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Chapter 1. Scenes from a Marriage -- Chapter 2. I Will Always Be Proud to Call Him My Father -- Chapter 3. My Dad, the Athlete, Entertainer, Phrase Philosopher, Conformist and Analogist -- Chapter 4. Perhaps David Audretsch Is Not a Good Man -- Chapter 5. Henry David Bruce Audretsch: A Retrospective … Perhaps -- Chapter 6. Distinguished Professor Dr. David B. Audretsch: World Renowned Researcher - Legendary ICON in Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 7. a Journey Through Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 8. the Symmetry of Acs and Audretsch: How We Met, Why We Stuck and How We Succeeded -- Chapter 9. Visions of the Past: David Was Always There -- Chapter 10. Structural Change, Knowledge Spillovers and the Role of Smes and Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 11. David B. Audretsch: Spilling Knowledge All over the World -- Chapter 12. the Shape of Things to Come -- Chapter 13. David Audretsch: A Source of Inspiration, a Co-Author, and a Friend -- Chapter 14. David: A Cultural Entrepreneur -- Chapter 15. David Audretsch and International Business: Bringing It All Back Home -- Chapter 16. Regional Trajectories of Entrepreneurship and Growth -- Chapter 17. David Audretsch and New Directions in Spillover Academic Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 18. David Audretsch – a Bibliometric Portrait of a Distinguished Entrepreneurship Scholar -- Chapter 19. David Audretsch: The Capacity to Design and to Influence a Research Agenda -- Chapter 20. Education, Human Capital Spillovers and Productivity: Evidence from Swedish Firm Level Production Functions -- Chapter 21. Productivity Slowdown, Innovation and Industry Dynamics -- Chapter 22. Dr. Audretsch: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Doing Small Business Research -- Chapter 23. "I Want To, but I Also Need to": Start-Ups Resulting from Opportunity and Necessity -- Chapter 24. Working with David on Both Sides of the Atlantic -- Chapter 25. Festschrift to David B. Audretsch -- Chapter 26. an Overview of the Economics of Entrepreneurship and Small Business: The Legacy of David B. Audretsch -- Chapter 27. Location and Firm Performance -- Chapter 28. the Inclusive Vision -- Chapter 29. You Made It the Best of Times -- Chapter 30. on Regional Innovator Networks as Hubs for Innovative Ventures -- Chapter 31. the Emergence of Parental Entrepreneurship: Some Thoughts About Family Life, Professional Careers and Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 32. Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial Society -- Chapter 33. Entrepreneurship in Public Policy Education: The Willy Brandt School as a Case -- Chapter 34. Connecting People and Knowledge: Knowledge Spillovers, Cognitive Biases, and Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 35. Where Would I Be If My 25 Year-Old Self Was Aware of the Gravitas of Dr. David Audretsch?- Chapter 36. Essay for Festschrift David Audretsch -- Chapter 37. Thoughts About David -- Chapter 38. Building Stronger Research Communities and Collaboration Between Established and Young Scholars -- Chapter 39. "Lessons from David Audretsch" in Festschrift for David Audretsch -- Chapter 40. off to New Shores: Knowledge Spillovers Between Economics and Psychology or How I Published with David Audretsch in Plos One -- Chapter 41. a Brief Case Study of the Audretsch Form of Davidial Entrepreneurship Research Ecosystems Ecosystems -- Chapter 42. David Audretsch Has Impacted My Academic Life in Many Ways and I Would like to Use This Opportunity to Thank Him for His Tremendous Support -- Chapter 43. David Audretsch: A Great Mind, an Outstanding Researcher and a Humble Individual -- Chapter 44. Happy Birthday, David Audretsch – and All That Jazz -- Chapter 45. a Simple Behavioral Model of Stochastic Knowledge Accumulation -- Chapter 46. David Audretsch: A Literary Steckbrief -- Chapter 47. Wings to Escape the Roots -- Chapter 48. Professor David Audretsch: My Doktorvater -- Chapter 49. Building Entrepreneurial Societies Through Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Business Incubators -- Chapter 50. David B. Audretsch, a Gatekeeper and Globetrotter

Simple Summary Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones modulating different functions in mammals, including reproduction, that act through the glucocorticoid receptor, encoded by the gene called NR3C1. Here, we describe how the expression levels of the glucocorticoid receptor change along the different compartments of the female rabbit internal reproductive tract 20 h after insemination with sperm-free seminal plasma or natural mating (whole semen) (Experiment 1) and how these levels change at 10, 24, 36, 68, and 72 h post-mating, during specific stages over time, i.e., ovulation, fertilization and the interval of early embryo development to the morula stage occurs (Experiment 2). NR3C1-upregulation was found in the infundibulum at 20 h after all treatments, especially after sperm-free seminal plasma infusion compared to mating (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the receptor gene expression levels increased in a spatio-temporal sequence, corresponding to the assumed location of the rabbit embryos (particularly morulae) in the oviductal various segments and timepoints (particularly 72 h), compared to down-expression at uterine regions. We conclude that NR3C1 may play a relevant role in the rabbit female reproductive tract. Rabbits are interesting as research animal models for reproduction, due to their condition of species of induced ovulation, with the release of endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) due to coitus. Glucocorticoid (GC) signaling, crucial for physiological homeostasis, is mediated through a yet unclear mechanism, by the GC receptor (NR3C1/GR). After mating, the female reproductive tract undergoes dynamic modifications, triggered by gene transcription, a pre-amble for fertilization and pregnancy. This study tested the hypothesis that when ovulation is induced, the expression of NR3C1 is influenced by sperm-free seminal plasma (SP), similarly to after mating (whole semen), along the different segments of the internal reproductive tract of female rabbits. Semen (mating) was compared to vaginal infusion of sperm-free SP (Experiment 1), and changes over time were also evaluated, i.e., 10, 24, 36, 68, and 72 h post-mating, corresponding to specific stages, i.e., ovulation, fertilization, and the interval of early embryo development up to the morula stage (Experiment 2). All does were treated with GnRH to induce ovulation. Samples were retrieved from seven segments of the reproductive tract (from the cervix to infundibulum), at 20 h post-mating or sperm-free SP infusion (Experiment 1) or at 10, 24, 36, 68, and 72 h post-mating (Experiment 2). Gene expression of NR3C1 was analyzed by qPCR. Results showed an increase in NR3C1 expression in the infundibulum compared to the other anatomical regions in the absence of spermatozoa when sperm-free SP infusion was performed (Experiment 1). Moreover, during the embryo transport through the oviduct, the distal isthmus was time-course upregulated, especially at 72 h, when morulae are retained in this anatomical region, while it was downregulated in the distal uterus at 68 h (Experiment 2). The overall results suggest that NR3C1, the GC receptor gene, assessed in the reproductive tract of does for the first time, shows differential expression changes during the interval of oviductal and uterine embryo transport that may imply a relevant role of the GC action, not only close to the site of ovulation and fertilization, but also in the endometrium. ; Funding Agencies|Research Council FORMAS, Stockholm [2017-00946, 2019-00288]; Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapradet, VR) [2015-05919]; Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion Postdoctoral Research Program (MICINN) [IJDC-2015-24380]; Generalitat de Catalunya, Agency for Management of University and Research Grants; European Social FoundEuropean Social Fund (ESF) [2018 FI_B 00236]; Government of Spain Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports [FPU15/06029]; Seneca Foundation Murcia (Spain)Fundacion Seneca [20780/PD/18]

