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Independent Agencies in the United States provides a full-length study of the structure and workings of federal independent regulatory agencies in the US, focusing on traditional multi-member agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the National Labor Relations Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission. It recognizes that the changing kaleidoscope of modern life has led Congress to create innovative and idiosyncratic administrative structures including government corporations, government sponsored enterprises governance, public-private partnerships, systems for "contracting out," self-regulation and incorporation by reference of private standards. In the process, Breger and Edles analyze the general conflict between political accountability and agency independence. They provide a unique comparative review of the internal operations of US agencies and offer contrasts between US, EU, and certain UK independent agencies. Included is a first-of-its-kind appendix describing the powers and procedures of the more than 35 independent US federal agencies, with each supplemented by a selective bibliography. ; https://scholarship.law.edu/fac_books/1000/thumbnail.jpg

Анализируется документальный комплекс, освещающий историю формирования и становления номенклатурных кадров и государственных структур в Республике Бурятии. Для полноценного осмысления и совершенствования путей государственного строительства необходимо учитывать исторический опыт становления и развития органов государственной власти различных уровней и органов местного самоуправления. Получению определенных результатов способствует использование проблемного и сравнительного методов исследования. Особое внимание уделено видовой классификации архивных документов, хранящихся в государственных хранилищах Иркутской области, Республики Бурятии, Забайкальского края. ; The article analyzes a documentary complex covering the formation history of nomenclature personnel and government institutions in the Republic of Buryatia. Complete understanding and improvement of government organization methods require the consideration of the historical experience of formation and development of public authorities of different levels and local authorities. Problem and comparative research methods contribute to the obtaining of certain results. Particular attention is paid to the specific classification of archival documents that are stored in public archives of the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Buryatia and Trans-Baikal region.

This paper examines the current financial crisis and the various tax-and-spend policies that affect the governments deficit-reduction strategy. The theory surrounding this is the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem, as set out by Robert Barro. The data is from various government sources between 1979 and 2017 and used in regression analysis and comparative cash analysis. The results indicate that, whilst tax and net public spending have contributed materially to levels of net borrowing and budget deficits, the most controversial issue of VAT has very little impact. The findings show that the underpinning theory does not hold in the UK under normal boom-and-bust circumstances but that this unusual financial crisis might prove the exception to the rule. The conclusion from all of the regressions run show that the key driver to reducing the deficit is economic growth, counteracting the major political parties traditional views of spending cuts or tax-and-spend policies.

From the outset in the mid-1980s the international response to HIV/AIDS has been characterised by an emphasis on the human rights aspects of the pandemic, and on recognition of the pivotal role of civil society actors (CSOs). But how the rights-based conception of HIV/AIDS and the international legitimation of CSOs play out at the local level depends not only on the vertical coordination between global and local levels but also on government-CSO relations and the understanding of the pandemic in individual countries. South Africa and Cambodia provide comparative examples of 'glocalised' responses to HIV/AIDS. Both countries were among the hardest hit in their respective regions. But, while the South African government was slow to acknowledge the severity of epidemic, the Cambodian leadership quickly initiated a comprehensive response to it. The two cases illustrate how opportunity structures at the international and national levels created different local responses to HIV/AIDS, with significant consequences for the epidemic over time. Adapted from the source document.

Рассмотрены различные, с точки зрения функционального наполнения, виды систем электронного документооборота, представленных на российском рынке программного обеспечения. Выделены особенности делопроизводства муниципальных органов власти. Некоторые системы позиционируются разработчиками как инструмент автоматизации документооборота в органах власти и управления. Приводится анализ функционального наполнения этих систем. Выбор системы электронного документооборота представляет сложную задачу, поэтому большую практическую ценность имеет формализованный подход к сравнительному анализу функционального наполнения систем электронного документооборота на основе количественных показателей. ; It is considered different classes of electronic document management systems from functionality viewpoint which are represented on the Russian software market. Special features of records management in local government bodies were highlighted. Some systems are positioned by their developers as an instrument of documents circulation automation in government bodies. Analysis of functionality of the electronic document management systems is given. To select an appropriate system is a complex problem thus a great practical value has the formalized approach to comparative analysis of functionality of electronic document management systems based on quantitative indicators.

Проанализировано регулирование вливания финансовых ресурсов в особые экономические зоны на территории РФ. На основе норм права выделены механизмы государственной финансовой поддержки предпринимателей-резидентов ОЭЗ РФ. Выявлены положительные моменты инвестирования государственного капитала на создание, функционирование и развитие ОЭЗ. Обозначены основные проблемы эффективности использования денежных средств, причины препятствий получения резидентами ОЭЗ различных форм поддержки. Разработаны предложения по устранению указанных недостатков. ; State financing and governments support in the special economic zones on the territory of the russian federation. The article presents the comparative analysis of regulation funding into the special economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation. The author allocated mechanisms governments support for residents in SEZ on the basis of rules of law; searched of the positive moments of investing state capital on the creation, operation and development of SEZ; defined the problems of using to finance, the reasons of interception to receive the different form of supports by residents SEZ. Suggestion for removal of faults was devised.

