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Awareness of the potential impact of emigration on the sending country has been increasing in Latin America during the 1970s. Colombia is the first country in Latin America with high emigration rates that has begun to develop a systematic immigration policy. The policy consists of programs aimed at retaining potential emigrants, channelling and regularizing migratory flows, and providing assistance to migrant workers and their families. This article discusses the context and application of these programs.

After surveying the historical and legal background of the return migration to Israel, the empirical investigation reported in this paper—based on a random sample of Israeli citizens who returned during 1970 from the U.S., Canada, and France—addressed itself to the subject of motivations to migrate. The analysis has shown that the attraction that Israel has for its citizens residing abroad is primarily associated with patriotic commitments and family ties, whereas forces pushing people from other countries play only a minor role in return migration to Israel. The Israeli Government plan of granting special economic benefits to returnees during 1968–1970 did not achieve its designated purpose.

This is a primer review of international migration theory and international migration from Bangladesh. We first present a review of the theory of international migration. Regarding international migration from Bangladesh, we note that by the middle of 2020, about 7.4 million people of Bangladesh origin were staying overseas, the sixth-largest worldwide and second-largest in South Asia. Yet there are concerns about illegal human trafficking and smuggling of undocumented workers. Recently there has been the COVID-19 pandemic, starting from the end of 2019 to date. Bangladesh international migration ground realities are often uncertain and challenging, with new situations emerging now and then in many different host countries. In summary, we argue that recent models of migration theory (circular, onward and return migration models) have successfully incorporated issues of international migration from large source countries, such as Bangladesh.
Social Science Review, Vol. 38(2), December 2021 Page 51-69

AbstractWe show the impact of migration type on real wages over time. We create a migration and earnings history from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth over the period 1979–2002. We estimate the effects of primary, onward, and two types of return migration on real wages using a panel data model with individual, location, and time fixed effects. Panel data are well suited for the study of the returns to U.S. internal migration because the influence of migration on wages has been found to occur years after the event. We differentiate return migration into two types: return to a location with ties that form a geographical anchor ("home") and return to a prior place of work. We find that real wage growth varies by migration type. Education attainment is a significant factor in real wage growth. Our results show that onward migration is an important channel by which the monetary rewards to a college education are manifested.