Police patrol dogs face many challenging situations, and only a proportion of dogs are suitable for this work. It is desirable to identify suitable dogs as early as possible, allowing unsuited dogs to be released for other purposes and reducing the emotional cost of separating the dog and handler at a later age. However, the selection process may be less reliable when dogs are young and their personality is less established. I investigated the stability of dog behavior in the different successive subtests of a standardized behavior test conducted at two different ages, and test outcome of each test (pass or fail, based on expert evaluation by testers). I also examined the extent to which behavior in the first test predicted the outcome of the second test. A standardized test was administered twice to 62 male German shepherds by Norwegian and Swedish police dog testers (N = 31 dogs per country) approximately 6 and 12 months of age (mean ± SD: 6.14 ± 0.50 vs 12.31 ± 0.64 months). Tests comprised 63 behavioral variables assessed across 14 subtests designed to measure behavioral responses in different situations. Each variable was scored from 1 to 5, with higher scores representing more desirable responses, and the mean score for each subtest was calculated. A positive association was found between test outcomes at 6 and 12 months (χ2 = 14.78, p <0.001), with 74.2% of dogs having the same outcome at both ages. Bland-Altman plots identified 7 subtests with mean scores that showed consistency in the interval 6-12 months. Binary logistic regression models identified that the mean scores from 3 subtests at 6 months, and 4 at 12 months, were significant predictors of test outcomes at the age tested. Furthermore, 3 subtests at 6 months were significant predictors of test outcomes at 12 months. I compared the mean score from the 3 subtests between dogs that A) passed at both ages (n = 21), B) failed at 6, but passed at 12 months (n = 13) or C) failed at both ages (n = 25). Back-transformed least squares mean scores (± SD) adjusted for multiple comparisons were higher for dogs in category A (4.23 ± 0.36) than B (3.90 ± 0.37, z = 2.62, p = 0.024) or C (3.41 ± 0.35, z = 7.74, p <0.001), and category B scores also exceeded category C scores (z = 4.00, p <0.001). These results suggest that some subtests are more predictive of test outcomes than others. They also suggest that testing can be implemented at the earlier age to exclude low scoring dogs and accept high scoring dogs while leaving open the possibility of a second test when older for a relatively small subset of young dogs with ambiguous (intermediate) test results. ; Politiets patruljehunder må takle mange utfordrende situasjoner, og bare et fåtall hunder er egnet for dette arbeidet. Muligheten til å identifisere egnete hunder som tidlig som mulig er svært ønskelig, slik at uegnede hunder kan frigjøres til andre oppgaver eller omplasseres. Tidligere omplassering vil redusere den emosjonellbelastningen det er å skille hund og hundefører ved et senere tidspunkt. Seleksjonsprosessen kan være mindre pålitelig når hundene er yngre og deres personlighet er mindre etablert. Jeg undersøkte stabiliteten til hundeadferd i ulike suksessive deltester i en standardisert adferdstest utført ved to ulike aldere, og testresultatet fra hver testalder (bestått vs. stryk, basert på ekspertevaluering fra testledere). Jeg undersøkte også til hvilken grad adferden i den første testen predikterte testresultatet i den andre testen. ; M-BIOL

To fight climate change and limit the rise in global temperatures, countries must reduce their CO2 emissions and achieve what is commonly known as an energy transition. However, this ambiguous notion covers various objectives, which makes it difficult to understand the challenges involved in transforming the energy system and further complicates its management. The aim of this thesis is to question the term of energy transition in order to propose a new approach to its management. We begin with an overview of the concept of energy transition, which involves both looking at its highly ambiguous definition and observing it throughout history, which indicates that the low-carbon energy transition will need to be handled very differently from in the past. In the second part, we analyze French attempts to steer the transition. Our examination of policies implemented to date shows that the French energy system has not really engaged in an energy transition that corresponds to the stated objectives. Based on the TIMES-France energy prospective model we then examine the impact of a carbon neutrality target on: the level of carbon tax, which will be too high to be acceptable politically and socially; decarbonization trajectories, which will involve a radical technological change of the energy system; and specific challenges facing France thanks to a comparison with the Swedish situation. In the last part, we explore new approaches to piloting the energy transition. Following a review of a proposal from a branch of the social sciences, Transition Management, we develop an analogy between the energy transition and the phase transition theory in physics, with the aim of improving control of the energy transition and enriching our understanding of this notion. More specifically, it allows us to put forward a set of taxes and subsidies evolving over time. ; Pour lutter contre le changement climatique et limiter l'élévation des températures, les pays doivent diminuer leurs émissions CO2 et réaliser ce qu'on appelle communément une transition énergétique. Or, ce terme reste ambigu pour comprendre les enjeux associés à la transformation du système énergétique puisqu'il recouvre différents objectifs qui rendent sa gestion d'autant plus compliquée. Le but de cette thèse est donc d'interroger ce terme de transition énergétique afin de proposer une nouvelle approche de son pilotage. Premièrement, un état des lieux du concept de transition énergétique est dressé en revenant d'une part sur sa définition, qui s'avère éminemment ambigüe, et d'autre part sur les observations du passé, qui nous montrent qu'un pilotage effectif de la transition énergétique bas-carbone sera nécessaire. Dans une deuxième partie, les tentatives contemporaines de pilotage sont analysées dans le cas de la France. On retrace tout d'abord les politiques mises en place jusqu'à aujourd'hui en montrant que le système énergétique français n'a pas réellement engagé une transition énergétique correspondant aux objectifs affichés. En s'appuyant sur un modèle de prospective énergétique, le modèle TIMES-France, on examine ensuite les implications d'un objectif de neutralité carbone sur : le niveau de taxe carbone, trop élevé pour être acceptable politiquement et socialement ; les trajectoires de décarbonation, impliquant un bouleversement technologique complet du système énergétique ; et enfin les enjeux spécifiques au cas français grâce à une comparaison avec la situation suédoise. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, de nouvelles approches du pilotage de la transition énergétique sont explorées. Après être revenus sur une proposition d'un courant des sciences sociales, le Transition Management, une analogie entre la transition énergétique et la théorie de la transition de phase en physique est développée dans le but d'améliorer le pilotage de la transition énergétique et d'enrichir la compréhension de cette notion. Elle nous permet de proposer un ensemble de taxes et subventions évoluant dans le temps.

