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The overall state of financial inclusion in Russia is relatively advanced along certain basic metrics. The number of adults with accounts at a financial institution stands at 67.4 percent, which compares well to the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) regional average of 51.4 percent. Account penetration has increased by nearly 20 percentage points since 201l, with increases experienced across all segments of the population, including for the poorest 40 percent and for women.1 Russia also has a large number of regulated financial institutions and enjoys 36.98 branches per 100,000 adults, higher than for the United States (32.39) and China (24.03). In addition, usage of accounts and other financial services remains low among the underserved, as does the available range and quality of financial products and services. The main mode for retail payments is still via cash; while underserved individuals may own accounts, many consumers withdraw the full amount they receive from regular government payments or salaries. Most credit and deposit-taking activity still occurs among the middle-high income segments of the population, and there appear to be gaps in terms of both the availability and usage of appropriate savings products for the underserved. The microcredit products that are available to the underserved are of poor quality. There are low levels of trust in the formal financial sector among the Russian population, in particular for microfinance institutions (MFIs).

At the down of 21st Century, Financial Intelligence emerged as a corporate discipline. Greater Financial Intelligence helps people to understand what the organization is trying to achieve and how they affect results. What is the art of Finance and why it matters? Why cash is the king? How a Balance sheet reveals the most? This book attempts to review and resolve these issues. This book also attempts to examine how to calculate Return on Investment (R.O.I) and how to create a financially intelligent company?

Purpose
This paper aims to reexamine the relationship between financial openness and financial development in Ghana.


Design/methodology/approach
The study applied maximum likelihood estimation and autoregressive distributed lag approach and tested Granger causality using quarterly data from 1990:1 to 2020:4.


Findings
This study revealed a long-run equilibrium relationship between financial openness and development, indicating that financial openness is a critical factor in Ghana's financial development. Therefore, the study recommends with caution that policies aimed at promoting financial openness could be an effective way to encourage sustainable financial development in Ghana, as financial openness alone may not bring the desired outcome.


Research limitations/implications
The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence of the link between financial openness and financial sector development in Ghana. Future research could delve deeper into the mechanisms through which financial openness affects financial development, exploring potential channels and transmission mechanisms.


Practical implications
The findings suggest that policymakers, particularly the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Ghana, should prioritize policies aimed at promoting financial openness. This includes continued efforts toward financial liberalization and creating an environment conducive to domestic and international financial transactions. Moreover, policies aimed at increasing trade openness, boosting real GDP and maintaining moderate real interest rates are essential for fostering financial sector development.


Social implications
Enhancing financial sector development can have significant implications for society, including increased access to financial services, improved economic opportunities and enhanced overall economic stability. By promoting financial openness and development, policymakers would contribute to poverty reduction, job creation and overall socio-economic development. The study bridges the gap between theory and practice by providing empirical evidence supporting the theoretical proposition that financial openness stimulates financial sector development.


Originality/value
This study fills a crucial gap in the literature on the effects of financial openness on Ghana's financial sector development. It focuses on Ghana, which liberalized its financial sector in 1988 as part of the overall economic reforms in 1983, and this justifies the starting point of this paper in 1990, as there are no adequate data before 1990. The study uses principal component analysis to construct an index that measures financial development. The study considers the recent financial crises in Ghana in 2017 and underscores the importance of understanding the link between financial openness and financial development, which becomes useful for policymakers and researchers studying financial system development in sub-Saharan Africa which includes Ghana.

A collection of miscellaneous pamphlets on finance. ; Carey, H. C. The currency question. Carey, H. C. The resources of the Union. Carey, H. C. The public debt, local and national. Carey, H. C. Contraction or expansion? The national bank amendment bill. Carey, H. C. Review of the decade 1857-67. Carey, H. C. Reconstruction: industrial, financial, and political. Carey, H. C. The finance minister, the currency, and the public debt. Carey, H. C. How protection, increase of public and private revenues, and national independence . Carey. H. C. Our future. Carey, H. C. Review of the farmer's question . Carey, H. C. Wealth: of what does it consist? Carey, H. C. Currency inflation. Carey, H. C. The Britisth treaties of 1871 & 1874. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

Financial Ethics presents an exploration of this relatively new subject. The book will follow two different trails, which eventually are brought together. The first trail is an exploration in Chapters One and Two of the general nature of the finance industry, of the institutions which make it up, of the people in it and the pressures they are under. The first trail also examines the nature of the reward system in the finance industry. The second trail is an examination of the guidance people can obtain from four of the world's great religions on exactly how people ought to behave when engaged in the financial industry. The second part of the book is contained in Chapters Three to Nine. If people propose to advise the financiers to be ethical, it is important to know what is meant by this, and to call upon reliable sources and why they are using the four particular religious sources chosen. The next four chapters extract business and financial commands and one or two important interpretive writings from Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Part Three of the book (Chapters Ten to Thirteen) is a distillation of the concepts from the religions, an application of the concepts to the modern financial world, and a discussion of the various organizational tools which might be used to put them into operation

A collection of miscellaneous pamphlets on finance. ; American bankers' association. Southern and western members of the executive council. Proceedings of the Southern and Western members of the Executive council of the American bankers' association, at St. Louis, Mo., January 8th, 9th and 10th, 1878 . 1878. -- Barber, G. G. Old age pensions . [n.d.] -- Brooks, F. A. Political and financial errors of our recent monetary legislation . 1891. -- Carlisle, J. G. Sound currency. Speeches . [n.p.] -- Carlisle, J. G. Speech of the Hon. John G. Carlisle .delivered at a dinner of the Massachusetts reform club at Boston, October 12, 1895 . [n.d.] -- Carlisle, J. G. Speeches . at Covington, Ky., May 20, 1895 . [n. p.] -- Currency reserve board, Shanghai. The new monetary policy of China . 1936. -- Gary, M. W. Address of Hon. M. W. Gary . delivered in the Senate of South Carolina . 1877. -- Herbert, H. A. Speech of Hon. H. A. Herbert, at the Opera House, Huntsville, Alabama . 1895. -- J. P. Morgan & co. Letter from Messrs. J. P. Morgan & co. in response to the invitation of the Sub-committee . [n. p.] -- Laughlin, J. L. Banking control. An address delivered before the Trans-Mississippi commercial congress, Kansas city . n. d. -- Laughlin, J. L. Banking refrom and the national reserve association. An address delivered before the ways and means committee Chicago Association of commerce . n.d. -- Laughlin, J. L. Suggestions for banking reform . [n.d.] -- Legueu, F. F. The question of gold in France . [1934?] -- MacVeagh, F. Banking and currency reform. An address delivered before the Western Economic society . [n. d.] -- The National citizens' league for the promotion of a sound banking system. . Constitution and by-laws . [n. d.] -- The National citizens' league for the promotion of a sound banking system. . The origin of the league . [n.d.] -- The National citizens' league for the promotion of a sound banking system. . Principles and methods of banking reform . [n.d.] -- Ravenscroft, D. W. Money and currency. Some definitions and some deductions . 1911. -- Robinson, H. A simple explanation of modern banking customs . 1909. -- Rosenberger, J. L. Bank officers . 1914. -- Rovensky, J. E. Gold . 1917. -- Taylor, R. S. The silver question. An address . [1896] -- Teixeira de Mattos, M. A central issue bank of the United States and elastic currency . 1909. -- Watanabe, M. The financial history of Japan . [1909] ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2