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The Coronavirus pandemic since March 2020 has prompted the UGCC, like other denominations, to use online means because the Government of Ukraine imposed restrictions on religious buildings during the strict quarantine. The main purpose of the article is to consider a number of the UGCC information interaction forms in the social context. Using the method of analysis, it was stated that as of the beginning of 2021, in the Greek Catholic media in Ukraine, there is a small share of printed periodicals, which, according to experts, need quality content. Instead, in recent years the official resources of the Church have begun to develop in various formats. The application of the content analysis method and also the monitoring method helped to briefly highlight how high-quality media in Ukraine represent the UGCC in the days of the pandemic, including through interviews with iconic figures in the religious sphere. The result of the research in the article was to determine the forms of the UGCC information interaction in the social context at two levels – all-Ukrainian and local. It was noted that at the first level, the leading role was played by the main official media resources of the UGCC, in particular, the Zhyve TV project, which is also supported by national channels. They broadcast liturgies in the hard phase of the pandemic. At the local level, parishes (small church units in the Church) have become centers for engaging believers in the network through various online tools. Pages on social networks of priests from different parishes, Youtube projects of parish priests, monks from different communities, etc. are new forms of information interaction of the Church in the pandemic era, which are also considered in this article. The experience of the Catholic Church media activity in Italy and Poland in the hard phase of Coronavirus is also briefly presented, and the work of such activity in the article is compared with the forms of the UGCC information interaction. After the possible end of the Coronavirus pandemic, many interesting topics will arise to study the phenomenon of media activity of the UGCC and other denominations in connection with global religious and cultural processes in the world as a whole before researchers from various fields – journalists, theologians, divines, sociologists and others. ; Пандемія коронавірусу з березня 2020 року спонукала УГКЦ, як і інші конфесії, використовувати засоби онлайну через те, що Урядом України під час жорсткого карантину було встановлено обмеження для перебування у культових спорудах. Основною метою статті є розгляд низки форм інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ у суспільному контексті. Із допомогою методу аналізу констатовано, що станом на початок 2021 року в греко-католицьких ЗМІ в Україні є мала частка друкованих періодичних видань, які, на переконання експертів, потребують якісного наповнення. Натомість офіційні ресурси Церкви почали за останні роки свій розвиток у різних форматах. Застосування методу контент-аналізу, а також методу моніторингу допомогло стисло висвітлити те, як якісні ЗМІ в Україні представляють УГКЦ у добу пандемії, у тому числі з допомогою інтерв'ю зі знаковими постатями в релігійній сфері. Результатом дослідження у статті стало визначення форм інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ у суспільному контексті на двох рівнях – загальноукраїнському й місцевому. Зауважено, що на першому рівні провідну роль відіграли основні офіційні медіаресурси УГКЦ, зокрема, проєкт «Живе телебачення», підтриманий також національними каналами. Вони транслювали літургії в жорстку фазу пандемії. На місцевому рівні парафії (малі церковні одиниці в Церкві) стали осередками залучення вірян у мережу з допомогою різних онлайн-інструментів. Сторінки в соціальних мережах священнослужителів із різних парафій, проєкти на Youtube парафіяльних священників, монахів із різних спільнот тощо – це нові форми інформаційної взаємодії Церкви в добу пандемії, які також розглянуто в пропонованому дослідженні. Стисло представлено досвід медійної діяльності Католицької Церкви в Італії та Польщі в жорстку фазу коронавірусу, напрацювання такої діяльності в статті порівняно з формами інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ. Перед дослідниками із різних сфер – журналістикознавцями, релігієзнавцями, богословами, соціологами та ін. – після можливого закінчення пандемії коронавірусу виникне низка цікавих тем для вивчення феномену медійної діяльності УГКЦ та інших конфесій у взаємозв'язку із глобальними релігійними й культурними процесами у світі загалом.

The Coronavirus pandemic since March 2020 has prompted the UGCC, like other denominations, to use online means because the Government of Ukraine imposed restrictions on religious buildings during the strict quarantine. The main purpose of the article is to consider a number of the UGCC information interaction forms in the social context. Using the method of analysis, it was stated that as of the beginning of 2021, in the Greek Catholic media in Ukraine, there is a small share of printed periodicals, which, according to experts, need quality content. Instead, in recent years the official resources of the Church have begun to develop in various formats. The application of the content analysis method and also the monitoring method helped to briefly highlight how high-quality media in Ukraine represent the UGCC in the days of the pandemic, including through interviews with iconic figures in the religious sphere. The result of the research in the article was to determine the forms of the UGCC information interaction in the social context at two levels – all-Ukrainian and local. It was noted that at the first level, the leading role was played by the main official media resources of the UGCC, in particular, the Zhyve TV project, which is also supported by national channels. They broadcast liturgies in the hard phase of the pandemic. At the local level, parishes (small church units in the Church) have become centers for engaging believers in the network through various online tools. Pages on social networks of priests from different parishes, Youtube projects of parish priests, monks from different communities, etc. are new forms of information interaction of the Church in the pandemic era, which are also considered in this article. The experience of the Catholic Church media activity in Italy and Poland in the hard phase of Coronavirus is also briefly presented, and the work of such activity in the article is compared with the forms of the UGCC information interaction. After the possible end of the Coronavirus pandemic, many interesting topics will arise to study the phenomenon of media activity of the UGCC and other denominations in connection with global religious and cultural processes in the world as a whole before researchers from various fields – journalists, theologians, divines, sociologists and others. ; Пандемія коронавірусу з березня 2020 року спонукала УГКЦ, як і інші конфесії, використовувати засоби онлайну через те, що Урядом України під час жорсткого карантину було встановлено обмеження для перебування у культових спорудах. Основною метою статті є розгляд низки форм інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ у суспільному контексті. Із допомогою методу аналізу констатовано, що станом на початок 2021 року в греко-католицьких ЗМІ в Україні є мала частка друкованих періодичних видань, які, на переконання експертів, потребують якісного наповнення. Натомість офіційні ресурси Церкви почали за останні роки свій розвиток у різних форматах. Застосування методу контент-аналізу, а також методу моніторингу допомогло стисло висвітлити те, як якісні ЗМІ в Україні представляють УГКЦ у добу пандемії, у тому числі з допомогою інтерв'ю зі знаковими постатями в релігійній сфері. Результатом дослідження у статті стало визначення форм інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ у суспільному контексті на двох рівнях – загальноукраїнському й місцевому. Зауважено, що на першому рівні провідну роль відіграли основні офіційні медіаресурси УГКЦ, зокрема, проєкт «Живе телебачення», підтриманий також національними каналами. Вони транслювали літургії в жорстку фазу пандемії. На місцевому рівні парафії (малі церковні одиниці в Церкві) стали осередками залучення вірян у мережу з допомогою різних онлайн-інструментів. Сторінки в соціальних мережах священнослужителів із різних парафій, проєкти на Youtube парафіяльних священників, монахів із різних спільнот тощо – це нові форми інформаційної взаємодії Церкви в добу пандемії, які також розглянуто в пропонованому дослідженні. Стисло представлено досвід медійної діяльності Католицької Церкви в Італії та Польщі в жорстку фазу коронавірусу, напрацювання такої діяльності в статті порівняно з формами інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ. Перед дослідниками із різних сфер – журналістикознавцями, релігієзнавцями, богословами, соціологами та ін. – після можливого закінчення пандемії коронавірусу виникне низка цікавих тем для вивчення феномену медійної діяльності УГКЦ та інших конфесій у взаємозв'язку із глобальними релігійними й культурними процесами у світі загалом.

The Coronavirus pandemic since March 2020 has prompted the UGCC, like other denominations, to use online means because the Government of Ukraine imposed restrictions on religious buildings during the strict quarantine. The main purpose of the article is to consider a number of the UGCC information interaction forms in the social context. Using the method of analysis, it was stated that as of the beginning of 2021, in the Greek Catholic media in Ukraine, there is a small share of printed periodicals, which, according to experts, need quality content. Instead, in recent years the official resources of the Church have begun to develop in various formats. The application of the content analysis method and also the monitoring method helped to briefly highlight how high-quality media in Ukraine represent the UGCC in the days of the pandemic, including through interviews with iconic figures in the religious sphere. The result of the research in the article was to determine the forms of the UGCC information interaction in the social context at two levels – all-Ukrainian and local. It was noted that at the first level, the leading role was played by the main official media resources of the UGCC, in particular, the Zhyve TV project, which is also supported by national channels. They broadcast liturgies in the hard phase of the pandemic. At the local level, parishes (small church units in the Church) have become centers for engaging believers in the network through various online tools. Pages on social networks of priests from different parishes, Youtube projects of parish priests, monks from different communities, etc. are new forms of information interaction of the Church in the pandemic era, which are also considered in this article. The experience of the Catholic Church media activity in Italy and Poland in the hard phase of Coronavirus is also briefly presented, and the work of such activity in the article is compared with the forms of the UGCC information interaction. After the possible end of the Coronavirus pandemic, many interesting topics will arise to study the phenomenon of media activity of the UGCC and other denominations in connection with global religious and cultural processes in the world as a whole before researchers from various fields – journalists, theologians, divines, sociologists and others. ; Пандемія коронавірусу з березня 2020 року спонукала УГКЦ, як і інші конфесії, використовувати засоби онлайну через те, що Урядом України під час жорсткого карантину було встановлено обмеження для перебування у культових спорудах. Основною метою статті є розгляд низки форм інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ у суспільному контексті. Із допомогою методу аналізу констатовано, що станом на початок 2021 року в греко-католицьких ЗМІ в Україні є мала частка друкованих періодичних видань, які, на переконання експертів, потребують якісного наповнення. Натомість офіційні ресурси Церкви почали за останні роки свій розвиток у різних форматах. Застосування методу контент-аналізу, а також методу моніторингу допомогло стисло висвітлити те, як якісні ЗМІ в Україні представляють УГКЦ у добу пандемії, у тому числі з допомогою інтерв'ю зі знаковими постатями в релігійній сфері. Результатом дослідження у статті стало визначення форм інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ у суспільному контексті на двох рівнях – загальноукраїнському й місцевому. Зауважено, що на першому рівні провідну роль відіграли основні офіційні медіаресурси УГКЦ, зокрема, проєкт «Живе телебачення», підтриманий також національними каналами. Вони транслювали літургії в жорстку фазу пандемії. На місцевому рівні парафії (малі церковні одиниці в Церкві) стали осередками залучення вірян у мережу з допомогою різних онлайн-інструментів. Сторінки в соціальних мережах священнослужителів із різних парафій, проєкти на Youtube парафіяльних священників, монахів із різних спільнот тощо – це нові форми інформаційної взаємодії Церкви в добу пандемії, які також розглянуто в пропонованому дослідженні. Стисло представлено досвід медійної діяльності Католицької Церкви в Італії та Польщі в жорстку фазу коронавірусу, напрацювання такої діяльності в статті порівняно з формами інформаційної взаємодії УГКЦ. Перед дослідниками із різних сфер – журналістикознавцями, релігієзнавцями, богословами, соціологами та ін. – після можливого закінчення пандемії коронавірусу виникне низка цікавих тем для вивчення феномену медійної діяльності УГКЦ та інших конфесій у взаємозв'язку із глобальними релігійними й культурними процесами у світі загалом.

Alison Moloney's own practice often involves commissioning new objects, rather than working with existing artefacts, and exploring new media outcomes. Multiple perspectives on the same brief have also long fascinated me, as new interpretations and conversations are revealed, and comparisons and juxtapositions generated. 1914 Now delves into various curatorial roles: an object-led curator; an exhibition maker; a designer and curator; and a museum director, operating an experimental space for the display of dress. Each has responded to the brief for Fashion and Modernity 1914, and all, in their different ways, work with dress in three dimensions, be they historical or next season's samples. I invited the filmmakers and curators to collaborate and for the curators to work with film to realise their expressions. Amy de la Haye is a curator and dress historian whose approach to curatorship involves examining and 'reading' objects, to create multiple narratives that are embedded in historical accuracy and involve didactic communication with audiences. The narrative for her film The Violet Hour is drawn from a surviving tea gown housed in the costume collection at Brighton Museum. This garment reflects the cusp of modernity as the onset of war and its aftermath impacted so profoundly upon women's lives lived, their domestic (and public) spaces and the clothes they wore to negotiate them. Film director and animator Katerina Athanasopoulou filmed the tea gown and worked with contemporaneous advertising illustrations to capture the narrative behind de la Haye's response. The film beautifully captures the foreboding moments of the onset of war and the transformative impact it was to have, through the narrative of the tea gown. Judith Clark is an experimental exhibition maker who simultaneously designs and curates her exhibitions; the choice of object and its placement within an exhibition or installation are inextricably intertwined. The interior architecture of buildings informs her exhibition design, and it is an exhibition maker's workshop that forms the backdrop to her film. The Futurist movement, and in particular the Manifesto of Antineutral Dress written by Giacomo Balla in 1914, inspires an exploration of contexts, display props and the futurist elements of fashion. Working with film director James Norton, Clark applies the concepts of the manifesto to a hypothetical exhibition. The film's stark monochrome aesthetic, with its unexpected blurring and distortions, references not only the multiple lines of Futurist drawings, but also the trials and errors, routes and returns, involved in the exhibition-making process. The distortion, utilitarian architectural environment and experimental Futurist music pay homage to this movement whilst eschewing nostalgia. The avant-garde, Antwerp-based menswear fashion designer Walter Van Beirendonck communicates political and social issues of the day through his clothes. His archive not only documents the sartorial style of the day, but also the political and socioeconomic climate when they were created. For his autumn/winter 2014–15 collection Crossed Crocodiles Growl, Beirendonck appropriates the provocative headgear of war – a helmet from 1914 – to form commentary on the political landscape of today. Through the helmet hat, Beirendonck creates a new narrative for an iconic object, reinterpreting a symbol of warfare as a peaceful statement on current political issues. Working with film director Bart Hess, he presents a striking revolutionary army. Kaat Debo is Director of Mode Museum, Antwerp, an experimental venue for the display of dress. Exhibitions often focus on contemporary fashion, and material innovation and its impact upon the discourse of fashion. Debo's response to the brief was to commission a new object, informed by early twentieth-century Irish crochet from the collection at MoMu. The object is a dress designed by architect, artist and 3D-designer Tobias Klein and fashion designer Alexandra Verschueren, which has been 3D-printed by Materialise. This intriguing garment represents the tension between the desire for ornament and the search for the Modern, as the decorative nature of the Irish lace is propelled into 2014. The natural chemical growth of crystals on this 3D-printed dress, with surface design adapted from the floral motifs of the crochet, is for Klein a 'post-natural distortion that finds balance through technology and craftsmanship'.