Since 2002 University West, Sweden has had a mission from the Swedish government to develop methods for work integrated learning (WIL). WIL is thus a "trademark" of the university and the university is continuously developing teaching models to enhance a synergy between theory and practice with the goal to improve education and students' lifelong learning. A challenge in such work is a decreasing engagement among students to participate in seminars at campus, especially during periods of internship. In the study underlying this paper we therefore explore a new teaching and learning method that aims to stimulate students to come to campus and to discuss their experiences with peer students and teachers during their internship.The internship and the seminars are organized as a 'WIL course' in the fifth semester of the candidate program 'Digital Media'. As part of the course the students spend four days a week in a workplace where they contribute substantially to the work at the workplace. One day a week they spend at campus to reflect, write and discuss topics related to the work and organization at the workplace e.g. organizational culture, how a work day is organized, how design work is organized, and how the workplace treats its customers. The students and teachers meet once every second week for a seminar where they discuss the above-mentioned themes. The reflections made at the seminars and the conversations are important for the learning goals at the course. However, the teachers experience a moderate interest from the students' side to participate and the students tend to be ill prepared.To increase the value and learning for the students, a new approach for better structure and engagement has been introduced, where students in beforehand writtenly reflect on questions about their workplace in relation to the theme of the week. They write in open and shared documents so that all students before the seminare can take part of each others reflections and as such come to the seminar with a wider perspective on the particular theme. The seminar is then held at the campus where the themes are discussed and workplaces compared with help of a shared matrix where the students can place their workplace regarding level of structure, formality, creativity etc . As such the seminar has a 'flipped' character and the ICT tools for learning used are open and editable over time for all participants.The empirical material is based on 24 hours participant observations, 10 students' written reflections and the course curricula. The findings show that the flipped and open approach to the seminars has made the students more engaged in reflections about their workplace, not only during the seminar at campus but also during their work at the workplace. The shared document stimulates reflections of differences between workplaces that has not been so clear before, and the matrix has helped the students to take the reflections to a higher level by reflecting over organizational culture and workplace conditions. By comparing each other's experiences from a spectrum of different aspects/themes they get a more nuanced picture of the skills and competences needed in the workplace, and they get more strengthened in their professional role. The recurrent discussions over time during the course therefore contribute to make the students more experienced than they would had been by only having got the experience from their own workplace.

The digitalisation of society decidedly affects public administration. Swedish public administration has long worked with information technologies for an effective and improved management of public services. But new and increased use of information technologies in society poses new challenges. New demands on information security are increasing, while accessibility and transparency are important priorities in policies on digitalisation in public services. However, the central government's ambitions and expectations with regard to digitalisation face a slow and hesitant implementation in local governments. There are important differences between municipalities in priorities, local needs, and implementation mechanisms in connection with e-government. In this thesis, I argue there is a need to reconsider the role of governance mechanisms in e-government. There is a need to understand local translations of national policies and technological developments in relation to the goals of more effective and legitimate public administration. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse tensions that emerge in the implementation of egovernment in local public administration. On the basis of a constructivist and interpretivist approach, I have undertaken two empirical studies. One focuses on municipal administration of education in Linköping. The other focuses on a governance network on digitalisation policy in Östergötland. The studies are presented in four papers. The issues addressed in the papers are further analysed with a focus on four fields of tension, using network governance theory and translation theory. This shows that the implementation of e-government in local public administration is a tension-laden process. The four fields of tension relate to: different logics and dilemmas for adoption and implementation; concerns and ambiguities in a context of unclear organisational and institutional arrangements; concerns and resistance from professional users; and a reassessment of the meaning of security as a reference for the interpretation of information security. I contend that established managerial and evolutionary models of e-government leave important process-related aspects out of the analysis of change in public administration. The contribution of this thesis lies in its description and analysis of the four identified fields of tension. One significant implication of my analysis is that reassembling current governance mechanisms in local public administration is crucial. ; Samhällets digitalisering påverkar tydligt den offentliga förvaltningen. Svensk förvaltning har länge arbetat med datorer för effektivisering och förbättrad administration. Men idag ställs nya krav då digitala verktyg för informationshantering och kommunikation används allt mer i samhället och på nya sätt. Kraven på säker informationshantering ökar, samtidigt som tillgänglighet och transparens är viktiga ledord i policyer kring digitaliserad förvaltning. I Sverige är det tydligt att regeringens ambitioner med digitaliseringen av förvaltning inte går i linje med vad som sker och implementeras i kommunerna. Skillnaderna ligger i hur e-förvaltning prioriteras, förankras i lokala behov och implementeras. Därför krävs både förbättrad styrning och tydligare möjligheter att lokalt översätta nationella policyer och internationell teknikutveckling för en effektivare och mer legitim digital förvaltning. Syftet med avhandlingen är att analysera implementering av digitalisering i kommunala förvaltningar utifrån nätverksstyrning (governance) och översätts av olika aktörsgrupper.Studiens konstruktivistiska och tolkande ansats baseras på två empiriska studier. Den första handlar om kommunal utbildningsadministration och den andra om den regionala digitala agendan i Östergötland. Studierna presenteras i fyra artiklar. De övergripande slutsatserna pekar på spänningar som uppstår när digitaliseringen blir en del av den kommunala förvaltningspraktiken. Spänningarna har identifierats i relation till medarbetarnas varierande kompetenser, informationssäkerhet samt kommunernas olika resurser och kompetenser vilka betingas av dess storlek och förutsättnignar. Bidraget visar att etablerade managementmodell och evolutionära perspektiv är otillräckliga för att tolka och förklara hur digitaliseringen förändrar kommunal förvaltning. Istället framhålls betydelsen av att skapa förståelsen för hur digtalisering översätts i olika sammanhang. Analyserna pekar på behovet av att öppna för nya sätt att styra och organisera digital offentlig förvaltning.

Project Turnstone is a collaborative project funded in part by the European Commission. The project is an initiative by the Stockholm Police. Collaborating partners in the project are the Swedish Coast Guard, Region Northeast; the Helsinki Police; the Gulf of Finland Coast Guard District; the Police and Border Guard Board in Estonia; the State Border Guard of the Republic of Latvia; and the State Border Guard Service at the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania. The aim of this project is to decrease trans-boundary criminality and improve day-to-day cooperation between border officers in the Baltic Sea region. This study analyses this collaborative project, especially the intelligence and operative joint activities conducted during the implementation of Project Turnstone. What is unique about the Turnstone model is the implementation of the operative action week, during which officers have the chance to exchange, share, and cooperate with immediate action in the same office using their own information channels. The purpose of the study is to map and analyse how the staff of the different organizations experience, understand, and define successful cooperation and the collaboration obstacles encountered during cooperation with neighbouring organizations. The study is qualitative and based on ethnographically gathered material, including field observations at the different border agencies and qualitative interviews. A total of 73 interviews were conducted with border officers, police officers, border guards, and coast guard officers from the participating organizations. The interviewed officers view Project Turnstone as a rare opportunity for close, personal cooperation through which officers can build strong police, border, and coast guard networks and increase and strengthen previous cooperative practices. This cooperation is possible due to colocation and interpersonal interactions in which officers can learn about each other's organizational practices, establish trust, and achieve the same goals. On the other hand, language and communication difficulties, differences in national legislation, and fear that the opportunities for joint action weeks and close cooperation will diminish after the termination of Project Turnstone were raised as obstacles to collaboration. Nonetheless, interviewed officers shared a common sense of purpose and motivation and viewed close interpersonal cooperation as the best way of protecting the EU and Schengen area from criminality in the Baltic Sea area. ; Konferens: 1. How migration is shaping the contemporary society?, Albanian Sociological Association (ALBSA), Albanian Institute of Sociology and AAB University, Pristine, Kosovo (20151120-20151121). 