Suchergebnisse

Fil: Slaby, Cecilia Marina. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. ; El análisis de los espacios, los territorios y sus habitantes desde la historia del arte es un campo que recurre al estudio e interpretación de las imágenes en tanto factores activos de procesos sociales y políticos vinculados con la configuración de los mismos (Penhos, 2005; 2009, 2018). Pensar la dimensión política del espacio nos conduce a reflexionar sobre el espacio de ejercicio de los poderes simbólicos, donde las imágenes se vuelven significativas, ya que forman parte del mental set (Baxandall, 1978) mediante el cual se captan, comunican, significan, asignan y designan los parámetros socioculturales que forman parte del habitus (Bourdieu, 2010). A partir de estas premisas, nos proponemos estudiar los empapelados panorámicos realizados en Francia desde 1818 hasta 1860 que fueron exportados al continente americano, focalizando nuestra atención en la serie Les Incas (Dufour & Leroy 1818-1860) (Ver apéndice. Imágenes 1 a 21), ya que creemos que ésta presenta una construcción visual e histórica sobre los americanos que fue elaborada y consumida por las burguesías en las nacientes naciones de este continente. La serie presenta 26 paneles contínuos que relatan de manera plástica el mito del buen salvaje (Gerbi, 1982) o el salvaje neoclásico del Siglo XIX (Rojas Mix, 1992) de acuerdo con los relatos de Jean-François Marmontel (1723-1799) y los viajes de Charles-Marie de La Condamine (1701-1774), permeando y naturalizando una determinada percepción sobre "los otros", por lo que a través de estas páginas revisaremos su rol en la circulación de ideas, ideologías, dicotomías culturales y fronteras discursivas referidas al encuentro entre Europa y la Sudamérica andina. Pero a la vez proponemos pensar este entramado visual en relación a los mecanismos de reproducción del exotismo, la invisibilización y estereotipia de los americanos. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo es que los empapelados panorámicos antes mencionados participaron activamente en la configuración de los esquemas mentales sobre el continente americano, sus habitantes, naturaleza, paisaje y posible desarrollo, por lo que no conformaron meros elementos del ámbito decorativo sino que reprodujeron fantasías latentes en parte de la sociedad europea, y de esta manera en la elección de este patrón decorativo se replicaron y sostuvieron miradas muy arraigadas. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en conocer cabalmente dicha producción, analizar sus temas y modelos, y generar, a partir de este conocimiento, estrategias de conservación de un legado mobiliar que, aunque parece pasar desapercibido, continúa presente en parte de nuestro continente, interpelando sugestivamente a los observadores. Su presencia está confirmada documentalmente en el Río de la Plata (Jaqué, 2003), pero hasta el momento no se han ubicado esos ejemplares. De acuerdo a Bernard Jacqué (2003), director del Museé du Papier Paint de Francia, los empapelados panorámicos fueron exportados a América del Norte, Argentina y Brasil. Pero en estos países no sólo fueron utilizados en viviendas, igual que en Europa, sino también en lugares públicos: albergues, cafés, círculos, clubes y en las llamadas "casas públicas", que serían, según este autor, "su única salida" (Jacqué, 2003, Pág 157). Esta investigación pretende reconstruir parte de su recorrido a partir del análisis de fuentes documentales y archivos. Pero a la vez iniciaremos por primera vez un análisis de caso, respecto a la serie completa que se encuentra en la Americas Society de Nueva York (ASCOA) para indagar cada uno de los paneles y reflexionar sobre sus características iconográficas y formales brindando pautas para la conservación de estos documentos. Otros ejemplares originales del Siglo XIX se encuentran en la mansión denominada "The Lindens", que originalmente fue construida en Danvers, Massachussetts, y luego trasladada a Washington D.C (ver apéndice imágenes 5 y 6), también se conservan originales en el Museo de Artes Decorativas de París, en el Grand Salon of Malouiniere de la Ville Bague (Francia) (ver apéndice imágenes 7 y 8), en la Terrasse de Lautrec (Pays de Cocagn- Région Midi-Pyrenees Francia) (ver apéndice imágenes 9 y 10), en el Museo del Papel Pintado de Rixheim, en el Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de La Rochelle (ver apéndice imágenes 89 a 90), en Weil-Ötlingen -Alemania (Café der Inka) (ver apéndice imágenes 14 a 18), en la casa histórica Klosterstraße 7 (Warendorf, Alemania) (ver apéndice imágenes 19 a 21), en el Museo de Kassel, en la Quinta del Duque del Arco en pleno recinto de El Pardo (hoy de Patrimonio Nacional de España) (ver apéndice imágenes 11 a 13), y en numerosas en colecciones privadas. Además se han realizado reimpresiones completas entre las que se destaca la emplazada en la actual residencia del embajador de Perú en los Estados Unidos. Los papeles pintados constituyen un tipo de producción que no estaba destinada a la colección privada, a diferencia de los objetos del mundo de las "Bellas Artes" que acopiaron algunas familias de élite durante el período considerado. Tampoco se incorporaron rápidamente, como muchos de esos objetos, al patrimonio de los museos públicos. Su ingreso a las distintas colecciones fue lento y problemático. De hecho aún en la actualidad se disputa en torno a su carácter y forma de exhibición. Diferentes programas museográficos difunden estas series, como por ejemplo el Museo Nacional de Suiza (Château de Prangins-Landesmuseum Zürich), el Fashion & Textile Museum de Londres, el Musée du Papier Peint de Rixheim en Francia o el centro privado Les Arts Décoratifs de París. En todos estos sitios se encuentran encolados en la pared, o conservados dentro de cajoneras, o entelados y tensados en bastidores, o colgados como si fueran telas. Desde distintos ámbitos se están repensando las estrategias de exposición, y es por ello que Laia Callejà Galera (2012) realizó una nueva propuesta de soporte expositivo para visualizar el rollo de papel como objeto, entendiendo que debe pensarse en base a su materialidad concreta. En nuestro caso, abordaremos estos particulares discursos plásticos desde la historia del arte, en un cruce con recursos teóricos de las ciencias sociales para poder generar reflexiones que den cuenta de la densidad semiótica de los mismos. Debido a la particularidad de nuestro objeto de estudio utilizaremos categorías de análisis provenientes de distintas disciplinas. En primer lugar realizaremos un repaso por la historia de los empapelados europeos hasta la realización de las series panorámicas, luego revisaremos las formas de abordaje que se realizaron sobre los mismos para poder entender su carácter específico. El objetivo es por lo tanto (re) pensar estos objetos con un marco teórico multidisciplinario, abordando su condensación simbólica, sus diferentes capas de sentidos y sus trayectorias diversas en relación a los múltiples contextos y campos de interacción en lo que se insertaron. Al mismo tiempo presentaremos un análisis de caso para entender las particularidades estéticas, apropiaciones y tensiones que atraviesan a la serie Les Incas en un lugar estratégico dentro de la política internacional como la Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Norteamérica). Para ello realizaremos una síntesis a partir de bibliografía en idioma inglés, francés y alemán y trabajaremos con imágenes de manera constante instando al análisis transversal e interdisciplinario en nuestro medio. De esta manera presentaremos variados recusos contribuyendo a que los investigadores accedan de una manera más integral a estos textos que formaron parte de las estructuras estéticas y socializadoras del entramado social. En el último capítulo investigaremos sobre los primeros empapelados que circularon por la ciudad de Buenos Aires presentando un informe preliminar sobre los modos de decoración parietal utilizados en nuestro territorio, intentando abrir el campo para futuras investigaciones. Motivan este trabajo la progresiva degradación y desaparición del arte del "papel pintado", junto al evidente atraso historiográfico y la falta de políticas públicas de cuidado y preservación de este patrimonio estético. La fragilidad del soporte y el desconocimiento de la importancia de estos entramados de sentidos nos convocan a generar una difusión e investigación más profunda. Además, el interés que suscitan deriva justamente de su participación, hasta ahora historiográficamente silenciosa, en la vida cotidiana, ya que tuvieron parte activa en la conformación del espacio social al introducir el exterior en los interiores domésticos. Este trabajo dialoga con los estudios sobre las tecnologías visuales y las fronteras que separan a las diferentes culturas y clases, como los de Poole (1997) y Jay (1988). En ese sentido, intentaremos examinar cómo los discursos visuales, por medio de diferentes regímenes escópicos, se relacionan con ideologías políticas y participan de construcciones identitarias. Entendemos que los papeles no cumplieron una mera función decorativa, sino que habrían participado en la constitución simbólica e informativa de un determinado status, relacionándose de manera directa con los discursos políticos, estableciendo así distintas maneras de pensar y entender lo social. Debido a las características materiales del soporte, muchos empapelados de esta época necesitan que realicemos acciones urgentes debido a zonas dañadas por elementos exógenos, por oxidación de la celulosa, microorganismos y hongos o factores ambientales desfavorables (temperatura y humedad relativa); o por una conjunción de distintas causas. En ese sentido, nuestra investigación pretende poner en valor y generar estrategias para comprender y conservar este importante legado en el que se plasman discursos sobre los "incas", pero también sobre los "europeos", teniendo en