Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The signal intensity differences measured by an arterial-spin-labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment are proportional to the local perfusion, which can be quantified with kinetic modeling. Here we present a step-by-step tutorial for the data post-processing needed to calculate an ASL perfusion map. The process of developing an analysis software is described with the essential program code, which involves nonlinear fitting a tracer kinetic model to the ASL data. Key parameters for the quantification are the arterial transit time (ATT), which is the time the labeled blood takes to flow from the labeling area to the tissue, and the tissue T1. As ATT varies with vasculature, physiology, anesthesia and pathology, it is recommended to measure it using multiple delay times. The tutorial explains how to analyze ASL data with multiple delay times and a T1 map for quantification.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

International audience ; The signal intensity differences measured by an arterial-spin-labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment are proportional to the local perfusion, which can be quantified with kinetic modeling. Here we present a step-by-step tutorial for the data post-processing needed to calculate an ASL perfusion map. The process of developing an analysis software is described with the essential program code, which involves nonlinear fitting a tracer kinetic model to the ASL data. Key parameters for the quantification are the arterial transit time (ATT), which is the time the labeled blood takes to flow from the labeling area to the tissue, and the tissue T1. As ATT varies with vasculature, physiology, anesthesia and pathology, it is recommended to measure it using multiple delay times. The tutorial explains how to analyze ASL data with multiple delay times and a T1 map for quantification.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

Mexico has sustained unusual rates of real income growth (6.4 % of average annual GDP growth between 19 50 and 1970) by following an economic policy giving first priority to manufacturing industries. Import substitution has been the dominating trade strategy since the late 1940s with only cautious steps to a more export oriented strategy since the mid-1960s. Mexico has not been spared the well known problems of regional and sectoral imbalances, a skewed personal income distribution and unemployment accompanying the industrialization of other developing countries. Beginning with the presidentship of Diaz Ordaz (1966-70) the attenuation of imbalances and inequities is proclaimed as a specific policy goal in plan documents, while employment creation is added to the list in the Echeverrîa administration. Although based on another stratum of the Mexican political economy the stepwise execution of a massive land reform has obvious complementary effects to the industrial policy. The agricultural sector absorbs much of the fast growing labor force which cannot be employed in the more capital-intensive industries under socially acceptable conditions. The land reform allows for a minimum wage and a working conditions policy in urban regions without increasing the urban unemployment to a level where it would disrupt the political system. Land reform and minimum wages help to keep political stability despite the social strains created by rapid industrialization as well as population growth.

Since 2000, Morocco has launched important institutional and economic reforms based on strategies to correct market failures in important sectors of the economy. These strategies have included tax exemptions and other financial incentives, facilitating access to land and simplifying administrative procedures, and launching major public infrastructure projects, all of which have combined to create a new investment dynamic in strategic sectors such as agriculture, industry, and energy. These efforts have affected many sectors: the Azur Vision 2020 plan for tourism, the Green Morocco Plan for agriculture, the Halieutis 2020 Plan for fishing, Maroc Plus Export for export, the Emergence Plan (2005) for industry followed by the National Pact for Industrial Emergence, 2009-2015 and the new Industrial Acceleration Plan, 2014-2020. For example, to support the new Industrial Acceleration Plan, the government has provided a grant, a financial support of about 2% of GDP over 6 years. The government has also offered ad hoc support to attract foreign investors in large private projects likely to generate significant positive externalities. One example is the project to set up a Renault Company plant in Tangiers, which aims to produce and export 400,000 cars per year (World Bank, 2017).This note highlights the industrial sectors that can offer the best potential for growth, attract private investors and contribute to the creation of decent jobs. It will also identify ways to accelerate investment in Morocco. These industrial investments may include purely private investments or those made with the support of international financial institutions. The note analyzes investment and sectoral integration opportunities using the input model (outputs and employment elasticity indicators), the evaluation of the industrial acceleration plan, and sets out the measures taken by the CVE to promote VSEs. Only one classic sector is selected is highlighted for their investment potential and their commitment to reform in the sectors. It is the food industry.The note follows the diagram below:1) An introduction to the economic, political and social frameworks, including key indicators 2) A sector analysis to identify one to three sectors that are likely to be the subject of accelerated investment and in which reforms will have a particularly high chance of improving the business and investment climate and having an impact on development. 3) A mapping of the most relevant initiatives, technical assistance, grants and loans, and investments by donors and other stakeholders, such as development finance institutions. In the selected sector(s).4) An analysis of the existing reform agenda in the respective sector(s) and the identification of areas where there is a high likelihood of effective cooperation to support the implementation of these reforms.