles that empirically quantify the impact of these measures on age- and location-specific mixing patterns.Added value of this studyBy surveying adults' behaviour in the UK during a period of stringent physical distancing (" lockdown") and comparing the results to previously collected data, we found a large reduction in daily contacts particularly outside the home, resulting in a marked reduction in the estimated reproduction number from 2.6 to 0.62 (95% bootstrapped confidence interval [CI] 0.37 - 0.89). This method allows for rapid assessment of changes in the reproduction number that is unaffected by reporting delays.Implications of all the available evidenceChanges in human contact behaviour drive respiratory infection rates. Understanding these changes at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic allows us to rapidly quantify the impact of physical distancing measures on the transmission of pathogens.

В статье исследованы особенности протекания психических состояний военнослужащих – участников боевых действий, которые переживают фантомную боль. Охарактеризованы последствия пребывания военнослужащего в боевых условиях. Раскрыты проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются участники боевых действий после возвращения из зоны ведения боевых действий.Сформированы две группы испытуемых. В первую вошли пациенты, которые получили ранения в ходе ведения антитеррористической операции без ампутации конечностей. Вторую составили раненые из травматической ампутацией конечностей. Характерными для состояния раненых обеих групп есть высокие показатели реактивной тревожности. Установлены типовые механизмы психологической защиты, направленной на устранение тревоги. Основными вариантами психологической защиты для раненых военнослужащих есть агрессия, рационализация, регресс в инфантильной фазе с присущими ей импунитивным способом реагирования.Определены ключевые направления психотерапии в работе с военнослужащими, приведены примеры приемов зеркальной терапии для преодоления фантомных болей. Показана эффективность зеркальной терапии для военнослужащего с ампутированной конечностью благодаря зрительной обратной связи. ; В статті досліджено особливості протікання психічних станів військовослужбовців – учасників бойових дій, які переживають фантомну біль. Охарактеризовано наслідки перебування військовослужбовця в бойових умовах. Розкрито проблеми, з якими зіштовхуються учасники бойових дій після повернення із зони ведення бойових дій.Сформовано дві групи досліджуваних осіб. До першої увійшли пацієнти, які отримали поранення в під час ведення антитерористичної операції без ампутації кінцівок. Другу склали поранені з травматичними ампутаціями кінцівок. З'ясовано, що психічний стан військовослужбовця, який переніс травматичну ампутацію кінцівки ототожнюється зі станом гострого горя. Факт ампутації переживається як важка особиста трагедія, що має величезний руйнівний сенс. Ампутація призводить до краху всіх життєвих перспектив і планів військовослужбовця, що проявляється у переоцінці власного «Я», істотному зниженні рівня домагань, необхідності пошуку соціальної ніші й часто у втраті сенсу життя.Характерними для стану поранених обох груп є високі показники реактивної тривожності. Встановлено типові механізми психологічного захисту, спрямованого, на усунення тривоги. Основними варіантами психологічного захисту для поранених військовослужбовців є агресія, раціоналізація, регрес в інфантильній фазі з властивими їй імпунітивним способом реагування.Окреслено ключові напрями психотерапії в роботі з військовослужбовцями, наведено приклади прийомів дзеркальної терапії для подолання фантомних болів. Показано ефективність дзеркальної терапії для військовослужбовця з ампутованою кінцівкою завдяки зоровому зворотному зв'язку. ; The article investigates the peculiarities of the mental states of military servicemen, participants of hostilities who are experiencing phantom pain. The consequences of being a soldier in combat conditions were described. The problems faced by the soldiers upon their return from the military zone were identified.Two groups of subjects were formed. The first group included patients who were injured during an anti-terrorist operation, but did not have any limb amputations. The second group comprised those patients, who were injured and experienced traumatic limb amputations. It was found out that the mental state of a serviceman who has experienced a traumatic limb amputation coincides with a state of acute grief. The fact of amputation is perceived as a grievous personal tragedy that has enormous destructive influence. Amputation leads to the collapse of all life prospects and plans of the serviceman, that is manifested in the reassessment of one's "I", a significant reduction in the level of harassment, the need to find a social niche and often in the loss of the life meaning.The characteristic features of the condition of the injured in both groups are high rates of reactive anxiety. Typical mechanisms of psychological protection aimed at eliminating anxiety were defined. The main options of psychological protection of the injured servicemen are aggression, rationalization, regression in the infantile phase with the inherent impunitive response.Key areas of psychotherapy, concerning the work with military personnel were outlined, examples of the methods of mirror therapy, used to overcome phantom pain, were given. The effectiveness of mirror therapy for an amputee soldier was proved through the visual feedback.

