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Intro -- Biomedical Hegemony and Democracy in South Africa -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Illustrations -- Abbreviations -- Local Words and Expressions -- 1 Prelude: the Globalization of Traditional Knowledge Systems -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definition of Concepts -- 1.3 The International Context of tcam Practices -- 1.4 Different but Complimentary? -- 1.5 Layout of This Work -- 2 Subject Matter, Method and Theoretical Framework -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Choice of Study Area -- 2.3 Methodological and Theoretical Framework -- 2.4 Data Analysis -- 2.5 Ethical Considerations and Reflexivity -- 2.6 Theoretical Framework -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 Traditional Medicine, Colonialism and Apartheid in South Africa -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biomedical Capitalism -- 3.3 Colonialism, Biomedical Hegemony and Alternative Healthcare -- 3.4 The Pre-colonial Era -- 3.5 The Colonial Era -- 3.6 The Post-colonial Era -- 3.7 Conclusion -- 4 Democracy, Witchcraft and Traditional Medicine -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The hiv/aids Policy Context, Traditional Medicine and Democracy -- 4.3 The Lingering Socioeconomic Inequalities of the Apartheid Era -- 4.4 The "Return to Tradition" Policy -- 4.5 Shortages of Human Resources for Health -- 4.6 The Adoption of Democracy and the Promotion of Cultural Rights -- 4.7 Traditional Medicine as Cure and a Curse for hiv/aids -- 4.8 The Preference for Traditional Healers -- 4.9 Biomedical Hegemony? -- 4.10 Conclusion -- 5 The Sociocultural Context of HIV/AIDS in the Eastern Cape Region -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Eastern Cape Region and the Legacy of Apartheid Era Policies -- 5.3 The Sociocultural Context of hiv/aids -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6 The Debate on the Integration of Traditional Medicine into the Mainstream Healthcare Delivery System in South Africa -- 6.1 Introduction.

"What do you need to know to prosper as a people for at least 65,000 years? The First Knowledges series provides a deeper understanding of the expertise and ingenuity of Indigenous Australians. For millennia, Indigenous Australians harvested this continent in ways that can offer contemporary environmental and economic solutions. Bill Gammage and Bruce Pascoe demonstrate how Aboriginal people cultivated the land through manipulation of water flows, vegetation and firestick practice. Not solely hunters and gatherers, the First Australians also farmed and stored food. They employed complex seasonal fire programs that protected Country and animals alike. In doing so, they avoided the killer fires that we fear today. Country: Future Fire, Future Farming highlights the consequences of ignoring this deep history and living in unsustainable ways. It details the remarkable agricultural and land-care techniques of First Nations peoples and shows how such practices are needed now more than ever."--

For ethnobotanists, aspects such as the influence of a plant's accessibility on its frequency of use, consensus among traditional therapists over the relationships between plants and diseases and the degree of fidelity to a plant for a given category of ailments are essential to assess a medicinal tradition, but difficult to interpret. We explored these aspects through a study based on semi-structured interviews with 88 traditional therapists from the Batwa, Havu, Shi and Tembo communities near the montane forests of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, in South Kivu Province in eastern DRC. Our survey showed that 77 plant species are used to treat pathologies grouped into 18 categories of ailments, the most frequent being digestive disorders and infections. Leaves and bark are the parts most frequently used, usually in recipes involving a single plant and mainly prepared as aqueous solutions. Although there is a positive correlation between the accessibility of plants and the frequency of their use (H = 17.64; p < 0.001), some less accessible forest plants have very high use frequencies. Consensus between traditional therapists is high overall, especially for musculo-skeletal disorders (= 0.83) and infections (= 0.80). Although the degree of fidelity to a plant for a given category of ailments is low overall, it is always high for at least one plant in all categories. Our results, although exploratory, suggest that certain medicinal traditions are well rooted in the region's local communities. This assumes a good local knowledge of medicinal plants, intergenerational transmission of that knowledge and a degree of cooperation between traditional therapists. Further studies are needed to assess these different aspects with greater precision. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Ecosystem services from ecosystems have been providing different kinds of goods to people living in and around them. Here, the ecosystem services of the tidal forest in Thailand were investigated using the ethnobotanical research method. A total of 101 informants living around a tidal forest in Rayong Province, Thailand was interviewed using the free-listing technique. Totally, 48 species and 992 uses were recorded. Among these, the highest use value species included Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Garcinia cowa, Melientha suavis, and Nelumbo nucifera. Half of the informants received income from selling plant products which varied from 75 to 4000 USD annually without a significant difference between male and female informants. We found a significant correlation between economic value and the number of use-reports. Most economic species are food plants except one which was weaving material. Gender equality is supported by the ecosystem services since the difference in knowledge and generated income were not observed. Significantly, our results support that economic value is one of the most important factors to promote the recognition of traditional uses of local plants or on the other hand, the service from the ecosystem. Therefore, to conserve the existence of traditional knowledge, efforts from various stakeholders, e.g., the communities and the local and central governments, are required.

