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History shows that the Action Programs for Traffic Safety of both the United States and Canada have evolved as a result of half a century of seemingly unrelated ef forts to cope with the growing problem of motor vehicle acci dents. In both countries, public officials have the primary re sponsibility for traffic safety. Equally important, however, is the active support of citizen leaders to meet the needs of and to secure the proper operation of official traffic agencies. This dual approach is predicated upon close co-operation between traffic officials and citizen leaders in developing and securing understanding and acceptance of the official traffic safety pro gram of a jurisdiction. The Action Program first developed in 1946 and revised slightly in 1949 stands as the master plan for this balanced comprehensive program; it is applicable in whole or in part by all governmental jurisdictions and by organiza tions of private citizens. New concepts of traffic accident pre vention are developing: driver behavior research is being probed; important developments in vehicle and highway en gineering are taking place; new formats are being explored for the enlistment of citizen support leadership; and basic re search into accident causes is getting under way. Many of the recommendations set forth in the Action Program are likely to face substantial change under the impact of future develop ments.

The general traffic picture in Europe is charac terized by rapidly increasing numbers of private motor vehicles and in particular by the emergence of small motorcycles. There is a steady growth in the number of goods vehicles, due partly to a general increase in industrial activity and partly to diversion of traffic from the railways. Although the total number of ac cidents continues to increase, the rate per vehicle mile is falling. The accident problem varies greatly between countries because of differing conditions and temperaments. Variation is also found between the methods used to prevent accidents, although co-operation through the Economic Commission for Europe is leading to greater uniformity. Traffic safety in Europe is pri marily the concern of governments, and co-operation with in dustry, the general public, and the universities is not generally as close as in the United States. In addition, the resources in terms of man power and finance deployed in Europe for traffic safety have been generally at a lower level. Interchanges of views between European countries and the United States may have a considerable influence, and valuable links have been established between universities, national safety councils, and research establishments. Intensive research into road safety education and propaganda techniques should point the way to significant progress in making road users more aware of their responsibilities and ultimately in effecting a substantial reduc tion in road accidents.

1: CAD — What is it All About? -- Concepts and descriptions -- The design process -- The origins of CAD -- Automated drafting: creating a model -- Representations and simulations -- Analytical programs: simulating performance -- Summary: CAD defined -- 2: CAM — An Introduction -- Design and manufacture: two processes or one? -- Numerical control: the basis of CAM -- Computer-assisted part programming -- Direct numerical control -- Computer numerical control -- The future of numerical control -- Flexible manufacturing systems -- Computer-integrated manufacturing -- Group technology -- Summary: from CAD/CAM to CADAM -- 3: The Elements of a CAD System -- From mainframe to mini -- Enter the micro — distributing 'intelligence' -- Memory and storage devices -- Machine communicates with man: the graphics display -- Stroke-writing display systems -- Raster display systems -- Man communicates with machine: menus and input arrangements -- Light pen input -- Cursor steering input devices -- Graphics tablet input -- Choosing an input system -- Plotters and other hard copy devices -- 4: Principal Types of CAD System -- Two-dimensional modellers -- Wire-frame modellers -- Surface modellers -- Solid modelling I: boundary representation -- Solid modelling II: constructive solid geometry -- Summary: making a choice of modelling system -- 5: The Software — What CAD Can Do -- Basic drafting -- Macros -- Parametrics -- Graphic conventions -- 'Drafting' with primitive solids -- Transformations -- Taking things apart — sectioning -- Putting things together — segmentation and assembly -- Moving things about — simulated operations -- Automatic dimensioning -- Testing things — analytical programs -- 6: A Look Ahead -- Towards standardization? -- Horses for courses: tailor-made CAD -- Extending CAM — computer-aided everything -- Building-in more knowledge — expert systems -- Trends (and limitations) in hardware development -- New roles for CAD -- Near relations: computer graphics and simulators -- 7: Justifying CAD/CAM -- The fallacy of productivity -- Not-so-simple arithmetic -- Saving waste — consistency of information -- Saving time — availability of information -- Saving trouble — analysis of information -- Doing what could not be done before -- 8: Identifying the Needs of a Company -- Who should conduct the feasibility study? -- Geometrical information — the vital commodity -- Where does the information originate? -- How is information stored, communicated and used? -- The place of CAD/CAM in the information structure -- Setting identifiable goals -- 9: Choosing a System and Persuading the Company to Buy It -- 'Turnkey' systems -- Assembled systems -- Sources of information -- The politics of CAD -- Making a shortlist -- Benchmarking -- The 'best' system? -- Ready, get set... -- 10: Buying and Installing a System -- Implementation: the role of the CAD manager -- Planning the installation: physical factors -- Planning the installation: psychological and organizational factors -- Selling CAD to the users -- Training -- The first six months -- Appendix I: Glossary of terms and acronyms used in CAD/CAM -- Appendix II: Checklist for potential purchasers of CAD systems -- Appendix III: Suppliers of turnkey CAD systems in the UK and USA -- Select bibliography.