Secessione e autodeterminazione: concetti che negli ultimi decenni hanno ripreso vigore in seguito alle spinte sovraniste e nazionaliste che, in Europa e nel mondo, perorano la causa della scissione dallo Stato di appartenenza. Certamente, non si tratta di temi completamente estranei al dibattito politico internazionale e costituzionale, ma a causa dei numerosi ambiti giuridici che vengono interessati, nonché per via delle implicazioni politiche, sociali e diplomatiche che comportano, vengono spesso affrontati in maniera parziale e non pluridimensionale. Scopo del presente elaborato è fare chiarezza sui temi in questione, specie in relazione alle rivendicazioni secessioniste interne agli Stati, che determinano non poche tensioni teoriche e pratiche con i diritti interni di ogni ordinamento. Il diritto costituzionale sarà dunque la base da cui partire e da cui non si potrà prescindere, poiché se mai un vero e proprio diritto alla secessione venisse prospettato, la fonte da cui attingere la sua legittimità non potrebbe essere che la Carta fondamentale di uno Stato. Partendo da tali premesse, l'analisi seguirà il seguente filo conduttore: nei primi capitoli verrà presentata un'indagine teorica circa i concetti, le definizioni e le classificazioni fatte da dottrina e giurisprudenza in merito alla secessione, all'autodeterminazione, ed ai presupposti che sono ritenuti necessari per secedere dallo Stato di appartenenza. Delineato un quadro teorico che possa fare comprendere in quali ambiti si opera, seguirà un'indagine storica e giuridica dei fenomeni indipendentisti che più hanno occupato le nostre cronache, a partire - come doveroso – dalle istanze indipendentiste venete del primo ventennio del 2000, per poi passare alla ricostruzione delle istanze dei principali movimenti indipendentisti spagnoli e anglosassoni. Verranno affrontati infine due movimenti secessionisti che, pur rientrando nella categoria delle tentate secessioni, hanno avuto maggiore risalto da un punto di vista del diritto internazionale: il caso della Crimea e il caso del Kurdistan. Le pagine finali saranno infine dedicate al riassunto delle proposte elaborate negli ultimi anni al fine di offrire i pesi ed i contrappesi necessari per garantire un diritto alla secessione. Secession and self-determination: concepts that in recent decades have strengthened as a result of the sovereigntist drives that are growing in Europe and around the world, advocating the cause of breaking all the links with the state to which they belong. Of course, these issues are not completely alien to the international, political and constitutional debate, but due to the many legal areas involved, as well as the political, social and diplomatic implications, they are often dealt with in a partial and not multidimensional way. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the issues in question, especially in relation to secessionist claims within States, which cause many theoretical and practical tensions with the internal rights of every system. Starting from these premises, the analysis will follow the following thread: in the first chapters a theoretical investigation will be presented on the concepts of secession and self-determination, looking to the framework of definitions and classifications proposed by doctrine and jurisprudence in question. Having outlined a theoretical framework that can help us understand the areas in which we work, the following chapters will be followed by an historical and juridical investigation of the independence experiences that have most occupied our chronicles, from the Veneto independence instances, to the main Spanish and Anglo-Saxon independence movements. Finally, the final pages will be dedicated to the summary of the proposals elaborated in the last years in order to offer the necessary weights and counterweights to guarantee a right to secession that in some way can be understood in a wide definition of self-determination of peoples.

В статье исследованы особенности протекания психических состояний военнослужащих – участников боевых действий, которые переживают фантомную боль. Охарактеризованы последствия пребывания военнослужащего в боевых условиях. Раскрыты проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются участники боевых действий после возвращения из зоны ведения боевых действий.Сформированы две группы испытуемых. В первую вошли пациенты, которые получили ранения в ходе ведения антитеррористической операции без ампутации конечностей. Вторую составили раненые из травматической ампутацией конечностей. Характерными для состояния раненых обеих групп есть высокие показатели реактивной тревожности. Установлены типовые механизмы психологической защиты, направленной на устранение тревоги. Основными вариантами психологической защиты для раненых военнослужащих есть агрессия, рационализация, регресс в инфантильной фазе с присущими ей импунитивным способом реагирования.Определены ключевые направления психотерапии в работе с военнослужащими, приведены примеры приемов зеркальной терапии для преодоления фантомных болей. Показана эффективность зеркальной терапии для военнослужащего с ампутированной конечностью благодаря зрительной обратной связи. ; В статті досліджено особливості протікання психічних станів військовослужбовців – учасників бойових дій, які переживають фантомну біль. Охарактеризовано наслідки перебування військовослужбовця в бойових умовах. Розкрито проблеми, з якими зіштовхуються учасники бойових дій після повернення із зони ведення бойових дій.Сформовано дві групи досліджуваних осіб. До першої увійшли пацієнти, які отримали поранення в під час ведення антитерористичної операції без ампутації кінцівок. Другу склали поранені з травматичними ампутаціями кінцівок. З'ясовано, що психічний стан військовослужбовця, який переніс травматичну ампутацію кінцівки ототожнюється зі станом гострого горя. Факт ампутації переживається як важка особиста трагедія, що має величезний руйнівний сенс. Ампутація призводить до краху всіх життєвих перспектив і планів військовослужбовця, що проявляється у переоцінці власного «Я», істотному зниженні рівня домагань, необхідності пошуку соціальної ніші й часто у втраті сенсу життя.Характерними для стану поранених обох груп є високі показники реактивної тривожності. Встановлено типові механізми психологічного захисту, спрямованого, на усунення тривоги. Основними варіантами психологічного захисту для поранених військовослужбовців є агресія, раціоналізація, регрес в інфантильній фазі з властивими їй імпунітивним способом реагування.Окреслено ключові напрями психотерапії в роботі з військовослужбовцями, наведено приклади прийомів дзеркальної терапії для подолання фантомних болів. Показано ефективність дзеркальної терапії для військовослужбовця з ампутованою кінцівкою завдяки зоровому зворотному зв'язку. ; The article investigates the peculiarities of the mental states of military servicemen, participants of hostilities who are experiencing phantom pain. The consequences of being a soldier in combat conditions were described. The problems faced by the soldiers upon their return from the military zone were identified.Two groups of subjects were formed. The first group included patients who were injured during an anti-terrorist operation, but did not have any limb amputations. The second group comprised those patients, who were injured and experienced traumatic limb amputations. It was found out that the mental state of a serviceman who has experienced a traumatic limb amputation coincides with a state of acute grief. The fact of amputation is perceived as a grievous personal tragedy that has enormous destructive influence. Amputation leads to the collapse of all life prospects and plans of the serviceman, that is manifested in the reassessment of one's "I", a significant reduction in the level of harassment, the need to find a social niche and often in the loss of the life meaning.The characteristic features of the condition of the injured in both groups are high rates of reactive anxiety. Typical mechanisms of psychological protection aimed at eliminating anxiety were defined. The main options of psychological protection of the injured servicemen are aggression, rationalization, regression in the infantile phase with the inherent impunitive response.Key areas of psychotherapy, concerning the work with military personnel were outlined, examples of the methods of mirror therapy, used to overcome phantom pain, were given. The effectiveness of mirror therapy for an amputee soldier was proved through the visual feedback.