In an era of a rapidly shrinking biological resources, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a historic landmark, being the first global agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The CBD is one of the few international agreements in the area of natural resource conservation in which sustainability and equitable benefit-sharing are central concerns. The CBD links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably and sets forth principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. Importantly, the CBD also gives traditional knowledge its due place in the sustainable use of genetic resources. The CBD also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety, in an equitable framework. In the coming years, the CBD is likely to have major repercussions on the way biodiversity is conserved and benefits thereof, shared between the developing and developed worlds. The following commentary on the CBD has drawn heavily from a document produced by Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, at the United Nations Environment Programme. Articles 1 to 21 of the CBD have also been reproduced here in order to disseminate knowledge regarding the principles of the CBD-Editor.

The Rodhi, a traditional cultural practice in Nepal, has lost its native form in recent years. It was popular in the Gurung community in Ghandruk, however, it is being transformed into a modern form popular in restaurants. This decline in native Rodhi is attributed to factors such as globalization, modern entertainment tools, and the shift from agriculture and animal rearing to films and dance bars. The study used qualitative data collection methods and an ethnographic study to analyze the changes in Rodhi culture. Twenty-seven participants were selected for the study, and data was collected through interviews, observations, narratives, discussions, and case studies. The findings revealed that modern entertainment tools, such as films, dance bars, Hindi and English films, hybrid music, and contemporary songs, have diverted the audience and participants from Rodhi's originality to youths. Globalization has led to cultural assimilation, with Gurungs being enlisted in services in Singapore police, Brunei reserve troops, French, British, and Indian armies have less prioritized Rodhi. Globalization encourages immigration, contemporary communication, mass media, overseas employment, cultural assimilation, and shifting traditional occupations. Cultural assimilation due to globalization confined Rodhi to nightclubs, affecting the traditional language and Rodhi culture among the Gurung community of Ghandruk. Cultural assimilation and socio-cultural effects contribute to the declination of traditional knowledge, local culture, and cultural identities like Rodhi. This study has implications for the preservation and promotion of traditional culture, benefiting cultural practitioners, activists, academicians, future researchers, and policymakers.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of figures -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms -- Biographies -- Introduction: COP21 and the "climatisation" of global debates -- 1 Governing through verbs: the practice of negotiating and the making of a new mode of governance -- 2 The necessary and inaccessible 1.5°C objective: a turning point in the relations between climate science and politics? -- 3 The business voice at COP21: the quandaries of a global political ambition -- 4 The ins and outs of climate movement activism at COP21 -- 5 Follow the money: climate philanthropy from Kyoto to Paris -- 6 The partial climatisation of migration, security and conflict -- 7 Climate change, a new "buzzword" for the "perpetual present" of development aid? -- 8 Objectifying traditional knowledge, re-enchanting the struggle against climate change -- 9 The end of fossil fuels? Understanding the partial climatisation of global energy debates -- Index.

Curbing software piracy in ecommerce : compatibility with human rights : challenges and possible solutions / Md. Mahboob Murshed -- Are stronger intellectual property rights an obstacle or a condition for international technology transfer? / Anna Dahlberg -- A case study of the dual citizenship arrangement between Russia and Turkmenistan / Begench Ashirov -- Patent rights and access to medicines : are patents really the only barrier for good health care in developing countries? / Björn Ley -- The disappeared children of El Salvador-a field study of truth, justice and reparation / Christine Lagström -- What is the role of professional and civil society organisations beyond international legal mechanisms of implementing human rights treaties? / Vincents Okechukwu Benjamin -- Traditional knowledge : an analysis of the current international debate applied to the Ecuadorian Amazon context / Ester Almeida -- TRIPS and agricultural biotechnology : implications for the right to food in Africa / Jeannette Mwangi