2. Project Turnstone. Northern European Project Against Cross Border Crime in the Baltic Sea, Lund University, Department of Sociology (Co-funded by the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union), Lund, Sweden (20151022-20151023). 3. Interactive borderland? Re-thinking networks and organizations in Europe, Goethe-Institut Riga and the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 'Baltic Borderlands: Shifting Boundaries of Mind and Culture in the Borderlands of the Baltic Sea Region', Riga, Latvia (20150925-20150926). 4. 15th Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology. Criminology as unitas multiplex: Theoretical, epistemological and methodological developments, European Society of Criminology and Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (20150902-20150905). 5. Differences, Inequalities and Sociological Imagination, the 12th European Sociological Association Conference, Institute of Sociology, Prague, Czech Republic, (20150825-20150828). 6. Researching Security: Approaches, Concepts and Policies, University St. Kliment Ohridski, Faculty of Security, Skopje, Ohrid, Macedonia (20150602-20150603). ; Definitions of successful intelligence and operational police work

The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the development of adaptive co-management systems and of the role the State plays in promoting or hampering such a development. Natural resource issues are often characterised by conflicting interests and in general implemented by conventional, top-down management systems. Therefore this thesis also investigates the effect conflicting interests and institutional path dependencies have on the development of adaptive co-management systems. The Swedish moose management system was established in the beginning of the 20th century as the State was trying to rectify a "tragedy of the commons" situation since moose at the time was almost extinct. The administrative system erected can be characterised as a conventional, top-down, single- species management system, and had features of both corporate arrangements and legal-rational bureaucratic administrative models. Due to high administrative costs and the explosion of the moose population in the late 1970's which resulted in significant grazing damages on commercial tree species, the State changed its policies. One change in formal rules allowed for hunting rights owners to establish so called Moose Management Units (MMU) which entailed that they gained management rights, and thereby could decide on their own the number of moose to be shot in a hunting season. This is a critical right since approximately 1/3 of the moose populations are decimated during a hunting season and this right is therefore an efficient tool for controlling the size of the moose populations. The State also made alterations in the corporate arrangement, from primarily only including the hunting interest organisation SAHWM to increase landowner interests' influence in the public administration. A quantitative study of the MMUs revealed that these can not be characterised as adaptive co-management systems to a high degree due to inadequate monitoring, inability to meet management goals, and failure to apply ecosystem management. Part of the reason for this is that there is an ecological and social misfit since MMUs are too small to contain its own moose populations. Another reason is inadequate knowledge regarding population dynamics on behalf of the local resource users. However, there were variations not only among MMUs but also on the regional level as to the extent of adaptive co-management characteristics. Two counties were selected for further study due to the fact that the MMUs in one county had more characteristics of adaptive co-management systems than in the other one. The case studies revealed that high levels of conflicts in a corporate arrangement hampered the development of adaptive co- management systems. In the county with low conflict levels regarding the moose question, a key steward holding a key position in the moose administrative system was a critical actor in promoting the development of adaptive co-management systems. It is concluded that devolution of management rights does not automatically foster adaptive co-management. Nor is a centralized system easily converted to a bottom-up system. The study shows that institutional change is path dependent but also that the State has an important role to play in developing adaptive co-management systems. This is particularly decisive if an ecological and social misfit is likely to arise since the State then can provide linkages both on an organisational level but also on a geographical level and thereby mitigate potential negative effects of local resource systems. However, this role differs significantly from that in conventional resource management and therefore it is also important that the organisation and tasks of the State is ensured legitimacy among both the public and affected resource users. ; Godkänd; 2008; 20081120 (ysko)

Abstract1. Finland hosts today fewer refugees and other aliens than other Nordic countries, and the majority of the refugees are Chileans. This marked difference from the other Nordic countries is due to various factors: the geographical position on the fringe of Europe and on the border of the Soviet Union, economic problems and language difficulties. Finish law does not provide for a legal right of asylum, only for a legal possibility of asylum. Any claim for asylum is decided by administrative bodies with no recourse to pudicial remidies. 2. To a large extent aliens share the same rights as Finish citizens, but there are differences: a) The right to entry, sojourn and work are decided by administrative bodies, who apply a very restrictive policy. b) Aliens lack certain rights to political participation (Scandinavian aliens do however have such rights in this field), right to join the civil service, and there are serious limits to their right to process real estate and to carry on trade. c) The fact that there is no central administration of aliens affairs adds to this poor position of aliens. 3. Basically there is no differentation between refugees and other aliens. They share the same lack of procedual safeguards: Residence permit is given for 6 months or a year at a time, there is no right of appeal, decisions are not motivated. Refugees are given ordinary aliens passports and not a Convention Travel Document nor any documentation that they do in fact enjoy political asylum. There is no legal protection against refoulement. There is considerable doubt as to whether the agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union on co-operation against hijacking of airplanes of 1975, and the frontier agreement with the Soviet Union of 1960, leave an effective possibility of giving political asylum to people who fall under the two agreements. To sum up: There is in Finish law a differentiation between Scandinavians and other aliens, a potential but not necessarily a factual difference between ordinary aliens, and political refugees and finally a difference between political refugees from the Soviet Union and other political refugees. 4. Some proposals for improvement of the legal position of aliens: i) Aliens affairs should be separated from the police and should be handled by a central body with responsibility for social and economic as well as legal affairs. ii) After a while aliens should receive permanent residence and work permits. iii) Procedual guarantees should be reinforced in particular: contradiction, right of appeal, judicial remedies, legal council. iv) Administrative detention should be abolished. v) Full political participation at municipal and procincial level should be provided for. Particularly in relation to political refugees: i) Their affairs should be handled by a central body with responsibility for social affairs such as housing, teaching of language, work, information of legal rights and duties etc. ii) Refugee quotas according to the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish models should be adopted. iii) Refugees should be informed of the status when granted political asylum and issued convention travel documents. iv) Provisions on non-refoulement in accordance with international law should be established. v) Political asylum should be established as a legal right with procedual guarantees. Finally it is suggested to appoint a nordic ombudsman for refugees in co-operation with UNHCR.

The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM), and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the GeV–EeV energy range using the ANTARES, IceCube, and Pierre Auger Observatories. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within ±500 s around the merger time. Additionally, no MeV neutrino burst signal was detected coincident with the merger. We further carried out an extended search in the direction of the source for high-energy neutrinos within the 14 day period following the merger, but found no evidence of emission. We used these results to probe dissipation mechanisms in relativistic outflows driven by the binary neutron star merger. The non-detection is consistent with model predictions of short GRBs observed at a large off-axis angle. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; IdEx program ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada CGIAR ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme (Belspo) ; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT) (Belspo) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Australian Research Council ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ; Argentina-Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Argentina-Municipalidad de Malargue ; Argentina-NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazil-Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Brazil-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Brazil-Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; France-Conseil Regional Ile-de-France ; France-Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) ; France-Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Germany-Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Germany-Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Germany-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ; Germany-Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Germany-Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) ; Italy-Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) ; Italy-CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Italy-Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Mexico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ; Mexico-PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM ; The Netherlands-Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; The Netherlands-Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ; The Netherlands-Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; Poland-National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Portugal-FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; Romania-CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; Spain-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds ; Spain-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ; Spain-Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Spain-USA-Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; Spain-National Science Foundation 0450696 ; Spain-The Grainger Foundation ; Spain-Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; Spain-European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; Spain-European Union 7th Framework Program PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; Spain-European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; Spain-UNESCO ; EGO consortium ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Leverhulme Trust ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Kavli Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF- Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR) 1242090 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1153335 1505230 1403586 1455090 1104371 1607709 1607336 1607520 1404139 1506486 1607199 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1455090 1153335 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1506232 1607585 1403586 1505296 1607336 1404139 1104371 1607520 1505230 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; Villum Fonden 00013161

Full list of authors: Abdalla, H.; Abe, H.; Acero, F.; Acharyya, A.; Adam, R.; Agudo, I; Aguirre-Santaella, A.; Alfaro, R.; Alfaro, J.; Alispach, C.; Aloisio, R.; Batista, R. Alves; Amati, L.; Amato, E.; Ambrosi, G.; Anguner, E. O.; Araudo, A.; Armstrong, T.; Arqueros, F.; Arrabito, L.; Asano, K.; Ascasibar, Y.; Ashley, M.; Backes, M.; Balazs, C.; Balbo, M.; Balmaverde, B.; Baquero Larriva, A.; Martins, V. Barbosa; Barkov, M.; Baroncelli, L.; de Almeida, U. Barres; Barrio, J. A.; Batista, P-, I; Becerra Gonzalez, J.; Becherini, Y.; Beck, G.; Tjus, J. Becker; Belmont, R.; Benbow, W.; Bernardini, E.; Berti, A.; Berton, M.; Bertucci, B.; Beshley, V; Bi, B.; Biasuzzi, B.; Biland, A.; Bissaldi, E.; Biteau, J.; Blanch, O.; Bocchino, F.; Boisson, C.; Bolmont, J.; Bonanno, G.; Arbeletche, L. Bonneau; Bonnoli, G.; Bordas, P.; Bottacini, E.; Bottcher, M.; Bozhilov, V; Bregeon, J.; Brill, A.; Brown, A. M.; Bruno, P.; Bruno, A.; Bulgarelli, A.; Burton, M.; Buscemi, M.; Caccianiga, A.; Cameron, R.; Capasso, M.; Caprai, M.; Caproni, A.; Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R.; Caraveo, P.; Carosi, R.; Carosi, A.; Casanova, S.; Cascone, E.; Cauz, D.; Cerny, K.; Cerruti, M.; Chadwick, P.; Chaty, S.; Chen, A.; Chernyakova, M.; Chiaro, G.; Chiavassa, A.; Chytka, L.; Conforti, V; Conte, F.; Contreras, J. L.; Coronado-Blazquez, J.; Cortina, J.; Costa, A.; Costantini, H.; Covino, S.; Cristofari, P.; Cuevas, O.; D'Ammando, F.; Daniel, M. K.; Davies, J.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; de Lavergne, M. de Bony; De Caprio, V; dos Anjos, R. de Cassia; Dal Pino, E. M. de Gouveia; De Lotto, B.; De Martino, D.; de Naurois, M.; Wilhelmi, E. de Ona; De Palma, F.; de Souza, V; Delgado, C.; Della Ceca, R.; della Volpe, D.; Depaoli, D.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Pierro, F.; Diaz, C.; Diaz-Bahamondes, C.; Diebold, S.; Djannati-Atai, A.; Dmytriiev, A.; Dominguez, A.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Dournaux, J.; Dwarkadas, V. V.; Ebr, J.; Eckner, C.; Einecke, S.; Ekoume, T. R. N.; Elsaesser, D.; Emery, G.; Evoli, C.; Fairbairn, M.; Falceta-Goncalves, D.; Fegan, S.; Feng, Q.; Ferrand, G.; Fiandrini, E.; Fiasson, A.; Fioretti, V; Foffano, L.; Fonseca, M., V; Font, L.; Fontaine, G.; Franco, F. J.; Freixas Coromina, L.; Fukami, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; Fukui, Y.; Gaggero, D.; Galanti, G.; Gammaldi, V; Garcia, E.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gascon, D.; Gaug, M.; Gent, A.; Ghalumyan, A.; Ghirlanda, G.; Gianotti, F.; Giarrusso, M.; Giavitto, G.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Glicenstein, J.; Goldoni, P.; Gonzalez, J. M.; Gourgouliatos, K.; Grabarczyk, T.; Grandi, P.; Granot, J.; Grasso, D.; Green, J.; Grube, J.; Gueta, O.; Gunji, S.; Halim, A.; Harvey, M.; Collado, T. Hassan; Hayashi, K.; Heller, M.; Cadena, S. Hernandez; Hervet, O.; Hinton, J.; Hiroshima, N.; Hnatyk, B.; Hnatyk, R.; Hoffmann, D.; Hofmann, W.; Holder, J.; Horan, D.; Horandel, J.; Horvath, P.; Hovatta, T.; Hrabovsky, M.; Hrupec, D.; Hughes, G.; Hutten, M.; Iarlori, M.; Inada, T.; Inoue, S.; Insolia, A.; Ionica, M.; Iori, M.; Jacquemont, M.; Jamrozy, M.; Janecek, P.; Jimenez Martinez, I; Jin, W.; Jung-Richardt, I; Jurysek, J.; Kaaret, P.; Karas, V; Karkar, S.; Kawanaka, N.; Kerszberg, D.; Khelifi, B.; Kissmann, R.; Knodlseder, J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kohri, K.; Komin, N.; Kong, A.; Kosack, K.; Kubo, H.; La Palombara, N.; Lamanna, G.; Lang, R. G.; Lapington, J.; Laporte, P.; Lefaucheur, J.; Lemoine-Goumard, M.; Lenain, J.; Leone, F.; Leto, G.; Leuschner, F.; Lindfors, E.; Lloyd, S.; Lohse, T.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; Lopez, A.; Lopez, M.; Lopez-Coto, R.; Loporchio, S.; Lucarelli, F.; Luque-Escamilla, P. L.; Lyard, E.; Maggio, C.; Majczyna, A.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Mandat, D.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Manico, G.; Marcowith, A.; Marculewicz, M.; Markoff, S.; Marquez, P.; Marti, J.; Martinez, O.; Martinez, M.; Martinez, G.; Martinez-Huerta, H.; Maurin, G.; Mazin, D.; Mbarubucyeye, J. D.; Miranda, D. Medina; Meyer, M.; Micanovic, S.; Miener, T.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mitchell, A.; Mizuno, T.; Mode, B.; Moderski, R.; Mohrmann, L.; Molina, E.; Montaruli, T.; Moralejo, A.; Morales Merino, J.; Morcuende-Parrilla, D.; Morselli, A.; Mukherjee, R.; Mundell, C.; Murach, T.; Muraishi, H.; Nagai, A.; Nakamori, T.; Nemmen, R.; Niemiec, J.; Nieto, D.; Nievas, M.; Nikolajuk, M.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nosek, D.; Nozaki, S.; Ohira, Y.; Ohishi, M.; Oka, T.; Ong, R. A.; Orienti, M.; Orito, R.; Orlandini, M.; Orlando, E.; Osborne, J. P.; Ostrowski, M.; Oya, I; Pagliaro, A.; Palatka, M.; Paneque, D.; Pantaleo, F. R.; Paredes, J. M.; Parmiggiani, N.; Patricelli, B.; Pavletic, L.; Pe'er, A.; Pech, M.; Pecimotika, M.; Peresano, M.; Persic, M.; Petruk, O.; Pfrang, K.; Piatteli, P.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pillera, R.; Pilszyk, B.; Pimentel, D.; Pintore, F.; Pita, S.; Pohl, M.; Poireau, V; Polo, M.; Prado, R. R.; Prast, J.; Principe, G.; Produit, N.; Prokoph, H.; Prouza, M.; Przybilski, H.; Pueschel, E.; Puehlhofer, G.; Pumo, M. L.; Punch, M.; Queiroz, F.; Quirrenbach, A.; Rando, R.; Razzaque, S.; Rebert, E.; Recchia, S.; Reichherzer, P.; Reimer, O.; Reimer, A.; Renier, Y.; Reposeur, T.; Rhode, W.; Ribeiro, D.; Ribo, M.; Richtler, T.; Rico, J.; Rieger, F.; Rizi, V; Rodriguez, J.; Fernandez, G. Rodriguez; Ramirez, J. C. Rodriguez; Rodriguez Vazquez, J. J.; Romano, P.; Romeo, G.; Roncadelli, M.; Rosado, J.; de Leon, A. Rosales; Rowell, G.; Rudak, B.; Rujopakarn, W.; Russo, F.; Sadeh, I; Saha, L.; Saito, T.; Greus, F. Salesa; Sanchez, D.; Sanchez-Conde, M.; Sangiorgi, P.; Sano, H.; Santander, M.; Santos, E. M.; Sanuy, A.; Sarkar, S.; Saturni, F. G.; Sawangwit, U.; Scherer, A.; Schleicher, B.; Schovanek, P.; Schussler, F.; Schwanke, U.; Sciacca, E.; Scuderi, S.; Arroyo, M. Seglar; Sergijenko, O.; Servillat, M.; Seweryn, K.; Shalchi, A.; Sharma, P.; Shellard, R. C.; Siejkowski, H.; Sinha, A.; Sliusar, V; Slowikowska, A.; Sokolenko, A.; Sol, H.; Specovius, A.; Spencer, S.; Spiga, D.; Stamerra, A.; Starling, R.; Stolarczyk, T.; Straumann, U.; Striskovic, J.; Suda, Y.; Tagliaferri, G.; Takahashi, H.; Takahashi, M.; Tavecchio, F.; Taylor, L.; Tejedor, L. A.; Temnikov, P.; Terrier, R.; Terzic, T.; Testa, V; Tian, W.; Tibaldo, L.; Tonev, D.; Torres, D. F.; Torresi, E.; Tosti, L.; Tothill, N.; Tovmassian, G.; Travnicek, P.; Truzzi, S.; Tuossenel, F.; Umana, G.; Vacula, M.; Vagelli, V.; Valentino, M.; Vallage, B.; Vallania, P.; van Eldik, C.; Varner, G. S.; Vassiliev, V.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Vecchi, M.; Veh, J.; Vercellone, S.; Vergani, S.; Verguilov, V.; Vettolani, G. P.; Viana, A.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vorobiov, S.; Vovk, I; Vuillaume, T.; Wagner, S. J.; Walter, R.; Watson, J.; White, M.; White, R.; Wiemann, R.; Wierzcholska, A.; Will, M.; Williams, D. A.; Wischnewski, R.; Wolter, A.; Yamazaki, R.; Yanagita, S.; Yang, L.; Yoshikoshi, T.; Zacharias, M.; Zaharijas, G.; Zaric, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zdziarski, A. A.; Zech, A.; Zechlin, H.; Zhdanov, V., I; Zivec, M. ; The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the new-generation ground-based observatory for γ astronomy, provides unique capabilities to address significant open questions in astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. We study some of the salient areas of γ cosmology that can be explored as part of the Key Science Projects of CTA, through simulated observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and of their relativistic jets. Observations of AGN with CTA will enable a measurement of γ absorption on the extragalactic background light with a statistical uncertainty below 15% up to a redshift z=2 and to constrain or detect γ halos up to intergalactic-magnetic-field strengths of at least 0.3 pG . Extragalactic observations with CTA also show promising potential to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. The best limits on Lorentz invariance violation from γ astronomy will be improved by a factor of at least two to three. CTA will also probe the parameter space in which axion-like particles could constitute a significant fraction, if not all, of dark matter. We conclude on the synergies between CTA and other upcoming facilities that will foster the growth of γ cosmology. © 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab. ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organizations: State Committee of Science of Armenia, Armenia; The Australian Research Council, Astronomy Australia Ltd, The University of Adelaide, Australian National University, Monash University, The University of New South Wales, The University of Sydney, Western Sydney University, Australia; Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research, and Innsbruck University, Austria; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency, Canada; CONICYT-Chile grants CATA AFB 170002, ANID PIA/APOYO AFB 180002, ACT 1406, FONDECYT-Chile grants, 1161463, 1170171, 1190886, 1171421, 1170345, 1201582, Gemini-ANID 32180007, Chile; Croatian Science Foundation, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croa tia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS M2015046, LM2018105, LTT17006, EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016007 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754, Czech Republic; Academy of Finland (grant nr.317636 and 320045), Finland; Ministry of Higher Education and Research, CNRS-INSU and CNRS-IN2P3, CEA-Irfu, ANR, Regional Council Ile de France, Labex ENIGMASS, OCEVU, OSUG2020 and P2IO, France; Max Planck Society, BMBF, DESY, Helmholtz Association, Germany; Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Science and Technology, India; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), MIUR, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF-OABRERA) Grant Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia ID 2014-1980/RST_ERC, Italy; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, MEXT, Japan; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands; University of Oslo, Norway; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, DIR/WK/2017/12, the National Centre for Research and Development and the National Science Centre, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00583, Poland; Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, J1-9146, J1-1700, N1-0111, and the Young Researcher program, Slovenia; South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation through the South African Gamma-Ray Astronomy Programme, South Africa; The Spanish groups acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Research State Agency (AEI) through grants AYA2016-79724-C4-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, BES-2016-076342, FPA2017-82729-C6-1-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-2-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-3-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-4-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-6-R, PGC2018-095161-B-I00, PGC2018-095512-B-I00, PID2019-107988GB-C22; the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa" program through grants no. SEV-2016-0597, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2017-0709, CEX2019-000920-S; the "Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu" program through grant no. MDM-2015-0509; the "Ramón y Cajal" programme through grants RYC-2013-14511, RYC-2017-22665; and the MultiDark Consolider Network FPA2017-90566-REDC. They also acknowledge the Atracción de Talento contract no. 2016-T1/TIC-1542 granted by the Comunidad de Madrid; the "Postdoctoral Junior Leader Fellowship" programme from La Caixa Bank ing Foundation, grants no. LCF/BQ/LI18/11630014 and LCF/BQ/PI18/11630012; the "Programa Operativo" FEDER 2014-2020, Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucía (Ref. 1257737), PAIDI 2020 (Ref. P18-FR-1580) and Universidad de Jaén; "Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente" FEDER 2014-2020 (Ref. ESFRI-2017-IAC-12), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, 15% co-financed by Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento del Gobierno de Canarias; the Spanish AEI EQC2018-005094-P FEDER 2014-2020; the European Union's "Horizon 2020" research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 665919; and the ESCAPE project with grant no. GA:824064; Swedish Research Council, Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Lunarc (Lund), Sweden; State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; Durham University, Leverhulme Trust, Liverpool University, University of Leicester, University of Oxford, Royal Soci ety, Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; U.S. National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Barnard College, University of California, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics (INPAC-MRPI program), Iowa State University, the Smithsonian Institution, Washington University McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, USA. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements No 262053 and No 317446. This project is receiving funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under agreement No 676134. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement GammaRayCascades No 843800. The Fermi LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. ; Peer reviewed

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has mapped the central compact radio source of the elliptical galaxy M87 at 1.3 mm with unprecedented angular resolution. Here we consider the physical implications of the asymmetric ring seen in the 2017 EHT data. To this end, we construct a large library of models based on general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations and synthetic images produced by general relativistic ray tracing. We compare the observed visibilities with this library and confirm that the asymmetric ring is consistent with earlier predictions of strong gravitational lensing of synchrotron emission from a hot plasma orbiting near the black hole event horizon. The ring radius and ring asymmetry depend on black hole mass and spin, respectively, and both are therefore expected to be stable when observed in future EHT campaigns. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. If the black hole spin and M87's large scale jet are aligned, then the black hole spin vector is pointed away from Earth. Models in our library of non-spinning black holes are inconsistent with the observations as they do not produce sufficiently powerful jets. At the same time, in those models that produce a sufficiently powerful jet, the latter is powered by extraction of black hole spin energy through mechanisms akin to the Blandford-Znajek process. We briefly consider alternatives to a black hole for the central compact object. Analysis of existing EHT polarization data and data taken simultaneously at other wavelengths will soon enable new tests of the GRMHD models, as will future EHT campaigns at 230 and 345 GHz.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society. ; The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese ; Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision ; Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X ; Peer reviewed

Professional development and recognition is an 'old' issue in music therapy but still a relevant, complex and crucial one. Burning questions regarding professionalisation are at the forefront of most music therapy associations' agendas across Europe and beyond, and feed back directly to the work of the EMTC. Considering the wider political, socio-economic, cultural and disciplinary aspects of professionalisation, different development pathways impact directly on music therapy practice, training, ethics, professional collaboration and employment conditions. Although a number of endeavours have been implemented regarding music therapy's professional development and recognition in different countries, documentation and sharing of such endeavours on international level has been limited and scattered. Drawing from the EMTC's work since the early '90s, as well as from colleagues' experiences (and struggles) of music therapy's professional pathways in different European countries, this special issue aims: * to provide an overview of the current 'state of affairs' in Europe by systematically documenting music therapy's paths of professional development across different countries by tracing not only its achievements, but also its failures and problems. * to offer opportunities to critique and reflect on the interrelationships between music therapy as a discipline (with all its requirements to clinical and/or academic training) and music therapy as a profession (with its regulations, governmental recognition, and registration, legitimisation/authorisation or licensing issues). Capturing the diversity of music therapy's professional development across different European countries, this special issue will contribute to the establishment of a shared platform of knowledge upon which further local or international initiatives can be developed. ; Professional development and recognition is an 'old' issue in music therapy but still a relevant, complex and crucial one. Burning questions regarding professionalisation are at the forefront of most music therapy associations' agendas across Europe and beyond, and feed back directly to the work of the EMTC. Considering the wider political, socio-economic, cultural and disciplinary aspects of professionalisation, different development pathways impact directly on music therapy practice, training, ethics, professional collaboration and employment conditions. Although a number of endeavours have been implemented regarding music therapy's professional development and recognition in different countries, documentation and sharing of such endeavours on international level has been limited and scattered. Drawing from the EMTC's work since the early '90s, as well as from colleagues' experiences (and struggles) of music therapy's professional pathways in different European countries, this special issue aims: * to provide an overview of the current 'state of affairs' in Europe by systematically documenting music therapy's paths of professional development across different countries by tracing not only its achievements, but also its failures and problems. * to offer opportunities to critique and reflect on the interrelationships between music therapy as a discipline (with all its requirements to clinical and/or academic training) and music therapy as a profession (with its regulations, governmental recognition, and registration, legitimisation/authorisation or licensing issues). Capturing the diversity of music therapy's professional development across different European countries, this special issue will contribute to the establishment of a shared platform of knowledge upon which further local or international initiatives can be developed. Apart from a report from each country, this special issue of Approaches includes the following 16 articles: The role of the EMTC for development and recognition of the music therapy profession Hanne Mette Ridder, Adrienne Lerner & Ferdinando Suvini (pp.13-22) The European Music Therapy Confederation: History and development Monika Nöcker-Ribaupierre (pp. 23-29) Maintaining the dialogue of influence: Developing music therapy theory in pace with practice and research Claire M. Ghetti (pp.30-37) The academic training of music therapists: Chances of normalisation and specialisation Thomas Wosch (pp.38-43) Paths of professional development in music therapy: Training, professional identity and practice Jane Edwards (pp.44-53) Music therapy as academic education: A five-year integrated MA programme as a lighthouse model? Brynjulf Stige (pp.54-61) Continuing professional development – Why, what and how? Angela Harrison (pp.62-66) Supervision during music therapy training: An interview with two Swedish supervisors Rut Wallius (pp.67-73) Supervisor training: An integration of professional supervision and the use of artistic media Inge Nygaard Pedersen (pp.74-85) The Bonny method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) in Europe Lars Ole Bonde (pp.86-90) Solo or tutti, together or alone – What form of professional/legal recognition is best for music therapy? Melanie Voigt (pp.91-97) The role of professional associations in the recognition process Ranka Radulovic (pp.98-109) Towards professionalisation of music therapy: A model of training and certification in Poland Krzysztof Stachyra (pp.110-117) Perspectives on the development of the music therapy profession in the UK Alison Barrington (pp.118-122) A process of two decades: Gaining professional recognition in Austria Elena Fitzthum (pp.123-126) Development of the music therapy profession in Latvia Mirdza Paipare (pp.127-130)

We present a multiwavelength study of the flat-spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013-2017. We use radio-to-optical data obtained by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope, 15 GHz data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, 91 and 103 GHz data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, near-infrared data from the Rapid Eye Monitor telescope, as well as data from the Swift (optical-UV and X-rays) and Fermi (γ -rays) satellites to study flux and spectral variability and the correlation between flux changes at different wavelengths. Unprecedented γ -ray flaring activity was observed during 2016 November-2017 February, with four major outbursts. A peak flux of (2158 ± 63) × 10−8 ph cm−2 s−1, corresponding to a luminosity of (2.2 ± 0.1) × 1050 erg s−1, was reached on 2016 December 28. These four γ -ray outbursts have corresponding events in the near-infrared, optical, and UV bands, with the peaks observed at the same time. A general agreement between X-ray and γ -ray activity is found. The γ -ray flux variations show a general, strong correlation with the optical ones with no time lag between the two bands and a comparable variability amplitude. This γ -ray/optical relationship is in agreement with the geometrical model that has successfully explained the low-energy flux and spectral behaviour, suggesting that the long-term flux variations are mainly due to changes in the Doppler factor produced by variations of the viewing angle of the emitting regions. The difference in behaviour between radio and higher energy emission would be ascribed to different viewing angles of the jet regions producing their emission. © 2019 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society ; The data collected by the WEBT collaboration are stored in the WEBT archive at the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino INAF (http://www.oato.inaf.it/blazars/webt/); for questions regarding their availability, contact the WEBT President Massimo Villata(massimo.villata@inaf.it).We acknowledge financial contribution from the agreementASI-INAFn. 2017-14-H.0 and from the contract PRIN-SKA-CTA-INAF 2016. This research was partially supported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science under grants DN 08-1/2016, DN 18-13/2017, and KP-06-H28/3 (2018). The Skinakas Observatory is a collaborative project of the University of Crete, the Foundation for Research and Technology -Hellas, and the Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik. The Abastumani team acknowledges financial support by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation under contract FR/217554/16. The St. Petersburg University team acknowledges support from Russian Science Foundation grant 17-12-01029. GD and OV gratefully acknowledge the observing grant support from the Institute of Astronomy and Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, via bilateral joint research project 'Study of ICRF radio-sources and fast variable astronomical objects' (head -G.Damljanovic). This work is a part of the Projects No. 176011 ('Dynamics and Kinematics of Celestial Bodies and Systems'), No. 176004 ('Stellar Physics'), and No. 176021 ('Visible and Invisible Matter in Nearby Galaxies: Theory and Observations') supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. JE is indebted to DGAPA (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ' exico) for financial support, PAPIIT project IN114917. The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. Data from the Steward Observatory blazar monitoring project were used. This program is supported by NASA/Fermi Guest Investigator grants NNX12AO93G and NNX15AU81G. We acknowledge support by Bulgarian National Science Programme 'Young Scientists and Postdoctoral Students 2019', Bulgarian National Science Fund under grant DN18-10/2017 and National RI Roadmap Projects DO1-157/28.08.2018 and DO1-153/28.08.2018 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria. This publication makes use of data obtained at Mets ahovi Radio Observatory, operated by Aalto University in Finland. The Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of theAostaValley (OAVdA) is managed by the Fondazione Clment Fillietroz-ONLUS, which is supported by the Regional Government of the Aosta Valley, the TownMunicipality of Nus and the 'Unit des Communes valdtaines Mont-milius'. The research at the OAVdA was partially funded by two 'Research and Education' grants from Fondazione CRT. RR acknowledges support from CONICYT project Basal AFB-170002. MM and TM acknowledge support through the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University. The Fermi LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The OVRO 40-m monitoring program is supported in part by NASA grants NNX08AW31G, NNX11A043G, and NNX14AQ89G, and NSF grants AST-0808050 and AST-1109911. We thank the Swift team for making these observations possible, the duty scientists, and science planners. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. FD thanks S. Covino for his help with the REM data reduction. This research has made use of data obtained from the high-energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.

In the autumn of 2003 the County Council of Östergötland went all the way in terms of working with transparent horizontal priorities, and was the first county council in the country to do so. Preparations had then been underway for a number of years. The aim of this report is to describe the political decision making process during the work with priority setting in Östergötland in 2003, and to analyse the process based on a condition that is of importance if a decision making process is to be considered fair and legitimate. Some of the questions we initially had were: Are the politicians going to set any transparent priorities? What is the process like? What actors take part in the decisions? How do the politicians reason in order to arrive at decisions? What do the politicians take into account when making decisions? What are the obstacles to transparent priorities? What are the success factors? Our method is based on acquiring information from many sources: Direct observation at the Public Health and Medical Services Committee's (PHMSC) two practical priority setting exercises in March and in May 2003 Direct observation at the PHMSC's information meetings, working meetings and conferences, and the medical advisors' meetings during September - October 2003. Interviews with participating politicians, medical advisors, public officials, the Health Care Director, and health professionals during December 2003 - January 2004. Examination of directives, background material, supporting documents for the decisions, and internal and external documents from the county council. Focus groups and a before-after questionnaire at the citizens' meeting in January 2004. An additional study focuses on how the priority setting process was reflected in daily newspapers during the autumn of 2003. The results of this study will be reported in an upcoming report. Our observations and interviews show that the procedure for priority setting used in Östergötland functioned relatively well but that there were also shortcomings. In addition, we found that with respect to many points the decision making process fulfilled the required conditions for a decision making process to be considered fair and legitimate  reasonable and accepted by the majority  while several conditions were poorly dealt with. 1. The institution where the decisions are made In accordance with current regulations for the County Council, decisions are made by the PHMSC following recommendations from its Presidium. The priority setting decisions were made in a legitimate organisational context with a mandate to make this type of decision. 2. The persons who participated in the decisions Only politicians on the PHMSC took part in formal decision making, but during the preparatory phase with development of proposals for decisions, the Presidium of the PHMSC had the support of medical advisors, public officials, the Health Care Director, as well as administrative assistance. When making decisions, the politicians' behaviour was consistently supportive. This contributed to making a joint political decision possible despite differences in political views and different opinions. Supporting documents in the form of vertical ranking lists and descriptions of consequences were furnished by the health professionals. When developing these documents for use in decision making, however, representation of professional groups other than physicians was often missing, as was that of "users", i.e. patients and citizens. The perspectives of many interested parties were represented, while others that could have contributed were missing. 3. Factors considered in the decisions Different individual factors that shaped the decisions are found in the priority setting model that was established in the County Council. The priority setting model is based on ethical principles established by the Swedish Parliament and contains components that are important to consider in priority setting. The politicians had a high level of awareness concerning principles and factors they should consider in their decisions, but in practical discussions they seldom referred directly to individual factors in the model for priority setting. 4. Reasons for the decisions The politicians had not written down their reasons and motives at an early stage, which made transparent discussion difficult concerning both results and their underlying motives. The individual factors the politicians considered during their discussions were weighed together into different composite pictures, clusters of facts, that formed the reasons and motivations for the decisions. As a rule, reasons for decisions did not rest on individual factors, but on a total appraisal of facts. 5. The decision making process The work fulfilled a number of conditions for the decision making process itself within a decision making group that contribute to fairness. We consider that there was great transparency within the decision making group, while there was less transparency toward other politicians and toward other actors in the priority setting process. There was also relatively great outward transparency toward the public. The supporting documents and the final document were published on the Internet. Although a large part of the material was available on the Internet, few knew that it was there and could interpret and understand its content. In other words, although the material was accessible it was nevertheless "inaccessible" to the public. 6. Mechanisms for appealing decisions The intention of the County Council was that it would be possible for its first decisions to be appealed if new facts and arguments emerged. In this first round, however, there was no prepared mechanism for appealing decisions if new facts or arguments emerged. The areas where we think there is the greatest need for improvement: Representation of groups other than physicians is needed in order to elucidate problems regarding the entire care chain, from prevention to care to rehabilitation. Greater representation or dialogue with "the users", i.e. patients and citizens, is needed to obtain their perspective regarding health care policy priority setting and to assure that the priority setting procedure is considered to be fair and legitimate. However, it is necessary to identify appropriate problems about which to carry on a dialogue. An established routine in the decision making process is needed to assure that those who take part in the decisions consider all the components in the County Council's model for priority setting. Concerning transparency in the decision making process, we consider it important for supporting documents to be developed by means of an transparent internal process that includes health care staff at many levels in order to attain as high internal legitimacy as possible. Sound information must therefore be given to participants' own organisation: initially concerning the priority setting process, differentiation of roles, guidelines and timeframe; and at the conclusion of the priority setting process concerning what decisions mean in practice for the clinical areas. Guidelines for who should do what, how it should be done, and when it should be done must be clear. Information also needs to be given to the public: initially concerning how the work is carried out, and at the conclusion of the priority setting process concerning the decisions that have been made and a description of possible consequences. The information that is dispersed externally should as far as possible be well adapted and contain information about actual decisions, or preliminary positions the politicians want to convey for public debate. A mechanism for appealing decisions if new knowledge or new arguments emerge is lacking and should be created. Above all, transparency must increase with respect to decisions and reasons for decisions. The possibility of assessing and discussing priority setting decisions increases greatly if the decisions are well-motivated so that facts, values and the weighing of pros and cons are reported.