Suchergebnisse

Scholars and policy makers have long assumed that trade and financial liberalization encourages developing countries to become more democratic; yet no one has developed formal hypotheses about the causal relationship between globalization and democracy. This article shows that these two trends are indeed related, but not necessarily in the direct manner that has commonly been postulated. Combining theories of embedded liberalism and conflict‐based theories of democracy, the model presented here depicts the process that affects decisions to strengthen democracy as trade and capital flows increase. I argue that increasing exposure to international export and financial markets leads to improvements in democracy if safety nets are used simultaneously as a strategy for providing stability and building political support. Empirical evidence is provided by econometric analysis covering 59 developing countries for the time period 1972–97.

THE DEMOCRATIC POTENTIAL OF ICT SUCH AS INTERNET IS OFTEN LINKED WITH ACCESS TO INFORMATION, TRANSPARENCY, AND OPEN DISCUSSION, ALL OF WHICH ARE NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR DEMOCRACY. THERE IS A CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY THAT IGNORES PROCESSES OF POLITICAL MANAGEMENT AND SOCIETAL LOGICS THAT ARE NOT DEMOCRATIC. DEMOCRACY AND ICT MUST BE CONSIDERED AT THE SAME TIME. TO DO THIS, THE ARTICLE IDENTIFIES FOUR FLAWS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY AND SUGGESTS TWO WAYS OF USING ICT.

It is often maintained that democracy is a luxury that comes at a price in terms of subsequent slower increases in national living standards. However, various recent cross-sectional studies on economic growth have found evidence that lack of civil & political liberties is negatively correlated with economic growth. Here, using a new measure of democracy based on the number of years that a country can be regarded as a democracy, the robustness of this relationship is examined using data from several statistical sources, 1961-1992, for 110 countries. Both direct & indirect effects of lack of democratic liberties are analyzed, & it is concluded that the relationship between democracy & economic growth is not robust. 5 Tables, 1 Appendix, 47 References. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Problem of Political Attachments in the American Founding -- 3. Utility, Union, and the Attachment of Self-Interest -- 4. Forging Attachments through Historical Narrative -- 5. Parties, Participation, and the Natural Attachments of Direct Democracy -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- Index -- Back Cover.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. The Galveston Plan -- 2. The Texas Idea -- 3. The Des Moines Plan -- 4. The Diffusion of a Progressive Idea -- 5. Direct Democracy, At-Large Election, and the Short Ballot -- 6. Structural Weaknesses and Unmet Goals -- 7. A Transition Role -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index

This book examines the translation of minority language ballots and voter accommodation in state and local elections. It includes a focus on the translation of direct democracy measures as well as the cause and effect differences in the translated ballots, and offers insight into how jurisdictions interact with federally mandated language assistance.

THE AUTHOR ARGUES THAT THE FEDERALISTS BELIEVED THAT THE PURPOSE OF REPRESENTATION WAS TO IMPROVE UPON DIRECT DEMOCRACY BY REFINING THE INTERESTS AND OPINIONS OF THE PEOPLE. THE VIEWS OF TWO ANTI-FEDERALISTS, MELANCTON SMITH AND RICHARD LEE HENRY, ARE ANALYZED ALONG WITH THE FEDERALIST VIEWS OF HAMILTON AND MADISON, ON REPRESENTATION.

Since the 2016 US presidential election, the deliberate spread of misinformation online, and on social media in particular, has generated extraordinary concern, in large part because of its potential effects on public opinion, political polarization, and ultimately democratic decision making. Recently, however, a handful of papers have argued that both the prevalence and consumption of "fake news" per se is extremely low compared with other types of news and news-relevant content. Although neither prevalence nor consumption is a direct measure of influence, this work suggests that proper understanding of misinformation and its effects requires a much broader view of the problem, encompassing biased and misleading—but not necessarily factually incorrect—information that is routinely produced or amplified by mainstream news organizations. In this paper, we propose an ambitious collective research agenda to measure the origins, nature, and prevalence of misinformation, broadly construed, as well as its impact on democracy. We also sketch out some illustrative examples of completed, ongoing, or planned research projects that contribute to this agenda.

Despite all the efforts after twenty years, Albania is still considered a transitional government or hybrid regime (Freedom House, 2013). Direct participation of citizens in decision making through referendums is a tool to raise the level of public awareness and encourage critical debate of local community concerns among different actors of the society. Local referendums have the advantage to increase critical mass debate about the concern question raised. However, it is often argued that referendums are problematic because they weaken representative democracy. The notion of referendum implies the coexistence of representative institutions such as local councils and the procedures for the intervention of direct participation of the citizens. Seeing the fact that our representatives are far from representing citizens interests and also the fact of the citizens' apathy, this paper argues that local referendums help to develop local democracy, promoting direct participation and human rights values.

Despite all the efforts after twenty years, Albania is still considered a transitional government or hybrid regime (Freedom House, 2013). Direct participation of citizens in decision making through referendums is a tool to raise the level of public awareness and encourage critical debate of local community concerns among different actors of the society. Local referendums have the advantage to increase critical mass debate about the concern question raised. However, it is often argued that referendums are problematic because they weaken representative democracy. The notion of referendum implies the coexistence of representative institutions such as local councils and the procedures for the intervention of direct participation of the citizens. Seeing the fact that our representatives are far from representing citizens interests and also the fact of the citizens' apathy, this paper argues that local referendums help to develop local democracy, promoting direct participation and human rights values.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V3201411602

Indonesia as a democratic country has entered the era of the millennium in the implementation of general elections simultaneously, it is necessary to utilize computer technology using the Electronic-Voting (E-Voting) method. Several regions in Indonesia have used the E-Voting method as a means of democracy which is applied at the hamlet and village head election levels. Village Head election policy with E-Voting as a new means of democracy through a touch of the monitor screen and E-Verification through voters' E-KTP. For example: Pemalang Regency (Ujunggede Village), Jembrana Regency in Bali (Mendoyo Dangin Tukad Village). Elections through e-voting must be designed as best as possible to realize the principles of direct elections, namely direct, general, free, secret (overflow) and honest and fair (fair) in direct elections. Electronic voting systems (e-voting) must be taken seriously and ensure transparency, certainty, security, accountability, and accuracy. In addition to technology readiness, of course, it must be supported by the readiness of the community in implementing this e-voting system in the future. The government's unpreparedness and lack of socialization of e-voting can also be a factor triggering failure in implementing this system.