Attempts to manage natural resources through collaboration rather than competition, by agreements rather than conflict, have become the touchstone for many who see these efforts as the harbinger of global sustainable development. The received wisdom suggests that participatory natural resource management projects work because traditional knowledge of the resources and existing social structures can be utilised to develop more effective strategies for resource use. Participation is a flexible and adaptable concept, which can reflect local circumstances and priorities. The contributors to this volume advise caution as well as optimism for projects conducted in this way. By drawing on the experience of NGOs, national governments and donor sectors as well as academic researchers this volume analyses the theory and practice of participatory natural resource management and demonstrates the value of constructive dialogue between all those involved

This is an examination of the continued dynamics and adaptation of the Phuan ethnic group in Thailand, especially how their customs have changed according to evolving social and environmental conditions. The objective was to understand the factors that have affected the dynamics and adaptation of the group in order to analyse the inheritance of their cultural practices and encourage accurate dissemination of Phuan traditional knowledge. A qualitative research method was used in four Phuan communities from different regions of Thailand. Data was gathered from observations, interviews and documentary research. The findings indicate that there are significant similarities between the cultural adaptations of Phuan people in each of the four areas, although there are also notable regional differences. There are dangers of staged authenticity in the pursuit of cultural conservation, especially through provincial or regional exhibitions. Instead, the researchers recommend a more participatory and organic approach.

Abstract Water is a multidimensional element for the indigenous communities of the Andean highlands. The Kichwa community Fakcha Llakta, of Otavalo, Ecuador has a close relationship with the existing water bodies in their territory. However, traditional knowledge associated with these resources is fading, giving way to new forms of use. The purpose of this research is to reveal the meanings of water for this indigenous community, in order to propose guidelines for sustainable resource management. It is an ethnographic study with a qualitative approach. The information was collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation by the research team, and the gathering of cultural objects. The findings were organized and sub-grouped according to four recurring elements: vital and sacred; diversity of use and value; a threatened natural resource; and the sustainability of water from the ancestral perspective.

Legal protection of batik art owned by local communities cannot be totally implemented in the legal system of intellectual property rights. The implementation of legal awareness by batik artisans in protecting the traditional knowledge and use of legal effort for the protection of intellectual property is still low. This study was conducted to analyze the participation of local people in the protection of intellectual property rights of Cirebon batik. This study employed qualitative research methods. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that Cirebon local government have provided legal counseling on the protection of intellectual property rights yet the participation of batik artisans is still low due to the assumption of batik as communal property. Hence, local regulations are necessarily needed to assure intellectual property rights of Cirebon batik.Keywords: Community Participation, Intellectual Property Rights, Cirebon Batik

In October 2010, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization. One impetus behind the Nagoya Protocol was the mandate to address the unjust impacts—such as the loss of access to resources, exploitation of traditional knowledge, and expropriation of rights to resources—of the global demand for genetic resources on indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs). Using collaborative event ethnography, this article demonstrates the limited nature, scope, and engagement of the ILC justice discourse in the negotiations, despite the supposedly inclusive nature of the CBD. I attribute the constrained discourse in part to the existence of a justice metanorm as evidenced through the emergence of shared meanings and prescriptive status of justice instruments.

Historical collapse of ancient states or civilizations has raised new awareness about its possible relevance to current issues of sustainability, in the context of global change. This Special Feature examines 12 case studies of societies under stress, of which seven suffered severe transformation. Outcomes were complex and unpredictable. Five others overcame breakdown through environmental, political, or socio-cultural resilience, which deserves as much attention as the identification of stressors. Response to environmental crises of the last millennium varied greatly according to place and time but drew from traditional knowledge to evaluate new information or experiment with increasing flexibility, even if modernization or intensification were decentralized and protracted. Longer-term diachronic experience offers insight into how societies have dealt with acute stress, a more instructive perspective for the future than is offered by apocalyptic scenarios.

Historical collapse of ancient states or civilizations has raised new awareness about its possible relevance to current issues of sustainability, in the context of global change. This Special Feature examines 12 case studies of societies under stress, of which seven suffered severe transformation. Outcomes were complex and unpredictable. Five others overcame breakdown through environmental, political, or socio-cultural resilience, which deserves as much attention as the identification of stressors. Response to environmental crises of the last millennium varied greatly according to place and time but drew from traditional knowledge to evaluate new information or experiment with increasing flexibility, even if modernization or intensification were decentralized and protracted. Longer-term diachronic experience offers insight into how societies have dealt with acute stress, a more instructive perspective for the future than is offered by apocalyptic scenarios.