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ABSTRACTProtection of sustainable food agriculture land is an efforts in order to control the high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land, as well as food security and sovereignty. In addition, agricultural land has a very strategic role and function for the people of Bogor District who are agrarian because there are a large number of residents of Bogor District who depend on the agricultural sector. This study aims to formulate the strategy of the Bogor District Government through a strategy to control the transformation of sustainable food agricultural land to meet the level of food sufficiency and protect from the rate of land conversion. To achieve these objectives, a review needs to be done to check the availability of agricultural land, with the formulation of Analytical Hierarchy Process for policy development decisionKeywords: agricultural land conversion, agricultural land protection strategy.ABSTRAKPerlindungan lahan pertanian pangan berkelanjutan merupakan salah satu upaya dalam rangka pengendalian terhadap tingginya laju alih fungsi lahan pertanian ke lahan non-pertanian. Serta terkait pula dengan ketahanan dan kedaulatan pangan. Disamping itu, lahan pertanian memiliki peran dan fungsi yang sangat strategis bagi masyarakat Kabupaten Bogor yang bercorak agraris karena terdapat sejumlah besar penduduk Kabupaten Bogor yang menggantungkan hidup pada sektor pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bogor melalui strategi pengendalian alihfungsi lahan pertanian pangan berkelanjutan guna memenuhi tingkat kecukupan pangan dan melindungi dari laju konversi lahan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut maka dilakukan tinjauan terhadap ketersediaan lahan peruntukan pertanian, dengan perumusan Proses Hirarki Analitik untuk keputusan pengembangan kebijakanKata Kunci : alihfungsi lahan pertanian, strategi perlindungan lahan pertanian

Der kleinste gemeinsame Nenner aller Spaces ist es, physische Räume für Menschen mit ähnlichen Interessen zu sein, in denen gemeinschaftlicher Austausch, Arbeit an Projekten und Lernen außerhalb etablierter Institutionen stattfinden können. Neben kulturellen Wurzeln und der grundlegenden Ethik, die diese Organisationen eint, führt der vorliegende Beitrag ein in die lebendige und permanent in Bewegung befindliche (Selbst-)Benennungskultur der verschiedenen Spaces. Im Fokus stehen dabei Hackerspaces, die in den frühen 1990ern in den USA auftauchten und in denen sich Technikinteressierte in mehr oder weniger versteckten "Klublokalen" organisierten, um Wissen auszutauschen und gemeinsame Projekte umzusetzen. Und heute? Sind die Organisationen, die sich aktuell selbst als Hackerspaces, aber auch als Makerspaces, FabLabs, HackLabs, TechShops oder Computer Clubhouses definieren, kommerzielle Einrichtungen oder Non-Profit-Organisationen? Einer Dachorganisation zugehörig oder Einzelkämpfer? Politisch engagiert oder nicht? Der einzige Weg herauszufinden, wofür ein Space steht, so die Autorin des vorliegenden Beitrages, ist, hinzugehen und es herauszufinden. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The least common denominator of all spaces is to be a physical space for people with similar interests in which community exchange, work on projects and learning can take place outside of established institutions. This article introduces the cultural roots and basic ethic that unites these organisations and the vibrant, permanently in motion (self-)defining culture of the different spaces. The focus is on hackerspaces that emerged in the U.S. in the early nineties in which technology fans organised themselves into more or less secret "clubs" to exchange knowledge and carry out joint projects. And today? Are the organisations that define themselves as hackerspaces and also makerspaces, fab labs, hacklabs, tech shops or computer clubhouses commercial entities or non-profit organisations? Do they belong to an umbrella organisation or are they lone wolves? Are they politically active or not? The author of this article concludes that the only way to find out what a space stands for is to go and find out for oneself. (DIPF/Orig.)