The article examines the current state and problems of the development of attracting foreign direct investment. The author determined that the most investments in Ukraine are made by such countries as Cyprus and some countries of the European Union. It is proved that foreign investment is one of the most effective ways to develop economic, social, environmental and other spheres. It is determined that the key problems in attracting foreign investment today are: political instability, legislation, high inflation, and undeveloped infrastructure. The author has identified trends and explored the prospects for the development of attracting foreign direct investment, which allows us to demonstrate the dynamics of investments, which is considered an indicator of changes in the level of trust and rating of the country as a whole. Foreign investment plays a major blow to the economic development of many countries. Raising in the economy largely provides effective investment activity of Ukraine, which works by showing the dynamics invested in the country, so the investment climate in any country stands out from the main factors of socio-economic activity. situation. Thus, projects, innovative investments can be of great benefit for the economic development of the country, help to solve economic problems, so attract investors necessary and justified. In order to increase investment attractiveness, the country needs to implement a set of measures on the part of states and affairs, and as Ukraine has a strong production potential, thus concentrating the enhancement on the realization of its competitive advantages. It is concluded that the main directions of increasing the efficiency of investment activities, now and in the near future, will be: new modern infrastructure, improved investment, attracting foreign investors and improving the tax system. To improve the investment climate in Ukraine and increase the flow of foreign investment, it is necessary to promote the development of science, improve the regulatory framework in the field of investment, participate more actively in international investment projects, and develop small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine. ; У статті досліджено сучасний стан і проблеми розвитку залучення прямих іноземних інвестицій. Автором визначено, що найбільше інвестицій в Україну вкладають такі країни, як Кіпр і деякі країни Європейського Союзу. Обґрунтовано, що іноземне інвестування є одним з найефективніших способів розвитку, економічної, соціальної, екологічної та інших сфер. Визначено, що ключовими проблемами в залученні іноземних інвестицій на сьогодні є: політична нестабільність, законодавство, високий рівень інфляції, нерозвинена інфраструктура. Автором виявлені тенденції і досліджені перспективи розвитку залучення прямих іноземних інвестицій, що дозволяє продемонструвати динаміку інвестицій, яка вважається індикатором зміни рівня довіри і рейтингу країни в цілому. Іноземні інвестиції грають масштабніший удар в економічному розвитку багатьох країн.Підвищення економіки у значній степені забезпечує ефективну інвестиційну діяльність України, яка працює, показуючи динаміки, вкладені в інвестиції в країну, тому інвестиційний клімат у будь-яку країну виділяється з головних факторів громадсько-економічної діяльності ситуації. Таким чином, проекти, інноваційні інвестиції можуть принести величезну користь для економічного розвитку країни, допомогти вирішити економічні проблеми, тому залучити інвесторів необхідно і оправдано. Щоб підвищити інвестиційну привабливість, країна повинна виконати комплекс заходів з боку держав і справ, і як Україна потужний виробничий потенціал, завдяки чому сконцентрують посилення на реалізацію своїх конкурентних переваг.Зроблено висновки, що основними напрямками підвищення ефективності інвестиційної діяльності, в даний час і в найближчій перспективі, будуть: нова сучасна інфрасткутура, поліпщення капіталовкладень, залучення іноземних інвесторів та вдосконалення системи подактування. Для поліпшення інвестиційного клімату України та збільшення припливу іноземних інвестицій, необхідно сприяти розвитку науки, удосконалити нормативно-правову базу в сфері інвестування, брати участь більш активно в міжнародних інвестиційних проектах, розвиток малого і середнього бізнесу в Украині.

Формирование свободного информационного обмена между органами местного самоуправления и гражданским обществом должно повышать уровень доверия населения к ее деятельности. В связи с этим исследование транспарентности на местном уровне приобретает действительное важное значение, поскольку влияет на социальное и экономическое развитие территории. В ходе проведенного теоретического исследования было установлено, что в науке отсутствует единый подход к определению транспарентности и его места в научном и практическом поле. Выявлено, что, имея теоретическое обоснование, транспарентность не имеет закрепления в законодательстве Российской Федерации. В основном в нормах права используются такие понятия, как «информационная открытость», «доступность информации о деятельности органов власти», что является лишь одним из элементов транспарентности. Действующие правовые нормы не обеспечивают в полной мере системного подхода к повышению транспарентности государственного и местного управления. Установлено, что для совершенствования открытости и доступности публичных институтов применяются количественные и качественные методики определения действующего уровня их информационного развития, но столкнулись с тем, что они имеют ограниченную сферу действия, а именно могут быть применены лишь для оценки официальных интернет-ресурсов публичных институтов, мониторингу могут подлежать только органы государственной власти исполнительной ветви, либо методика не закреплена на уровне Федерации или субъекта. Результаты практического анализа транспарентности в деятельности сельских поселений Вологодского района показали работу не только органов власти указанных территорий, но и муниципального района в целом. Официальные сайты сельских поселений на 87% имеют обязательную к публикации информацию, а также на 63% и 54% соответствуют ожиданиям граждан по дизайну и функциональности. Заинтересованность в деятельности муниципалитета и удовлетворенность граждан предоставленной информацией располагается на уровне 20%. Таким образом, в результате работы сделан вывод о том, что мер, предпринимаемых органами власти сельских поселений по регулированию и управлению транспарентностью, недостаточно. ; The development of open information exchange between local authorities and civil society should increase the level of public confidence. In this regard, the study of transparency at the local level becomes extremely important, since it affects the social and economic development of the territory. In the course of the theoretical study, it was found that there is no unified approach to the definition of transparency and its place in the scientific and practical field. It is revealed that, having a theoretical basis, transparency is not established in the legislation of the Russian Federation. In general, the legal norms use such concepts as «information openness», «availability of information about the activities of authorities», which make up only one of the elements of transparency. Current legal norms do not fully provide a systematic approach to increasing the transparency of state and local government. It was found that quantitative and qualitative methods for determining the current level of information development are applied for improving the transparency and accessibility of public institutions, but faced with the fact that they are limited in scope, and can only be applied for evaluation of websites of public institutions, monitoring is limited to bodies of state power of the executive branch, or the method is not established by the Federation or the subject. The results of the practical analysis of transparency in the activities of rural settlements in the Vologda region demonstrated the work of not only the authorities of these territories, but also the municipal district as a whole. The official websites of rural settlements have 87% information mandatory for publication, as well as meet the citizens' expectations in terms of design and functionality at 63% and 54%. The interest in the activities of the municipality showed by the citizens and their satisfaction with the provided information is at the level of 20%. Thus, as a result of the study, it was concluded that the measures taken by the authorities of rural settlements to regulate and manage transparency have been insufficient.