This thesis approaches the study of seaside hotels as imagined by Jose Antonio Coderch at the beginning of mass tourism in Spain, when small, traditional, family-run hotels scattered along the coastline were transformed into large, tourist hotel chains. These chained-brand hotels popped up exponentially after the implementation of a financial stabilization plan in 1959, remodelling the Mediterranean landscape, and theywere socially rejected, including the only hotel Coderch ever built: Hotel de Mar. The architect said "I always thought this hotel was not worlhy [.], it's my worst work", showing his dissatisfaction. However, this hotel is one of his best-known works, an essential reference in hotel architecture literature. Hotel de Mar shows his evolution as an architect, from previous unknown projects in Sitges to his most successful work, Torre Valentina. When analyzing his projects, based on rethinking previous works by himself or by other architects, we realize that Coderch repeatedly shows some concerns, which are reflected in his architectural proposals and are sketched in his hotel conception. The existing literature about Torre Valentina and Hotel de Mar deal with these two works separately, as independent projects, whereas this thesis is based on the idea that both works are fruit of the same hotel conception, following Coderch's ideals but adapted to the owner's dream hotel (as it is the case of Hotel Buadas, later on renamed Hotel de Mar). Both projects were developed in the same period of time (from 1956 to 1962), on the same landscape (the Catalan coast and the Balearic coast), for the same target clients (first-class hotels) and under the same laws (an incipient, lax tourist and urban legislation). Therefore, Coderch's proposals respond to the same problems -the only differences between the two projects are the plot of land and the owner's requirements .Coderch's iconic step-like buildings featuring setbacks become a malleable calligraphy seen in his subsequent works .His hotel designs rewal a recurring concern to treat guests as individuals and hosts as a collectivity. These concerns are present in his seaside hotels ,which differ from the classic tourist hotels like Hilton lnternational hotels built during the 1950s -consumer goods made in America which colonised the Caribbean, the Mediterranean shores and even the published literature to the point that they became a reference for developers during Spanish developmentalism under Franco's dictatorship. With the aim of highlighting Coderch's unique models, his hotel buildings are chronologically analysed and compared with other hotels built by different architects, including Gio Ponti Bernard Rudofsky, Josep Lluis Sert, Alejandro de la Sota, Richard Neutra, Georges Candilis, Luis Gutiérrez Soto and Fernando Higueras. Coderch's works are compared to hotels with different locations and different construction years, which present a different approach to Coderch's concerns. Torre Valentina and Hotel de Mar became model buildings for would-be architects who later on built hotels during the "sun and sand" tourism boom. This thesis aims at sketching the concept of seaside hotels as designed by Coderch. ; La tesis aborda el estudio del modelo de hotel de mar imaginado por Jose Antonio Coderch a inicios del turismo de masas en España, un período de transición entre los pequeños y tradicionales alojamientos familiares que salpican la costa y los grandes hoteles turísticos de sociedades mercantiles que la transformaron. Estos alojamientos de nueva planta,que crecieron exponencialmente con el Plan Nacional de Estabilización de 1959, construyeron el paisaje mediterráneo, lo cual generó un rechazo social similar al que produjo en Coderch su único hotel construido, "siempre he considerado que el Hotel de Mar no valía nada.[.] para mí es la peor obra". Buscando las razones de su insatisfacción frente a una de sus obras más divulgadas, un referente ineludible en publicaciones de arquitectura hotelera, vemos que el Hotel de Mar es el último eslabón de un proceso que se inicia con sus desconocidos proyectos hoteleros de Sitges y continúa con su obra más exitosa, Torre Valentina. El análisis de los proyectos del proceso basado en su praxis de reelaboración de obras anteriores -populares o propias-, muestra una serie de preocupaciones repetidas que subyacen tras sus propuestas, invariables que bosquejan su concepto de hotel. A diferencia de las publicaciones existentes sobre Torre Valentina y el Hotel de Mar, donde los proyectos se estudian aisladamente, la tesis entiende estas obras como la materialización de un concepto de hotel, variaciones que transitan desde la definición del ideal de Coderch hasta la construcción del hotel imaginado por la propiedad, el Hotel Buadas (posteriormente denominado Hotel de Mar). El proceso que se desarrolla en un mismo marco temporal (de 1956 a 1962), físico (la costa catalana y balear), social (hoteles de primera categoría dirigidos a una elite), y normativo (la incipiente y laxa legislación turística y urbanística prácticamente no varía), facilita la aproximación al modelo pues sus propuestas responden a un mismo problema, cuyo hecho diferencial será el solar y las particularidades de la propiedad. Tras las icónicas formas escalonadas que caracterizan sus hoteles, retranqueos aparecidos durante el proceso que se convierten en la caligrafía dúctil que marcará sus obras posteriores, existen preocupaciones recurrentes dirigidas al huésped como individuo y al anfitrión como colectivo. Estas inquietudes moldean el hotel de mar y lo distancian del paradigma de hotel turístico, los hoteles que Hilton Internacional construye en la década de los cincuenta, un producto de consumo de la industria americana que colonizó el Caribe, el Mediterráneo y las publicaciones especializadas, convirtiéndose en un modelo referencial de los promotores turísticos del desarrollismo franquista. A fin de establecer la especificidad del modelo se han analizado cronológicamente sus hoteles por capítulos y se han comparado con hoteles de arquitectos tan dispares como Gio Ponti y Bernard Rudofsky, Josep Lluis Sert, Alejandro de la Sota, Richard Neutra, Georges Candilis, Luis Gutiérrez Soto y Fernando Higueras, hoteles situados en entornos y tiempos diversos escogidos por su enfoque diferencial a los problemas planteados por Coderch. Torre Valentina y el Hotel de Mar han devenido proyectos referenciales para las generaciones posteriores de arquitectos que construyeron los hoteles del boom turístico español de sol y playa. Dibujar el concepto de hotel de mar que traslucen las formas de sus alojamientos turísticos será el objeto de la tesis. ; Postprint (published version)

This thesis approaches the study of seaside hotels as imagined by Jose Antonio Coderch at the beginning of mass tourism in Spain, when small, traditional, family-run hotels scattered along the coastline were transformed into large, tourist hotel chains. These chained-brand hotels popped up exponentially after the implementation of a financial stabilization plan in 1959, remodelling the Mediterranean landscape, and theywere socially rejected, including the only hotel Coderch ever built: Hotel de Mar. The architect said "I always thought this hotel was not worlhy [.], it's my worst work", showing his dissatisfaction. However, this hotel is one of his best-known works, an essential reference in hotel architecture literature. Hotel de Mar shows his evolution as an architect, from previous unknown projects in Sitges to his most successful work, Torre Valentina. When analyzing his projects, based on rethinking previous works by himself or by other architects, we realize that Coderch repeatedly shows some concerns, which are reflected in his architectural proposals and are sketched in his hotel conception. The existing literature about Torre Valentina and Hotel de Mar deal with these two works separately, as independent projects, whereas this thesis is based on the idea that both works are fruit of the same hotel conception, following Coderch's ideals but adapted to the owner's dream hotel (as it is the case of Hotel Buadas, later on renamed Hotel de Mar). Both projects were developed in the same period of time (from 1956 to 1962), on the same landscape (the Catalan coast and the Balearic coast), for the same target clients (first-class hotels) and under the same laws (an incipient, lax tourist and urban legislation). Therefore, Coderch's proposals respond to the same problems -the only differences between the two projects are the plot of land and the owner's requirements .Coderch's iconic step-like buildings featuring setbacks become a malleable calligraphy seen in his subsequent works .His hotel designs rewal a recurring concern to treat guests as individuals and hosts as a collectivity. These concerns are present in his seaside hotels ,which differ from the classic tourist hotels like Hilton lnternational hotels built during the 1950s -consumer goods made in America which colonised the Caribbean, the Mediterranean shores and even the published literature to the point that they became a reference for developers during Spanish developmentalism under Franco's dictatorship. With the aim of highlighting Coderch's unique models, his hotel buildings are chronologically analysed and compared with other hotels built by different architects, including Gio Ponti Bernard Rudofsky, Josep Lluis Sert, Alejandro de la Sota, Richard Neutra, Georges Candilis, Luis Gutiérrez Soto and Fernando Higueras. Coderch's works are compared to hotels with different locations and different construction years, which present a different approach to Coderch's concerns. Torre Valentina and Hotel de Mar became model buildings for would-be architects who later on built hotels during the "sun and sand" tourism boom. This thesis aims at sketching the concept of seaside hotels as designed by Coderch. ; La tesis aborda el estudio del modelo de hotel de mar imaginado por Jose Antonio Coderch a inicios del turismo de masas en España, un período de transición entre los pequeños y tradicionales alojamientos familiares que salpican la costa y los grandes hoteles turísticos de sociedades mercantiles que la transformaron. Estos alojamientos de nueva planta,que crecieron exponencialmente con el Plan Nacional de Estabilización de 1959, construyeron el paisaje mediterráneo, lo cual generó un rechazo social similar al que produjo en Coderch su único hotel construido, "siempre he considerado que el Hotel de Mar no valía nada.[.] para mí es la peor obra". Buscando las razones de su insatisfacción frente a una de sus obras más divulgadas, un referente ineludible en publicaciones de arquitectura hotelera, vemos que el Hotel de Mar es el último eslabón de un proceso que se inicia con sus desconocidos proyectos hoteleros de Sitges y continúa con su obra más exitosa, Torre Valentina. El análisis de los proyectos del proceso basado en su praxis de reelaboración de obras anteriores -populares o propias-, muestra una serie de preocupaciones repetidas que subyacen tras sus propuestas, invariables que bosquejan su concepto de hotel. A diferencia de las publicaciones existentes sobre Torre Valentina y el Hotel de Mar, donde los proyectos se estudian aisladamente, la tesis entiende estas obras como la materialización de un concepto de hotel, variaciones que transitan desde la definición del ideal de Coderch hasta la construcción del hotel imaginado por la propiedad, el Hotel Buadas (posteriormente denominado Hotel de Mar). El proceso que se desarrolla en un mismo marco temporal (de 1956 a 1962), físico (la costa catalana y balear), social (hoteles de primera categoría dirigidos a una elite), y normativo (la incipiente y laxa legislación turística y urbanística prácticamente no varía), facilita la aproximación al modelo pues sus propuestas responden a un mismo problema, cuyo hecho diferencial será el solar y las particularidades de la propiedad. Tras las icónicas formas escalonadas que caracterizan sus hoteles, retranqueos aparecidos durante el proceso que se convierten en la caligrafía dúctil que marcará sus obras posteriores, existen preocupaciones recurrentes dirigidas al huésped como individuo y al anfitrión como colectivo. Estas inquietudes moldean el hotel de mar y lo distancian del paradigma de hotel turístico, los hoteles que Hilton Internacional construye en la década de los cincuenta, un producto de consumo de la industria americana que colonizó el Caribe, el Mediterráneo y las publicaciones especializadas, convirtiéndose en un modelo referencial de los promotores turísticos del desarrollismo franquista. A fin de establecer la especificidad del modelo se han analizado cronológicamente sus hoteles por capítulos y se han comparado con hoteles de arquitectos tan dispares como Gio Ponti y Bernard Rudofsky, Josep Lluis Sert, Alejandro de la Sota, Richard Neutra, Georges Candilis, Luis Gutiérrez Soto y Fernando Higueras, hoteles situados en entornos y tiempos diversos escogidos por su enfoque diferencial a los problemas planteados por Coderch. Torre Valentina y el Hotel de Mar han devenido proyectos referenciales para las generaciones posteriores de arquitectos que construyeron los hoteles del boom turístico español de sol y playa. Dibujar el concepto de hotel de mar que traslucen las formas de sus alojamientos turísticos será el objeto de la tesis. ; Postprint (published version)

