Die Rolle der Vernunft in den internationalen Beziehungen wurde bereits seit dem 18.Jahrhundert betrachtet, gewann dann aberim Verlauf der Jahrhunderte zunehmend weniger an Einfluß.Schwerwiegende internationale Ereignisse wie die beiden Weltkriege führten zu einer pessimistischen Haltung gegenüber der Macht der menschlichen Vernunft. Eine mehr liberale und realistische Denkweise entstand und durch dasEntstehen des Realismus beschäftigte man sich auch mit dem Rationalismus in den internationalen Beziehungen (SWP-Drh)
In den internationalen Beziehungen sollte eine Unterscheidung zwischen der spezifischen und diffusen Reziprozität gemacht werden. Spezifische Reziprozität bezieht sich auf den Austausch gleicher Werte zwischen bestimmten Partnern oder genau definierten Abkommen. Diffuse Reziprozität stellt die Gruppe von Partnern gegenüber dem einzelnen Akteur in den Vordergrund. Normen und Pflichten sind als Regularien wichtig. Weder spezifische noch diffuse Reziprozität liefern ein perfektes Konzept für eine gegenseitige, vorteilhafte Kooperation. Institutionelle Innovationen, z.B. im internationalen Handel, können jedem beteiligten Akteur einige Vorteile nehmen, schützen jedoch vor den spezifischen Belastungen. (SWP-Bmt)
An examination of the ways the construction of the Internet, with cyberspace as the core, are changing the theory, policy, and practice of international relations. ; Cyberspace is widely acknowledged as a fundamental fact of daily life in today's world. Until recently, its political impact was thought to be a matter of low politics—background conditions and routine processes and decisions. Now, however, experts have begun to recognize its effect on high politics—national security, core institutions, and critical decision processes. In this book, Nazli Choucri investigates the implications of this new cyberpolitical reality for international relations theory, policy, and practice. The ubiquity, fluidity, and anonymity of cyberspace have already challenged such concepts as leverage and influence, national security and diplomacy, and borders and boundaries in the traditionally state-centric arena of international relations. Choucri grapples with fundamental questions of how we can take explicit account of cyberspace in the analysis of world politics and how we can integrate the traditional international system with its cyber venues. After establishing the theoretical and empirical terrain, Choucri examines modes of cyber conflict and cyber cooperation in international relations; the potential for the gradual convergence of cyberspace and sustainability, in both substantive and policy terms; and the emergent synergy of cyberspace and international efforts toward sustainable development. Choucri's discussion is theoretically driven and empirically grounded, drawing on recent data and analyzing the dynamics of cyberpolitics at individual, state, international, and global levels.
Intro -- Halftitle Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgment -- 1 Introduction:Why study international relations and other basic questions -- 2 International theory, Realism, and power politics -- 3 Liberalism and building world orders -- 4 Post-positivist theories of international relations -- 5 Foreign policy -- 6 International conflict and competition -- 7 Military power and war -- 8 International law, international organization, and human rights -- 9 International trade and international production -- 10 International and global finance -- 11 International and regional integration and disintegration -- 12 Natural resources, population, and the environment -- 13 North-South gaps and old-new gaps -- 14 Economic, human, and political development -- 15 Conclusions -- Index
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In this article, I explain how International Relations scholarship relates to ableism. Ableism is a sociopolitical system of narratives, institutions, and actions collectively reinforcing an ideology that benefits persons deemed able-bodied, able-minded, and normal by others, and devalues, limits, and discriminates against those deemed physically and/or mentally disabled and abnormal. International Relations scholars have been quick to utilize disability metaphors as rhetorical support for their arguments and analyses. This article discusses how metaphors in general — and disability metaphors in particular — get their meaning from various other discourses and narratives. International Relations scholars, in the case of disability metaphors, often draw from discourses and narratives that perpetuate ableism. I demonstrate how disability metaphors can be ableist by researching how several International Relations foreign policy analysts and theorists have applied autism metaphors. I argue that International Relations' uses of autism metaphors are ableist insomuch as they shape or reinforce understandings of autism that often oversimplify, overgeneralize, or otherwise misrepresent autism and Autistic people in ways that portray autism negatively. In the conclusion, I reflect on the importance of a disability studies program in International Relations and the broad set of topics that such a program should pursue.
