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This paper is written for an ad-hoc roundtable of economic and governance scientists, to advice politics, in spring 2019. The objective of this working paper is: The design of a national Carbon Levy and the expected Carbon Leakage effect and what can be done about this. With this paper, scientists aim to advice politics on the design and implementation of a carbon tax in the Netherlands. This text is originally written as a discussion letter, serving as input for an informal roundtable with a small society of scientists and politicians. This exploratory science-policy roundtable has been held on 10 April 2019 in the Dutch Parliament, with nine people around the table, half senior & half junior, half science & half political representatives. This paper forms the input, discussing a few options and consequences, in order to explore the 'space' for political and economic maneuverings into a future pathway that is consistent with climate science and with international agreements (the Paris Climate Agreement), as well as a feasible pathway in the current global and European market context and in the actual national political constellation.The roundtable serves to gain understanding across the boundaries of scientific circles and political systems, communicating both theoretical and practical insights. A diverse set of ingredients, both market-based and politics-based, limit the scope and feasibility of options for action, marking a significant divide between what is theoretically desirable and what is currently practically and politically possible, given the realities of a fragmented political landscape and polarized political viewpoints regarding climate change policy in the current timeframe. The roundtable is meant to deliberate the latest empirical analyses on the topic of taxing greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as CO2-equivalent tonnes), and learn from each other first-handedly about actual imperfect circumstances. The roundtable has been held after a party-internal motion on the topic of installing a CO2 tax had been accepted within one of the larger democratic political parties in the Netherlands. The paper contains a Dutch summary, principles and execution considerations of policy measures and considerations, a glossary of terms, and a short cv of the authors.

Aim: The implementation of numerous EU projects in the period 2014-2020 is bound to require that they are compliant with EU law, domestic law, relevant guidelines, programming documents, and the content of an agreement on co-financing a project. It is in this context that the issue of public aid should be examined. On the grounds that some EU projects are subject to the regime mentioned, what becomes vital is to comply with all binding regulations in this respect. It is in this delineated form that the legal form of regional investment aid should be considered. The aim of this paper is to examine individual material elements of which the legal construction mentioned above is composed - while taking into account existing legislation. Research methods: The method that was adopted involves an analysis of the sources of law, case-law and literature. Conclusions: (1) The problem of regional investment aid should be considered in terms of the Treaty definition of public aid. At the same time, one has to take into account the legal regime set by the TFEU on state aid. As a rule, this aid is prohibited; still, the EU legislator allows for a number of exemptions. (2) This, in turn, means that it is necessary to develop, by issuing other normative acts (but also soft-law regulations), the Treaty provisions which allow for providing legally benefits covered by state aid. (3) The legal form at issue here should be considered in the context of the need to ensure that beneficiaries will be implementing projects in accordance with the rules of EU law, domestic law, relevant guidelines, programming documents and the content of an agreement on co-financing a project. Value of the paper: The set of issues examined is the subject addressed by case-law and literature. The value of the paper is that it systematizes all the elements discussed. The paper is addressed to the beneficiaries of EU projects, institutions participating in the system for managing and controlling EU resources and to administrative courts.

Fish samples of different species (i.e. rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), barbel (Barbus barbus) and European chub (Squalius cephalus)) were collected from the Sava River Basin for a preliminary investigation of the levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and PFAS as a whole. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, in terms of pg WHO-TEQ/g ww, were below the maximum limit established at the Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011. On the contrary, when DL-PCBs were also included, levels increase up to 11.7 pg WHO-TEQPCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs/g ww in a particular case, with two samples out of a total of ten exceeding the maximum set at this EU Regulation and the EQS established at the European Directive regarding priority substances in the field of water policy (0.0065 ng WHO-TEQPCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs/g ww). A similar trend was also observed for NDL-PCBs, whit the same two samples, from the lower stretch of the river basin, exceeding the maximum limit allowed at the EU Regulation (125 ng/g ww). For PBDEs, levels found in all the samples exceeded the EQS (0.0085 ng/g ww) up to more than a thousand times and 40% of the samples presented PFOS values above the EQS. Data from this study were compared to values reported at the literature for fish from other geographical areas. © 2018 ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Communities 7th Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 603629-ENV-2013-6.2.1-GLOBAQUA and Grant Agreement No. 603437-ENV-2013-SOLUTIONS projects. This work was also funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups 2017 SGR 1404 - Water and Soil Quality Unit). M. Llorca wants to acknowledge her Juan de la Cierva – Incorporación research fellowship (JdC-2014-21736) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. J. Parera is also grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for a Juan de la Cierva – Formación research fellowship (FJCI-2015-26722). Appendix A ; Peer reviewed