The CBD is an urban model which emerged from the 19th century capitalist United States and then was diffused to the rest of the Western world, supported by the functionalist architectural ideal and state-led urban planning. Its demise began in the United States from the first half of the 20th century and it was threatened in Europe by the reconfiguration of the neoliberal state. However, there was a resurgence of CBDs in global cities, where they are directly embedded in the flows of global financial capitalism, embodying the new topographies created by the urbanisation of global capital. The planning of contemporary CBDs has been branded as a strategic tool to foster growth, but they have often been built in isolation from their local surroundings, leading to the development of two-tier cities, were inequalities are growing, reinforced by the neo-liberal approach to planning. The risks and, for some, the innate unfairness of this model has been clearly highlighted by numerous critical approaches of the city. In this essay, we have tried to follow a common thread running through these studies and show how CBDs are at the forefront of the demise of public realm and public ownership of space. Through what their private owners allow and forbid, as well as through their "ambient qualities" they do not sustain a democratic experience of the city, or a common social and spatial project. The photographic essay gives an account of the extent of these processes in the main "global cities" but it also displays some processes of CBDisation in secondary cities, especially in the European context. We have illustrated how the landscapes found in central areas of globalisation became a standard for the design of cities, large or small, central or standing on the margins of globalisation. Thus, the pictures show not only the branding of major cities around the urban forms produced within the CBD but also how some distinctive features of the contemporary CBD, such as iconic architecture or tall buildings, are instrumented by secondary or minor cities to convey images of urban dynamism. In doing so, those distinctive features act as powerful cultural norms on the production of the current built environment. ; Le CBD est un modèle urbain qui a émergé à partir du 19ème siècle et s'est diffusé depuis les villes Nord-Américaines dans le reste du monde Occidental, soutenu par l'architecture et l'urbanisme fonctionnaliste et l'urbanisme de l'Etat centraliste. Son déclin a commençé dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle aux Etats-Unis, alors qu'en Europe, il fut provoqué par la reconfiguration de l'Etat, dans sa forme néolibérale. Cependant, nous avons assisté à une résurgence du CBD dans les villes globales, où ces quartiers s'inscrivent dans les dynamiques de circulation du capitalisme financier globalisé, figurant de nouvelles topographies et paysages de l'urbanisation de ces capitaux. L'aménagement des CBDs contemporains a été publicisée comme un outil stratégique pour stimuler la croissance économique, mais au prix d'un isolement morphologique des quartiers adjacents, amenant à la création de villes duales, où les inégalités s'intensifient, accentuées par une approche néolibérale de l'aménagement. Les CBDs sont devenus des modèles très profitables pour les promoteurs immobiliers et des systèmes très efficaces pour les firmes multinationales du secteur des FIRE (finance, immobilier, assurance). Dans cet article, nous avons essayé de suivre un fil conducteur commun aux différentes publications relatives à ce sujet et de montrer comment les CBDs sont à l'avant-poste de la disparition de l'espace public et de son appropriation collective. A travers l'étude de ce que les propriétaires privés autorisent et interdisent, mais également à travers les "ambiances" qu'ils créent ces espaces ne permettent plus une expérience démocratique de la ville ou un projet socio-spatial commun. L'essai photographique rend compte de l'extension de ces projets dans les principales "villes mondiales" mais montre également des exemples de CBDisation dans des villes secondaires, en particulier en Europe. Il illustrent comment les paysages construits dans les centres urbains de la mondialisation contemporaine sont devenus un standard pour la conception des villes, y compris des villes moyennes situées en périphéries des dynamiques du capitalisme globalisé. Ainsi, les photographies montrent à la fois la reconstruction identitaire des principaux centres urbains autour des formes urbaines propres aux CBDs et comment certains traits distinctifs de ce CBD contemporain, comme l'architecture iconique et les tours sont instrumentalisés par ces centres urbains secondaires ou mineurs pour transmettre une image de dynamisme urbain. Ce faisant, ces traits distinctifs agissent comme des normes culturelles puissantes pesant sur l'actuelle production de l'environnement urbain.

The CBD is an urban model which emerged from the 19th century capitalist United States and then was diffused to the rest of the Western world, supported by the functionalist architectural ideal and state-led urban planning. Its demise began in the United States from the first half of the 20th century and it was threatened in Europe by the reconfiguration of the neoliberal state. However, there was a resurgence of CBDs in global cities, where they are directly embedded in the flows of global financial capitalism, embodying the new topographies created by the urbanisation of global capital. The planning of contemporary CBDs has been branded as a strategic tool to foster growth, but they have often been built in isolation from their local surroundings, leading to the development of two-tier cities, were inequalities are growing, reinforced by the neo-liberal approach to planning. The risks and, for some, the innate unfairness of this model has been clearly highlighted by numerous critical approaches of the city. In this essay, we have tried to follow a common thread running through these studies and show how CBDs are at the forefront of the demise of public realm and public ownership of space. Through what their private owners allow and forbid, as well as through their "ambient qualities" they do not sustain a democratic experience of the city, or a common social and spatial project. The photographic essay gives an account of the extent of these processes in the main "global cities" but it also displays some processes of CBDisation in secondary cities, especially in the European context. We have illustrated how the landscapes found in central areas of globalisation became a standard for the design of cities, large or small, central or standing on the margins of globalisation. Thus, the pictures show not only the branding of major cities around the urban forms produced within the CBD but also how some distinctive features of the contemporary CBD, such as iconic architecture or tall buildings, are instrumented by secondary or minor cities to convey images of urban dynamism. In doing so, those distinctive features act as powerful cultural norms on the production of the current built environment. ; Le CBD est un modèle urbain qui a émergé à partir du 19ème siècle et s'est diffusé depuis les villes Nord-Américaines dans le reste du monde Occidental, soutenu par l'architecture et l'urbanisme fonctionnaliste et l'urbanisme de l'Etat centraliste. Son déclin a commençé dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle aux Etats-Unis, alors qu'en Europe, il fut provoqué par la reconfiguration de l'Etat, dans sa forme néolibérale. Cependant, nous avons assisté à une résurgence du CBD dans les villes globales, où ces quartiers s'inscrivent dans les dynamiques de circulation du capitalisme financier globalisé, figurant de nouvelles topographies et paysages de l'urbanisation de ces capitaux. L'aménagement des CBDs contemporains a été publicisée comme un outil stratégique pour stimuler la croissance économique, mais au prix d'un isolement morphologique des quartiers adjacents, amenant à la création de villes duales, où les inégalités s'intensifient, accentuées par une approche néolibérale de l'aménagement. Les CBDs sont devenus des modèles très profitables pour les promoteurs immobiliers et des systèmes très efficaces pour les firmes multinationales du secteur des FIRE (finance, immobilier, assurance). Dans cet article, nous avons essayé de suivre un fil conducteur commun aux différentes publications relatives à ce sujet et de montrer comment les CBDs sont à l'avant-poste de la disparition de l'espace public et de son appropriation collective. A travers l'étude de ce que les propriétaires privés autorisent et interdisent, mais également à travers les "ambiances" qu'ils créent ces espaces ne permettent plus une expérience démocratique de la ville ou un projet socio-spatial commun. L'essai photographique rend compte de l'extension de ces projets dans les principales "villes mondiales" mais montre également des exemples de CBDisation dans des villes secondaires, en particulier en Europe. Il illustrent comment les paysages construits dans les centres urbains de la mondialisation contemporaine sont devenus un standard pour la conception des villes, y compris des villes moyennes situées en périphéries des dynamiques du capitalisme globalisé. Ainsi, les photographies montrent à la fois la reconstruction identitaire des principaux centres urbains autour des formes urbaines propres aux CBDs et comment certains traits distinctifs de ce CBD contemporain, comme l'architecture iconique et les tours sont instrumentalisés par ces centres urbains secondaires ou mineurs pour transmettre une image de dynamisme urbain. Ce faisant, ces traits distinctifs agissent comme des normes culturelles puissantes pesant sur l'actuelle production de l'environnement urbain.

The CBD is an urban model which emerged from the 19th century capitalist United States and then was diffused to the rest of the Western world, supported by the functionalist architectural ideal and state-led urban planning. Its demise began in the United States from the first half of the 20th century and it was threatened in Europe by the reconfiguration of the neoliberal state. However, there was a resurgence of CBDs in global cities, where they are directly embedded in the flows of global financial capitalism, embodying the new topographies created by the urbanisation of global capital. The planning of contemporary CBDs has been branded as a strategic tool to foster growth, but they have often been built in isolation from their local surroundings, leading to the development of two-tier cities, were inequalities are growing, reinforced by the neo-liberal approach to planning. The risks and, for some, the innate unfairness of this model has been clearly highlighted by numerous critical approaches of the city. In this essay, we have tried to follow a common thread running through these studies and show how CBDs are at the forefront of the demise of public realm and public ownership of space. Through what their private owners allow and forbid, as well as through their "ambient qualities" they do not sustain a democratic experience of the city, or a common social and spatial project. The photographic essay gives an account of the extent of these processes in the main "global cities" but it also displays some processes of CBDisation in secondary cities, especially in the European context. We have illustrated how the landscapes found in central areas of globalisation became a standard for the design of cities, large or small, central or standing on the margins of globalisation. Thus, the pictures show not only the branding of major cities around the urban forms produced within the CBD but also how some distinctive features of the contemporary CBD, such as iconic architecture or tall buildings, are instrumented by secondary or minor cities to convey images of urban dynamism. In doing so, those distinctive features act as powerful cultural norms on the production of the current built environment. ; Le CBD est un modèle urbain qui a émergé à partir du 19ème siècle et s'est diffusé depuis les villes Nord-Américaines dans le reste du monde Occidental, soutenu par l'architecture et l'urbanisme fonctionnaliste et l'urbanisme de l'Etat centraliste. Son déclin a commençé dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle aux Etats-Unis, alors qu'en Europe, il fut provoqué par la reconfiguration de l'Etat, dans sa forme néolibérale. Cependant, nous avons assisté à une résurgence du CBD dans les villes globales, où ces quartiers s'inscrivent dans les dynamiques de circulation du capitalisme financier globalisé, figurant de nouvelles topographies et paysages de l'urbanisation de ces capitaux. L'aménagement des CBDs contemporains a été publicisée comme un outil stratégique pour stimuler la croissance économique, mais au prix d'un isolement morphologique des quartiers adjacents, amenant à la création de villes duales, où les inégalités s'intensifient, accentuées par une approche néolibérale de l'aménagement. Les CBDs sont devenus des modèles très profitables pour les promoteurs immobiliers et des systèmes très efficaces pour les firmes multinationales du secteur des FIRE (finance, immobilier, assurance). Dans cet article, nous avons essayé de suivre un fil conducteur commun aux différentes publications relatives à ce sujet et de montrer comment les CBDs sont à l'avant-poste de la disparition de l'espace public et de son appropriation collective. A travers l'étude de ce que les propriétaires privés autorisent et interdisent, mais également à travers les "ambiances" qu'ils créent ces espaces ne permettent plus une expérience démocratique de la ville ou un projet socio-spatial commun. L'essai photographique rend compte de l'extension de ces projets dans les principales "villes mondiales" mais montre également des exemples de CBDisation dans des villes secondaires, en particulier en Europe. Il illustrent comment les paysages construits dans les centres urbains de la mondialisation contemporaine sont devenus un standard pour la conception des villes, y compris des villes moyennes situées en périphéries des dynamiques du capitalisme globalisé. Ainsi, les photographies montrent à la fois la reconstruction identitaire des principaux centres urbains autour des formes urbaines propres aux CBDs et comment certains traits distinctifs de ce CBD contemporain, comme l'architecture iconique et les tours sont instrumentalisés par ces centres urbains secondaires ou mineurs pour transmettre une image de dynamisme urbain. Ce faisant, ces traits distinctifs agissent comme des normes culturelles puissantes pesant sur l'actuelle production de l'environnement urbain.