cuenta la pluralidad de discursos que se encasillan bajo dichas categorías. Es por ello que, a partir de los empapelados panorámicos como mecanismos de conformación del par identidad-alteridad, reflexionaremos sobre la construcción visual y espacial relacionada con el dominio, centrándonos en el área andina y su espectacularización para el mundo occidental. Revisaremos las construcciones visuales que hicieron (in) visibles a los "incas" y exteriorizaron un deseo de posesión sobre el "salvaje". Indagaremos en los recursos plásticos que plasmaron una determinada alteridad, entendiendo que la identidad3 no puede pensarse sin la alteridad como un factor constitutivo. En ese sentido, es clave entender que estos objetos elaborados en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, fueron pensados para la decoración de hogares, en un contexto en el que la casa se constituyó como un espacio vinculado a un locus de pertenencia familiar y punto de reunión. Como indica Teyssot (1988), la casa constituyó el núcleo básico de toda sociedad, el emblema por excelencia del paradigma moral, fundamento material de la familia y pilar del orden social en relación a la moderna Renacimiento, Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 1978. En este trabajo entendemos que las identidades se producen y configuran en el juego de las dinámicas colectivas que rigen lo social, que están sujetas a constantes modificaciones, reinvenciones y negociaciones; en consecuencia, son contingentes e inestables, a partir de las innumerables redes. Además este proceso dinámico de conformación de las identidades es de carácter indudablemente histórico. En él confluyen-, a nivel social tanto las luchas como los conflictos, las negociaciones como las concesiones, los eventos como los sucesos cotidianos; a nivel individual tanto los dispositivos mentales y simbólicos como los afectivos y emotivos (García Gavidia, 1996, Pág 11 -12). definición de la privacidad. En ese período la simbiosis entre familia tradicional y vivienda comenzó a fijarse de manera sistemática, convirtiéndose en el elemento central del pensamiento higienista y de la "salud moral". La exportación desde Europa de objetos e imágenes permitió que las altas burguesías de lugares distantes entre sí compartieran imaginarios visuales relativos a diferentes lugares del mundo. Como señala Perrot (2011), los objetos invadieron integralmente toda la vivienda, que se convirtió en galería, museo y templo familiar a la vez. En este sentido, los empapelados no estaban solos sino que formaban parte de un universo visual mayor que es necesario considerar, porque respondían a una necesidad específica, vinculada con un hecho económico y social que Jacqué (2003) denomina "la democratización del lujo". Es por ello que son muy útiles los postulados de Ernst Gombrich (2003) para quien en la elección visual de los grupos sociales podemos vislumbrar ciertas ideas cargadas de sentido que remiten a otras imágenes del pasado y del presente. Por su parte, Malosetti Costa (2001) y Penhos (2005) señalan que ciertas imágenes son poderosas ya que condensan fuertemente determinados significados, y por ello se imponen en el imaginario de una sociedad, marcando una determinada visión del mundo que a menudo perdura y se activa en ciertos momentos de la historia. En ese sentido entendemos que estos empapelados deben pensarse en relación a los postulados de Leonor Arfuch (2010), para quien no es lo que muestra una imagen lo que hace a su poder, sino el cómo, en qué contexto, con qué fines, dentro de qué lógica se ofrece a ver.

Density or Intensity?There is much debate about how to measure density – dwellings per hectare, bedrooms per hectare or people per hectare; including or excluding major highways, parks and open spaces; the permanent population only or the transient one too?While this gives urban planners something to disagree about it risks missing the point: great urban places are not created by density; they are created by intensity.And the difference matters. When people describe the buzz of a marketplace they do not say, "Wow - it was so dense!". They are much more likely to say how intense it was. Density is a word used by planners. Intensity is a word that real people use, and perhaps because it describes the outcomes that people experience rather than the inputs that have gone in to creating them. It is the outcomes that are ultimately more important. But planning professionals like density. Even though density fails to capture the essence of what it feels like to be somewhere, the term appeals to professional instincts. It describes the raw ingredients that planners have to handle and, once you choose which version of the formula you are going to use, density is easy to measure. It involves a simple calculation of straightforward urban quantities such as the number of people, the number of houses or the number of bedrooms, all divided by the geographic area over which those ingredients occur. Easy.In contrast, intensity seems more difficult to pin down, not least because it appears to have a subjectively emotional dimension; it speaks of feelings, of responses, of stimuli, and this raises problems about how it can be effectively measured. But intensity is also a response to context, to place and above all to people - and here we can find clues to its measurement.Observing IntensitySo what are the factors that people are responding to when they instinctively feel the intensity of a great place? For a start, they can not be calculating a planner's measure of urban density because, even if they were so minded, they could not possibly know about populations and geographic areas when they are walking along a street or sitting at a café table on a public space.What people can respond to though is what is happening around them in the public realm: they can see how many other people there are, and they can see what these people are up to. In other words, intensity is obvious, immediate and instinctively calculable to the person in the street: not only the mobile population of walkers, drivers and cyclists but also the immobile population of sitters, leaners and pausers. Intensity has a static as well as a kinetic dimension. Indeed the stationary people are the essential ingredient of intensity. They are the people who have chosen to be there, to add to the place through their semi-permanence and not simply to pass through on the way to somewhere else. Intensity is not therefore about the population density of an area but the population that is participating in the public realm of an area. And this should be obvious. And everyday. But any attempt to emphasise the benefits of static participation runs counter to the mindset of the traffic engineer and counter to the still-persuasive, kinetic legacy of Le Corbusier, who described "grinding gears and burning gasoline" as the pleasurable objectives of the Plan Voisin.Nevertheless, intense places are sticky places and especially so when people are not only co-present in space but when they are also interacting: talking to each other, sharing thoughts, ideas, opinions. This is the essence of intensity; there is an exchange - a transaction – be it economic, social, cultural, intellectual, factual or simply facile. It is the daily public life of every thriving village, town and city. It is so apparently unremarkable as to go unnoticed, unobserved and unmeasured. Until it is not there. And that is when you feel it most clearly.A number of years ago my colleagues at Space Syntax were working on a sample of towns across the UK, some historic and some new. The towns had similar residential populations and similar retail floorspace provisions across similar geographical areas; in other words, similar densities. But what the team had also done was to count the numbers of people using the centres of each town: how many were walking and sitting in public space. They had counted over several days, from morning until evening. What they found was that the historic towns consistently had many more people using their centres than the new ones - and they knew from other evidence that the historic towns had stronger economic performances. Here then were places with similar urban densities but different intensities of human activity.What seemed to explain the differences between historic and new towns were first, the spatial layout and second, the street design of each place. The historic towns were laid out around radial streets that were designed to carry cars as well as vehicles and which met at the centre of the town in a public space. Behind these radial streets were more or less continuously connected grids of residential streets, interrupted by the occasional large open space. Both cars and pedestrians could use the residential streets, while the open spaces were generally for pedestrians only. There was some limited pedestrianisation in the very centre of each town.In contrast, the new towns often had separate street networks for vehicles and pedestrians, no high street or central public space and usually one or two enclosed shopping malls. Their central areas were typically pedestrianised and spatially separated from the surrounding residential areas by a vehicle-only ring road; these residential areas were separated from each other by large swathes of open space.To summarise, the key differences were first in the intensity of the human experience and second in the design of the street network. Intensity, it seems, is facilitated by an alignment of physical and spatial factors: having the movement-sensitive land uses on sufficiently well-connected streets that are, in the main, shared by vehicles and pedestrians.Measuring IntensityImportantly, both the amount of human activity and the degree of street connectivity are measurable commodities – if you know how. This is the professional specialism of my practice, Space Syntax, and it has two key parts: one part that takes place