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En 1690 se publicó en Sevilla una estampa alegórica de Joseph Mulder que exalta a la reina Mariana de Austria como protectora de la cristiandad en las islas Marianas. En el archipiélago pacífico, la Compañía de Jesús, apoyada directamente por la exregente, y en paralelo a la difícil pacificación del territorio, llevaba a cabo una ardua labor de evangelización de los indígenas, en la que, desde las perspectivas católicas imperiales, los continuos martirios se desdoblan ideológicamente como títulos de legitimación. A través de un repertorio iconográfico, se subraya cómo la tónica ideológica del suplicio en las Marianas no constituye una excepción en el panorama apostólico de las Indias, porque se revela una interferencia evidente del brazo religioso en la gestión política de la ocupación; sin embargo, la intervención misional se constata enormemente débil en las modalidades de penetración del mensaje católico y en la relación entre los predicadores y los evangelizados.

Le Grand Barbe è un rarissimo opuscolo apparso nelle Valli valdesi nel 1666. All'interno della ricca letteratura politica valdese costituisce la sola testimonianza di irriconciliabile dissenso sorto in seno a una comunità, che proprio dalla singolare coesione aveva tratto le forze per assicurarsi la sopravvivenza e far fronte alle periodiche minacce. La formulazione di un'ipotesi plausibile sull'autore del pamphlet è occasione per comprendere i meccanismi che portarono all'affermazione di una figura carismatica come quella dell'eroe bandito Gianavello, nella quale, malgrado la traumaticità di talune scelte, i valdesi delle Valli sono tuttora inclini a riconoscere il modello dei propri più radicati valori. L'indagine, nondimeno, intende costruire un percorso di riflessione intorno all'assetto politico-religioso che i valdesi si erano dati, nel tentativo di valutare quanto questo microcosmo alpino nel secolo XVII fosse partecipe delle dinamiche che percorrevano il mondo riformato. ; The Grand Barbe is a rare pamphlet appeared in 1666 in Waldesian Valleys. Within the waldesian political literature it constitutes the only evidence of an irreconcilable dissent arose inside a community, that exactly from her cohesion had drawn the strengths to ensure survival and face the periodic threats. The formulation of a plausible hypothesis on the pamphlet's author gives the opportunity to understand the affirmation of a charismatic figure like Gianavello, the bandit hero in whom, despite some traumatic choices, still today Waldensians recognize their core values. Thus, the essay intends to build a path of reflection around the Waldesians political and religious asset, trying to evaluate how this alpine microcosm, with its obvious peculiarity, was involved in the common dynamics of the Reformed world during XVII century. KEYWORDS: Waldensians, Calvinism, Gianavello, Social Banditism.

This article analyzes the length of interstate wars and the process of reaching a mutually acceptable bargaining solution. Rational choice scholarship has mainly sought to explain long wars in terms of commitment problems and private information. This article complements these rational choice perspectives by arguing that causal beliefs – a variable not considered by previous research – can also prolong wars by increasing expectations of battlefield performance and slowing down information updating. It illustrates the role of religiously based causal beliefs with the case of one of the longest interstate wars of modern time, the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–88. Even though commitment problems were present, they do not identify the root cause of Iran's high expected utility of continuing the war, as religiously based causal beliefs played a more prominent role in prolonging the war. Religious causal beliefs constitute a real word mechanism that not only creates different priors about expected military capacity, but also slows down the process of updating beliefs, as battlefield events are not seen as credible information. Although the prevalence of religious conflicts has increased over time, the formation of beliefs and their effects on wars remains understudied when applying rational choice to real world conflicts.

L'article analyse les évènements relatifs à un pèlerinage de commémoration qui se tient sur le Mont Tomorr, accueilli par les Bektashi albanais, où la diversité des voix et des perceptions du mouvement se fait entendre. Les observations ethnographiques reflètent la lutte des communautés religieuses après l'imposition d'une sécularisation radicale dans une société aujourd'hui sortie d'un communisme, mais qui était l'une des plus vigoureusement athée d'Europe. Deux décades après la chute du régime, l'enquête montre les défis liés à la reconstruction d'une communauté religieuse et de la pratique religieuse en général.