none ; 1 ; Authors: Lucey N.M., Lombardi C., Florio M., Rundle S.D., Calosi P., Gambi M.C. ; Low-pH vent systems are ideal natural laboratories to study the consequences of long-term low-pH exposure on marine species and thus identify life-history traits associated with low-pH tolerance. This knowledge can help to inform predictions on which types of species may be less vulnerable in future ocean acidification (OA) scenarios. Accordingly, we investigated how traits of calcifying polychaete species (Serpulidae, Spirorbinae) varied with pH using a functional trait analysis at 2 natural pH gradients around the Castello Aragonese islet off Ischia, Italy. We first observed the distribution and abundance patterns of all calcifying polychaete epiphytes in the canopy of Posidonia oceanica seagrass across these gradients. We then used laboratory trials to compare fecundity, settlement success, and juvenile survival in the dominant species from a control (Pileolaria militaris Claparède, 1870) and a low-pH site (Simplaria sp.). We found significantly higher reproductive output, juvenile settlement rates, and juvenile survival in Simplaria sp. individuals from the low-pH site, compared to P. militaris individuals from control pH sites, when observed in their respective in situ pH conditions. Our results suggest that tolerance to low pH may result, in part, from traits associated with successful reproduction and rapid settlement under low-pH conditions. This finding implies that other species with similar life-history traits may respond similarly, and should be targeted for future OA tolerance research. © Inter-Research 2018. ; none ; 10840/9453 ; Lombardi, C. ; Florio, M.; Lombardi, C.

none ; 1 ; Authors: Bonfà F., Salvatori S., Benedetti M., Introna V., Ubertini S. ; Compressed air is one of the principal means for energy and material transport in today's industries. On average, the incidence of the compressed air systems is around 10% of total energy consumption but in some cases can reach 25%. Nevertheless, there are still no available energy performance benchmarks based on measured industrial data, taking into consideration actual operating conditions, and referred to compressed air production and, most of all, use. In 2015 the Italian transposition of the European Directive 2012/27/EU (i.e. Legislative Decree 102/2014) allowed to require energy audit to large and energy intensive enterprises. First analyses, aimed at developing energy performance indicators, showed some limitations in data collection. For these reasons, a questionnaire has been composed in order to identify the actions to be undertaken, we need to start from "specific" consumption by type of production. In particular, the questionnaire has made possible to identify some necessary actions to develop a rational compressed air production and use management system using measuring systems suitable for monitoring and controlling operations. The survey is aimed at the energetic analysis of the operating conditions of the compressors and their technical characteristics for a sample of companies, selected among those with a compressed air consumption of 5% EE. The present study aims to define a measurement procedure that will ensure the availability of the necessary data for proper benchmarking of energy performance in production and use of compressed air. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; none ; 10840/9334 ; Bonfà, F. ; Bonfà, F.

none ; 4 ; Authors: Ciucci A., D'Elia I., Wagner F., Sander R., Ciancarella L., Zanini G., Schöpp W. ; In recent years several European air pollution policies have been based on a cost-effectiveness approach. In the European Union, the European Commission starts using the multi-pollutant, multi-effect GAINS (Greenhouse Gas Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) model to identify cost-effective National Emission Ceilings and specific emission control measures for each Member State to reach these targets. In this paper, we apply the GAINS methodology to the case of Italy with 20 subnational regions. We present regional results for different approaches to environmental target setting for PM2.5 pollution in the year 2030. We have obtained these results using optimization techniques consistent with those of GAINS-Europe, but at a higher resolution. Our results show that an overall health-impact oriented approach is more cost-effective than setting a nation-wide limit value on ambient air quality, such as the one set for the year 2030 by the European Directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. The health-impact oriented approach implies additional emission control costs of 153 million €/yr on top of the baseline costs, compared to 322 million €/yr for attaining the nation-wide air quality limit. We provide insights into the distribution of costs and benefits for regions within Italy and identify the main beneficiaries of a health-impact approach over a limit-value approach. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. ; none ; 10840/7815 ; Zanini, G.; Ciancarella, L.; D'Elia, I.; Ciucci, A. ; Zanini, G.; Ciancarella, L.; D'Elia, I.; Ciucci, A.