in the studio, using purpose-designed software that measures the amount of connectivity in street grids and the other part that happens on site using some form of counting device. This device may be a camera strapped to a lamp post or, in recent years, a drone flight. Or it may simply be a set of human eyes, a pencil and a notepad. Onto these 'foundational' datasets are added other information, which might be about air quality, land value, crime rates or health outcomes. Statistical software is employed to explore relations between the datasets: how is health or wealth or educational achievement related to spatial connectivity or isolation? The product of this process is an Integrated Urban Model: a quantitative record of urban form and urban performance. A Geographical Information System is used to hold the datasets in one place and a basic form of artificial intelligence is run to explore the links between the data.However it is possible to create a primitive version of a data platform using only PowerPoint and Excel. After all, Space Syntax began its work before the Macintosh, before colour screens, before the internet, before CAD, before GIS and long before BIM. Its observations of pedestrian movements around Trafalgar Square were done with pen and paper, the results coded manually into a simple drawing programme.What matters today is what mattered then: to bring data to life using maps and colours rather than spreadsheets and charts. To make it accessible to the audiences that will be making judgments about the future of places: investors, planning officers, politicians and local communities. Measures of intensity therefore need to speak to multiple audiences and not least to the design community, into whose creative hands is entrusted the responsibility for shaping the aspirations of stakeholders. An Integrated Urban Model must be nimble, capable of responding again and again to the short and intensive programme of a rapid design process. Beware the Smart City "Control Room" stuffed with technicians; eintegratedmbrace instead a portable platform that can respond to the timescale of a creative whim.Creating a Profession of "Urban Intensity Surveyors"So why do we not measure towns and cities in such a systematic way? Why is there not a profession of urban intensity surveyors? And a culture among architects and urban planners of designing for intense human interactions?The problems start when the responsibility for thinking about cities, streets and public spaces moves from the individual enjoying the buzz of the boulevard to the collective of professional institutes charged with creating place. Density prevails over intensity and we revert to simplifications. Assumptions are made - incorrectly as we have seen - that the quality of street life will be in direct proportion to the density of people in an area. That if we have more people then the streets will be busier and the busier the streets, the better the place. But then the counter view is quite reasonably made that people need quiet streets and so densities should not be too high. And a compromise is eventually reached for neither super high nor super low densities; neither towns that are too big nor too small. And if we need big towns then they should be broken up into manageable parcels. Since we want pedestrians then we should pedestrianise.We end up with an urbanism of averages and a morphology of enclaves through an approach that is much too simplistic to ever create great place. It is not born of science and it does not reflect human experience: people know instinctively that you can turn off the busiest street in the city and immediately find yourself on a lane that is one of the quietest; that the intensity of the urban experience can transform itself in seconds. This is one of the great joys of exploring great cities: they are not pervasively busy; they are intensely quiet as well. They have a foreground grid of busy streets and a background grid of quiet ones. If we can systematically measure urban intensity then we will understand how towns and cities work in ways that will transform practice. And by transforming practice we will transform place.The Future for IntensityThe professions will be unwise to avoid the opportunities presented by technology. Both the technologies of data capture, visualisation and analysis as well as the technologies that are affecting human behaviours: broadband, social media, augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI). Human activity is becoming ever more intense and this gives us another reason to systematically measure urban intensity. People are walking more slowly, ensconced in virtual worlds at the same time as participating in physical space; seeing their surroundings augmented with pop-up information. The trend will continue as AR on our smartphones becomes AR on our spectacles. As well as talking to each other we will be talking to objects on display in shops, to screens in buildings and on streets, and to ourselves – our digital twin may appear as an avatar walking alongside us in our peripheral vision or in front of us when trying on clothes for us. This intensity of communication can already be seen in early adopting countries, especially China, and it may seem strange at first. But there was a time, not long ago, when it seemed strangely ostentatious to put down a mobile phone on a table in a public place.The brain has a finite processing capacity and so what goes into handling increased visual information will have to be taken away from the control of bodily function. People may therefore adapt to the amplified intensity of visual stimuli by moving ever more slowly. We will need more space for these intense activities and the obvious place is the street, where we will need more space for people. Road space will have to narrow and footways will have to widen. We will need more places to sit and lean - to be sticky.And this presents a choice for designers: continue to disagree about the best way to measure density or embrace intensity and anticipate the radical transformation of place.

El Encuentro de Semilleros de Investigación Unab tiene como objetivo fomentar la capacidad creativa e innovadora de los estudiantes, mediante la socialización de sus trabajos de investigación como estrategia de apropiación y desarrollo del conocimiento asociado a la producción científica, el desarrollo tecnológico, la innovación y el emprendimiento en nuestra institución. Bajo el lema: "hacia la construcción social del conocimiento", la VII Muestra de Semilleros de Investigación UNAB 2013, se presenta como un espacio que promueve la estrategia de formación para la investigación, impulsando la relación crítica de los estudiantes con el conocimiento y sus formas de producción social. ; CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN BIOMEDICAS…8 Vigilancia epidemiológica del consumo de sustancias en los estudiantes de básica secundaria y media vocacional de bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, 2013; Por Hernán Darío Díaz Rueda, Sandra Milena Rueda Quijano, Laura Vanessa Gelis, Gustavo Adolfo Martínez Sálazar…10 Asociación entre el trabajo infantil y trastornos mentales en menores escolarizados de la ciudad de bucaramanga, Colombia; Por Luisa Fernanda Villarreal, Lina Maria Fajardo, Julián Cala…13 Influencia de la risaterapia en niños(as) escolares oncológicos hospitalizados en instituciones de salud pública y privada de bucaramanga y su área metropolitana en 2013; Por Darkys Zulay Rojas González, Luz Dary Bautista Jaimes, Liseth Melissa Zarate Sierra, Vivian Camacho Pardo, Lina María Ramírez Vargas, Gesell Silva Estévez, Nataly Arbeláez Luna, Diana Paola Suárez Suárez, Silvia Juliana Ramírez García, Jessica Hernández Gómez, July Andrea Guarín Ospino, Sandra Milena Vera Agudelo, Tatiana Pérez Pérez…16 Cambios en las pruebas de función autonómica en pacientes seropositivos asintomáticos para t. Cruzi (estudio chicamocha) a los 10 años de seguimiento; Por Andrea Paola Silva Pereira, Yuri Vanessa Ortiz Hernández, Dely María Maturana…19 Prevalencia de seropositividad para trypanosoma cruzi en embarazadas en el hospital local del norte. Bucaramanga, Santander; Por Sammy O. Ariza Mendoza, María Andrea Garrido Quintero, Juan Carlos Solano Duarte…23 Variaciones en patrones de práctica en pacientes con alto riesgo cardiovascular sometidos a cirugía no cardiaca con reporte de troponinas positivas en Bucaramanga; Por Rey Rueda Juan Esteban, Mendoza Díaz Juan Camilo, Ardila Báez Manuel Alonso…26 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS, ADMINISTRATIVAS Y CONTABLES…29 Las fuentes de financiación utilizadas por las microempresas en barranquilla. Caso tenderos; Por Graciela Santos Gómez…31 Warrants como instrumento de inversión y financiación semillero de investigación; Por María Juliana Laiton Montero…34 Planeación estratégica de ti para el centro de investigación en ciencias económicas, administrativas y contables de la universidad autónoma de Bucaramanga; Por Verónica Chajín Ortiz, Leidy J. Rivera Mosquera, Agustín A. Rincón Montero, Raúl F. Amorocho Cubides…37 Proceso de asimilación y adopción de normas internacionales en el sector cooperativo; Por Harold Fabián Rodríguez T…40 Caracterizacion de la oferta de ocio deportivo (actividades de riesgo controlado) en la Meseta de Ruitoque-Sder; Por Edgar Giovanny Latorre Ayala…45 INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS IEP.48 Modalidad de trata de personas y prostitución; Por Andrea Acevedo Labastida, Estefanía Vesga Duarte, Paola Velásquez Flórez…50 Legitimación de la prostitución voluntaria como trabajo en colombia; Por Nataly Juliana Ascanio, Juan pablo Orellano, Johana Marcela Reyes, Laura Quintero, Estibaliz Meneses…52 La trata de personas en el contexto universitario; Por Paola Alejandra Anaya, Johana Marcela Reyes…54 UNIDAD DE PROGRAMAS Y PROYECTOS PSICOSOCIALES UPPSI…59 Arqueología del concepto trastorno; Por Carlos