The CBD is an urban model which emerged from the 19th century capitalist United States and then was diffused to the rest of the Western world, supported by the functionalist architectural ideal and state-led urban planning. Its demise began in the United States from the first half of the 20th century and it was threatened in Europe by the reconfiguration of the neoliberal state. However, there was a resurgence of CBDs in global cities, where they are directly embedded in the flows of global financial capitalism, embodying the new topographies created by the urbanisation of global capital. The planning of contemporary CBDs has been branded as a strategic tool to foster growth, but they have often been built in isolation from their local surroundings, leading to the development of two-tier cities, were inequalities are growing, reinforced by the neo-liberal approach to planning. The risks and, for some, the innate unfairness of this model has been clearly highlighted by numerous critical approaches of the city. In this essay, we have tried to follow a common thread running through these studies and show how CBDs are at the forefront of the demise of public realm and public ownership of space. Through what their private owners allow and forbid, as well as through their "ambient qualities" they do not sustain a democratic experience of the city, or a common social and spatial project. The photographic essay gives an account of the extent of these processes in the main "global cities" but it also displays some processes of CBDisation in secondary cities, especially in the European context. We have illustrated how the landscapes found in central areas of globalisation became a standard for the design of cities, large or small, central or standing on the margins of globalisation. Thus, the pictures show not only the branding of major cities around the urban forms produced within the CBD but also how some distinctive features of the contemporary CBD, such as iconic architecture or tall buildings, are instrumented by secondary or minor cities to convey images of urban dynamism. In doing so, those distinctive features act as powerful cultural norms on the production of the current built environment. ; Le CBD est un modèle urbain qui a émergé à partir du 19ème siècle et s'est diffusé depuis les villes Nord-Américaines dans le reste du monde Occidental, soutenu par l'architecture et l'urbanisme fonctionnaliste et l'urbanisme de l'Etat centraliste. Son déclin a commençé dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle aux Etats-Unis, alors qu'en Europe, il fut provoqué par la reconfiguration de l'Etat, dans sa forme néolibérale. Cependant, nous avons assisté à une résurgence du CBD dans les villes globales, où ces quartiers s'inscrivent dans les dynamiques de circulation du capitalisme financier globalisé, figurant de nouvelles topographies et paysages de l'urbanisation de ces capitaux. L'aménagement des CBDs contemporains a été publicisée comme un outil stratégique pour stimuler la croissance économique, mais au prix d'un isolement morphologique des quartiers adjacents, amenant à la création de villes duales, où les inégalités s'intensifient, accentuées par une approche néolibérale de l'aménagement. Les CBDs sont devenus des modèles très profitables pour les promoteurs immobiliers et des systèmes très efficaces pour les firmes multinationales du secteur des FIRE (finance, immobilier, assurance). Dans cet article, nous avons essayé de suivre un fil conducteur commun aux différentes publications relatives à ce sujet et de montrer comment les CBDs sont à l'avant-poste de la disparition de l'espace public et de son appropriation collective. A travers l'étude de ce que les propriétaires privés autorisent et interdisent, mais également à travers les "ambiances" qu'ils créent ces espaces ne permettent plus une expérience démocratique de la ville ou un projet socio-spatial commun. L'essai photographique rend compte de l'extension de ces projets dans les principales "villes mondiales" mais montre également des exemples de CBDisation dans des villes secondaires, en particulier en Europe. Il illustrent comment les paysages construits dans les centres urbains de la mondialisation contemporaine sont devenus un standard pour la conception des villes, y compris des villes moyennes situées en périphéries des dynamiques du capitalisme globalisé. Ainsi, les photographies montrent à la fois la reconstruction identitaire des principaux centres urbains autour des formes urbaines propres aux CBDs et comment certains traits distinctifs de ce CBD contemporain, comme l'architecture iconique et les tours sont instrumentalisés par ces centres urbains secondaires ou mineurs pour transmettre une image de dynamisme urbain. Ce faisant, ces traits distinctifs agissent comme des normes culturelles puissantes pesant sur l'actuelle production de l'environnement urbain.

Eric Zenger, September 6, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Eric Zenger. The interview was conducted on September 6, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. Eric discusses his business and experiences with Ogden and 25th Street. ; 22p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Eric Zenger Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 6 September 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Eric Zenger Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 6 September 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Zenger, Eric., an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 6 September 2013 , WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Eric Zenger September 6, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Eric Zenger. The interview was conducted on September 6, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. Eric discusses his business and experiences with Ogden and 25th Street. LR: It is September 6, 2013, we are in Great Harvest Bread Co., talking with Eric Zenger about his business, 25th Street and Ogden in general. I'm Lorrie Rands doing the interview and Rebecca Whitesides is filming. Eric, when are where were you born? EZ: I was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Do I have to really give my age? Way back in the 50's. I'm a Utah boy. Where did you go to high school? Actually, growing up I moved all over the country, east coast, west coast and in between, but finally came back to Utah to go to high school at Olympus High School and college at Utah State and the U. Sorry, Weber. LR: Did you major in business? EZ: Some, but more minored in business and majored in German and geography. I liked all three of those areas of study. LR: What was your driving factor in starting this business with Great Harvest? EZ: Well, I had sold another business in Salt Lake that I owned and operated for five years and was looking about for another opportunity. I cast my net pretty wide, I looked at jobs and existing business and this and that and finally found Great Harvest, which is a franchise from Montana. After a long evaluation, that just seemed like the best fit for me. I loved their corporate philosophy and their 1 product and the way they did business and they liked me. So, we came together and decided to open a new franchise in Ogden, not in Salt Lake because the Salt Lake territory was taken, so I had to come north. LR: What brought you to 25th Street? EZ: Well, nothing brought me to 25th Street. 25th Street to Salt Lakers was pretty much an unknown quantity. I stumbled onto 25th Street. When I was doing a location search for my store, my bread company, I looked all around. It was easy to identify the up and coming retail districts as Riverdale and Harrison Boulevard and other points, and one day I think I just came over the 24th viaduct after getting off the freeway and stumbled upon 25th Street. That was my introduction to it. LR: Did this building specifically draw you? EZ: No, the district as a whole. The whole two block span just had a charm and attraction to it that immediately said something to me. LR: When did you open your business here on 25th Street? EZ: Back in 1989. In August of 1989, so it's almost been 25 years on 25th Street. We've had quite a run here. In fact, it's now becoming a second generation business, which is kind of typical to what 25th Street used to be back in the day when it was in its earlier prime. Small family businesses were run and passed from one generation to the next and that's what's happening with us. LR: That's fantastic. You mentioned last time about Margaret and Daniel Hunter. How much had they done, work-wise on this building before you? 2 EZ: They had done quite a bit. To the best of my knowledge, which may not be one hundred percent accurate, they purchased about four or five buildings right here contiguous to my building—and started developing them. They had, with the exception of one, pretty much done 75-80 percent of the work. All the main floor retail spaces had been refurbished and remodeled, with the exception of the upstairs, the upstairs had not been completed. They were by and large done, not necessarily particular to our specific use as a bakery, we eventually had to come in and put a new floor in that was more durable, but the substantial part of remodeling had been completed. I think they took a large leap of faith to do that because even though Ogden City, the government, had confidence in the historic district and could see what it could become—because they as professional planners had seen it happen in other parts of the country—I don't think Weber County and Ogden City residents were quite ready for or recognized the opportunity of 25th Street yet. They were early pioneers who risked a lot and in some cases sacrificed a lot to get things going here. LR: So, Margaret and Daniel Hunter, they had spent so much money that they ended up losing the building is that correct? EZ: To the best of my knowledge, yes, they lost not only my building, but a couple of others back to the bank, so they weren't able to profit from their endeavor. We ended up purchasing from the bank. LR: Once you opened, how did you draw business to 25th Street? 3 EZ: I think it was not so much my personal efforts as the quality of the product and the company that we represented. It was also the fact that we married a really neat, unique concept, (whole wheat bread wasn't being offered by and large in Utah) to a great historic building and district. We had this great product with a wonderful way of delivering it. Everybody who came through the door got a free slice of bread with butter and frequently older customers would say, "Boy, this brings back memories of the way it used to be." So anyway, the fact that we had this product and a company that had a good name, and then we married that with a historic building created community buzz. So, can you imagine this warm smelling bakery with free slices to everybody who walked through the door, in a unique old building that evoked certain memories or impulses or emotions in people? Awareness of us just quickly spread by word of mouth. Sure, we did a little advertising and such. One thing that we did that was kind of our gorilla marketing campaign, we took out free loaves of bread on wooden bread boards to various businesses with a knife and a big block of butter and a honey bear and so forth. Right before lunch at about 11:00am when it was hot out of the oven so it really had an aroma, we would take those to various new businesses and say, "Hi, this is our new business, here's a coupon, can you slice this for your customers as they come in your salon or your store and let them know who we are and give them one of our coupons?" They were more than happy to do that because it was a little treat for their customers, something out of the ordinary. By that means and others, we were able to get word of mouth moving quickly and people just 4 started to show up. That just worked and before we knew it we were getting busier and busier with each successive month. LR: How many businesses were on 25th Street when you moved in? EZ: Not many, maybe half a dozen at most in the whole two block stretch. It might have been a few more than that, because there were some of the old bars that kind of represented the earlier history of 25th Street, but speaking more to newer businesses that were part of the comeback of 25th Street, there were only maybe four, five or six. Thomas Hardy's Salon, run by Thomas Hardy, and Trends and Traditions, run by Mary Gaskell, and Panache Interiors, run by Peggy Holmes, and the Bistro Restaurant run by I don't know who at the time (and it's changed ownership several times since), but those were really the only players on the street. There was very little foot traffic and a lot of vacancies. LR: You mentioned before about being on the Downtown Ogden Association. What were some of the changes you helped to make? EZ: Well, the Downtown Ogden Association was trying to, of course, reinvigorate downtown Ogden. Outside of the Ogden City Mall, which was between 24th and 22nd Streets, there wasn't a whole lot of street side activity, it was all inside what everyone called the fortress. One of the first initiatives I thought we needed to pursue was changing traffic patterns in downtown Ogden. Two of the major thoroughfares in downtown were one-way streets, Lincoln and Grant, going north and south and then another two, 20th and 21st Street, that went east and west were also one-way streets. I felt strongly that it needed to be changed and that it 5 was an inhibitor to free flow and convenient access to the businesses, especially 25th Street. The Downtown Ogden Association let me run with that and we built up a plea and put that before the city council and they agreed with us and decided against their own planning department and traffic engineer to change those streets back to two-way streets to facilitate easier movement of traffic. We also encouraged them to implement more angle parking because it increased the number of parking spaces available compared to parallel parking. They weren't quite as accommodating there, but in subsequent years they have designated more spaces on more streets in downtown Ogden to angled parking. I thought Ogden City Government was pretty receptive and responsive. LR: That's great. EZ: I might say something while you collect your thoughts about why I chose 25th Street. The company I worked with, Great Harvest Franchising, had a very liberal and open franchising policy. They aren't like a typical franchise, in fact, they call themselves the "unfranchise," like the "Un-cola, 7-up." They ask their franchisees to do very few things really and then otherwise, they say, "Anything else is possible, do what you want," which is so uncharacteristic of franchises in general. In locating my business, I wanted my business to have my imprint on it. Most franchises will have very specific guidelines for where you can locate and what the traffic counts have to be and so on and so forth and how much visibility you have to have and all these other criteria. Great Harvest had some criteria too, but one of their criteria was identity and that spoke to me a lot. They wanted a 6 location that had identity, which meant that you could tell any person in Weber County where your store was and if you could tell them that in just two, maybe three, words, it would conjure up a mental image in their minds that would stick, then that was a good location that had identity. As opposed to some address on Wall Avenue or Washington Boulevard or Harrison Boulevard, that if they tried to recall that later they probably wouldn't be able to. They'd figure it was within a mile or two section of one of those roads, not a block or two. So, historic 25th Street offered that. Everybody in Weber County knew what historic 25th Street was, it was the old red light, wino district. It was the old rip-roaring forties and fifties, the old Junction City railroad soldier traffic from all over the country and war time traffic and all of that is what constituted 25th Street. People knew and understood that, so if I had met anybody anywhere, trying to drum up business for our store and said, "We're on historic 25th Street," that's all I had to say and they could find it. Also, I chose 25th Street too because I lived in Europe for a couple of years and have been in other places where I felt a deep appreciation for a community that had identity and history and community. I wanted that for my place of business. Even if it meant that I had to sacrifice some sales and profits to be there. I would rather be in a place where, when I got out of bed each morning, I wanted to go there, rather than someplace I could go just to make more money and have a business. I wanted to not just be in business, I wanted to have a lifestyle and to me 25th Street enabled me to do that, to go someplace I wanted to be in a place where I felt community with other small businesses. 