The forms of global political transition contradict each other. The Western leadership of the world seems to be in decline, with the US political and military hegemony being challenged by the rise of China and other emerging powers and with global power structures evolving towards multipolarity. At the same time, however, there are increasing signs of a diffusion of state power. It involves a growing group of non-state actors challenging state power in very different forms and different capacities. This report focuses on the axis of state power considered the most important in terms of its global implications: the relationship between the US and China. This relationship is studied with the aim of assessing how the mutual interdependencies are evolving, and what the goals of the two actors look like in respect of their own global role. The implications of this power transition in the key fields of global governance – also covering the simultaneous diffusion of power to non-state actors – forms another relevant topic under review in the global context. Lastly, the report analyses how the EU contends with these forms of power transition and safeguards its own influence in this changing environment. The project also addresses the international role and influence of one of the northernmost EU members, Finland. It investigates how the changes in the global and regional setting should be understood from the Finnish point of view and how Finland should act in order to consolidate its international role in economic as well as political terms. ; -- Introduction -- The changing international system -- The EU in the context of the changing global order -- The changing international system: implications for Finland

Republic of Mauritius. Findings would encourage wider e-participation and e-inclusion into policy-making from all segments of the population. Methodology: A stratified random sample of 310 users and non-users of e-government was used. Logistic regression was estimated. The non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the Nagelkerke R2 of 0.538 imply that the logit model is useful in predicting the e-government divide. Main Findings: The classification table shows 81% correct classification. All Wald Chi-Square statistics are reported. This research reveals that marital status and gender do not predict the e-government divide. Age (p<0.01), education (p<0.001), middle income range (p<0.05), dwellership (p<0.01) and public sector employment (p<0.05) affect a citizen's decision to adopt e-government. The massive investments in e-government initiatives cannot be justified as these have not catered for universal coverage. Young citizens are 20 times more likely than old citizens to adopt e-government. Implications/Applications: The tendency to use e-government increases as more education is acquired. Rural dwellership almost triples the odds of e-government adoption although these citizens are less educated than their urban counterparts. Public sector employees are 3.6 times more likely to use government websites than the self-employed. Monthly income earners of Rs 20001 to Rs 35000 are 3.3 times more likely to use e-government services than those earning up to Rs 10000. This study is ground-breaking and challenges the belief that rural dwellers are marginalized and reinforces the importance of education within the theoretical framework of the e-government divide.

International audience ; We propose to carry out a chronological overview of homosexuality's representation, both female and male, in Portuguese cinema. Given the peripheral situation of Portugal, its cinema will be, throughout the 20th century, poor in number of productions. While the cinema of the 1920s opened a breach in the representation of homosexual characters, the dictatorship of the Estado Novo will be radical in this matter, censoring any representation of non-normative sexualities on screen. It was not until the end of Estado Novo and the cultural effervescence of the Noite, the Portuguese Movida, that a queer cinematography emerged, quickly taken aback by political tensions and the emergence of AIDS. Consequently, the representativeness of queers will be dependent on political and social changes, with notable advances from the 2000s. ; Nous nous proposons d'effectuer un balayage diachronique de la représentation de l'homosexualité, tant féminine que masculine, dans le cinéma portugais. Étant donné la situation périphérique du Portugal et de son 7 e art, son cinéma sera, durant tout le XX e siècle, pauvre en nombre de productions. Alors que le cinéma des années 1920 ouvrait une brèche en ce qui concerne la figuration de personnages homosexuels, la dictature de l'État Nouveau sera radicale en la matière, censurant toute représentation des sexualités non normatives à l'écran. Il faudra donc attendre la Révolution des OEillets et l'effervescence culturelle de la Noite lisboète pour que pointe une cinématographie queer, rapidement prise de cours par les tensions politiques et l'apparition du SIDA. Dès lors, la représentativité des queers sera tributaire des changements d'ordre politique et sociaux, avec des avancées notables à partir des années 2000.

Background: Pressures to keep immigration rates at relatively high levels are likely to persist in most developed countries. At the same time, immigrant cohorts are becoming more and more diverse, leading host societies to become increasingly heterogeneous across multiple dimensions. For scholars who study demographic or socio-economic behaviours, the need to account for ethno-cultural "super-diversity" brings new challenges. Objective: The main objective of this paper is to present a framework for the prospective analysis of super-diversity in several high immigration countries. Methods: We developed microsimulation models that simultaneously project several population dimensions for Canada, the United States and countries of the European Union, with the aim of studying the consequences of alternate future population and migration trends. Results: The paper presents the projected progression of three indicators of diversity: percentage of foreign-born population, percentage of the population using a non-official language at home and percentage of non-Christians. It also examines the projected changes in the labour force by education levels and language. Using alternative scenarios, we also show that the proportion of highly educated in the US and EU28 labour force could increase by 11 and 15 percentage points respectively if future immigrants were selected as in Canada. Finally, the paper proposes a new longitudinal indicator that counts the number of years lived as active and inactive over the life course for foreign- and native-born cohorts. Contribution: The microsimulation models provide much more informative results than more traditional cohort-component models to study the future effects of ethno-cultural super-diversity on high immigration countries.