Objective − to review the data of Russian and foreign literature on the organization of providing medical care to victims in road traffic accidents in the regions of Russia with low population density in order to identify features and determine ways to improve it.Materials and methods. The analysis of the results of Russian and foreign scientific studies and regulatory legal acts on the problems of providing first aid to victims of road traffic accidents was carried out. A literature search was conducted in the specialized scientific search systems eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus, by keywords: road traffic trauma, road traffic accident, regions with low population density, medical care, prehospital period, hospital period. For the analysis, scientific articles published between 1980 and 2020 were selected. Resources with outdated or inaccurate information were excluded, some scientific research works were found using links to articles. The state of the problem of providing first aid to victims with road traffic trauma is mainly reflected in scientific publications over the past ten years.Results. The main climatic-geographical and medical-social characteristics of the studied regions and areas of Russia with the low population density were noted, which predetermined the occurrence of road traffic accidents with medical consequences and worsen the possibility for timely and qualified medical care to victims at all stages of medical evacuation.Conclusion. The ways to improve the providing of medical care for injured patients in road traffic accidents in Russian regions with low population density were proposed. The need for sufficient transport pool in the region to carry out the sanitary evacuation of victims was indentified, especially its aeromedical component. The need for the adoption and implementation by the government of significant socio-economic measures to recruit and solidify medical personnel in these territories was revealed, as well as the implementation of systemic medical register of sanitary consequences of road traffic injuries into practice in these areas of the Russian Federation. ; Цель – провести обзор данных отечественной и зарубежной литературы, посвященной организации оказания медицинской помощи пострадавшим в дорожно-транспортных происшествиях в регионах России с низкой плотностью населения для выявления особенностей и определения путей возможного ее совершенствования.Материалы и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели был проведен анализ результатов отечественных и зарубежных научных исследований, а также нормативно-правовых актов по проблематике организации оказания медицинской помощи пострадавшим в дорожно-транспортных происшествиях в регионах России с низкой плотностью населения. Поиск литературы проводился в специализированных научных поисковых системах eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus по ключевым словам: дорожно-транспортный травматизм, дорожно-транспортное происшествие, регионы с низкой плотностью населения, медицинская помощь, догоспитальный период, госпитальный период. Для анализа были отобраны научные статьи, опубликованные в период с 1990 по 2020 г. Ресурсы с устаревшей или недостоверной информацией были исключены, некоторые научные работы были обнаружены по ссылкам на статьи.Результаты. Отмечены основные климато-географические и медико-социальные характеристики исследуемых регионов и субъектов России с низкой плотностью населения, предопределяющие возникновение дорожно-транспортных происшествий с медицинскими последствиями и ухудшающие возможности своевременного и квалифицированного оказания медицинской помощи пострадавшим на всех этапах медицинской эвакуации.Выводы. Предложены пути совершенствования оказания медицинской помощи травмированным в дорожно-транспортных происшествиях в субъектах России с низкой плотностью населения. Выявлена необходимость наличия в регионе достаточного транспортного парка для выполнения санитарной эвакуации пострадавших, особенно авиамедицинского ее компонента, необходимость принятия и внедрения государством значительных социально-экономических мер для привлечения и закрепления медицинского персонала на этих территориях, а также внедрения в практическую деятельность данных субъектов системного регистра медико-санитарных последствий дорожно-транспортного травматизма в Российской Федерации.

The article deals with the problems of determining of the essence of sports law. The points of view on the concept of sports law and attempts to characterize it as a special field of law, a special field of legislation, a complex branch of law, and a complex field of legislation are analyzed.Based on the analysis of the views of legal scholars in scientific works, it is concluded thatthe definition of sports law as an area of law (legislation) is hopeless, since this branch should have its own subject and method of legal regulation. This statement is based on the peculiarities of understanding of the field of law (legislation) as a part of the legal system, "normative" understanding of law. But if the subject of "sports law" is defined quite simply (it is - "sports relations"), then the method of legal regulation cannot be named precisely. This is explained by the fact that sports relationships can arise in differentspheres, and regulated by differentways of legal influence (both imperative and dispositive).The expediency of the characterization of sports law as a concept, as a set of ideas, knowledge, associations, emotions that arise in connection with the legal regulation of social relations, in the branch (es) concerned with sport, is substantiated in the article. Consideration of "sports law" as a concept does not deny the "normative" content of this concept, but eliminates the need to evaluate it as a system of legal rules that form a rigid hierarchical structure. At the same time, the main criterion for assigning a normative act to "sports law", which is a complex branch of legislation, is the subject of legal regulation - sports relations. It is proposed to distinguish "sports relations" and "relations that arise in the field of sport". The main difference between them is that "sports relationships" cannot exist outside the sport (for example, relations related to the organization and conduct of sports events, the relationship of recreational physical education, fitness, etc.), and if they exist, they acquire this sphere of essential features, due to the properties of the sphere. ; В статье исследуются проблемы определения сущности спортивного права. На основании анализа особенностей указанного правового феномена сделан вывод, что попытки определить «спортивное право» с точки зрения нормативистского правопонимания не дают положительного результата.Обоснована целесообразность характеристики спортивного права как концепта, то есть как совокупность представлений, понятий, знаний, ассоциаций, эмоций, возникающих в связи с правовым благоустройством общественных отношений в области спорта. Рассмотрение «спортивного права» как концепта не отрицает «нормативного» наполнения этого понятия, но избавляет от необходимости оценки его как системы правовых норм, образующих жесткую иерархическую структуру. При этом главным критерием отнесения нормативного акта к «спортивному праву», которое является комплексной отраслью законодательства, является предмет правового регулирования. ; У статті досліджуються проблеми визначення сутності спортивного права. На підставі аналізу особливостей зазначеного правового феномену зроблено висновок, що спроби визначити «спортивне право» з погляду нормативістського праворозуміння недають позитивного результату.Обґрунтована доцільність характеристики спортивного права як концепту, тобто як сукупність уявлень, понять, знань, асоціацій, емоцій, що виникаютьу зв'язку з правовим впорядкуванням суспільних відносин у галузях, що стосуються спорту. Розгляд «спортивного права» як концепту, не заперечує «нормативного» наповнення цього поняття, але позбавляє необхідності оцінки його яксистеми правових норм, що утворюють жорстку ієрархічну структуру. При цьому головним критерієм віднесення нормативного акту до «спортивного права», котре є комплексною галуззю законодавства, є предмет правового регулювання.