Roldán Martínez, América Celeste Guevara, Christian André Bautista…61 Psicología, cediendo a la demanda; Por Iris Aleida Pinzón Arteaga, Laura V. Quintero Grazt…64 Relación transferencial en psicología y psicoanálisis; Por Laura Catalina Báez Gómez, Leidy Johanna Chain Flórez…66 Desarrollo de las relaciones de apego romántico y mecanismos emocionales asociados en animales y humanos; Por Johanna Eslava Arguello, Laura Daza Plata…69 Mecanismos epigenéticos de las relaciones interpersonales de agresividad; Por Mayra Lizeth Pabón, María Gabriela Galeano, María Gabriela Espinel, Germán Darío Chaparro Ortíz…71 Síndrome de rett en el área metropolitana de bucaramanga. Fase 1; Por Adriana Ximena Cadena Melo, Eullianis Sofía Ríos Ortiz, Karen Yurany Barrera Benítez…73 5 Perfil lingüístico en niños y niñas entre 4 y 10 años de edad con síndrome de asperger (sa), autismo de alto funcionamiento (aaf) y trastorno específico del lenguaje (tel); Por Silvia Juliana Peñaloza Luna…76 Creencias de una población masculina de la ciudad de bucaramanga en relación al examen del tacto rectal; Por Victor Martinez Salazar, Andrea Navarro Quintero, Laura del Pilar Cadena Afanador, Daniel Salazar Radi…79 Síntomas agudos asociados por la exposición a formaldehido en estudiantes de medicina y enfermería que ingresan a la práctica en anfiteatro; Por Nathaly Sarmiento Acosta, Juan Sebastian Peinado Acevedo, Laura del Pilar Cadena Afanador…82 La negación de la filosofía en el concepto freudiano de pulsión; Por Luis Carlos Acosta Fuentes, Claudia Juliana Rey Tarazona…85 Psicología ¿ciencia social o de la salud? Un problema histórico para la psicología clínica; Por Johanna Eslava Arguello, Tatiana Silva Amaya, Angie Valderrama Mantilla…90 Habilidades lingüísticas del niño con síndrome de asperger; Por Semillero en neurociencias y neuropsicología SINNP-UNAB…94 ¿el lugar del discurso del sujeto en el dsm-iv?; Por América Celeste Guevara Parra, Laura Catalina Báez Gómez…97 Pilotaje de ejercicios (tacto y audición) para estimulación Cognitiva en el adulto mayor; Por Silvia Peñaloza Luna, Yuri Andrea Ariza Rivero, Claudia Juliana Castillo Contreras…101 Encuesta de conocimientos sobre tuberculosis en una comunidad de bucaramanga, Santander; Por Laura Del Pilar Cadena Afanador, Vanessa Delgado Jaime, Geraldine Tarazona Aldana, Camilo Eduardo Lozano, Edgar Andrés Rueda Carrillo…107 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOCIO JURÍDICA CISJ…112 Análisis de la ley de cuotas (ley 581 de 2000) a partir de la teoría de la justicia de john rawls; Por Héctor Fernando Olaya Vera, Andrea Carolina Rivera Sus…114 Derecho fundamental y constitucional a la prueba; Por Ana María Chogó Torrado, María Juliana Pedraza Torres, Silvia Tirado Gómez…116 La tesis de grado como manifestación de la propiedad intelectual en Colombia; Por Cesar A. Castellanos Gómez, Mario Andrés Torres Ardila…118 Tratados de libre comercio vigentes en Colombia; Por Isolina Gentil Mantilla, Juan Sebastián Bolívar Jaimes…121 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y ARTES CICSA…124 Estado actual de la primera infancia de bucaramanga y su area metropolitana; Por Erika Mayerly Angulo, Mayra Alejandra Gómez, Mónica Tatiana Sánchez…126 El afecto como eje central en el desarrollo integral de la infancia; Por Juana Ramírez, María Mónica Torres, Yibely Bohórquez…129 Estrategias pedagógicas orientadas a favorecer la relación mutua entre el pensamiento y el cuidado del medio ambiente en niños de 3 a 6 años de la fundación volver a sonreir, bajo la mirada de piaget y vygotsky; Por Paula Christina Montero Duran, Diana Carolina Díaz Plazas, Catalina Duran Chacón, Sonia Judith Muñoz Pico…131 Cuidemos el planeta y nuestras raíces, son la base de la vida; Por Cindy Vera Carrillo, Laura Marcela Cuevas Carrillo…140 Integración familia-escuela para el mejoramiento de las relaciones en el hogar; Por María Alejandra Gónzález, Ángela Yiseth Cadena Sierra, Mayra Alejandra Luna…143 Práctica pedagógica y su incidencia en el aprendizaje emocional y social del niño preescolar; Por Natalia Rodríguez López…146 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN INGENIERÍA Y ORGANIZACIONES CIIO…150 Caracterización del consumidor de centros comerciales en bucaramanga y el área metropolitana; Por Silvia Juliana Rincon, Julian David Quin Galvis, Samir Andrés Rangel Perez…153 Determinación de las variables más importantes en la baja vinculación de estudiantes de primer semestre en el programa de ingeniería de mercados; Por Caterine de la Candelaria Vargas Jarava, Oscar Julián Tibaduiza…155 Modelo de operación para la gestión integral de las farmacias en la clínica foscal y como marco para el proyecto fosunab; Por Marcela Herrera, Kenyi Raúl Iwasaki, Jaime Fernando García…157 Diseño de robot de entrenamiento para artes marciales propuesta de investigación; Por Rincón B. Andrés Felipe, Romero M. Jorge Leonardo…160 Sistema de ahorro energético aplicado a la domótica por medio de tomacorrientes inteligentes que gestionan el suministro de energía; Por Nicolás Acero Sepúlveda, Gilmar Tuta Navajas…162 Simulación y modelado de biomems para la separación de micro-partículas en muestras biológicas; Por Anthony Atencio…165 Diseño de un vehiculó todo terreno de 4 ruedas; Por Nicole Markert López, Juan David Ortiz Viviescas…168 Control de velocidad y posición de una torre grúa a escala; Por Dalya Julieth Galvis Parada…170 Diseño de robot localizador para mapeo y exploración de entornos; Por Jessica Paola Aza Mantilla…172 Diseño, construcción y optimización de un vehículo de tracción humana; Por Cristian Fabian Jaimes Saavedra, Daniel Felipe León Cardona…174 Modelos de medición de riesgo operativo y de liquidez aplicados al sector financiero colombiano; Por Gloria Inés Macías Villalba, Luz Helena Carvajal, Sergio Andrés Parra Hormiga, Juan Manuel Ramírez Díaz…177 Título de pago diferido como instrumento de financiación para las pymes y base para la formulación de un sistema de negociación en el mercado bursátil de Colombia; Por Alfonso Javier Molina Carrillo, Lizeth Andrea Palencia Cañas, Camilo Arnulfo Sierra Carreño…180 Intercambio de datos entre un estimador de ancho de banda disponible y la netfpga; Por Manuel Jaimes, Diego A. Reyes, Nydia Sandoval…182 Materiales educativos multimediales a partir de cuentos; Por Sara NataliaTriana Gélvez…185 Sistema de proyección de franjas y su implementación en un sistema optomecatrónico de reconstrucción 3d; Por Andrés González, Jauri León, Jaime Meneses…188 Investigación de sistemas de control inteligentes y desarrollo de nanoinstrumentación para la medición de alta precisión de parámetros asociados al monitoreo, y control de una prótesis de pierna; Por Geraldine Briceño Furnieles, John Gualdrón Arenas…192 Diseño, desarrollo y aplicación de sistemas nanotecnológicos en piel artificial con instrumentación biomédica y monitoreo de presión sanguínea; Por Camilo A. Bohorquez Vergara, Mónica F. Roa Rodríguez…197 Diseño, desarrollo y aplicación de sistemas nanotecnológicos en control del tratamiento de aguas residuales; Por Martha P. Forero Carrillo, Alvaro J. Gonzalez Cardenas.202 Investigación de nuevos sistemas de medicion y control basado en modelos de nanoinstrumentación para prótesis de mano; Por Jorge Luis Gomez Cartagena…205 Investigación de nuevos sistemas de medicion y control basado en modelos de nanoenlaces para piel artificial utilizada en el recubrimiento de prótesis de pierna en discapacitados; Por Juan Sebastian Niño Camargo, Lemnec Elizauth Tiller Avellaneda, Katherin Gutierrez Avila, Carlos Fernando Gualdron…210 Metodología mecatrónica para el diseño de un secador automatizado de café; Por Sandra Laritza Contreras Rincón…220 Diseño y creación de un túnel de viento para el estudio de diseños aerodinámicos así como el enfriamiento por flujo convectivo; Por Andres Felipe Mayorga Gahona, Anderson Jair Bautista Delgado, Melo Acosta, Nelson Alejandro…223 Diseño de una turbina eólica de eje vertical con rotor mixto; Por Aldair Barajas Aldana…226 Diseño y construccion de una maquina de manufactura rapida utilizando técnicas de conformado ultrasónico; Por Javier Mario Quintero Plata…230 Modelo en ecuaciones de estado de una celda de combustible pem; Por Rodriguez Barrera Jairo Alberto…234 Aprovechamiento de energía térmica de desecho mediante un sistema alternativo de climatización con eyector; Por Miguel Ángel Rodríguez C, Leonardo E. Pacheco S., Carlos A. Diaz G…238 Modelado, simulación y experimentación en intercambiadores de calor de tubos concéntricos con superficies extendidas; Diego Rodríguez Castañeda.242 Investigación de sistemas de control inteligente del tráfico vehicular y desarrollo de instrumentación para la medición de alta precisión de parámetros asociados al monitoreo, mando y control automáticos de carreteras urbanas; Por Milciades Othon Diaz Tagle Gomez…244 Implementación y análisis de un enrutador con netfpga; Por Manuel Fernando Jaimes, Yolanda Carreño Gómez, Antonio Lobo…249 Parqueadero inteligente; Por Fredy Osorio, Rafael García, Andrés Rincón…254 A counterexample to one property from generalized hukuhara differentiability defined by stefanini-bede; Por Guerrero Macias, Julian Eliecer…259 Diseminación selectiva de información para la gestión de información en áreas biomédicas de la universidad autónoma de bucaramanga; Por Johana Andrea Manrique…262 ; The Unab Research Seedbed Meeting aims to promote the creative and innovative capacity of students, through the socialization of their research work as a strategy for the appropriation and development of knowledge associated with scientific production, technological development, innovation and entrepreneurship in our institution. Under the motto: "towards the social construction of knowledge", the VII Sample of Research Seedlings UNAB 2013, is presented as a space that promotes the training strategy for research, promoting the critical relationship of students with knowledge and its forms of social production.