Relative to their economic sizes, structures and linkages, the bilateral relationship between Canada and India is too small. Trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows are gradually increasing within such sectors as finance, energy, power and environmental services, agriculture and information technology (IT) services. Two channels are identified to expand this economic footprint: deeper linkages among bilateral business groups to reduce Canadians' transactions costs relative to those in the United States (US) market; and improved market access for India's competitive low-cost producers. Governments, which focus primarily on incremental improvements, should elevate the bilateral relationship to a strategic level with the negotiation of a free trade agreement (FTA). Although each government prefers the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the venue for liberalising agricultural trade, it is argued that a services-only FTA would yield mutual gains by removing many of the restrictions affecting both domestic markets and foreign entrants in the two countries revealed by the comparative analysis in this paper.

This study focuses on the effect of public funding on internal R&D investment and on total innovation intensity on a cross-country comparative level. Using harmonised micro data from five different countries, this study analyzes the heterogeneity of the use of policy instruments. Applying a nonparametric matching method to identify the treatment effect, we find that on average firms would have invested significantly less if they would not have received subsidies. On similar grounds, our estimation also takes into account the 'treatment effects on the untreated'. This estimation enables us to assess whether or not governments could further foster R&D activities by extending innovation policies to currently not supported firms. With the exception of one country, all the governments of the sample would benefit from an extension of their subsidy policies. Finally, these two matching results can be combined in order to test for misallocation of public funds. Our analysis does not uncover any systematic misallocation of public funding for the countries under review.

Klep, Christ, Somalië, Rwanda, Srebrenica. De nasleep van drie ontspoorde vredesmissies (Dissertatie Utrecht 2008; Amsterdam: Boom, 2008, 385 blz., ISBN 978 90 8506 668 2).ResponseThe validity of my comparative approach (Somalia-Rwanda-Srebrenica) still stands, in my opinion. At the level of political responsibility and the process of coming to terms with events, the similarities are stronger than the differences. My estimation that the Inquiry reports were 'hijacked' by almost all of the stakeholders involved (especially the Canadian, Belgian and Dutch governments) is more of a matter of fact and a political reality than a reproach that ought to have legal implications. Finally, the question of how far the three governments that were involved learned lessons from the three affairs is difficult to answer. Was it not also the wider developments (for example, the switch from the 'blue' missions to the more robust 'green' missions) that compelled the lessons to be drawn out? This response is part of the discussion forum 'Somalië, Rwanda, Srebrenica' (Christ Klep).

This article presents a comparative analysis of the determinants, sustenance and broader macroeconomic consequences of the ultimately unsustainable housing boom in Ireland and the UK in recent years. It examines, in particular, the role played by ostensibly depoliticised monetary policy in both contexts in the development of a house price bubble that has served to fuel consumer-led growth. It assesses the viability, sustainability and reproducibility of the private debt-financed consumer boom that house price inflation has generated. In the process it draws attention to the increasingly differentiated character of both government inflationary preferences and counter-inflationary performance—with the shift to official measures of inflation that exclude mortgage interest repayments and, in the UK at least, to the covert re-politicisation of monetary policy. It concludes by suggesting that governments may well not have time-inconsistent inflationary preferences so much as sectorally specific inflationary preferences. This might be summarised in terms of the aphorism: 'retail price inflation bad, house price inflation good'.

This edited volume brings together researchers from the ESRC Devolution and Constitutional Change programme, whose projects examined Northern Ireland either exclusively or as part of a comparative project, and other established experts in the field. The book aims to assess the Northern Ireland experience from four key perspectives. First, it considers the inextricable link between devolution and constitutional developments, to which Bogdanor refers. Second, it examines how the main political parties responded to devolution and the major challenges faced by society in moving beyond conflict (such as political symbolism, the role of women, equality and human rights issues). Third, it attempts to assess some of the outworkings of devolved government in its short-lived form or those seeded in devolution and carried on by direct rule ministers. Finally, Northern Ireland devolved government and associated institutions are located within the wider relationships with Westminster, the Republic of Ireland and Europe. The specific contributions of authors are considered in more detail.

This article discusses two crucial devices for governmental control of the parliamentary agenda in Germany from the point of view of comparative politics. The vote of confidence procedure makes a contested policy an up-or-down proposal by linking it to the continuity of government, whereas the Gesetzgebungsnotstand gives government a last-offer privilege on a bill. The peculiarities of constitutional norms & political practice of the German procedures are singled out vis-a-vis the expectations assumed by internationally applicable standard rational choice models. It turns out the empirical German-style rules of the devices do not meet requirements being considered important for models to work. In contrast to most other parliamentary democracies, the German design makes the two instruments useful only under very special conditions, which explains why the Gesetzgebungsnotstand has never been used so far & the vote of confidence to control the agenda only on one occasion. Tables, Figures. Adapted from the source document.

The U.S. has been described as an "uninteresting laggard" in comparative public management policy. The passage of the Homeland Security Act in 2002 demands a reevaluation of this label. The Act created the Department of Homeland Security, but also marked a dramatic shift toward greater public personnel flexibility, both for the new Department and the entire federal government. It is tempting to suggest that the Act is an effort to "catch up" with the New Public Management benchmark countries. However, such an argument is overly simplistic and misleading. This article argues that the Act represents a triumph of a preexisting management agenda that was successfully tied to the issue of security during a political window of opportunity. The management agenda of the Bush administration pursues many of the concerns of the Clinton era, but does so with a more top‐down and centralized interpretation of flexibility, reflecting an executive‐centered philosophy toward government and a willingness to tackle the dominant stakeholder in this area, public service unions.