With the current reliance on virtual transactions, the actual source and the authenticity of electronic transmissions must be determined. In realizing this need, Utah was the first state to pass legislation regarding the verification of electronic communications. In 1995, the legislature passed the Utah Digital Signature Act (the "Utah Act"), which mandates the creation of certification authorities - cybernotaries. In addition, the Division of Corporation and Commercial Code would administer rules to facilitate the implementation of the Utah Act. Since the codification of the Utah Act, over 35 states and jurisdictions implemented some form of digital or electronic signature legislation, which was either based in part or mimics the Utah Act. However, many provisions of the Utah Act are vague, ambiguous or insufficient to the point that the Act creates doubts as to the law's effectiveness. Ten provisions of the Utah Act diminish the precision and the effectiveness of the statute's ability to regulate certification authorities and to provide adequate guidance and protection for recipients and senders of electronic transmissions. These areas of the statute relate to: the record-keeping system; the requirements for licensing of certification authorities; criminal convictions prohibiting the licensing of a certification authority; the recommended reliance limits; the suitable guaranty; residency requirements for certification authorities; limited liability for certification authorities; the evidentiary presumption of digital signatures; and the reasonable care standard for private key holders. While the Utah Act purports to facilitate commerce through reliable messages, the failure to consider the practical application and implications of these ten provisions places the statute in the unintended position of fostering uncertainties that generate more confusion as to how digital and electronic signature legislation work together. In certain areas, comparing and contrasting the certification authorities to the notary publics, evaluating public policy concerns or examining long-term effects on the perception of digital signatures clearly illustrates Utah's failure to consider many legal and policy issues. The suggestions are a means of increasing the precision of the Utah Act and to allow the statute to resolve uncertainties instead of creating them. Furthermore, by calling attention to the weaknesses of the Utah Act, the author hopes that the states using the Utah Act as a model statute will act accordingly to correct these problems. In essence, without implementing the author's suggested changes, the Utah Act remains confusing, vague and insufficient to address the needs of verification of electronic transmissions in cyberspace. Effective practice and regulation of certification authorities are possible, but the deficiencies of Utah Act must first receive significant attention.

With the current reliance on virtual transactions, the actual source and the authenticity of electronic transmissions must be determined. In realizing this need, Utah was the first state to pass legislation regarding the verification of electronic communications. In 1995, the legislature passed the Utah Digital Signature Act (the "Utah Act"), which mandates the creation of certification authorities - cybernotaries. In addition, the Division of Corporation and Commercial Code would administer rules to facilitate the implementation of the Utah Act. Since the codification of the Utah Act, over 35 states and jurisdictions implemented some form of digital or electronic signature legislation, which was either based in part or mimics the Utah Act. However, many provisions of the Utah Act are vague, ambiguous or insufficient to the point that the Act creates doubts as to the law's effectiveness. Ten provisions of the Utah Act diminish the precision and the effectiveness of the statute's ability to regulate certification authorities and to provide adequate guidance and protection for recipients and senders of electronic transmissions. These areas of the statute relate to: the record-keeping system; the requirements for licensing of certification authorities; criminal convictions prohibiting the licensing of a certification authority; the recommended reliance limits; the suitable guaranty; residency requirements for certification authorities; limited liability for certification authorities; the evidentiary presumption of digital signatures; and the reasonable care standard for private key holders. While the Utah Act purports to facilitate commerce through reliable messages, the failure to consider the practical application and implications of these ten provisions places the statute in the unintended position of fostering uncertainties that generate more confusion as to how digital and electronic signature legislation work together. In certain areas, comparing and contrasting the certification authorities to the notary publics, evaluating public policy concerns or examining long-term effects on the perception of digital signatures clearly illustrates Utah's failure to consider many legal and policy issues. The suggestions are a means of increasing the precision of the Utah Act and to allow the statute to resolve uncertainties instead of creating them. Furthermore, by calling attention to the weaknesses of the Utah Act, the author hopes that the states using the Utah Act as a model statute will act accordingly to correct these problems. In essence, without implementing the author's suggested changes, the Utah Act remains confusing, vague and insufficient to address the needs of verification of electronic transmissions in cyberspace. Effective practice and regulation of certification authorities are possible, but the deficiencies of Utah Act must first receive significant attention.

Until recently, Europe was dominated by state-owned, vertically integrated railroads. Lately, European Union (EU) policies and relevant legislation have introduced the legal separation between railroad operations and infrastructure management. Thus, the railroad infrastructure management companies have started applying charges (termed access pricing) to railroad companies for using infrastructure. Although European policies and legislation set the basic access pricing principles, they did not provide specific rules or methods for deriving infrastructure charging systems. An access pricing system for suburban (commuter) rail services was developed. An overview of practices in EU member states and the United States is presented. The basic principles and economic characteristics of infrastructure charging are outlined. The proposed structure of the infrastructure charging system is discussed, with a distinction between the basic charge - which includes costs for train planning and line operations, infrastructure damage and wear and tear costs, and quality of services - and additional components. Each component is mathematically expressed. The proposed charging system does not include costs related to train operations. To test the robustness of the proposed system, it is applied to the suburban rail services provided by the Greek company AMEL, with trains running on the Greek railroads' infrastructure. The proposed infrastructure charging system can be applied to any railroad by changing the variable values.