Developing administrative and financial mechanisms to achieve transparency and compliance with legal frameworks related to mine operation and closure is a major challenge. Ensuring the appropriate level of disclosure, transparency, and accountability of all compliant and non-compliant parties, and accessibility of this information to external interested parties is a cornerstone of achieving a well-governed minerals sector. This research investigates mining company voluntary environmental disclosures in Zambia as an indicator of how the EITI (Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative) may or may not achieve transparency and accountability. Our research findings drew on three sources: literature review, qualitative primary data with EITI and government officials and content analysis to compare public environmental reporting via company websites of a total of 27 mining companies operating in Zambia. Our analysis found that non-EITI and EITI selected companies disclose similar provisions for environmental liabilities at country, subsidiary, or multinational level. While EITI compliance may improve the environmental financial disclosure by mining companies, the detail and specificity of the voluntarily disclosed information is insufficiently transparent to third parties investigating whether governments and companies are compliant with the law in terms of environmental and governance considerations. We propose solutions to achieve transparency in practice by linking aggregated international voluntary initiatives (akin to the EITI) with mandatory jurisdiction-level reforms in mining financial securities and mine closure legislation accounted at the tenement level that is publicly available. Such reforms enable both independent accounting of financial transactions and improved national capacity for minerals sector governance that attracts international investment and incentivises an innovative, environmentally sustainable, and an economically beneficial mining industry. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

There are good reasons to legally regulate drugs markets, rather than persist with efforts to ban all non-medical uses of psychoactive substances. Regulated cannabis and coca markets are already a reality in several countries, with more likely to follow. But ignoring or denying that such policy shifts contravene certain obligations under the UN drug control treaties is untenable and risks undermining basic principles of international law. States enacting cannabis regulation must find a way to align their reforms with their international obligations. Reaching a new global consensus to amend the UN drug control conventions so as to accommodate cannabis regulation is not feasible for the foreseeable future, and the options that do not require consensus are limited. For countries choosing to regulate cannabis, notwithstanding the drug treaty provisions intended to disallow such a step, a proactive way forward would combine: (1) providing evidence of the ineffectiveness and negative consequences of the prohibitionist approach; (2) underscoring the inconsistencies and historical errors embedded in the treaty regime, and the political and procedural obstacles to its modernization; (3) explaining the shift to regulation with arguments of citizens' health and safety, and justifying it with an appeal to human rights obligations; (4) acknowledging that regulation contravenes certain drug treaty provisions and arguing that a limited period of 'respectful non-compliance' is unavoidable; and (5) preparing to resolve the legal conflict by submitting new reservations or by elaborating a new agreement among like-minded countries on the basis of the inter se procedure for treaty modification, as provided by Article 41 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

Introduction. The article examines the current state of development of communicative competence of future military conductors as a component of their professional skills. Purpose. The author's definition of the «military conductor's communicative competence» was first formulated as a complex integrative entity, i.e. a combination of musical and professional knowledge, skills and abilities, professionally important personal qualities and the ability to verbal communication and non-verbal contacts using expressive means of conducting while solving creatively professional tasks. The structure of this notion consisting of personality-communicative and musical-communicative components, and their content is determined.Results. Personality-communicative component includes communicative skills and abilities of verbal and non-verbal communication related to the influence on the personality and the collective (didactic, organizational, constructive, and communicative ones, communication management techniques). The musical-communicative component is manifested through the ability to organize collective creative activity at the rehearsals of the military brass band, concert performances with the help of expressive means of conducting language. Conditions and ways of development of future military conductors' communicative competence in the process of their professional training are analyzed.Conclusions. The development of future military conductors' communicative competence is a purposeful, systematic and continuous process in the context of improving their professional skills, which is conditioned by the considered didactic conditions and the search for appropriate ways of preparing for professional activity during the educational period. The state of the problem being investigated requires further scientific research, namely to design the methods of the future military conductors' communicative competence development during their internship in the troops. ; Анотація. У статті розглядається сучасний стан розвитку ...