Thermal energy storage systems work in conjunction with solar technologies with the aim of increasing their dispatchability and competitiveness in the energy market. Among others, latent heat thermal energy storage systems have become an appealing research subject and many efforts have therefore been invested in selecting the best phase change material (PCM) to fit the final application. In this study, an extended corrosion characterization was performed for two PCM candidates, solar salt (40 wt.% KNO3/60 wt.% NaNO3) and myo-inositol (C6H12O6), to be applied in Fresnel solar plants. Corrosion rates were determined in aluminium, stainless steel (AISI 304), carbon steel (AISI 1090), and copper by gravimetric tests, gauging the weight loss after 2000 h of immersion at 250 ºC. The corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion tests carried out with myo-inositol did not show accurate enough results to draw conclusions regarding corrosion on the metals. However, it was observed that this sugar alcohol strongly sticks to the metal specimens, making myo-inositol extremely difficult to manage as an energy storage material. Therefore, the present paper discourages the use of myo-inositol as a PCM beyond its corrosion rate. ; Funding: The research received funding from Spanish government (MINECO/FEDER), grant number ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R. This work was partially funded by the European Union´s Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 723596 with reference name Innova MicroSolar. José Miguel Maldonado received funding from the Spanish Government for his research fellowship, grant number BES-2016-076554. Ángel G. Fernández has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREiA (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia.

Mavi Marmara Krizi sonrası diplomatik ilişkileri kopma noktasına gelen Türkiye ve israil altı yıl aradan sonra ilişkilerini normalleştirme kararı almıştır. Haziran 2015'de Türkiye ve israil'in görüşmelere başladığının duyurulmasından bir yıl sonra 28 Haziran 2016'da ―Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile israil Devleti Arasında Tazminata ilişkin Usul Anlaşması‖ imzalanmıştır. Anlaşmanın Türkiye ve israil'de yürürlüğe girmesinden sonra karşılıklı büyükelçi atamaları yapılmış, üst düzey ziyaretler gerçekleştirilmiş ve siyasi istişare toplantıları düzenlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada Haziran 2015 ve Ağustos 2016 tarihleri arası Türkiye-israil ilişkilerinin güvenlikleştirme teorisi çerçevesinde analiz edilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Kopenhag Ekolü tarafından geliştirilen güvenlikleştirme teorisine göre güvenlikleştirme herhangi bir meselenin söz eylemler aracılığıyla varoluşsal tehdit olarak sunulma sürecidir. Herhangi bir meselenin güvenlikleştirilmesi ise güvenlikleştirici aktörlere tehdidin bertaraf edilmesi için olağandışı önlemler alma hakkı vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın ana argümanını Ankara ve Tel Aviv arası görüşmelerin sürdüğü dönem boyunca Türkiye-israil ilişkilerinin güvenlik meselesi olarak değerlendirildiği ve güvenlikleştirildiği oluşturmaktadır. ilişkilerde yaşanan güvenlikleştirme süreci Türkiye-israil ilişkilerinde uzlaşmayı sağlamıştır ; After six years, Turkey and Israel has decided to normalize diplomatic relations which came to breakaway point following the Mavi Marmara Crisis. A year after announcing negotiations between Turkey and Israel, ―Procedural Agreement on Compensation Between The Republic of Turkey and The State of Israel‖ was signed on 28 June 2016. Following the entering into force of the agreement in Turkey and in Israel, ambassadors have been assigned mutually, high-profile visits have been performed and political consultation meetings have been held. This study aims to analyze Turkey-Israel relations between June 2015 and August 2016 from the perspective of securitization theory. In accordance with the securitization theory which was developed by Copenhagen School, securitization is a process of presenting an issue as an existential threat through speech-acts. The securitization of an issue entitles securitizing actors to take extraordinary measures to deal with the threat. The main argument of this study is that Turkey-Israel relations have been evaluated as a security issue during the continuing negotiations between Ankara and Tel Aviv and Turkey-Israel relations have been securitized. The securitization process between June 2015 and August 2016 has led to a political consensus between Turkey and Israel