The best capabilities are usually achieved by having the latest technologies in defense systems. However, including the new, usually immature, technologies in a system design does not always easily result in achieving the capabilities at the right level, at an affordable cost, and in a timely manner. Many programs have suffered from immature technologies as cost overruns, late or no deliveries, and poor performance levels. Another impact of technology selection appears as obsolescence after the deployment of systems, or even before the deployment of the system. As the technologies of a system become obsolete, the cost of maintaining the system increases. Defense systems, which have longer sustainment life cycles, are more vulnerable to obsolescence of technologies. While obsolete technologies increase the cost of maintaining the military systems, they also impact the level of the superiority of the capabilities. In the current literature, several approaches have been proposed by different authors to address either the immature technology risk or the technology obsolescence risk. This study will make an effort to develop an approach which addresses the issue of technology selection for long life cycle defense systems that consider both the feasibility risk of immature technologies and obsolescence risk of technologies.

Предлагается метод оценки длительной прочности конструкционных полимеров на основе анализа обобщенных кинетико-механических характеристик, полученных путем синтеза кинетической теории прочности и теории ползучести. Результаты важны для производства современных и перспективных образцов вооружения и военной техники. Все более широкое применение находят полимерные композитные материалы, обеспечивающие высокий уровень прочностной надежности несущих конструкций. ; Is proposed the method of the evaluation of the stress-rupture strength of structural polymers on the basis of the analysis of the generalized kineticsmechanical characteristics, obtained via the synthesis of the kinetic theory of strength and theory of creep. Results are important for the Известия ЮФУ. Технические науки Тематический выпуск 212 production of the contemporary and promising models of armament and military equipment ever wider application they find the polymeric composite materials, which ensure the high level of the strength reliability of frameworks.

SummaryA retrospective study of 185 Thai males who had been vasectomized at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, between January 1970 and March 1973 was conducted during the period May–July 1973. At the time of the vasectomy the mean age of the men was 33·5 years and the mean age of their wives was 29·9 years; they had a mean of 3·7 living children. The motivation for seeking a permanent method of fertility control was a combination of adverse economic pressures, a degree of rationality in family building, and worry over additional pregnancies. Only a few of the men experienced any medical complications as a result of the operation, and the most significant factor associated with health was fatigue. Few changes in mental health, social relationships, or personal habits occurred as a result of the operation. Post-vasectomy changes in sexual relations were found to be minimal; if occurring at all, such changes were usually improvements. Taking into consideration the age of husband and wife, duration of marriage, and number of living children, the demographic impact of vasectomies in Thailand seems to be greater than that in other developing countries where comparisons can be made.

How do multinational firms trapped in host markets suffering from political violence find security? Terrorism and conflict repel foreign investment and recent research has sought to understand heterogeneity across firms in their response to violence. When multinational firms are unable to move their investments in the face of violence, we argue that their home governments use diplomatic capacity and security and economic resources to secure protection from host governments. Multinational corporations from home markets with significant leverage over host markets are therefore less likely to curtail their operations or investments in the wake of violence. Examining dyadic data on foreign direct investment (FDI), we show that home market diplomatic missions, aid, and alliances substantially abate the negative effects of violence on FDI. Consistent with our argument, this effect is observed after violence begins and is not an artifact of host markets garnering security aid from great powers other than the home market. A strong diplomatic presence matched to both hard and soft power resources positively contributes to the defense of core foreign policy interests.

International audience ; The concept of authentication assurance traditionally refers to the robustness of methods and mechanisms for user authentication, including the robustness of initial registration and provisioning of user credentials, as well as the robustness of mechanisms that enforce user authentication during operation. However, the user is not the only party that needs to be authenticated to ensure security of online transactions. In fact, online service provision always involves two parties, typically the user on the client side and the service provider on the server side, so that mutual authentication between the two sides is required. In contrast to the unilateral focus on user authentication by industry and academia, it is in fact equally important for the user to correctly authenticate the service provider. Unfortunately, little attention is paid to the problem of correctly authentication the service provider. This paper proposes a framework for server and service provider authentication assurance, similarly to frameworks for user authentication assurance that have already been specified, or are currently under development by many national governments.

Part 15: Virtual Organization Breeding Environments ; International audience ; Standards, as agreed-upon norms and requirements about systems, are essential pillars of enterprise and network operation and interoperability. However, standards themselves often display interoperability, inconsistency and overlap problems partly due to the custodian work groups' heterogeneity, the politics involved and limited communication and cooperation. This paper proposes and investigates the use of a Collaborative Network (CN) model in the standards community so as to take advantage of the wealth of knowledge accumulated in this domain, the artefacts built and the lessons learned in practice. Following an introduction and a review of the current issues in standards development, the paper presents the specific features of the CNs and the Virtual Organisations (VOs) they would create in order to tackle standards creation and revision in an integrated and synergistic way. A case study is also used to describe a possible implementation of the CN / VO model in practice and to illustrate the benefits of the proposed approach.