Corruption comes from the Latin word Corruptio or Corruptus. Then, appeared in English and French Corruption, in Dutch Korruptie, then in Indonesian as Korupsi. Corruption does violate the principles of justice, because corruption is clearly an act against the law. Law is always identified with justice, because law must reflect justice and at the same time maintain justice. Law as a moral category is similar to justice. The word "justice" is of course also used in the legal sense, in terms of compatibility with positive law, especially compatibility with laws. It's just that what society always demands is justice, not law. Since justice is an irrational ideal, and justice is not the object of knowledge, what is learned in a science is law, even though justice itself is indispensable for human will and action. In this research, the problem formulation is how corruption law enforcement efforts are viewed from the theory of progressive, responsive, and repressive law enforcement. In this study the authors used the library research method (Library Research). This method is carried out by examining library materials or secondary data, which consists of: Primary materials, namely materials that are binding and consist of books, journals, etc. related to the issues discussed and materials. secondary, namely materials that provide explanations for primary materials in the form of articles of research results, or opinions of other legal experts. The result of this research is the Progressive Theory which provides a statement that law is for humans, providing a solution for law enforcement officials in enforcing corruption laws in Indonesia. Considering that the Progressive theory explains that Judges and Prosecutors in carrying out their duties, functions, and authorities must read the text of legislation Progressively, namely "law for the community", and Judges and Prosecutors should not be half-hearted or hesitant in giving reasons in interpret the Law. It's just that it takes decisiveness and cleverness in communicating these reasons, so that it can be accepted by the public. If law order needs to be responsive and not just opportunistic, its institutions need support that is effective in accommodating pressure. In other words, the goal must be both affirmative and critical authority. This is the most problematic aspect of responsive law studies. The main idea of responsive law is legality. That continuity is maintained. However, the ideal of legality should not be confused with regulatory development and procedural formalities. Responsive law has the goal of providing capabilities and facilitating. Thus, although there is potential for responsiveness in a developed legal order, both in the enforcement of corruption laws, the fulfillment of the promise of responsiveness depends on the supportive political context. Responsive law requires a society to have the political capacity to solve its problems, set priorities, and make the necessary commitments. Because responsive law is not a miracle worker in the world of justice. Its achievement depends on the will and resources of the political community. His distinctive contribution is to facilitate public ends and build a self-correcting spirit into the governance process. Meanwhile, the source of repressive law is the demand for cultural conformity. In modern societies, as in ancient societies, shared ownership of the moral code promotes social cohesion and is therefore a source for the maintenance of order. This basic fact underscores the state's concern for "moral enforcement". The responsibility which was initially limited to peace then expanded to include the preservation of values. The criminal law carries an additional burden, in addition to eradicating violence and treason, the criminal law also functions to eradicate attacks on the public consciousness.

The scientifi c article is dedicated to the study of theoretical aspects of the category «legal experience», which is insuffi ciently studied in modern legal science, in spite of the fact that a clear understanding of its concept is badly needed because of its great scientifi c and practical signifi cance. The authors have also highlighted the role of legal experience in juridical activity as the fi eld of application of professional lawyers' practice. Considering the analysis of correlation and infl uence of legal experience on juridical activity, it is worth noting that this problem has no scientifi c elaboration in contemporary theoretical jurisprudence. Based on the study of specialized literature and foreign experience, the authors have submitted proposals concerning improvement of certain types of juridical activity and obtaining relevant professional skills that are of decisive importance in the realization of juridical activity in general.Under the conditions of a modern lawful state formation, the activity of legislators does not always ensure eff ective and timely regulation of social relations, which is caused by a number of objective and subjective reasons (for example, intensive development of public relations, imperfection of legislative technology, etc.). Therefore, legal experience can serve a purpose of development and appropriate functioning of legal system of any society, being basic means of prompt removal of lacunae, contradictions and other shortcomings in law.Therefore, the formation of appropriate professional skills of the subjects of juridical activity is extremely important in a modern state, because without the involvement of scientifi c potential, methods of cognition of surrounding legal reality, it is impossible to form and accumulate legal experience.One of the basic approaches to the study of juridical activity is the approach according to which juridical activity is regarded as a form of legal activity. In real life, many practitioners are involved in the work of educational and scientifi c institutions, thus combining two forms of activity at the same time. Such combination is provided by law as a type and measure of possible professional conduct, which is quite eff ective means of improving professional juridical activity. ; Научная статья посвящена исследованию теоретических аспектов категории «правовой опыт», которая мало исследована в современной юридической науке, однако чёткое понимание понятия весьма необходимо в силу повышенной научной и практической значимости. Соответствующее освещение нашла также роль правового опыта в юридической деятельности как области применения профессионального труда юристов. Принимая во внимание проведение анализа взаимосвязи и влияния правового опыта на юридическую деятельность, следует заметить отсутствие в современной общетеоретической юриспруденции научных разработок по этой проб леме. На основании изучения специальной литературы, а также зарубежного опыта сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию отдельных видов юридической деятельности, а также получения соответствующих профессиональных навыков, которые играют большое значение в осуществлении юридической деятельности в целом. ; Наукова стаття присвячена дослідженню теоретичних аспектів категорії «правовий досвід», яка є мало досліджуваною у сучасній юридичній науці, проте чітке розуміння його поняття вельми необхідно в силу підвищеної нау кової та практичної значущості. Відповідне висвітлення знайшла також роль правового досвіду у юридичній діяль ності як галузі застосування професійної праці юристів. Беручи до уваги проведення аналізу взаємозв'язку та впливу правового досвіду на юридичну діяль ність, слід зауважити відсутність у сучасній загальнотеоретичній юриспруденції нау кових розробок стосовно цієї проб леми. Загалом, на підставі вивчення спеціальної літератури, а також зарубіжного досвіду сформульовані пропозиції щодо удосконалення окремих видів юридичної діяль ності, а також отримання відповідних професійних навичок, які відіграють велике значення у здійсненні юридичної діяль ності взагалі.