The high melting point of a large number of organic salts with potential ionic liquid-like properties, hinders their applicability as solvents. Considering the success of cholinium chloride on lowering the melting temperature of several substances and its success on forming deep eutectic solvents, this work studies its mixing with organic chlorides to lower their melting points producing eutectic ionic liquids. The solid-liquid phase diagrams for binary mixtures composed of cholinium chloride and ten organic halides were experimentally measured. Surprisingly, cholinium chloride presented, for all these systems, significant positive deviations from ideal liquid behaviour that restricted its ability to lower the melting points of these mixtures. Only for mixtures with ammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium chloride or cholinium bromide was cholinium chloride able to significantly lower the melting point of the mixture, but without reaching values close to room temperature (298 K). For a better understanding of the results obtained, the solid-liquid phase diagrams of four alkylammonium chloride-based mixtures were experimentally assessed and used to show that these compounds are better than cholinium chloride at inducing negative deviations from ideality, leading to greater melting point depressions. ; This work was developed in the scope of the project CICECO e Aveiro Institute of Materials, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679 (Ref. FCT UID/CTM/50011/2013) and Associate Laboratory LSRELCM, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006984 (Ref. FCT UID/EQU/50020/2019), and project MultiBiorefinery (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016403), all financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and when appropriate co-financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. FCT is also acknowledged for funding the project DeepBiorefinery (PTDC/AGRTEC/1191/2014). The authors acknowledge the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ 2007 e 2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 337753. M.A.R.M. acknowledges financial support from NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000006 - funded by NORTE2020 through PT2020 and ERDF. L.P.S. acknowledges FCT for her PhD grant (SFRH/BD/135976/2018). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Biocrusts, topsoil communities formed by mosses, lichens, liverworts, algae, and cyanobacteria, are a key biotic component of dryland ecosystems worldwide. Experiments carried out with lichen- and moss-dominated biocrusts indicate that climate change may dramatically reduce their cover and diversity. Therefore, the development of reproducible methods to monitor changes in biocrust diversity and abundance across multiple spatio-temporal scales is key for evaluating how climate change may impact biocrust communities and the myriad of ecosystem functions and services that rely on them. In this study, we collected lichen-dominated biocrust samples from a semi-arid ecosystem in central Spain. Their α-diversity was then evaluated using very high spatial resolution hyperspectral images (pixel size of 0.091 mm) measured in laboratory under controlled conditions. Support vector machines were used to map the biocrust composition. Traditional α-diversity metrics (i.e., species richness, Shannon's, Simpson's, and Pielou's indices) were calculated using lichen fractional cover data derived from their classifications in the hyperspectral imagery. Spectral diversity was calculated at different wavelength ranges as the coefficient of variation of different regions of the reflectance spectra of lichens and as the standard deviation of the continuum removal algorithm (SD_CR). The accuracy of the classifications of the images obtained was close to 100%. The results showed the best coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.47) between SD_CR calculated at 680 nm and the α-diversity calculated as the Simpson's index, which includes species richness and their evenness. These findings indicate that this spectral diversity index could be used to track spatio-temporal changes in lichen-dominated biocrust communities. Thus, they are the first step to monitor α-diversity of biocrust-forming lichens at the ecosystem and regional levels, a key task for any program aiming to evaluate changes in biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in drylands. ; The research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation 514 program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 721995. F.T.M. acknowledges support from the European Research Council grant agreement no. 647038 (BIODESERT).

The article deals with the conditions for the transformation of the legal status of the Registered Cossacks in the XVIII century. The gradual process of liquidation of the Ukrainian Hetman state and the final integration of the Ukrainian society and the Cossacks into the imperial structure of the society of the absolute monarchy - the Russian Empire - is illustrated. The research is based on the legal acts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the kings of the Polish–Lithuanian State, the Ukrainian Hetmans and hetman authorities, treaties and international treaties, as well as on the acts of the Moscow tsarists and the legislation of the Russian Empire. Since 1654, the Pereiaslav Agreement and the articles of the hetmans with the Moscow tsarist agreements concluded on its basis became the constitutional source of the legal status of the Registered Cossacks. After all, it was the treaty articles that declared the military-political alliance of Cossack Ukraine with the Moscow state and were determined the Registered Cossacks as the basis of the armed forces of the Ukrainian Hetman state and guaranteed the inviolability of the Cossack rights and freedoms. The study found that the Institute of Registered Cossacks in Ukraine became a kind of analogue of the contract military service. However, its peculiarity is that military service recruiting in the studied time was mostly carried out by the aggressor countries, which entered a register of military service with the local Ukrainian Cossack population. It was the Cossack population whose duty was to protect the borders of the state in the remote places. And it was only in the period of the Ukrainian hetman state (the Zaporozhian Army), which lasted from the middle of the 17th to the end of the 17th century, that the Registered Cossacks served to its own Ukrainian state. The Registered Cossacks was the second largest population group, after the peasants, during the entire period of the existence of the Ukrainian Hetman state. It was the Cossacks who made the basis of the ...