7 Many of which own their buildings, which isn't always an option in other retail districts that are primarily run by developers and large commercial interests. We could own our own buildings and so could my neighbor and the next neighbor and we could walk to the post office, walk to the bank, walk to our accounting office, all of these things it felt just like where I wanted to be. That, to me, was more important than maybe locating my business somewhere where I might have made greater sales and more profits. LR: When you originally moved in, how many Ogdenites thought it would be a profitable location? EZ: I can't say that I know for sure, but we did frequently hear comments when we initially opened that made us think that we had, perhaps, made the wrong choice. Many of our first customers had said, "Why did you choose to locate here? You really should have been up on the east bench or out south or by Smith's Foods or somewhere," other than where we were and many would look at us with kind concern and say, "We hope you make it here," implying that they didn't think we would. Here we are 25 years later and still successful and thriving. I just don't think that local folks at the time were quite ready to see historic 25th Street and its old reputation change into something new and prosperous. Maybe it took a few people from outside the area coming in and recognizing what a gem Ogden had in 25th Street to help some of the locals realize that this was something they had taken for granted. LR: How long after you opened do you think other businesses started to come into 25th Street? 8 EZ: It happened, I think, actually fairly quickly, within two or three years. A lot of people started showing interest and some of the iconic or landmark businesses that are on the street today started showing up such as, Rooster's restaurant and The City club and a few others, La Ferovia restaurant. They all started to take notice and started investing in 25th Street. It was fairly quickly that things started to happen. LR: Once that happened did you notice a change in the atmosphere of 25th Street? EZ: Absolutely. It seemed that, fairly quickly, Ogden City residents and Weber County residents quickly started to see what potential this street had and started to appreciate the good vibe that was developing here. LR: How much has that changed since you came in 1989? EZ: It's been pretty significant. Nowadays it's hard to find a good spot on the street, whereas at that time it was pretty easy. Nowadays, the parking is always full and is actually a concern. We'd love to see Ogden City maybe address that somehow with increased parking options. From some of those practical standpoints like parking and so forth, it's changed significantly and vacancy standpoints it has changed significantly. Property values have certainly been boosted two or three or who knows, maybe even fourfold since we first came here. LR: When a business moves out of 25th Street, how long does it take before that building is snatched up? EZ: It's all relative. Even, believe it or not, on a two block stretch of road and on a south side and a north side of the street, the old adage of, "Location, location, 9 location," still applies. It can be as little as a waiting list, someone is waiting at the door for someone to leave, or it could even take six or eight months. Especially if the building has not been remodeled and updated. LR: When you first moved in, there's lots of talk about tunnels, was there anything in your basement that maybe hinted of that? EZ: Well, in our basements, they were dirt floors and rock foundations. They hadn't really bolstered, in doing the remodeling, they hadn't changed much of that because they'd stood for a hundred years. I guess they figured that they would stand for another hundred years without drastically changing the foundations. We didn't find any tunnels, but we do have old whiskey barrels that are part of our foundation. I guess those were meant for concealing things in. The building next door to the Great Harvest Bakery where the Queen Bee gift shop is, we found little fire pits still in the basement with old box springs and mattresses where, apparently, I was told, that gypsies had still been living within five or ten years of our assuming ownership of that building at 270 25th Street. That would have been even in the early to mid-eighties. Folks were still camping out down there and making fires and all of the floor joints are charred black, so apparently quite a few fires had been made there. Some of the rudimentary furnishings that they used were still there. LR: In the upstairs was there any evidence of what went on? EZ: Upstairs? No, that was really just a stripped out vacant space. I was able, though, to find an old newspaper article dated from 1949 or 1950 that spoke about our building in particular, naming it by the address, showing a sheriff's raid 10 had been conducted there and that a lot of gaming equipment and illegal alcohol was being sold out of that location. It had two or three pictures of the stuff that had been confiscated and laid out on tables, showing a little bit about the history of this building. LR: I actually found that and it was fun to read, so that was cool that it happened here. Is there anything else you can think of about your being here that you'd like to add? EZ: Well, not really, I'd just say that I don't regret our decision one bit. The sense of place that we feel here is tremendous. We've had good economic success here. The people of Ogden City and Weber County have received us with open arms and Ogden is a great place to do business. Despite some of the perhaps negative attitudes that some local Ogdenites had about their own town and it being a good place to do business, it is a good place to do business. 25th Street is a great place to do business. We love being here and despite some of the difficulties in parking and such, I wouldn't be anywhere else between Salt Lake and the Idaho border other than right here. We just love being a part of history and being a part of the community and we love the reaction that our customers seem to get out of it too. They like coming to a place that has history and identity and personality. We look forward to another 25 years. LR: Do you find that there's a sense of a more family oriented space than…? EZ: Absolutely. All day long, mothers with children walk in. Everybody seems to be comfortable down there now. Whereas, in the earlier days, even for five or ten years after we opened, people were quite reluctant still to come down. Not 11 everyone was, because we were thriving, but many who hadn't tried us yet or who hadn't been to 25th Street in 20 or 30 years, were still reluctant to come down and they had to be persuaded. Now, it's a place where families and children are everywhere. In fact, photographers, almost a day doesn't go by that a photographer doesn't show up with a wedding couple to take pictures. It's just become that kind of an environment now. RW: No. I'm just a huge fan. What's your favorite bread that you make here? EZ: My favorite bread is probably the simplest and most common bread that we sell and that's our honey whole wheat bread. It just has such a rich, moist, nutty full flavor that you can eat it every day of your life and not get tired of it. LR: The second building, you were leasing it, is that correct? EZ: What happened is we bought our original bakery building in 1989 and then Margaret Hunter, who hadn't quite developed the space to the west, 270, it was run down and the ceiling was caving in and the floors were caving in because water had been penetrating for years and maybe decades. She offered to sell that to us undeveloped about three or four years later and we decided to take her up on that. So, we purchased it and we remodeled it top to bottom and initially leased it out to other business owners who opened gift shops or English tea shops of one form or another. Finally, we opened our own deli operation here maybe in about 2004 or 2005. We operated them as independent, separate businesses for three or four years and then finally breached the wall between the two buildings. We breached 12 the heavy, thick, brick wall with a substantial opening about eight feet across and eight or ten feet high to allow free flow of people between the two and it was a real good decision. Most of these buildings are very narrow. In fact, ours are only about 17 feet wide so they kind of can be a little bit claustrophobic, but when we put that opening between the two, somehow it just made the space really work. It made each individual side seem even wider, like they were 20 or 25 feet even though they were still 17 feet. It really made everything much more open and free flowing. LR: You mentioned that it's turned into a family, two generation business. How has that happened? EZ: Well, my son, several of my children, I have four children and three of the four at one time of another worked in the bakery as kids trying to put themselves through college or what have you. The environment just really clicked for one of my kids. He's just made for it, my son, Christopher. He's very outgoing, very creative, and when I got to the point where I was looking to scale back and looking for someone to fill my shoes, he expressed interest and I gladly received that interest because he is made for it. He knows how to engage people and to serve people and he has a passion for product quality and organization that's needed in small business management. It was just a natural fit, so he's the man now and we'll be going forward and who knows how long that might be. LR: Is he doing both sides? EZ: No, he does the bakery side. On the other side, where the Queen Bee is, it used to be a full service deli occupying the entire space, but in the last few years we've 13 modified that a little bit and consolidated the deli up front a little bit more and opened the rest of it to a unique gifts shop. It's primary emphasis, however, is books and chocolate and then it does have other gift items. My daughter, Hailey, who is awaiting news as to whether her husband gets accepted into medical school, is running that business. So, it's become quite a little family operation. LR: There has to be a certain sense of pride in knowing that your children are continuing your legacy. EZ: Yes, they are good, hard-working kids who are pursuing good things and that's neat. I'm not just saying this to say this, but I honestly feel that 25th Street is partially responsible for that—not just me as their father and as a business entrepreneur. 25th Street just kind of breeds that kind of desire in people and families. My children love this street as much as I do, if not more, because they've grown up with it and they appreciate it. They wanted to be part of it too. Even if it might only be for a temporary span of a few years or what have you, they want to be part of it too. Being able to own my own buildings and control my own destiny as far as landlord ship and so forth, enabled me to make that opportunity available to them. They love the prospect of doing that. LR: That's great. I wish I had more questions. I've kind of wracked my brain with everything that I had. I appreciate your time and it sounds to me like you were almost instrumental in bringing business back to 25th Street. EZ: Well, I don't know if that's necessarily true. We did do our part and a lot of folks have credited us with being one of the early ingredients that helped bring in more foot traffic and vehicular traffic to 25th Street, in more than just a few numbers, 14 but in larger numbers and to re-introduce people to 25th Street. So, we'll take a little credit for that, but there are certainly others and some who were here before us like Thomas Hardy and Mary Gaskell and others. We certainly feel like we contributed something to it. LR: That's great. I thank you for your time and your willingness to sit and do this with us. EZ: Thank you. 15

10/28/2020 Campus News - October 2015 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no2/index.html 1/7 Features | Around Campus | Events | Recognition | Service | SEARCH ARCHIVES October 2015 - Vol. 19, No. 2 P􀶋􈬍􀵾􇸍􀶌􈰍􀶂􈈍􀵽􇴍􀵾􇸍􀶇􈜍􀶍􈴧'􀶌􈰠 M􀵾􇸍􀶌􈰍􀶌􈰍􀵺􇨍􀶀􈀍􀵾􇹔 This is an exciting time for the University! Fresno State is stronger than ever – a place of growingdiscovery, diversity and distinction. Applications from talented and diverse undergraduates from throughoutthe Valley and state hit a record number this year. In fact, our applications have increased at a rate that istwice the CSU average. As I meet these students on campus, I am impressed with the excellence theybring to Fresno State. As we strengthen our student success initiatives, we are seeing our graduation ratesteadily improving. The six-year rate is projected to increase to nearly 58 percent this year. That is morethan a 9 percentage-point increase in the past two years. Our goal is to achieve a 70 percent graduationrate by 2023, and we are well on our way! Thanks to the bold efforts of our faculty and staff, there is muchto be proud of at Fresno State. F􀵾􇸍􀵺􇨍􀶍􈴍􀶎􈸍􀶋􈬍􀵾􇸍􀶌􈱄 Dr. Mohan Dangi: a Fresno State action hero in Nepal One moment Dr. Mohan Dangi was on his way back to Fresno after helping with Nepal earthquake relief efforts, and thenext he was about to be pulverized by a huge rock headed right for his vehicle. The driver gunned it, and thus Dr. Dangisurvived a mortal threat which is reminscent of an Indiana Jones movie. See more . Autism Center is all about serving families Making a big difference is what the Autism Center @ Fresno State is all about. Reaching out to the community, it has10/28/2020 Campus News - October 2015 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no2/index.html 2/7 already established a new center in Madera county. See more . Dr. Andrew Fiala examines the big questions in life Thinking and questioning can lead to a satisfying life, according to Dr.Andrew Fiala, professor and chair of the Philosophy Department and directorof the Ethics Center at Fresno State. "We're not all alike, and we don't haveto be," Fiala said. "Socrates, Galileo, Martin Luther, Einstein — theinnovators have been the unique individuals who think differently than themajority." See more . International Student Services and Programs For the second year in a row, Fresno State has been selected for a nationalExcellence and Innovation Award from the American Association of StateColleges and Universities (AASCU). This year, it's for internationalization efforts. See more . The Castros' first two years at Fresno State Remember key moments with President Joseph I. Castro and First Lady Mary Castro. Photos by Cary Edmondson. Seeslideshow . Trek with TimeOut Enjoy some of the fun times with TimeOut, Fresno State's beloved mascot. Photos by Cary Edmondson. Additionalphotos courtesy of Athletics Marketing and Promotions. See slideshow . A􀶋􈬍􀶈􈠍􀶎􈸍􀶇􈜍􀵽􇴠 C􀵺􇨍􀶆􈘍􀶉􈤍􀶎􈸍􀶌􈱓 Submit your input for the strategic planning process President Castro and the Strategic Planning Committee invite members of the campus community to offer input for thestrategic planning process that will identify campus priorities for the next five years. An online form for input is available here . Information about the draft Mission Statement and Strategic Plan priorities is available here. Nursing students take free services to the Valley This September saw the launch of School of Nursing's Community Health Mobile Unit, which offers free health servicesto rural communities. The mobile unit, made from a deconstructed RV, has two exam rooms for services such asimmunizations and diabetes and blood pressure screenings, plus health assessments, education and referrals.Throughout the fall semester, the mobile unit will travel to rural areas in Fresno County, providing free services to thosewho do not have readily available access to health care. See more . New name for Student Affairs, offices The Division of Student Affairs has been renamed the Division of Student Affairs and Enrollment Management. Officeswithin the division have also changed their names: Career Development Center (formerly Career Services), Cross Culture and Gender Center (formerly Center for Women and Culture), and University Health and CounselingCenter (formerly University Health and Psychological Services). Admissions and Records also had offices that changedtheir names: Degree Advising Office (formerly the Evaluations Office) and Student Conduct Office (formerly JudicialAffairs). Also, the Dream Outreach Center is a new office within Student Affairs and Enrollment Management, housed inUniversity Outreach Center's office. Athletics honors academics This season at home sporting events, extraordinary teaching at the University