La V Semana Internacional de la Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, es un evento organizado por ALIANZA SISTEMA UNIVERSITARIO DE NORTE DE SANTANDER SIES +, dirigido a la comunidad académica, científica y los sectores productivos de la región, cuyo propósito es difundir los avances en investigación y extensión de instituciones nacionales e internacionales, a través de grupos de investigación e incubadoras, promoviendo la participación de los sectores productivos en actividades de investigación, extensión, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación que fortalezcan la relación Universidad - Empresa - Gobierno y el intercambio de experiencias con investigadores de ámbito Nacional e Internacional. campos. ; CONTENIDO PROGRAMACIÓN 8 LA POBREZA COMO EFECTO DEL DESPLAZAMIENTO FORZADO: COMUNIDADES MARGINADAS EN OCAÑA, COLOMBIA TECNICA INFORMATICA PARA LA IDONEIDAD DE LA EVIDENCIA DIGITAL EN EL ATAQUE A UN SISTEMA DE INFORMACION: ANALISIS FORENSE PARA LA CADENA DE CUSTODIA DIGITAL DIAGNOSTICO DE FUGAS EN TUBERIAS HORIZONTALES MEDIANTE REDES NEURONALES TERNARY DIAGRAMS SiO2-Al2O3-K2O AS TOOL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR OF CERAMIC MATERIALS DINÁMICAS CONTABLES Y SU RELACIÓN CON LAS TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN (TIC´s) DIAGNOSTICO DE LA MAQUINARIA UTILIZADA, EN LOS PROCESOS DE POS-COSECHA DEL CAFÉ, Y CEBOLLA OCAÑERA, EN LOS MUNICIPIOS DE SAN CALIXTO Y ABREGO, NORTE DE SANTANDER QUEBRADA LA BRAVA: EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA DENTRO DE LA ESTRUCTURA URBANA DE OCAÑA, NORTE DE SAN-TANDER THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND CLEANER PRODUCTION STRATEGIES: COMPANY BIOCAÑA S.A.S EFECTO DE LA INCLUSIÓN DE BLOQUES MULTINUTRICIONALES COMO SUPLEMENTO ALIMENTICIO EN BOVINOS DOBLE PROPOSITO SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN Y COMPOSICIÓN DE LA LECHE EN CONDICIONES DE BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL EFECTO DEL ENSILAJE DE CÁSCARA NARANJA Y GLICEROL SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN Y CALIDAD DE LA LECHE EN UN SISTEMA GANADERO DOBLE PROPÓSITO EN CONDICIONES DE BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL PLATAFORMA DE SENSADO FOTÓNICO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE ALERTAS TEMPRANAS EN MOVIMIENTOS DE TIERRA EN MASA DISEÑO DE UNA PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES MUNICIPALES - HERRAMIENTA: PANEL DE EXPERTOS MODELAMIENTO DE UNA CELDA ELECTROLÍTICA ALCALINA QUE PRODUCE OXIHIDRÓGENO SIMILITUD HIDROLÓGICA DE CUENCAS EN LA ZONA SUR DE LA REGIÓN ANDINA DE COLOMBIA Coliformes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Salmonella spp., EN AGUA ENVASADA PRODUCIDA Y COMERCIALIZADA EN SAN JOSE DE CUCUTA, EN LOS MUNICIPIOS LOS PATIOS Y VILLA DEL ROSARIO. MODELO COMPUTACIONAL ARTIFICIAL PARA LA ESTIMACION FUNCIONAL DE LA VARIABLE INSULINA COMO APOYO AL DIAGNOSTICO DE PATOLOGÍAS CARDIACAS. PROPUESTA DE UN MODELO BASADO EN SISTEMA MULTIAGENTE PARA LA GESTIÓN DE LAS COMUNICACIONES EN PROYECTOS INFORMÁTICOS DEL SECTOR SALUD HERRAMIENTAS DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL PARA MINERÍA DE DATOS CASO PRÁCTICO: ESTIMACIÓN DE PREVALENCIA DE SÍNDROME METABÓLICO METODOLOGÍA PARA EL PROCESAMIENTO DE IMÁGENES DE TOMOGRAFÍA COMPUTARIZADA COMO APOYO AL DIAGNOSTICO DE PATOLOGÍAS MÉDICAS: CASO CÁNCER GÁSTRICO TIPO 2 DISEÑO DEL FUSELAJE PARA UN VEHÍCULO FÓRMULA SAE MEDIANTE LA SIMULACIÓN COMPUTACIONAL DE FLUJOS DE FLUIDOS . LA CÁTEDRA DE LA PAZ COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA EL USO RESPONSABLE DE LA VIRTUALIDAD EN EL CONTEXTO EDUCATIVO PARTIENDO DE LA INTELIGENCIA DE TIPO EMOCIONAL. ESTUDIO FISICOQUIMICO DEL ACEITE DE FRITURA RESIDUAL COMO MATERIA PRIMA PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL TENDENCIAS INVESTIGATIVAS DE LOS DOCENTES EN FORMACIÓN INICIAL DE LA UFPS: UNA PERSPECTIVA TEMÁTICA Y METODOLÓGICA DESDE LA LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR MEDIANTE ITS DE LOS FITOPATÓGENOS Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp El CÁLCULO DESDE LA GEOMETRIZACIÓN DE INDICADORES URBANOS COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA CREACIÓN DE ARQUITECTURA Y URBANISMO TURISMO COMO FACTOR DE DESARROLLO EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA BOLEGANCHO: FABRICACIÓN DE DESTILADO ARTESANAL DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA SOCIAL, RURAL Y AMBIENTAL BIORREMEDIACIÓN DE AGUAS RESIDUALES POR MEDIO DE UN CONSORCIO DE ALGAS NATIVAS DE LA REGIÓN DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER. ESTUDIO DE EFECTOS NO GENÉTICOS QUE INFLUYEN SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE EN CABRAS EN OCAÑA (N.S) QUANTIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN METALLIC PARTS SUBJECT TO FATIGUE PROPUESTA DE UN MODELO DE CONTINUIDAD DEL NEGOCIO PARA PYMES PRESTADORAS DEL SERVICIO DE INTERNET AL HOGAR: ESTUDIO DE CASO VALORACIÓN DE LA DIMENSIÓN TECNOLÓGICA EN LAS SOCIEDADES LIMITADAS Y ANÓNIMAS DE OCAÑA, COLOMBIA APLICACIÓN MÓVIL PARA LA OPTIMIZACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE Y ALIMENTACIÓN DE LAS CABRAS: GRANJA EXPERIMENTAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER SECCIONAL OCAÑA DISEÑO DE UNA SEMBRADORA MECÁNICA DE SEMILLAS DE MAÍZ Y FRÍJOL.INTEGRACIÓN DE BIGDATA EN LAS PYMES: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE AND CLOUD COMPUTING INFRAESTRUCTURA TECNOLÓGICA DE LAS PYMES DEL SECTOR COMERCIAL DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA: HACIA EL DISEÑO DE UN MODELO DE SEGURIDAD DE LA INFORMACIÓN. EL PAPEL DE GREEN IT EN LOS REQUERIMIENTOS NO FUNCIONALES DE DESARROLLO DE SOFTWARE: PERSPECTIVAS PARA EL DISEÑO FUNCIONAL ANÁLISIS DE LA SOSTENTABILIDAD DEL RECURSO HÍDRICO EN LA CUENCA ALTA DEL RÍO ALGODONAL, VEREDA EL OROQUE INFLUENCIA DE LA CULTURA ORGANIZACIONAL EN LA APLICACIÓN DEL GOBIERNO DE TI. CASO DE ESTUDIO UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA SOLUCIÓN POR MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS DE LA ECUACIÓN DEL CALOR EN APLICACIONES DE LA INGENIERÍA. UN ESTUDIO DE CASO: REFRIGERACIÓN