The article is devoted to the study of the biggest challenges, threats and dangers for modern Ukrainianness. The issue of challenges, threats and dangers facing Ukraine and Ukrainianness since 1991 is very relevant today. Scientists who work in the field of crisisology distinguish the concepts of «challenges», «threats», «dangers», «crises», «risks», «catastrophes», «collapse», «wreck», etc. The theoretical and methodological basis of our study is a combination of scientific potential of crisisology, conflictology and Ukrainian studies. Crisisology, conflictology and Ukrainian studies face the task of transdisciplinary understanding of the essence and severity of these challenges, threats and dangers, which are relevant in many areas such as military-defense, geopolitical, demographic, state-building, spiritual worldview, ecological, economics, energy, information, cultural and artistic, linguistic, moral and ethical, scientific, nation-building, educational, political and legal, social, territorial, technological, financial, etc. To these are added threats and dangers: 1) large-scale war with Russia; 2) total spread of COVID-19 in Ukraine; 3) the implementation of a new geostrategic course in Russia (called «geopolitical revenge»); 4) spreading the ideology of the «Russian world», intensifying new attempts by the Russian Federation to dismember Ukraine, supporting separatization and federalization of Ukraine; 5) possible escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian and Armenian-Azerbaijani conflicts, which could lead to a new global confrontation and even a world war; 6) ineffective fight against corruption in Ukraine; 7) the lack of a proper response from the authorities to the need to immediately end Russia's information and psychological war against Ukraine; 8) destruction of small and medium business and further financial and economic stratification of Ukrainian society; 9) procrastination with the solution of the poverty problem (in conditions when about 60% of Ukrainians are below the poverty line); 10) possible man-made disasters in Ukraine; 11) possible transformation of Ukraine from a subject into an object of international relations; 12) possible rejection of European integration; 13) discrediting the Orange Revolution and the Revolution of Dignity, in order to spread Russian narratives about the coup in Ukraine; 14) intensification of interfaith conflicts in Ukraine; 15) inadequate decision-making by incompetent authorities (threat of economic decline and large-scale financial crisis in Ukraine, possible change in Ukraine's vector of development, threat of capitulation, refusal of the authorities to resolve the «Ukrainian crisis» (which began after Russia's aggression and has become a factor influencing the security of Europe and the world) from the standpoint of Ukraine as a subject, not an object); 16) refusal to solve the problems of internally displaced persons; 17) possible «freezing» of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict in order to further destabilize Ukraine; 18) strengthening of geopolitical and geoeconomic instability, intensification of intercivilizational and geopolitical confrontation in the world; 19) possible decline of democracy and rise of authoritarianism in Ukraine; 20) expansion of the border with Russia (in case of its absorption of Belarus); 21) possible disintegration of Ukrainian society and world Ukrainiannes; 22) further violation of international law by the Russian Federation; 23) exacerbation of the economic and migration crisis in Europe; 24) radicalization of part of the Islamic world; 25) due to the collapse of the USSR. The challenges, threats and dangers facing Ukrainians can unfold at the global, continental and national levels. Ukrainians must find adequate answers to modern challenges and mechanisms to minimize threats and dangers; ensure stable economic growth; to create a powerful system of national security, army and defense-industrial complex; find ways to ensure national interests in the current crisis; to develop optimal models for resolving the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, reintegrating the population of the occupied territories and restoring the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

In the face of the predicted and actual severity of climate change, there has been considerable interest in understanding what does and does not work to increase the ability of human and environmental systems to adapt to changing climate. This paper presents an evidence gap map and examines evidence on adaptation between 2007 and 2018. We analyse evidence related to the effectiveness of adaptation measures. The evidence gap map is derived from systematically and exhaustively reviewing adaptation-related high-quality evidence from evaluation and research in developing countries, from both peer-reviewed and grey literature. The resulting literature was mapped onto a conceptual framework that included the type of intervention, the sector of activity and types of outcome measured. We examined 464 papers in detail. The results show that there is a large share of adaptation-related evidence on agriculture, and within it on the economic returns of technological and nature-based solutions. The main evidence gaps include a scarcity of evidence on adaptation interventions in the water sector, and on measures aimed at reducing exposure to climate events. We also note there is a scarcity of studies that examine social and institutional outcomes of climate-change adaptation interventions. Not surprisingly, there are few studies that use experimental designs. Most studies use quasi-experimental designs and multivariate analyses. An online version of the evidence gap map can be found at: https://egmopenaccess.3ieimpact.org/evidence-maps/adaptegmieu.We alsointroduce an innovation: In international development cooperation, ideally projects/investments should be evidence-based and effective. For countries, donors and development actors, a comparison of the project/investment portfolio with the available evidence in the form of an Intervention Heat Map (IHM) indicates whether the portfolio operates in evidence-rich or evidence-scarce fields. It helps prioritizing the generation of new evidence for climate change adaptation, either through rigorous impact evaluations or through evidence synthesis such as meta-analyses or in-depth reviews. This study provides this systematic overlay of the evidence gap map with the CCA portfolios of the GCF and Germany's bilateral commitments in international development cooperation (German Cooperation).In concordance with the evidence, the IHM shows that much of the CCA portfolios cover agriculture and the sector relating to society, economy and health and promotes adaptive capacity. However, these projects/investments are also aiming to improve the enabling environment, where there is a lack of evidence, suggesting a possibility to improve upon and generate further evidence in the future. Furthermore, the IHM shows few project/investment interventions in the GCF and German Cooperation portfolios aimed at adoption of CCA and decreasing exposure of shocks and stressors as well as intervention types in the water and land use and built environment sectors, and project/investment interventions related to financial and market mechanismsand built infrastructure and structural interventions. Compared to the evidence, while there is a wealth of information on adoption and some on financial mechanism, these aforementioned limited project/investment interventions are also gaps in evidence. The allocation of funds is balanced among sectors but also seems to more match the nature of the intervention types.The current evidence base on CCA suggests that efforts should be directed towards improving the evidence base in the water sector, which is one of the most important in CCA. Finally, given that the CCA portfolios examined mostly are aimed at outcomes within the enabling environment, evidence regarding these interventions should be improved. This is also the case for other areas where projects/investments are allocated but evidence is lacking.