is being showcased by selected facultymembers — such as Miles Ishigaki (Music) and Betsy Hays (MCJ) — who present the game ball to President Joseph I.Castro in front of thousands of Bulldog football fans. Faculty members from the Jordan College of Agricultural Sciencesand Technology are also recognized during football games as the "Actagro Faculty Member of the Game," with CathyPay Zhu (Agricultural Business) and Hend Letaief (Viticulture and Enology) recently receiving this honorary recognition.Additional recognition for academics takes place during Men's Basketball College Nights, which introduces theaccomplishments of the University's colleges and schools to the community and provides the opportunity to bring donors,alumni, staff, faculty and students from together for a fun evening. Athletics also recognizes faculty and staff with anappreciation day, one for each sport (excluding football) which offers faculty and staff free admission. For moreinformation, or if you know an extraordinary faculty or staff member you would like to see honored at a future event,please contact aslater@csufresno.edu .10/28/2020 Campus News - October 2015 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no2/index.html 3/7 $10,000 grant will help Fresno State serve students in recovery Fresno State has received a $10,000 Early Seed Grant from Transforming YouthRecovery (TYR), a non-profit charity created by the Stacie Mathewson Foundation,which creates and brings together innovative and sustainable scholastic recoverycommunities. The three-year grant provides funding and technical assistance with agoal to help Fresno State "build a recovery community from the inside out by focusingon community-based assets and mobilizing relationships between individuals,associations and institutions." The grant will help Fresno State spearhead recoveryefforts on campus. Activities include the following: Identifying of a small group of students in recovery to help lead the way to developmentof a program. Conducting a survey and convening focus groups of students in recovery to obtainfeedback on the type of support they need in order to have a successful academiccareer. Based on the results, the University may consider bringing Alcoholics Anonymous meetings or otherrecovery support group meetings to Fresno State. Working with Transforming Youth Recovery on an ongoing basis to develop and strengthen our recovery program. For more information, contact Kathy Yarmo at kyarmo@csufresno.edu . WASC team will visit campus Oct. 20-22 The WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC) will be at Fresno State Oct. 20-22 in connection withthe University's accreditation. The team typically schedules open meetings with students, staff and faculty to provide anopportunity for informal input from all members of the campus community about their experiences with the institution.Individuals who are unable to attend the meetings may contact the WSCUC team through Oct. 22 using this confidentialemail: csufr@wascsenior.org . For more information about Fresno State WASC accreditation, click here. E􀶏􈼍􀵾􇸍􀶇􈜍􀶍􈴍􀶌􈱋 Keyboard Concerts presents Isabelle Demers on Oct. 4 Isabelle Demers performs works by Vierne, Prokofiev, H. Martin, Reger, J.S. Bach, Laurin, andThalben-Ball at 3 p.m., Oct. 4 in the Concert Hall. A French-Canadian artist, she is rapidlybecoming recognized as one of America's most virtuosic organists. Recent highlights of hervast performance activities include her debuts at Davies Hall in San Francisco and Disney Hallin Los Angeles as well as a fourteen concert tour of England and Germany. General admissionis $25, seniors $18, and students $5. For reservations and other information, call 278.2337.This concert is co-sponsored with the San Joaquin Valley Chapter, American Guild ofOrganists and L'Alliance Francaise de Fresno. Farm to Fork Exhibition open through December; Great Grape Event is Oct. 10 Henry Madden Library's exhibition, "Farm to Fork: Food, Family, Farming," features the immigration history of the Valley'slargest ethnic populations, as well as their contributions to agriculture in the Central Valley. It will also showcase antiquefarming equipment as part of a "non-petting zoo." The exhibition is free and open to the public through December 18. Inaddition, a series of related "Farm to Fork" events are being planned throughout the year, beginning with "The GreatGrape" on Saturday, Oct.r 10, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. at the Department of Viticulture and Enology (located on Barstowbetween Cedar and Maple). For more information, visit www.fresnostate.edu/library or contact Cindy Wathen at 278.1680or ciwathen@csufresno.edu . Universal Design Day is Oct. 16 Universal Design Day is Oct. 16 from 9 a.m.-3 p.m. at the Henry Madden Library, starting at DISCOVERe Hub, first floor.This event is held bring awareness of universal design and accessibility to our campus. Attend a showcase of resourcesand best practices. "Pop-in" to 30-minute workshops. Features include food, prizes, and opportunities in universaldesign. See more . Licensing and Tradmark Vendor Fair is Oct. 22 A Licensing and Tradmark Vendor Fair will be held Oct. 22 from 9 a.m.-2 p.m., North Gym 118, to inform faculty and staffof how to order products with Fresno State's trademark. Companies licensed to provide promotional materials will bepresent with vendor booths and samples. Presentations will be made at 10 a.m., 11 a.m., and 1 p.m. For moreinformation, contact gbehrens@csufresno.edu .10/28/2020 Campus News - October 2015 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no2/index.html 4/7 Pianist Sahan Arzruni performs Oct. 25 The Keyboard Concerts series offers a special event with pianist Sahan Arzruniperforming on Sunday, Oct. 25, at 3 p.m. Arzruni has become a familiar figurethrough many television broadcasts such as Johnny Carson and Mike Douglasshows. He has also been featured in a number of PBS specials. The recital is co-sponsored with the Fresno State Armenian Studies Program and the Thomas A.Kooyumjian Family Foundation. General admission is $25, seniors $18, and students$5. For reservations and other information, call 278.2337. University Theatre 2015-16 season begins The upcoming University Theatre season includes the following: Yellowman , by Dael Orlandersmith, Oct. 2-4 and 6-10, Dennis and Cheryl Woods Theatre A Midsummer Night's Dream , by William Shakespeare, Oct. 30-Nov. 1 and Nov. 3-7, Dennis and Cheryl WoodsTheatre Really Really , by Paul Downs Colaizzo, Dec. 4-6 and 8-12, John Wright Theatre Contemporary Dance Ensemble, artistic director Kenneth Balint, Feb. 12-14 and 16-20, John Wright Theatre Malpractice, or Love's the Best Docto r, adapted from The Comedies of Moliére , March 11-13 and 15-19, Dennisand Cheryl Woods Theatre Blue Willow , by Pamela Sterling, May 6-8 and 10-14, John Wright Theatre Tickets are $17 for adults, $15 for Fresno State faculty, staff, alumni, seniors citizens and military, and $10 for studentsand are available at www.fresnostate.edu/theatrearts . Fresno State Concert Schedule To see the entire concert and recital schedule visit the website .Tickets prices are subject to change, Jazz Composer's Orchestra - Oct. 5 at 8 p.m., Concert Hall Fresno State Guitar Studio - Oct. 6 at 8 p.m., Wahlberg Recital Hall Faculty Brass Recital - Oct. 7 at 8 p.m., Concert Hall Cello Fresno – International Cello Festival Concert I, Symphony Orchestra - Oct. 9 at 8 p.m., Concert Hall,General: $15, Employee: $10, Senior: $10, Student: $5 Cello Fresno – International Cello Festival Concerto Competition - Oct. 10 at 8 p.m. Concert Hall, General:$15, Employee: $10, Senior: $10, Student: $5 FSSO/Cello Festival Final Gala Concert - Oct. 11 at 7 p.m., Concert Hall, General: $15, Employee: $10, Senior:$10, Student: $5 Symphonic Band Concert I - Oct. 13 at 7:30 p.m., Concert Hall Wind Orchestra Concert - Oct. 15 at 8 p.m., Concert Hall, General: $15, Employee: $10, Senior: $10, Student:$5 Invitational Choral Festival - Oct. 21-23, Concert Hall Keyboard Concerts Special Event - Sahan Arzruni – Oct. 25 at 3 p.m. Concert Hall, General: $25, Senior: $18,Student: $5. Not a part of the regular Keyboard Concert series Faculty Recital - Oct. 28 at 8 p.m. Concert Hall Jazz-O-Ween - Oct. 29 at 8 p.m., Concert Hall Conley Gallery Exhibitions Gallery hours during shows: Monday - Thursday, 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. unless otherwise noted. See the website for more. Nov. 2 - 5: Miguel Flores Reception: Thursday, Nov. 5, 5-8 p.m. Save the date: Oct. 9 - RAD American Women reception and presentation, University Dining Hall, 6 p.m. Oct. 28 - Fall Faculty/Staff Breakfast, 7:30 a.m.-9:30 a.m., Residence Dining Hall East Wing (reservations required) Oct. 29-30 - California Latino Leadership Education Summit10/28/2020 Campus News - October 2015 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no2/index.html 5/7 Nov. 15-18 - Accreditation site visit for entry-level Department of Physical Therapy Nov. 19 - President's Forum for Faculty and Staff, 10-11 a.m., North Gym 118 R􀵾􇸍􀵼􇰍􀶈􈠍􀶀􈀍􀶇􈜍􀶂􈈍􀶍􈴍􀶂􈈍􀶈􈠍􀶇􈝂 Brad Hyatt (Construction Management) was appointed by Mayor Ashley Swearengin to the city of Fresno's Capital ProjectsOversight Board. Sam Lankford (Recreation Administration) had his report, "The Impact of the Arctic Winter Games: A Social Capital Perspective,"published this summer. It is the culmination of his 23 years of research on the social benefits of the Arctic Winter Games. Read more . Miguel Perez (Public Health) led 15 public health students on a global service learning course in the Dominican Republic, where theyprovided health education activities to some of the region's most destitute individuals. He also won an HonoraryProfessor award from the Universidad Central del Este (Central University of the East, UCE) in the Dominican Republicas part of UCE's Global Health Week. Kathie Reid-Bevington and Geoffrey Thurner (Jordan College) are participants in the Fresno County Farm Bureau's Future Advocates for Agriculture Concerned aboutTomorrow Class XIII, which is an eight-month educational program for community leaders who want to discussagriculture, labor and immigration, air quality, land-use planning, food production and more. Scott Sailor (Kinesiology) was officially inducted as president of the National Athletic Trainers Association. In this role, he'll lead39,000+ athletic trainers from across the nation, including Fresno State's Dr. Paul Ullucci (Physical Therapy), whoreceived the Most Distinguished Athletic Trainer Award at the 66th Annual NATA Meeting this summer in St Louis. Readmore . Anil Shrestha (Plant Science) was named Winrock International's August Volunteer of the Month for his recent work in two separatethree-week projects in Nepal. See more . Bhupinder Singh (Physical Therapy) presented his research, "Balance Control during Common Rehabilitation Exercises in ObeseFemales," at the American Society of Biomechanics meeting in Columbus, Ohio, this summer. S􀵾􇸍􀶋􈬍􀶏􈼍􀶂􈈍􀵼􇰍􀵾􇹓 Save Mart Center's Shehady Tower turned red for Blood Cancer Awareness Fresno State teamed up with the Save Mart Center, Leukemia Lymphoma Society, Central California Blood Center andthe new Be the Match On Campus student group to support Blood Cancer Awareness Month in September. The partnersmet for a kick-off in the early morning hours of Sept. 9 to view Shehady Tower illuminated in red lights. The lighting is partof the national Leukemia Lymphoma Society campaign, to light iconic buildings in cities across America red. Iin addition to the tower lighting, Fresno State also hosted an on-campus blood drive and marrow registry drive Sept. 16-18. Hundreds of generous members of the Fresno State community donated blood and registered for the national Be theMatch marrow registry. The next on-campus blood drive and marrow registry drive will take place Nov. 17-19. For more information about Be the Match on Campus, contact Giuffrida at 559.278.5716 or tgiuffrida@csufresno.edu . Forthe Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, contact Korina Mendoza at 559.490.6943 or korina.mendoza@lls.org . For theFresno State blood drives contact Renee Delport at 559.278.7063 or rdelport@csufresno.edu .10/28/2020 Campus News - October 2015 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no2/index.html 6/7 Taste of Service Event introduces students to Fresno State's Culture of Service Taste of Service, a new addition to the annual Community ServiceOpportunities Fair took place in early September. In addition to learningabout community benefit organizations and volunteer opportunities theyoffer, the new area provided students the opportunity to try out several on-the-spot service projects. More than 650 students participated in the event that took place adjacent tothe traditional Service Fair. The service projects included writing advocacyletters with the Fresno State Food Recovery Network, making pinwheel toysand cards for patients at Valley Children's Hospital, and writing thank youcards for military veterans who live in the Fresno Veteran's Home. The event was coordinated by the Jan and Bud Richter Center forCommunity Engagement and Service-Learning and sponsored by Associated Students, Inc., Humanics, and StudentInvolvement. Make a Difference Day is Oct. 24 "Make a Difference Day," a national community service event encompassingthe most comprehensive nation-wide day of helping others, is Saturday, Oct. 24from 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. The Richter Center for Community Engagement andService-Learning is asking all faculty, staff, students, and alumni to participate.Volunteers may participate individually or as a group. More information aboutthe event, including registration details, is available at http://www.fresnostate.edu/academics/cesl/about/events.html In case you missed it: Fresno State's football win against Abilene Christian Relive the Fresno State Bulldogs' 34-13 football win against Abilene Christian Wildcats, Bulldog Stadium, Sept. 3,2015. See slideshow . Fall 2015 Residence Hall move-in See highlights from the Residence Hall move-in this fall. Photos by Cary Edmondson. See slideshow . New Student Convocation 2015 Fresno State welcomed new freshman, transfer and graduate students at the New Student Convocation in theSave Mart Center Aug. 24. See the slideshow . Ribbon cutting for Physical Therapy and Intercollegiate Athletics Building The University celebrated the opening of its new state-of-the-art 22,000-square-foot building with a ribbon cuttingSept. 15. The facility houses the Department of Physical Therapy, as well as athletics offices, and is located atBarstow Avenue and Campus Drive. See the slideshow . Bienvenida! Enjoy scenes from the Bienvenida celebration in the Fresno State Peace Garden, September 16. See theslideshow . Slideshow photos by Cary Edmondson. 10/28/2020 Campus News - October 2015 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no2/index.html 7/7 Still looking for more news? For the latest University press releases, visit FresnoStateNews.com. For sports news, visit GoBulldogs.com . Find announcements, events, and more on BulletinBoard . For the academic calendar, see the catalog . Find additional calendars through Academic Affairs . A listing of season stage performances is available through Theatre Arts and music performances through the Music Department . Campus News is the Fresno State employee newsletter published online the first day of each month – or the weekday closest to the first – fromSeptember through May. The deadline for submissions to the newsletter is 10 days prior to the first of each month. Please e-mail submissions to campusnews@csufresno.edu ; include digital photos, video clips or audio clips that are publishable online. Phone messages, PDFs, faxes, and printedhard copies will not be accepted. President , Joseph I. Castro Vice President for University Advancement , Paula Castadio . Campus News is published by the Office of University Communications. Archives | Academic Calendar | FresnoStateNews | Campus News Deadlines | University Communications Print this Page