SIN USO DE ELECTRICIDAD RED SOCIAL FACEBOOK EN LAS ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS DEL CATATUMBO VIOLENCIA INTRAFAMILIAR EN COLOMBIA: ANÁLISIS DE INFORMACIÓN A PARTIR DEL USO DE LA METODOLOGÍA CRISP-DM HERRAMIENTAS COMUNICATIVAS PARA EL CAMBIO SOCIAL DE LAS ASOCIACIONES DE VÍCTIMAS DEL CONFLICTO ARMADO DE LA PLAYA DE BELÉN, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE PARÁMETROS FÍSICOS EN EL SISTEMA SOLAR FOTOVOLTÁICO DEL BANCO DE ENERGÍA UBICADO EN LA PLAZOLETA A LA VIDA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA MODELO ESTADISTICO PARA LA CREACION DE VALOR DE LAS PEQUEÑAS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS EN LA ZONA DE CONFLICTO SUSTENTABILIDAD EN LA GESTION DE PROYECTOS DE INGENIERIA EN COLOMBIA APROVECHAMIENTO DE LA CASCARILLA DE ARROZ (Oryza Sativa) PARA LA ELABORACION DE UN MATERIAL AGLOMERADO DESTINADO A LA CONSTRUCCION DE VIVIENDA EN CUCUTA. NORTE DE SANTANDER - COLOMBIA EL PROCESO DE GERMINACIÓN DEL MAÍZ; UNA OPORTUNIDAD DE MEJORA DEL CULTIVO METALES PESADOS EN PECES DE ALTO CONSUMO EN LA CIÉNAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA (COLOMBIA) SIMULACIÓN DEL VERTIMIENTO DE LA PLANTA DE AGUA RESIDUAL DEL MUNICIPIO DE BARRANCABERMEJA SOBRE EL RIO MAGDALENA EFECTOS DE LA VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN EL PESO DE LOS GRANOS DE CAFÉ EN EL DEPARTAMENTO NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE BACTERIAS DIAZÓTROFAS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA PRESENCIA DE Burkholderia glumae EN CULTIVOS DE ARROZ, NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA INFLUENCIA DEL SULFATO DE ALUMINIO EN LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL BANANO 'CRIOLLO' (Musa, AAA, SUB-GRUPO GROS MICHEL) IMPLEMENTACÓN DE UN MODELO FÍSICO PARA DETERMINAR EL COMPORTAMIENTO HIDRÁULICO DE RÍOS DE MONTAÑA EVALUACIÓN DE LA DINÁMICA FORESTAL DE DOS ECOSISTEMAS ESTRATÉGICOS EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO PAMPLONITA EVALUACIÓN DE CEPAS DE Azospirillum COMO PROMOTORAS DEL CRECIMIENTO VEGETAL EN Brachiaria decumbens OBTENCIÓN DE LÍPIDOS DE Scenedesmus obliquus CON POTENCIAL PARA BIODIESEL BAJO CONDICIONES DE CARBONO ADICIONAL Y NITRÓGENO REDUCIDO RED DE SENSORES INALÁMBRICA PARA PROCESAR DATOS EN CULTIVOS MASIVOS DE LOMBRICES NARIZ ELECTRÓNICA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE CAFÉ (Coffea arábica) ADULTERADO CON HABA (Vicia faba) TOSTADA Y MOLIDA PREDICCIÓN DEL NIVEL DE CONTAMINACIÓN ELECTROMAGNÉTICA UTILIZANDO GOOGLE MAPS Y TECNICAS IDW BASADO EN MEDIDAS OBJETO VIRTUAL DE APRENDIZAJE PARA DISEÑAR AMPLIFICADORES MULTI-ETAPA CON TRANSISTORES BIPOLARES Y EFECTO DE CAMPO ANÁLISIS TÉRMICO COMPARATIVO DE PRODUCTOS CERÁMICOS EXTRUSIONADOS: EL LADRILLO MULTIPERFORADO VS. LADRILLOS MODIFICADOS POR MEDIO DE GEOMETRÍAS DISIPADORAS EXPERIMENTACIÓN COMPARATIVA DE TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR POR PUENTE TÉRMICO A PARTIR DE LA MODIFICACIÓN DE LA GEOMETRÍA EN BLOQUE CERÁMICO H10. MODELO MATEMÁTICO PARA LA SECUENCIACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN EN UNA EMPRESA MANUFACTURERA DISEÑO DE LA ARQUITECTURA DE INFORMACIÓN (AI) DE LA PLATAFORMA TECNOLÓGICA PARA GESTIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN INVESTIGATIVA DE LOS DOCENTES E INVESTIGADORES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER SINPLAFUT – UNA APLICACIÓN BASADA EN MICROSERVICIOS PARA EL ENTRENAMIENTO DEL FÚTBOL. LAS TIC EN LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS Y SISTEMATIZACIÓN DEL BANCO DE CEPAS DE LABORATORIO DE INVESTIGACIONES EN MICROBIOLOGÍA AVANZADA DE LA UFPS "INSTANCIA" DATOS QUE DAN FORMA [ARTE GENERATIVO] LA INNOVACIÓN DISRUPTIVA COMO VENTAJA COMPETITIVA EN LAS EMPRESAS DEL SECTOR CALZADO EN LA CIUDAD DE CUCUTA EVALUACIÓN DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LA MOLIENDA HÚMEDA EN EL DESEMPEÑO ESTRUCTURAL Y MECÁNICO DE PRODUCTOS CERÁMICOS CONFORMADOS POR EXTRUSIÓN INFLUENCIA DE LA ADICIÓN DE FIBRA COCO EN LA FORMULACIÓN DE PASTAS CERÁMICAS Y SU EFECTO EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO FÍSICO-MECÁNICO Y ESTRUCTURAL DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA INCUBADORA DE AVES DE BAJO CONSUMO ENERGÉTICO DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN CONVERTIDOR DC/DC HÍBRIDO REALIMENTADO SIMULACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE CONTROL PID DE TEMPERATURA DE UN DINAMÓMETRO HIDRÁULICO IMPLEMENTADO EN EL SOFTWARE MATLAB-SIMULINK ® MÉTODO COMPUTACIONAL PARA LA VALORACIÓN AUTOMÁTICA DEL VOLUMEN VENTRICULAR IZQUIERDO EN ANGIOGRAFÍA POR RAYOS X. RESISTENCIA AL DESGASTE A ALTA TEMPERATURA DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DE CIRCONA-ALUMINA-CERIA OBTENIDOS POR PROYECCIÓN TÉRMICA POR LLAMA APLICACIÓN DEL BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS EN LA ELABORACIÓN DE MUEBLES DE OFICINA A PARTIR DE LA CASCARILLA DE ARROZ, IMPULSANDO LOS NEGOCIOS VERDES EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER. PROPIEDADES TÉRMICAS Y TRIBOLÓGICAS DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DE CIRCONA-ALÚMINA OBTENIDOS POR PROYECCIÓN TÉRMICA POR LLAMA. MEJORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL DE MIPYMES A TRAVÉS DEL USO DE UNA APLICACIÓN WEB COMO PRIMER PASO HACIA LA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL 4.0 "SISTEMA FOTOVOLTAICO AUTONOMO PARA UN PROYECTO PRODUCTIVO DE DURAZNO EN ZONA NO INTERCONECTADA: CASO DE ESTUDIO" CLUSTER CV2: APLICACIÓN DE VISIÓN COMPUTACIONAL PARA IDENTIFICACIÓN ESPACIAL DE AGRUPAMIENTO DE DATOS REDUCCIÓN DE LA BRECHA DIGITAL A PARTIR DE LAS REDES INALÁMBRICAS EN LOS COLEGIOS PÚBLICOS DE CÚCUTA EVALUACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOETANOL A PARTIR DE LA CASCARILLA DE ARROZ (Oryza sativa) PRETRATADA CON NaOH E HIDROLIZADA CON CELULASA ÁCIDA (CFB3S) CONVERTIDOR AC/DC SEMICONTROLADO COMO CARGADOR DE BATERÍAS PARA VEHÍCULOS. CONTROL EN LAZO CERRADO EN UN SISTEMA INALÁMBRICO DE POSICIONAMIENTO EN DECIMAS DE MILÍMETROS PARA UN MOTOR PASO A PASO. DESARROLLO DE PROJECT MANAGEMENT GAME VR (PMG-VR) COMO APOYO AL APRENDIZAJE DE LA GUÍA PMBOK PARA GERENTES DE PROYECTO RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSION DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DE Si/Zr/Ti SOBRE SUSTRATOS DE ALUMINIO AA2024-3 SINTERIZADOS VIA SOL-GE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UNA APLICACIÓN MÓVIL PARA LA REALIZACION DE LABORATORIOS EN EL AREA DE PROTECCIÓN DE SISTEMAS INFORMÁTICOS APLICANDO HERRAMIENTAS DE SEGURIDAD DIGITAL AERODYNAMICS DESIGN OF SMALL HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS Y MECÁNICAS DE BLOQUES H10 FABRICADOS EN EL HORNO HOFFMAN DE LA LADRILLERA OCAÑA APLICACIÓN DE LA CONEXIÓN REMOTA ENTRE PLC UNITRONICS Y SMARTPHONE EN LA EVOLUCIÓN TECNOLÓGICA DE LA AUTOMATIZACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS DE LA INDUSTRIA LADRILLERA DE NORTE DE SANTANDER. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA: UNA MIRADA A LOS SISTEMAS DE DETECCIÓN Y DIAGNÓSTICO DE FALLOS EN EQUIPOS ESTACIONARIOS CRÍTICOS, CASO ESTUDIO: INTERCAMBIADORES DE CALOR SISTEMA DE MONITORIZACIÓN Y CONTROL DEL PROCESO DE LLENADO DE TANQUES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE AGUA POTABLE METODOLOGÍA PARA CONTROLAR UNA VÁLVULA DE COMBUSTIBLE DE UN MOTOR DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA UTILIZANDO UN MOTOR PASO A PASO IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE CONTROL PID PARA LA VELOCIDAD DE UN DINAMÓMETRO HIDRÁULICO UTILIZADO EN LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE MOTORES DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA ALGORITMO PARA DETECCIÓN DE FALLAS Y SUAVIZADO DE DATOS DE UNA RED INALÁMBRICA DE SENSORES PARA MONITORIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES AMBIENTALES ANÁLISIS FRACTAL EN IMPRESIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA EN CASOS DE TRASTORNO NEURODEGENERATIVO TIPO ALZHEIMER ANÁLISIS FRACTAL DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE REDES VIALES EN LAS VARIABLES DE TRÁNSITO EFECTO DEL ÁNGULO DE FUERZAS EXTERNAS EN LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE TENSIONES DE LOS IMPLANTES DENTALES OSTEOINTEGRADOS APORTES DE LA INGENIERÍA MOLECULAR EN LAS VACUNAS TERAPÉUTICAS DEL VIRUS DEL PAPILOMA HUMANO EN MÉXICO FACTORES QUE INCIDEN EN LAS ESTRATEGIAS DE ARTICULACIÓN ENTRE EL PROGRAMA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE EMPRESAS Y EL SECTOR EMPRESARIAL DE CÚCUTA HABILIDADES MATEMATICAS PARA EL PROCESO DE FORMACIÓN EN LAS CIENCIAS CONTABLES DE LA UFPS-CUCUTA RESOLUCIÓN DE PROBLEMAS A TRAVÉS DE LAS TIC Y EL ENFOQUE METODOLÓGICO CPA EVALUACION DEL EFECTO INHIBIDOR DE LA ENZIMA POLIFENOL OXIDASA EN UNA SALSA DE AGUACATE (Persea americana) de la VARIEDAD HASS CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE DERIVADA USANDO LA TI-VOYAGE 92 LA INGENIERÍA DIDÁCTICA COMO METODOLOGÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN EL APRENDIZAJE DEL CÁLCULO DIFERENCIAS INCIDENCIA DEL PENSAMIENTO COMPLEJO EN LA TRANSVERSALIDAD DE LA GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO EN LAS CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS Y ECONÓMICAS EFECTOS DE LA INGENIERÍA DIDÁCTICA EN EL APRENDIZAJE DEL CONCEPTO DE FUNCIÓN ESTUDIO DE LA MOJABILIDAD DE UNA SUPERFICIE HIDROFÓBICA INTELIGENTE ACTIVADA POR CAMBIOS EN EL pH DISEÑA DIGITAL UN ESCENARIO DE CREACIÓN DE CONTENIDOS PARA CANAL CAPITAL BIO-CONVERSIÓN DE AGUAS POST-CONSUMO PISCICOLA PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOMASA ALGAL DE ALTO VALOR AGREGADO HERRAMIENTAS DE FABRICACIÓN DIGITAL COMO ESTRATEGIA DE INNOVACIÓN EDUCATIVA TIC EN LOS PROCESOS DE DISEÑO ARQUITECTÓNICO AULA INVERTIDA MEDIADA POR EL USO DE UN PORTAL DE APOYO A LA DOCENCIA EN UN CURSO DE MATEMÁTICAS ANÁLISIS DE COMPONENTES PRINCIPALES SOBRE INTELIGENCIAS MÚLTIPLES Y RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE ESTRATOS BAJOS DE CÚCUTA LA GESTIÓN DE LAS COMUNICACIONES EN EL ÉXITO DE LOS PROYECTOS. CASO ESTUDIO: UNIVERSIDAD DE PROVINCIA PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE UN PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA SOBRE LA MOVILIDAD ESTUDIANTIL Y SU IMPACTO EN LA FORMACIÓN INTEGRAL COMUNICACIÓN Y MEDIO AMBIENTE: LA TRADICIÓN ORAL COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE MEMORIA HISTÓRICA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO PAMPLONITA NECESIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DE LA COMUNIDAD INVIDENTE DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE PAMPLONA, SEDE VILLA DEL ROSARIO ANÁLISIS DE ÁCIDO FÓLICO EN ARROZ BLANCO POR CROMATOGRAFIA LIQUIDA ULTRA RAPIDA (UFLC)SITUACIÓN MIGRATORIA DE LA POBLACIÓN ASENTADA EN LAS COMUNAS 3, 4, 6 Y 7 DEL MUNICIPIO DE CÚCUTA DESDE EL ENFOQUE EN DERECHOS HUMANOS CONTEXTUALIZACIÒN EDUCATIVA EN LA FRONTERA: MEMORIAS, NARRATIVAS ORALES Y SUBJETIVIDADES DE LA POBLACIÒN MEDIACIÓN EN LAS PRÁCTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS A TRAVÉS DE LAS TIC ATENEO: ESTRATEGIA PARA DISMINUIR LA DESERCIÓN Y REPITENCIA DE ESTUDIANTES DE CICLO BÁSICO UNIVERSITARIO ESTABLECIMIENTO IN VITRO DE YEMAS AXILARES DE CEBOLLA DE BULBO (Allium cepa L.) MAQUINAS TURBOCOMPRESOR DE GAS NATURAL – MODELADO DE VIBRACIONES COMPORTAMIENTO DEL CONSUMIDOR DE PRODUCTOS EN LA OFERTA DE TRIBUS INDIGENAS CONCEPCIONES DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA Y MATEMATICA FINANCIERA DESDE UNA COMPRENSIÓN ONTO-HISTÓRICA EFECTO DE UNA DIETA A BASE DE PROTEÍNA NO CONVENCIONAL EN LA ETAPA DE ALEVINAJE DE CACHAMA BLANCA (Piaractus brachypomus) MODELACIÓN MATEMÁTICA CON APLICATIVOS WEB HACIA LA COMPRENSIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE DERIVADA LA VIVIENDA DIGNA Y BARRERAS DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA: ESTUDIO DE CASO ANÁLISIS DE LAS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE COMO SUJETO DE DERECHOS A PARTIR DE LA SENTENCIA T - 622 DE 2016 EN FUNCIONARIOS PÚBLICOS DE CORPONOR EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA THE IMPACT OF A CLASS PROJECT BASED ON INTERACTION WITH A NATIVE SPEAKER TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS' LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURSE URBANOSCOPIO: PERCEPCIÓN