<div><p class="trans-title">O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os principais elementos da essência da contrarreforma trabalhista no Brasil, situando-a na atual conjuntura da realidade brasileira, no contexto do capitalismo globalizado e flexível, sob a hegemonia neoliberal. Busca-se responder as seguintes questões: i) Por que foi possível aprovar essa contrarreforma neste momento, depois de mais de 30 anos de tentativas do empresariado de pôr fim à CLT? ii) Qual a essência dessa contrarreforma? iii) Qual a relação entre terceirização e as mudanças na nova legislação? iv) Quais as principais alterações e sobre quais espaços e grupos elas incidem? v) Quais são as resistências e perspectivas manifestadas pelos mais diferentes sujeitos sociais diante da nova legislação?</p><p class="trans-title"> </p><p class="trans-title"><strong>THE LABOR COUNTER-REFORM: outsourcing and precarization as a rule</strong></p><p>The objective of this article is to discuss some of the main elements of the so-called "labor reform" in Brazil, situating it in the current conjuncture of the Brazilian reality in the context of globalized and flexible capitalism under neoliberal hegemony. It seeks to answer the following questions: i) why was it possible to approve this counter-reform at this time, after more than 30 years of attempts by the business community to end CLT? ii) What is the essence of this counter-reform? iii) What is the relationship between outsourcing and the changes in the new legislation? iv) What are the main changes and which spaces and areas do they affect? v) What are the resistances and perspectives manifested by the most different social subjects to the new legislation?</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Brazilian labor counter-reform; Outsourcing; Precarization of the work; Act 13; 467; Resistances</p><p class="trans-title"><strong><br /></strong></p></div><div><p class="trans-title"><strong>LA CONTRE-RÉFORME NÉOLIBÉRALE ET LA SOUS-TRAITANCE: la précarisation en règle générale</strong></p><p>Le but de cet article est de discuter des principaux éléments de l'essence de la contre-réforme de la législation du travail au Brésil, en la situant dans la conjoncture actuelle de la réalité brésilienne, dans le contexte d'un capitalisme globalisé et flexible, sous hégémonie néolibérale. On cherche à répondre aux questions suivantes: i) Pourquoi était-il possible d'approuver cette contre-réforme à ce moment-là, après plus de 30 ans de tentatives de la part des entrepreneurs de mettre fin au CLT? ii) Quelle est l'essence de cette contre-réforme? iii) Quelle est la relation entre la sous-traitance et les modifications de la nouvelle législation? iv) Quels sont les principaux changements et quels espaces et groupes sont affectés par ces changements? v) Quelles sont les résistances et les points de vue manifestés par les plus différents sujets sociaux confrontés à la nouvelle législation?</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Réforme de la législation du travail au Brésil; Sous-traitance; Précarisation du travail; Loi 13; 467; Résistances</p><p class="trans-title"><strong><br /></strong></p></div>

Relevance of research topic. Modern business conditions help to consider the concept of «corporate culture» as one of the main elements of staff management system. The corporate culture is of great importance today as a set of features that determine the individuality of each organization. Organization culture is a system of values, a philosophy shared by all employees of the organization. The philosophy of the organization is made clear to all workers of the tradition, symbols, rituals, legends, which they are guided in everyday activities by virtue of their inner conviction. Ingredients of the organization's culture are the names of the brands of products it produces and the social contacts of employees outside of it (unions, sports teams, etc.). Formulation of the problem. It is impossible to ensure the profitability and success of the organization, relying solely on economic interest and neglecting the potential of cultural capital, the degree of penetration of which in the managerial and economic sphere determines the speed and quality of the organization's movement to a new cycle of development. Corporate culture includes issues of motivation of staff, spiritual and material life of the collective, style of management, influence of the leader's personality, moral standards and material values. Implementation and observance of the principles of corporate culture will make it an effective tool for staffmanagement, preserve the unity in the organization, which in the future will have a beneficial effect on the development of the organization's culture. Analysis of recent research and publications. This problem has become the object of study of a number of researchers. In particular, the scientific works of Apostoliuk O., Balyk O., Bezzemelna T., Hryhorieva O., Zhuk V., Zelena M., Lomachynska I., Malaschenko V., Marynova S., Melnyk P., Skobtseva A., Tarasova O., Fischuk N., Khymych I., ShyshkovaH. and others deserve attention. Identification of unexplored parts of the general problem. At the same time, the problem of the influence of international experience on the formation of the corporate culture of domestic enterprises requires a more detailed study, which determines the relevance of further research in this area. Setting a task, objectives of the study. The purpose and tasks of writing the article is to study examples of successful world corporate cultures, to study the attitude towards corporate culture in Ukraine, further improve the processes of forming the corporate culture of Ukrainian enterprises taking into account the national character. Research methodology. During the writing of the article were used methods of analysis and synthesis, the system approach, statistical analysis, generalization and structuring. Presentation of the main research material. The article analyzes the attitude towards corporate culture in Ukraine, factors of the introduction and functioning of the corporate culture, its typology, determines the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of implementation of the national corporate culture, identifies the best examples of the corporate culture of domestic enterprises. The field of application of results. The research results can be applied in the process of forming the corporate culture of a modern enterprise. Conclusions. Thus, the key factors to be taken into account when forming a corporate culture should be: national features, with their negative and positive characteristics, the need to upgrade the top management through the creation of motivational systems and conditions for the career development of young qualified professionals, the need to improve economic methods management.