-- PART VI: LITERATURE -- Statut idéologique de la métanarrative / Agosti, Stefano -- A Tautological Poem / Almansi, Guido -- The Poetics of Allusion - A Text Linking Device - In Different Media of Communication / Ben-Porat, Ziva -- La signification en poetique et/ou en histoire de la littérature / Balachov, Nicolas -- Structuralism, New Criticism, and the Chicago School: A Liminary Statement / Blanchard, Jean-Marc -- Signe et chose dans la littérature d'avant-garde de l'Europe de Test / Bojtàr, Endre -- Euphony and the Weltanschauung in Hâfiz's Poetry / Broms, Henry -- Conditions de l'écriture d'une théorie de l'économie signifiante: la figuration sémiotique / Bouazis, Charles -- Remarks on the Compositional and Thematic Structure of a Gryphius Sonnet / Csuri, Karoly -- Allegory and the Status of Literary Semiotics / Culler, Jonathan -- Textes et macrotexte / Corti, Maria -- The Textemic Status of Signs in a Literary Text and its Translation / Even-Zohar, Itamar -- Some Observations on Modernism as a Period Code with Reference to Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg / Fokkema, D. W. -- Description et règles poétiques. Sur un mécanisme poétique chez Sade / Gebauer, Gunter -- La lecture comme Performance — psycholinguistique et communication littéraire / Geerts, W. -- Avoir du sens vs. avoir un sens dans une perspective discursive / Geninasca, Jacques -- Codage idéologique des texte littéraires / Grivel, Charles -- Champs sémantiques du niveau émotionnel de l'expérience esthétique / Jôzsa, Peter -- La narration et les types de discours / Kanyö, Zoltân -- Texte et paratexte. Essai sur la préface du roman classique / Lecointre, Simone / Gälliot, Jean le -- Enchâssement narratif de textes lyriques: le cas du roman de Flamenca / Limentani, Alberto -- Référents de la narration / Lonzi, Lidia -- The Programming of Best-Seller Elements into Popular Narration : Richard Bach's Jonathan Livingston Seagull and Segal's Love Story / Merry, Bruce -- Postulats narratifs et rythme sémantique / Pavel, Thomas G. -- Poetic Communication Versus Literary Language Or: The Linguistic Fallacy in Poetics / Posner, Roland -- Essai de typologie sémiotique des titres d'oeuvres / Rey Debove, Josette -- Connotative Systems and their Functions in Shakespeare's Sonnet 87 / Rutelli, Romana -- Joyce: Epiphany and Code / Sandulesco, Constantin-George -- Communauté des théories linguistique et littéraire sous l'angle de la sémiotique / Stepanov, Yuri S. -- Limits of Signs / Sus, Oleg -- Sémiotique de la littérature / Todorov, Tzvetan -- Poetics as a Theory of Expressivity ('Theme — Expressivity Devices — literary Text Model) / Zolkovskij, A. K. -- PART VII: ICONICITY AND VISUAL ARTS -- Créativité et sémiotique d'un langage visuel / Arlandi, Gian Franco -- 'Oleus ex Machina'. Analyse sémiotique d'un texte publicitaire / Baldi, Paolo / Fatassi, Alessandro / Wolf, Mauro -- The Role of Semiology in the Visual Arts / Battisti, Eugenio -- The Nature of Depiction / Cameron, Eric -- Semiotic Disalienation and 'Visual Poetry' / Calabrese, Omar -- La bande dessinée: de la narration figurative à la figuration narrative / Fresnault-Deruelle, Pierre -- Sémiologie du message visuel: analyse de la création plastique avec des psychotiques au moyen de techniques non verbales / Gurevich, Ester -- Icons, Systems, and Object Relationships / Koch, Christian -- Does the Icon Have a Cognitive Value? / Maldonado, Tomas -- The Frame of the Painting or the Semiotic Functions of Boundaries in the Representative Process / Marin, Louis -- Iconicity and Connotation in the Photographic Image / McLean, William -- Visual Poetry / Miccini, Eugenio -- L'isotopie de l'image / Minguet, Philippe -- Art et semiologie. Code et transgression / Monnier, Jacques -- Semiotics and 'Visual Poetry' / Mucci, Egidio -- Some Theoretical Considerations Concerning an Experimental Approach to the Dynamics of Sign Perception / Nowakowska, Maria -- The Neo-Ideogram - From Advertising to Visual Poetry / Pignotti, Lamberto -- Semiotic Relevance of the Pictorial Sign / Ravera, Rosa Maria -- 'Abstraction' et representation (iconologie et sémiotique picturale) / Rey, Alain -- Art pauvre/monde pauvre / Restany, Pierre -- Notes pour une recherche sur l'image / Sercovich, Armando -- Lucky Luke: Rhétorique et sens dans la nouvelle bande dessinée / Sternberg, Oscar -- Le blanc et le noir dans l'art abstrait / Valliér, Dora -- PART VIII: CINEMA, TELEVISION AND THEATRE -- Quand la sémiologie est séduite par la mise en scène / Bettetini, Gianfranco -- Semiotics Ante Litteram : Notes on Pirandello's Reactions to sound film / Bolognese, G. A. -- The System of the Specular Text with Reference to Stagecoach / Browne, Nicholas K. -- Pour une sémiotique intégrée des signes cinématographiques / Brunetta, Gian Piero -- Le théâtre comme modèle général du langage / Cascetta, A. / Marconi, E. / Martinelli, A. / Rovetta, A. -- The Hero in Drama — An Investigation of a Semiotic Principle / Cassirer, Peter -- Pour une approche sémiotique du théâtre comme message multilinéaire / De Marinis, Marco / Magli, Patrizia -- Aspects sémiotiques de la stratégie des personnages dans le théâtre / Dinu, Mihai -- The Narrative Text of Shock Corridor / Hanet, Kari -- Réflexions sur la sémiologie du théâtre / Helbo, Andre -- Cinematographic Iconicity — Some Sigmatic Preliminaries / Kalkofen, Hermann -- Isotopie et dislocation des codes dans 'Six personnages en quete d'auteur' / Krysinski, Wladimir -- Fondements d'une sémiologie du théâtre sur la distinction de Peirce entre icônes, index et symboles / Pavis, Patrice -- Pour un message TV spécifique / Radu, Cezar -- The Language of the 'Telenovela' and its influence on Brazilian Society / Rector, Monica -- PART IX: ARCHITECTURE -- Design Versus Non-Designed Public Places / Agrest, Diana -- Building Design as an Iconic Sign System / Broadbent, Geoffrey H. -- Notes en marge des études italiennes sur la sémiotique architectonique / Dal Canton, Giuseppina -- Analyse sémiotique de la structure urbaine: le cas d'El Aaiun au Sahara / Luis Dalda, Juan / Marti Aris, Carlos / Pau Corominas, Luis -- Le discours de la ville / Fauque, Richard -- The Architectural Signifier / Gandelsonas, Mario -- Sémiotique de l'espace et sémiotique de l'architecture / Hammad, Manar -- A Semantic Analysis of Stirling's Olivetti Centre Wing / Jencks, Charles -- The Holy Trinity, the Structure of the Process of the Visual Perception of Architecture / Hesselgren, Sven -- Syntactic and Semantic Considerations in the Semiotic Analysis of Social Message Appearing as Physical Urban Structure and Use / Klapp, Merrie -- Systèmes logiques et symboliques dans le mécanisme de définition de l'espace / Muratore, Giorgio -- Sociologie et sémiotique / Ostrowetsky, S. / Bordreuil, S. -- Analyse sémiotique du plan d'architectecte / Provoost, Eric -- A Semiotic Approach to Architectural Criticism / Luisa Scalvini, Maria -- Architecture about Architecture: Self-Reference as a Type of Architectural Signification / Wittig, Susan -- PART X. MUSIC -- Une approche linguistique-mathématique de la sémiologie musicale / Cazimir, Bogdan -- Different Organizations of Complexity in Music and Literature / Golomb, Harai -- Valeurs dénotatives et connotatives dans le Capriccio B Dur (Abreise) de J.S. Bach / Dorfles, Gillo -- La sémiologie musicale: voie nouvelle pour l'interprétation / Guertin, Marcelle -- Quelques remarques sur la duplication chez Debussy / Hirbour-Paquette, Louise -- Syntactical Strata in Music / Lidov, David -- Problèmes de l'analyse sémiologique des oeuvres polyphoniques / Morin, Elisabeth -- Pour une méthode d'analyse des analyses / Naud, Gilles -- Semiotic Devices in Musical Drama, Some Observations / Noske, Frits -- The Role of a Typology of Transformations within the Semiotics of Musical Form / Osmond-Smith, David -- Pour une discipline du signe musical / Stefani, Gino -- PART XI.

Over the last decade, Australia's tropical north has featured front and centre in big national debates about the nation's future. As in the past, the north has again been cast as the nation's frontier saviour through bold new resource and agricultural developments, both real and imagined. Yet others have dreamt of the north's expansive landscapes being secured as an iconic wilderness. Big human rights-centred debates have raged about the success or otherwise of Commonwealth, State and Territory interventions in Indigenous communities. Quick-draw policy responses on complex issues like the live cattle trade have had devastating impacts on the confidence of northern industries and communities. Finally, the daily media images of refugees heading to the coast keep the north's strategic importance on centre-stage, raising unresolved tensions about relationships with our Asian-Pacific neighbours. With some exceptions, these national debates have played out across southern Australia's media, policy-making and academic institutions and think-tanks; a debate largely crafted by, and for, a southern audience. For those of us in the north, it is forgivable to think that the south looks upon northern Australia as one might look upon their own troubled child; a youngster on the precipice between adolescence and adulthood. There seems to be, on one level, that great hope and expectation of a gifted life ahead; the north stepping forth into untold prosperity and longevity. At the same time, there remains a fear that, left to its own devices, the north will spiral into delinquency; a failed state perhaps. While it could be too easy to cast a discussion about the future of northern Australia in simple north-south terms, the south does have the political power, money and population to deliver big changes in the north. Many in the north, however, would argue that, on a daily basis, they experience flaws in the south's contribution to its governance. There is a common perception that major policy decisions are often made in the interest of a southern electorate without real concern for the rights and interests of those in the north. Other concerns relate to programs that are too short term, fragmented and restrictive to make any genuine changes for the better. Without further extending the "troubled youth" analogy, this might just be a sign that the north is maturing and is champing at the bit to be more in control of its own destiny. The north, however, is indeed different to the south. It has a far thinner human and institutional capacity. Its land tenure foundations are largely public or communal versus private. It is primarily an Indigenous domain. Its climate and annual cyclonic risk is beyond the typical experiences of those in the south. Much of the north is closer to populous Asian and Pacific capitals than to Perth, Brisbane or Canberra. As such, northerners, by and large, are looking for different governance models. There is a desire to cast existing models aside and to at least explore, in partnership with State and Federal Governments, innovative new approaches. Northern Australians want people in the south to better understand this unique, majestic land and its importance to the nation. Over recent years, several columnists and academics have had a go at building a narrative about the north, but few have tried to start a genuine dialogue between northern and southern Australia; a dialogue focused on how the nation as a whole might work towards a better future for northern Australia through governance reform. This discussion piece aims to start a national debate about the purpose and direction for such reform. It is not, however, a return to Theodorian-style calls for political separatism. Northern Australia needs southern Australia and vice versa. This means that, at the very least, the nation needs a bolder and united north Australian narrative that takes us from being the post-colonial backwater of three separate governments to a more northern-driven but nationally integrated governance system. It is about Australian and State/Territory Governments radically and collectively reconfiguring their current fragmented and geographically distant approach, to one that negotiates big policy decisions in the north and that manages government policy and programs in radically different ways. With mature economies in the south, fresh opportunities for major national economic, social and environmental advances rest in the north. Southern powers need to explicitly support the emergence of these opportunities from within the north itself for the benefit of the nation as a whole. This could emerge through a stronger northern Australian policy, fiscal and delivery architecture; perhaps one directly integrated into the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) framework. Such an architecture and associated processes, however, must be powerfully engaged with a cohesive and strong pan-tropical alliance of northern Australia's sectoral interests, inclusive of traditional owners, local government, industry, human service, conservation and other sectors. It must also be independently informed by a cohesive and engaged knowledge-based relationship with the north's key research institutions. If this approach recasts the way decisions are made for the north, then there are several big reform agendas that need to be the foundational focus of attention. First, as the foundation for both economic development and rights protection, the north needs real innovation in the efficient resolution of land use and tenure conflicts across the landscape. This requires a long-term, cohesive and regionally-driven approach to planning of the north's strategic land use and infrastructure needs. This contrasts the current approach, driven both by either high profile southern conservation campaigns or major development projects that emerge in bull markets. On the economic front, we also need a more targeted and consistent approach to negotiating major project development in ways that lift investor-confidence while not trashing our crown-jewel environmental and cultural assets; approaches that also can build the long-term foundations for regional community development. Alongside this, we have an opportunity to create the basis for an eco-system services economy specifically designed for, and focussed on, northern Australia; one that delivers land owners/managers real economic reasons for managing landscapes explicitly for their cultural, conservation and wilderness values while also keeping the economic foundations for remote communities intact. At the community-scale, over the past 30 years, the core government model for Indigenous policy and program delivery shifted from assimilation to self-determination, but the policy failures of both have culminated in (the largely top-down) interventions of the last decade and their focus on service normalisation. While addressing critical needs, the new normalisation-based approaches continue to disempower and deliver stop-start progress. The architecture for government delivery largely remains welfare-oriented, inflexible and annualised. Such approaches simply do not build lasting human capacity and often do not work for a region with a rugged landscape, limited human resources and a cruelling wet-dry seasonality. Similarly in that time, local governments across the north have been gradually lumbered with big new policy and delivery responsibilities without linked improvements in revenue. To shift the whole economy from an historically boom-bust cycle, however, the nation must build the foundations for a tropical knowledge-driven economy that both underpins productivity improvements in our existing industries (mining, agriculture, fishing, tourism) and creates real export-oriented engagement. This outward looking engagement needs to be not just into the Asia-Pacific, but right across the globe's tropical latitudes. This will rely on Australia investing in tropical knowledge development (e.g., tropical health, agriculture, environmental and disaster management, tropical design and energy) within the north. These strengths then need to be brokered into the wider tropical region via long-term partnership building, trade and innovation clusters and the strategic attraction of foreign investment. This palette of reforms could deliver a progressive and productive northern Australia with a strong identity and lifestyle values to-die-for. Despite the challenging climate, the north could become a place where a great diversity of people (with a wide skills base) want to live, escaping our reputation as the southern hemisphere's salt mines. The cost of failure would be great: a permanent boom and bust economy with more bust and less boom, whole regions of multi-generational disadvantage and the nation's environmental and cultural jewels degraded. If progressed through the right governance reforms, however, securing these opportunities in the north may hold the keys to the whole nation's future. This paper outlines first why good governance for northern Australia is important to the nation. It details how things actually function in a pan-tropical sense, in northern Western Australia (WA), the Northern Territory (NT) and northern Queensland, and at regional and local scales. It then looks at how the north has been governed through the lens of major conflict themes from our recent history. It also looks at the outcomes that might emerge from a business-as-usual scenario; what happens if the flaws in the governance of the north continue unabated into the future? Finally, it explores (or perhaps dreams) of some of the alternative possibilities for northern governance.