DEL ESPACIO URBANO A TRAVÉS DE LA CATEGORIZACIÓN DE LA MALLA CURRICULAR DEL PROGRAMA DE ARQUITECTURA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER PROCESO DE APRENDIZAJE DE LA MATEMÁTICA DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LA NEUROEDUCACIÓN EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER HABILIDADES PARA LA VIDA EN JÓVENES UNIVERSITARIOS REFORMA RURAL INTEGRAL, UNA MIRADA AL MUNICIPIO DE FORTUL, ARAUCA 301 EL EMPRENDIMIENTO COMO VALOR AGREGADO DEL PROGRAMA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DE EMPRESAS DE LA UFPS OCAÑA DISEÑO UN MODELO DE DIRECCIÓN ESTRATEGICA PARA EL INSTITUTO DE FORMACIÓN TEOLÓGICA HEBBRÓN – INFORTHEB FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA PERDURABILIDAD EN LA EMPRESA LEÓN DISTRIBUCIONES DE LA CIUDAD OCAÑA, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LA GENERACIÓN DE RENTAS PROPIAS POR EL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA EN EL PERIODO 2009-2017 COMPROMISO SOCIAL EN TORNO AL PROCESO DE COBRANZA DE LAS MULTAS DE TRÁNSITO DE LA CIUDAD DE OCAÑA A LOS INFRACTORES PROVENIENTES DE LA REGIÓN DEL CATATUMBO BUENAS PRÁCTICAS DE GOBERNANZA DE TI PARA LAS CAJAS DE COMPENSACIÓN FAMILIAR DEL NORORIENTE COLOMBIANO AFILIADAS A FEDECAJAS CAPACIDAD DE INNOVACIÓN DE LAS EMPRESAS APÍCOLAS COLOMBIANAS MEJORAMIENTO Y/O REDISEÑO DE PROCESOS ADMINISTRATIVOS PARA OPTIMIZAR EL ÁREA DE RRHH DE LA EMPRESA COOPERATIVA DE CAFICULTORES DEL CATATUMBO LTDA INFLUENCIA DE LAS TIC EN EL DESEMPEÑO DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE ADMINISTRACIÓN EN LAS PRUEBAS DE SABER PRO 2017 PROTOTIPO DE SOFTWARE FUNCIONAL QUE PERMITA AUDITAR EN EL ÁREA DE RECURSOS HUMANOS DE LAS ENTIDADES DEL SECTOR SALUD EN LA SELECCIÓN DEL PERSONAL COMPARATIVO DE LA VOLATILIDAD TRIMESTRAL DEL ÍNDICE COLCAP EN EL PERIODO 2012-2017 METODOLOGÍA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN INTERNA DE UNA CADENA DE VALOR PREDICCIÓN MEDIANTE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL DE LA RECOMENDACIÓN DE HOTELES EN MONTEVIDEO EVOLUCION Y CAMBIOS EN EL TRATO DE LOS TRABAJADORES DENTRO DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DEL VALOR AGREGADO (MPVA) Y LOS ESTILOS DE LIDERAZGO EN EL SECTOR MINERO DEL DEPARTAMENTO NORTE DE SANTANDER COLOMBIA LAS COMPETENCIAS LABORALES QUE REQUIERE EL SECTOR PRODUCTIVO: "DILEMA ENTRE LA TEORÍA Y LA PRÁCTICA COMPROMISO DE LOS CONTRIBUYENTES DEL MUNICIPIO DEL CARMEN CON EL IMPUESTO PREDIAL RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL CON ENFOQUE MEDIOAMBIENTAL DE LAS EMPRESAS CARBONÍFERAS DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA IMPACTO DEL CONSUMO EN LOS COMERCIOS DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA. BAJO UN ESTUDIO DE CASOS DE LA MIGRACIÓN DE VENEZOLANOS EL TURISMO COMO CONTRIBUCIÓN AL CRECIMIENTO DEL PIB, PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA ECONOMÍA DEL PAÍS LAS TIC COMO FACTOR DETERMINANTE DE INNOVACIÓN EN EL SECTOR TURÍSTICO EFECTOS SOCIO-ECONOMICOS DE LA CRISIS DE VENEZUELA EN CUCUTA Y SU SECTOR MANUFACTURERO CASO: CONFECCIONES Y CALZADO TASA MÍNIMA DE RENDIMIENTO REQUERIDA (TMRR) "MITO O REALIDAD" APLICACIÓN DE LA INDUSTRIA 4.0 EN LOS NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ACTITUDES Y HABILIDADES EMPRENDEDORAS Y CAPACIDADES DE EMPRESARIALIDAD ENMARCADAS EN LA POLÍTICA DE CULTURA DEL EMPRENDIMIENTO DE LOS ESTUDIANTES Y DOCENTES EN LAS INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS (IE) DEL MUNICIPIO DE SARDINATA, NORTE DE SANTANDER HEURÍSTICOS Y SESGOS COGNITIVOS EN LAS DECISIONES GERENCIALES: QUÉ SON Y CÓMO SE PUEDEN EVITAR ANÁLISIS DE SOSTENIBILIDAD DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN OVINO-CAPRINO ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD PARA LA EXPORTACIÓN DEL AGUACATE (persea americana) EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DEL MUNICIPIO BOCHALEMA, NORTE DE SANTANDER PRÁCTICAS DE RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL DE LAS EMPRESAS DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA EN NORTE DE SANTANDER TURISMO GASTRONÓMICO, UNA OPORTUNIDAD PARA EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO LOCAL DILEMAS BIOÉTICOS DEL PERSONAL DE SALUD Y VIVENCIAS DE PACIENTES EN LISTA DE ESPERA FRENTE A LA PRESUNCION LEGAL DE DONACIÓN RELACIÓN ENTRE EL NIVEL DE SOBRECARGA DEL CUIDADOR PRINCIPAL Y LA AGENCIA DE AUTOCUIDADO DEL PACIENTE DE CIRUGÍA CARDIACA EN UNA INSTITUCIÓN DE ALTA COMPLEJIDAD EN CÚCUTA FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL PERTINENTE Y DE CALIDAD EN UN PROGRAMA DE SALUD: LOGROS Y BRECHAS INDICADORES BIOQUIMICOS INCIDENTES DURANTE EL ESFUERZO FISICO EN PATINADORES DE CARRERAS DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE NORTE DE SANTANDER DIAGNÓSTICO DE LAS CONDICIONES Y MEDIO AMBIENTE DE TRABAJO DEL LABORATORIO DE CERÁMICOS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER, SEDE CÚCUTA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS ESTILOS DE VIDA Y EL RIESGO CARDIOVASCULAR EN LOS COLABORADORES DE LA SEDE ADMINISTRATIVA COOMEVA EPS OFICINA CÚCUTA CONCORDANCIA ENTRE LA RELACIÓN GENÉTICA Y PROTEÓMICA DE AISLADOS CLÍNICOS Y AMBIENTALES DE Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii EN CÚCUTA, COLOMBIA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA E INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL: UN ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS DESAFIOS EN LA ADHERENCIA TERAPÉUTICA AL TRATAMIENTO ANTITUBERCULOSIS Y PLANES HACIA LA ELIMINACION DE LA ENFERMEDAD EN LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA DETERMINANTES SOCIALES DE LA SALUD EN POBLACIÓN INMIGRANTE VENEZOLANA EN EL TERRITORIO DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER, 2017-2018 CALIDAD DE VIDA EN POBLACIÓN INMIGRANTE VENEZOLANA EN EL TERRITORIO DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER, 2017-2018 IMPACTO DE LA ESTRATEGIA CUIDANDO JUNTOS EN CUIDADORES DE PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD RENOVACIÓN CONCEPTUAL DEL PRINCIPIO DE OPORTUNIDAD EN EL SISTEMA PENAL ACUSATORIO IMAGINARIOS SOCIALES DE PAZ E IMPLEMENTACIÓN NORMATIVA DE LA CