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It is now almost 25 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the fragmentation of the Soviet Union into a series of republics and the rejection of communist politics in much of the former Eastern Bloc. Seen by many as a victory for the capitalist West over the communist East, the geopolitics of this period was far more complicated than this. Across a series of essays and artist contributions, Red Africa explores the crosscurrents of international solidarity and friendship. The aesthetic experience of the works and the exhibition is also an invitation for the visitor to explore what Leila Ghandi and others have described as a politics of affective community. Red Africa is the culmination of a two-year research programme and exhibition project at Calvert 22, London, and Iwalewa House, Bayreuth. This traced the work of African artists and filmmakers who studied in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc under free education schemes originally offered under the Third International, discontinued during Stalin's reign, then brought back during Khruschev's thaw. Connections were particularly strong with countries such as Mozambique, Ghana, Ethiopia and Angola that were conducting liberation struggles or which, post-independence, were part of the Non-Aligned Movement which held its first Summit conference in Belgrade in 1961. Red Africa is beautifully illustrated with film stills, artworks and archival images drawing on the extensive research of the contributing artists, researchers and curators. Contributors include Onejoon Che, Radovan Cukic and Ivan Manojlovic, Ros Gray, Ana Balona de Oliveira, Burt Cesar, Filipa Cesar, Angela Ferreira, Yevgenyi Fiks, Kiluanji Kia Henda, Isaac Julien, Alexander Markov, Jo Ratcliffe, Polly Savage, Nadine Siegert, Manuela Ribeiro Sanches, The Travelling Communique Group, Milica Tomic, Tonel and Vanessa Vasic-Janekovic.

In section 214 UU number 10 year 2008 about general election legislative member determine chosen candidate stipulating determined by minimum boundary of acquirement voice 30% gratuity of common denominator elector ( BPP), if the threshold is not reached then further selected based on the determination of candidate sequence numbers. Based on the decision of the Court Number 22-24/PUU-VI/2008 article is repealed. With this decision, the role of political parties is reduced to the determination of candidates elected in the general election. Party only the sharing to present its legislative candidate in candidate list, whereas determining chosen or is not chosen by elector.

Transition Architecture usually takes place in a short time; that's why, it is often forgotten in architectural historical record. However, this brief transition architecture is very interesting to study, because it is essentially an integral part of the whole history of architectural development. This transition architectural form discussed in this paper is that of the Netherlands East Indies era, from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The object of this study is the architecture of the Dutch military complex, which often slips from our attention. This matter may be caused by two things: first, the limited documentation at that time, and second, the brief period of this transition (only lasted in 20 to 30 years). Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Arsitektur transisi biasanya berlangsung sangat singkat, sehingga sering terlupakan dalam catatan sejarah (arsitektur). Meskipun demikian bentuk arsitektur transisi yang berlangsung cukup singkat tersebut sangat menarik untuk dipelajari, karena arsitektur transisi pada hakekatnya merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari sejarah perkembangan arsitektur secara keseluruhan. Bentuk arsitektur transisi yang dibahas kali ini adalah bentuk arsitektur di Hindia Belanda dari akhir abad 19 sampai awal abad ke 20. Dan yang menjadi obyek studi adalah arsitektur pada komplek militer Belanda di Jawa. Bentuk arsitektur ini sering lepas dari perhatian kita. Hal ini disebabkan karena dua hal. Yang pertama adalah minimnya dokumentasi waktu itu. Yang kedua dikarenakan waktunya sangat singkat sekali (antara 20 sampai 30 th). Tulisan ini akan membahas bentuk arsitektur peralihan tersebut. Kata kunci: arsitektur kolonial, arsitektur transisi.

Anhand bayerischer Beispiele wird der Wandel der SPD von einem sozialdemokratischen "Lager" im Sinne einer Lebens- und Überlebensgemeinschaft vor 1933 zu einer "modernen" Volkspartei ohne abgegrenzte Gegenkultur nach 1945 dargestellt. Dazu wurden zunächst gesellschaftlicher Standort und sozialpsychologische Entwicklung der Sozialdemokratie vor 1933 skizziert, insbesondere die Formierung und Entwicklung des sozialdemokratischen "Lagers". Sodann wurde die Rolle des sozialdemokratischen "Lagers" bezüglich des Verhaltens der Sozialdemokratie im Dritten Reich und nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg aufgezeigt. Der Autor kommt zu dem Schluß, daß es den Repräsentanten des "Lagers" nach 1945 nicht mehr gelang, "es als verpflichtende sozialdemokratische Lebensform und als Basis der Parteiorganisation wiederherzustellen". Die Gründe sieht er in der Zerstörung des sozialdemokratischen "Lagers" durch den Nationalsozialismus sowie in der im Exil erfolgten programmatischen Neubesinnung, derzufolge die SPD zu einer Massenpartei ausgebaut werden sollte. (AG)