 At the end of a summer with at least a little time to read books not directly connected to teaching or writing I picked up Melinda Cooper's Counterrevolution: Extravagance and Austerity in Public Finance and Stéphane Legrand's Ayn Rand: Femme Capital. The first I had been meaning to get to since it came out, and the second has lingered on my shelf for awhile. I was always curious what a French philosopher who has worked on Marx and Foucault would say about the very American (and anti-Marxist) phenomena of Ayn Rand.Reading both of them at the same time helped me think about a question that I have been thinking about and writing about for awhile. It is something that I sometimes refer to as "right workerism," the way in which work and the virtues of work appear less and less to be the terms of some contestation of capitalism than its strongest pillar of support. All of this leads to the inverted and bizarro world in which it is the right that positions itself as defending the worker, while the left is seen as synonymous with a parasitic dependent. This parasite is not identified with capitalists, but with everyone from "welfare queens" to "public workers." Those people who work in the public sphere are seen to be not truly workers, since their status, wages, and protections stem from unions and political organization, and, even more paradoxically, business owners, or capitalists, are seen to be the true workers, even the creators of work itself. As Etienne Balibar describes this situation, "The capitalist is defined as worker, as an 'entrepreneur'; the worker, as the bearer of a capacity, of a human capital."The second chapter of Cooper's book gives something of a genealogy of this reversal, by focusing on the particular role of the construction worker in articulating a representation of the working class. This genealogy has a few key moments. One of the first was the "hard hat riots" of 1970 in which a group of construction workers attacked student antiwar demonstrators. This visible moment of a vocal minority took place against a larger backdrop of a silenced majority, as Cooper argues, "polling data consistently showed that blue collar workers were more opposed to the war then the college-educated middle class--after all, their sons were more likely to be serving there." It was not just the war, Cooper situates the image of the conservative blue collar worker against the revolutionary challenges to not only wages, but the organization of work itself. "From the League of Revolutionary Black Workers, who refused to take orders from the ostensibly progressive United Auto Workers, to flight attendants, secretaries, and domestic workers, this was an era of unprecedented organizing on the part of those who had been relegated to the margins of the Fordist labor contract. Industrial unions were even beginning to form promising new alliances with the New Left Student movement, despite the inauspicious experience of the 1970s hard-hat riots." Cooper, like Chamayou, situates neoliberalism as a new form of governmentality against the interregnum of contestation and disorder. Integral to this new form of governmentality is the fragmentation of any solidarity, any unity of workers, as workers. This fragmentation took purchase in the existing divisions of society, divisions of race, gender, and nationality, but also in the instituted division of the working class. As Cooper argues public and private workers had both different demographic make ups, different levels of organizing, and different wage pressures. The basis for this division was institutionalized during the extension of labor protections in the middle of the twentieth century, but it was further driven asunder in the struggles over taxes and inflation. It is one particular worker, that of construction that stands as not just the symbol of a different worker politics, but a different idea of worker struggle. "It was in the construction sector, however, that the dividing lines between traditional employment and small business ownership were truly blurred. For much of the twentieth century it was common practice among specialized trades workers and journeymen to alternate between unionized employment on large construction sites and off-season work as sole traders on small residential projects. This resulted in an ambiguous class position very different from that of industrial wage worker. Labor historians note that "in large enterprises, the distinction between owner-manager and employee worker became ever clear as the rift between them widened. But for carpenters these distinctions remained blurred, for decades longer. Unlike an industrial worker, a carpenter often owned the tools of his trade. There was considerable fluidity between working as an employee and becoming the owner of a small construction business. In some ways, many construction workers were more like small businessmen than industrial laborers.""Ironically, it was this hybrid class status that had conferred on the building trades their unique bargaining power throughout much of the twentieth century. As holders of a specialized skill set who could readily withdraw their labor by setting up shop on their own, tradesmen were able to demand consistently better working conditions than industrial workers. This helps explain both their exemplary position within the midcentury union movement and their recurrent tendency to eschew solidarity with other workers. As unionized workers, building tradesmen had the power to extract wage concessions that other workers could only dream of, yet their part-time status as small owner-managers also created a sense of distance from the rest of the working class. Ultimately, the ambivalent class position of building trades workers would be used against them in particular, as it was in the construction sector that the instrument of legal misclassification would be wielded most ruthlessly as a tool of wage suppression."It is Reagan who in some sense played both sides against the middle, stressing the unique status of construction workers as aspiring small businesses in order to subject them to more exploitation. Many people know the story of Reagan firing the striking air traffic control workers, pitting public workers against private workers, but I did not known about his long history espousing the ideal of the independent contractor to further atomize the working class. There are some interesting passages in Cooper's book on Reagan's longstanding interest in the status of the independent contractor, stemming from his years in Hollywood. As Cooper writes, "In reaching out to blue-collar workers, Reagan addressed them first and foremost as taxpayers and made every effort to downplay their connections with other wage workers. With government spending now coded as inflationary and biased toward the "unproductive" public-sector employee. Reagan sought to persuade his audience that tax cuts, not direct spending, were the best way to restore the blue-collar wage." Reagan's rhetoric created both new commonalities between trade workers and small business owners, while exacerbating divisions between public and private workers. It also fundamentally changed the strategy of workers, moving them away from the collective strategy of organizing to an individual strategy of hustling. The ideal of the independent contractor promises individual freedom but what it offers is collective disenfranchisement, stripping the collectively gained protections of workers and cutting them off from their collective power. As Cooper writes, "There can be no doubt that Reagan's paeans to small-scale entrepreneurial freedom played to the real aspirations of blue-collar wage workers. Yet the more he insisted on the effective identity between the worker and the small business owner, the more elusive the transition became for those who started out as wage dependents. The long-term effect of the Republican war on labor was to multiply the number of workers toiling under the direct authority of small business owners and sharpen the class divide between them, making it increasingly difficult of the misclassified workers to assert their bargaining power qua wage workers, let alone accede to the position of owner manager."As with Reagan's welfare queen this is a myth that long outlasted his presidency. The idea that the true worker is an independent worker, and thus in some sense that the true worker is a capitalist enterprise  of one, has longstanding effects on our image and ideal of work. It posits a different strategy and a different subjectivity than worker solidarity, one predicated on not just self interest, but on pitting worker against worker. The struggle against taxes is also a struggle against those workers whose wages are paid by taxes. Yves Citton has described the period from the Reagan into the present as one of the attenuation of class struggle. Class struggle is still lived experienced, in increased worker hours, dwindling wages, and loss of job security, but class struggle ceases to be the way people represent or thematize either their condition, their insecurity, or their strategy, their struggle. We could say that a corollary of this way of thinking is that the attenuation of class struggle leads to a displacement of struggle. We get pseudo class struggles pitting private workers against public workers, tax payers against teachers and so on. It just so happens that I was reading Stéphane Legrand's Ayn Rand: Femme Capital at the same time as Cooper's book. I do not recall why or how I picked up this book. I was curious what Legrand, a philosopher that I know of primarily from his  work on Foucault and Marx, would have to say about Rand. Rand has always been weirdly fascinating to me even though I could never make it through any of her books, or, more to the point, she is fascinating to me because I could never make it through any of her books. It has always seemed strange that such a flatfooted propagandist elicited such cult like following. It just so happened that Legrand's book functioned as interesting complement to Cooper's. If Cooper showed the politics, the policy, that worked to produce the worker as human capital, as investor in themselves, Legrand shows how Rand made this seem sexy, made it seemed like a rebellion to some kind of dominant sense. Legrand's book is in part on the person Rand, part on her novels, and part on the people who have made her into a religion, up to and including Paul Ryan. As Legrand writes about the mediocrity referre above, "Ayn had this rare capacity, in her novels as in her life, to transfigure mediocrity into greatness, to operate a narrative transubstantiation which--as the ritual of the mass is supposed to change the most noxious swill into the blood of God--leads us to venerate as the paradigm of the great man a comedian of his own ideal, a ridiculous, capricious and narcissistic type who in the real world would be treated with a mixture of irritation and amusement." Despite Rand's absolute hostility to dialectical thinking, and her attempt to make tautology the center of her own philosophy and politics, A=A, the individual is self interest, one can see a strange dialectic in her thought in which what is culturally dominant, selfishness, is treated as rebellious, and the impersonal and abstract imperatives of capitalism are made into the pinnacle of humanity. Tautology is not entirely accurate as Legrand argues Rand's thought could be considered its own strategy of the "sive," after Spinoza's famous Deus sive Natura, God, that is nature. "If one prefers, Spinoza does not demonstrate that nature is divine--which would amount to adding a supplementary property to the idea of nature--he dissolves the concept of divinity into that of nature (in the philosophical scientific sense of the term, not the birds and the bees)--which in fact amounts to removing a whole series of properties which are traditionally attributed to it (personality, emotions, free will, transendence...). The concepts of morality and egoism (or capitalism) in Rand are in the same relation." The formulation of Rand's thought is "egoism that is morality." Such a definition strips morality of all that is generally meant by the term, such as an imperative or an ought, making it less an ideal than a justification. Oddly Spinoza might offer one way of thinking about what made Rand possible. Abstract ideals, even the ideal of rationality itself, need particular figures, particular representations in order to make them imaginable. This is what Rand did, created an image, a myth, to make capital, an impersonal system of domination, seem to be the expression of individual qualities. Here again we see a reversal of Spinoza's strategy, where Spinoza equated God and nature to de-anthropomorphize the former Rand equates capitalism to morality, egoism or capitalism is morality, to give the former flesh and blood, to make it a person. To cite Legrand again, "Where Chaplin in Modern Times fifty years earlier, utilized his iconic, charismatic, and recognized character to give body and visibility to the impersonal powers at work in the capitalist enterprise and society that crushes bodies and souls, make its inhumanity apparent, Rand does an absolutely inverse operation, personalizing and humanizing it..."There is much more that could be said about both of these books. What strikes me is the way in which policy and mythology, politics and poetics, appear as two sides of the same relation, necessarily supplementing and reinforcing each other. Could we have had Reagan without Rand or Rand without Reagan. The order and connection of ideology is the same as the order and connection of exploitation. Or, maybe this is just what happens when you read two books at the same time at the end of the summer.