En la historia de Colombia pueden observarse episodios que sugieren un tránsito con relativa facilidad desde la política a la guerra y desde la guerra a la política. Pareciera que los conflictos armados en este país, no llegan a su fin por imposición militar de alguna de las partes y que los mismos aparecen en la mayoría de ocasiones, como una forma efectiva de inserción en la política. En la historia reciente, después de un conflicto de más de medio siglo entre las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC-EP) y el Estado después de los acuerdos la Habana, Cuba, se sometieron dichos acuerdos a un plebiscito, para que fuera la sociedad quien los refrendara. Contra todo pronóstico electoral, los resultados del plebiscito por la paz fueron negativos. En este artículo se muestra el análisis del efecto emocional de la publicidad generada por promotores del Sí y el No, sobre los electores, y cómo estas emociones afectan la toma de decisiones de la población, según lo que indica la teoría. El trabajo se basó metodológicamente en un análisis producto de la netnografía, teniendo como corpus documental páginas y grupos de Facebook. ; Relative ease from politics to war and from war to politics. It seems that armed conflicts in this country do not come to an end by military imposition of some of the parties and that they appear on most occasions, as an effective form of insertion into politics. In recent history, after a conflict of more than half a century between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and the state after the agreements Havana, Cuba, t hese agreements were submitted to a plebiscite, in order for the company to endorse them. Against all electoral forecasts, the results of the plebiscite for peace were negative. This article shows the analysis of the emotional effect of advertising generated by promoters of the Yes and No, on voters, and how these emotions affect the decision making of the population, as indicated by the theory. The work was based methodologically on an analysis ...

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication is first initiated at the origin of H-strand replication. The initiation depends on RNA primers generated by transcription from an upstream promoter (LSP). Here we reconstitute this process in vitro using purified transcription and replication factors. The majority of all transcription events from LSP are prematurely terminated after ~120 nucleotides, forming stable R-loops. These nascent R-loops cannot directly prime mtDNA synthesis, but must first be processed by RNase H1 to generate 3'-ends that can be used by DNA polymerase γ to initiate DNA synthesis. Our findings are consistent with recent studies of a knockout mouse model, which demonstrated that RNase H1 is required for R-loop processing and mtDNA maintenance in vivo. Both R-loop formation and DNA replication initiation are stimulated by the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein. In an RNase H1 deficient patient cell line, the precise initiation of mtDNA replication is lost and DNA synthesis is initiated from multiple sites throughout the mitochondrial control region. In combination with previously published in vivo data, the findings presented here suggest a model, in which R-loop processing by RNase H1 directs origin-specific initiation of DNA replication in human mitochondria. ; This work was supported by Swedish Research Council (www.vr.se) to ARC (2014-6466), MF (2013-3621), and CMG (2017-01257); the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (ICA14-0060 to ARC), Swedish Cancer Foundation (www.cancerfonden.se) to MF (CAN 2016/816) and CMG (CAN 2017/631); European Research Council consolidator grant (erc.europa.eu) to MF (DELMIT); the IngaBritt and Arne Lundberg Foundation (www.lundbergsstiftelsen.se) to MF; the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (kaw.wallenberg.org) to MF and CMG; grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF agreement to CMG (ALFGBG-728151); Core Grant from the Medical Research Council (www.mrc.ac.uk) to MZ; European Research Council advanced grant FP7-322424 (erc.europa.eu) to MZ; and NRJ-Institut de France Grant (foundation.nrj.fr) to MZ.

Noise is ubiquitous in biology. Recent studies have demonstrated that both gene expression and physiological processes, such as growth, can be noisy. The cell-to-cell variation resulting from this stochasticity has been implicated in survival strategies for bacterial populations. However, it remains unclear how single cells couple gene expression with growth to implement these strategies. In this thesis we show how noisy expression of a key stress response regulator, RpoS, allows $\textit{E. coli}$ to modulate its noisy growth dynamics to survive future adverse environments. We first demonstrate that single cells in bulk, exponential phase cultures have heterogeneous $\textit{rpoS}$ expression. Combining microfluidics and time-lapse microscopy we reveal multi-generation RpoS activity pulses are responsible for this heterogeneity. We next show that RpoS and growth have stochastic dynamics and are anti-correlated. With a stochastic simulation of chemical reactions coupled to a deterministic cell growth model we show that a mutual inhibition loop between RpoS activity and growth rate is sufficient to capture the observed dynamics. We test our model by performing experimental perturbations and find good agreement between theory and experiment. Next, we demonstrate the functionality of this phenotypic variability by using the microfluidic platform to apply a short, intense period of oxidative stress. By tracking cells prior to the stress and testing for survival after the stress we reveal that $\textit{E. coli}$ prepare for sudden stressful events by entering prolonged periods of slow growth mediated by RpoS. This dynamic phenotype is captured by the RpoS-growth feedback model. Our synthesis of noisy gene expression, growth, and survival paves the way for further exploration of functional phenotypic variability. ; I was generously supported by a PhD Scholarship from Microsoft Research. I also gratefully acknowledge the support provided by my supervisor, James Locke, whose group was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement 338060, a fellowship from the Gatsby Foundation (GAT3272/GLC), and an award from the Human Frontier Science Programme (CDA00068/2012).

Biodiversity encompasses multiple attributes such as the richness and abundance of species (taxonomic diversity), the presence of different evolutionary lineages (phylogenetic diversity), and the variety of growth forms and resource use strategies (functional diversity). These biodiversity attributes do not necessarily relate to each other and may have contrasting effects on ecosystem functioning. However, how they simultaneously influence the provision of multiple ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling (multifunctionality) remains unknown. We evaluated the effects of the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional attributes of dominant (mass ratio effects) and subordinate (richness effect) plant species on the multifunctionality of 123 drylands from six continents. Our results highlight the importance of the phylogenetic and functional attributes of subordinate species as key drivers of multifunctionality. In addition to a higher taxonomic richness, we found that simultaneously increasing the richness of early diverging lineages and the functional redundancy between species increased multifunctionality. In contrast, the richness of most recent evolutionary lineages and the functional and phylogenetic attributes of dominant plant species (mass ratio effects) were weakly correlated with multifunctionality. However, they were important drivers of individual nutrient cycles. By identifying which biodiversity attributes contribute the most to multifunctionality, our results can guide restoration efforts aiming to maximize either multifunctionality or particular nutrient cycles, a critical step to combat dryland desertification worldwide. ; This work was funded by the European Research Council [ERC Grant Agreements 242658 (BIOCOM) and 647038 (BIODESERT)]. F.T.M., M.B., and Y.L.B.-P. are supported by the ERC (BIODESERT). Y.L.B.-P. was also supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship within the European Program Horizon 2020 (DRYFUN Project 656035). S.S. was supported by the Spanish Government under a Ramón y Cajal Contract (RYC-2016-20604). N.G. was supported by the AgreenSkills+fellowship programme, which has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement FP7-609398 (AgreenSkills+ contract). This work was supported by the French government Initiatives d'Excellence–Initiatives Science/Innovation/Territoires/Économie (IDEX-ISITE) initiative 16-IDEX-0001 (CAP 20-25).