There are good reasons to legally regulate drugs markets, rather than persist with efforts to ban all non-medical uses of psychoactive substances. Regulated cannabis and coca markets are already a reality in several countries, with more likely to follow. But ignoring or denying that such policy shifts contravene certain obligations under the UN drug control treaties is untenable and risks undermining basic principles of international law. States enacting cannabis regulation must find a way to align their reforms with their international obligations. Reaching a new global consensus to amend the UN drug control conventions so as to accommodate cannabis regulation is not feasible for the foreseeable future, and the options that do not require consensus are limited. For countries choosing to regulate cannabis, notwithstanding the drug treaty provisions intended to disallow such a step, a proactive way forward would combine: (1) providing evidence of the ineffectiveness and negative consequences of the prohibitionist approach; (2) underscoring the inconsistencies and historical errors embedded in the treaty regime, and the political and procedural obstacles to its modernization; (3) explaining the shift to regulation with arguments of citizens' health and safety, and justifying it with an appeal to human rights obligations; (4) acknowledging that regulation contravenes certain drug treaty provisions and arguing that a limited period of 'respectful non-compliance' is unavoidable; and 5) preparing to resolve the legal conflict by submitting new reservations or by elaborating a new agreement among like-minded countries on the basis of the inter se procedure for treaty modification, as provided by Article 41 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

Introduction:Knowledge regarding snakes and snake bites is important to reduce the incidence and complications following snake bites which are fairly common in tea gardens areas of Darjeeling.Objectives:The present study attempts to determine if the residents of the Kiran Chandra Tea Estate could identify the common snakes in their area, identify differences between poisonous and non poisonous snakes from their bites and to find out the usual practices regarding snake bite management in the study population.Materials and methods:: This descriptive study with cross sectional design was conducted in a convenience sample of 53 participants during May 2018 among the tribal population in Kiran Chandra Tea Estate using a Researcher Administered Questionnaire. Collected data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results:Among the 53 participants, 21 (39.6%) were Illiterate and the majority 40 (75.5%), were garden workers. The maximum number of participants 28 (52.8%) belonged to the above 40 years age group. Regarding identification of snake bite, 37.7% could not identify the signs and symptoms of poisonous snake bites. Only 26.4% were able to differentiate a poisonous snake bite from a non poisonous one. Fifty (94%) people thought application of a tourniquet proximal to the bite was important as First Aid. All the participants preferred using the snake stone immediately after the bite. Almost 60% preferred native / ayurvedic treatment over government hospitals.Conclusion:There is a paucity of knowledge on snake bites and its first aid management. A large section of the tribal community in the Kiran Chandra Tea Estate still prefer traditional methods of snake bite management instead of government facilities.

This is a review of maternal mortality risk due to preference of non skilled health worker delivery assistance among 9 ethnics applying gender analysis. Data obtained from 9 ethnograpic studies reports conducted by Pusat Humaniora. Estimation of maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Indonesia is between 305 (Supas) – 359 (Susenas) per 100.000 live birth. There is no single cause of maternal death. The greatest contributors 75% are due to direct cause namely bleeding, infection, hypertension, delivery complication and unsafe abortion. Government intervention prioritizes to prevent direct cause of maternal death through health service delivery improvement. Among them are midwives in village, PONEK, PONED. However MMR is still high. Social factors as Indirect causes such as poverty, distance, information, inadequate service and culture have not yet considered as important. In fact contribution of social factors cannot be neglected. This review explores gender dynamics of preferences on non skilled health worker delivery assistance from 9 ethnic in Sumatra, Jawa and NTT. The results showed each ethinc had different gender dynamics. Among which are gender relation in each culture. Some ethnic shows gender equity, while others believe woman have full responsibility of her pregnancy and delivery without assistance from others. Powerlessness of woman is indicated by preference of traditional birth attendant for delivery due to culture and comfort. Even the pregnant women herself did not aware that delivery is a life risk. However the studies showed there is no sharp inequity with strong preference to boy over girl. Accessibility, education, comfort perceived culture, and economy are important for delivery assisted by health providers.