U savremenim školskim sistemima već nekoliko decenija odvijaju se reformski procesi sa ciljem implementacije modela inkluzivnog obrazovanja u školsku praksu. Pošto je razvoj inkluzivne školske prakse determinisan obeležjima političkog, ekonomskog, kulturnog i istorijskog konteksta određene zemlje, reforma školskog sistema u skladu s ideologijom inkluzivnog obrazovanja jedan je od najvećih izazova u praksi funkcionisanja savremenih školskih sistema. Iz tog razloga važno je sagledati osnovne odlike inkluzivne školske prakse, kao i pretpostavke koje je potrebno obezbediti da bi se ona uspešno razvijala. U radu se, nakon datih napomena o teorijskim polazištima, politici i praksi inkluzivnog obrazovanja, analizira pitanje diferencijacije i individualizacije nastave u inkluzivnom obrazovnom kontekstu. Polazeći od toga da je nastava središnji segment školskog rada, odlike nastave u inkluzivnom kontekstu posmatraju se i tumače kao osnovne odlike inkluzivne školske prakse. Pored kvaliteta rada nastavnika, kao pretpostavke razvoja inkluzivne školske prakse posebno su izdvojene i analizirane inkluzivna politika školskog rada i inkluzivna školska kultura. U zaključnom osvrtu naglašava se da su orijentacija školskog sistema i društvena orijentacija ka filozofiji inkluzivnog obrazovanja osnovni preduslov razvoja inkluzivne školske prakse i determinante njenog kvaliteta. ; V sovremennyh škol'nyh sistemah reformy proishodât uže neskol'ko desâtiletij s cel'û vnedreniâ modeli inklûzivnogo obrazovaniâ v škol'nuû praktiku. Poskol'ku razvitie inklûzivnoj škol'noj praktiki opredelâetsâ harakteristikami političeskogo, èkonomičeskogo, kul'turnogo i istoričeskogo konteksta konkretnoj strany, reforma škol'noj sistemy v sootvetstvii s ideologiej inklûzivnogo obrazovaniâ âvlâetsâ odnoj iz važnejših zadač v praktike funkcionirovaniâ sovremennyh škol'nyh sistem. Po ètoj pričine sčitaetsâ važnym obsudit' vse osnovnye harakteristiki inklûzivnoj škol'noj praktiki, a takže usloviâ, neobhodimye dlâ ee uspešnogo razvitiâ. V stat'e privodâtsâ zametki o teoretičeskih otpravnyh točkah, politike i praktike inklûzivnogo obrazovaniâ, a zatem analiziruetsâ problema differenciacii i individualizacii prepodavaniâ v inklûzivnom obrazovatel'nom kontekste. Poskol'ku prepodavanie predstavlâet soboj central'nyj segment škol'noj raboty, harakteristiki prepodavaniâ v inklûzivnom kontekste rassmatrivaûtsâ i interpretiruûtsâ kak osnovnye harakteristiki inklûzivnoj škol'noj praktiki. V dopolnenie k kačestvu raboty učitelej vydelâetsâ i analiziruetsâ politika inklûzivnoj škol'noj raboty i kul'tura inklûzivnogo škol'nogo obrazovaniâ kak predposylki dlâ razvitiâ inklûzivnoj škol'noj praktiki. V zaklûčenii stat'i podčerkivaetsâ, čto orientaciâ škol'noj sistemy i obŝestvennaâ orientaciâ na filosofiû inklûzivnogo obrazovaniâ âvlâûtsâ osnovnymi predposylkami dlâ razvitiâ inklûzivnoj škol'noj praktiki i opredelâûŝimi faktorami ee kačestva. ; Reform processes in contemporary education systems taking place over the last few decades have aimed to implement a model of inclusive education in schools. Since the development of inclusive school practice is determined by a country's political, economic, cultural and historical context, school system reform in line with the ideology of inclusive education is one of the greatest challenges in the functioning of contemporary school systems. It is therefore important to consider the key characteristics of inclusive school practice, and the requirements that need to be met for the practice to be successful. The paper begins with an overview of the theoretical foundations, policies and practice of inclusive education, and then goes on to analyze the question of instruction differentiation and individualization in an inclusive educational context. Starting from the position that instruction is the central segment of school education, the characteristics of instruction in an inclusive context are considered and interpreted as the key characteristics of inclusive school practice. In addition to the quality of teaching, other requirements for the development of inclusive school practice that are singled out and analyzed are inclusive policy of school work and inclusive school culture. The concluding section emphasizes that the orientation of the school system and social orientation towards the philosophy of inclusive education are the basic requirements for the development of inclusive school practice and the determinants of its quality.