###EgeUn### ; From the demand side, the need to build e-Governance capacities and expertise is increasing and requires more and more sophisticated knowledge and competencies to fulfil the stakeholders' needs. The e-Governance profession and skills needs are also becoming more diverse and more specialized. From the supply side, we can also witness a growing interest in the e-Governance learning and programs worldwide at different level. However the programs offered are often not well aligned adapting neither to the government's, nor to the public service needs. The e-Governance curriculum is a key success factor to reduce the gap. It serves as a base of knowledge for a large number of graduates that participate in government digital transformation activities. Within academic and practitioners' communities, there have been constant discussions about the content of the e-Governance curriculum. The objective of this research is to identify and analyse the current situation in e-Governance training worldwide and provide a path forward for future e-Governance program relative curriculum development. For this purpose, the authors applied a systematic secondary data review method to examine the existing e-Governance programs and draw an e-Governance education mapping worldwide. The research establishes the current baseline of e-Governance curricula and describes their fundamental aspects and challenges. Information provided in this article should be valuable to the e-Governance educators and curriculum designers, as well as to the e-Governance practitioners, to better understand the foundational knowledge transmitted to e-Governance graduates. ; Australian Govt, Digital Transformmat Agcy, Royal Melbourne Inst Technol Univ, United Nat Univ, Operating Unit Policy Driven Elect Governance, Huawei Technologies, Deloitte, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, IBM Corp, Springer ; Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (EFDR) [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000037] ; This paper is a result of the project "SmartEGOV: Harnessing EGOV for Smart Governance (Foundations, methods, Tools) / NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000037", supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (EFDR).

The essence of concepts of the «investment», «international investment», «investment abroad» are reviewed in this article. The subjects and objects of foreign investment are defined. The types of investments abroad are submitted. The attention is focused on the direct investment. It is emphasized that the investment is direct if the capital / property rights of a non-resident make not less than ten percent of the authorized capital value of the resident enterprise or non-resident has at least ten percent of the votes in the management of the resident enterprise. It is noted that the direct investments include investments received on the basis of concession agreements and agreements on the joint investment activity; credit resources provided / received within the transactions between the directinvestment enterprise and the direct investor. The structure and dynamics analysis of the direct investments from Ukraine to the European Union countries and other countries is carried out. The patchy trends in the volumes dynamics of such investments during the last years have been revealed. It was determined that most of the investments were made in professional, scientific and technical activities. It is revealed that Ukraine mainly invests in Cyprus. The advantages and disadvantages of foreign investment are determined and the difficulties of its implementation are revealed. The attention is focused on the new system of currency regulation, which will ensure the liberalization of conditions for investing abroad for legal entities and individuals. ; В статье рассмотрено сущность прямых инвестиций в системе понятий, которые определяют особенности инвестирования за границу. Проведен анализ прямых инвестиций из Украины в экономики других стран мира. Определены преимущества и недостатки зарубежного инвестирования и выявлены сложности его осуществления. Сосредоточено внимание на новой системе валютного регулирования, которая обеспечит либерализацию условий инвестирования за границу для юридических и физических лиц. ; У статті розглянуто суть прямих інвестицій у системі понять, які визначають особливості інвестування за кордон. Проведено аналіз прямих інвестицій з України в економіки інших країн світу. Визначено переваги та недоліки закордонного інвестування та виявлено складності його здійснення. Зосереджено увагу на новій системі валютного регулювання, яка забезпечить лібералізацію умов інвестування за кордон для юридичних та фізичних осіб.

This study compares two types of road dam set up by entities representing passenger transport professionals in Ghana and Senegal. Far from appearing in a register competing with that of the legal authorities, the legitimacy of each of these forms of dam is based on the establishment of a proximity to the State, its ideal, its symbolic nature and the officials representing it. However, the comparison of these two cases makes it possible to go even further. In Ghana, this practice has long been regulated by law. In Senegal, however, it is the product of a multitude of informal agreements at city or regional level. This difference provided the Ghanaian entity with more resources to showcase its asaticity, but also made it more vulnerable to changes in the national political environment than its Senegalese counterpart. In this particular case, the a priori most DIY form of etaticity is far from being the most fragile. On the contrary, it appears to be the most sustainable, if not the most stable. ; This study compares two types of roadblocks created by entities representing passenger transport professionals in Ghana and Senegal. Far from competing with the legal authorities, each of these types of roadblock bases their legitimacy on a performance of proximity with the state, its ideal, symbolism and the officials who represent it. By comparing these two cases, however, one may go further. In Ghana, this practice has long been subject to legal supervision. In Senegal, by contrast, it is the result of an array of informal agreements reached at the municipal and regional levels. While this difference confers greater resources upon the Ghanaian entity to stage its proximity with the state, it also makes it more vulnerable than its Senegalese counterpart to changes in the national political conjuncture. In this specific case, what may a priori seem the most fragile performance of the state appears to be the most enduring, if not the most stable. ; This study compares two types of road dam set up by entities representing ...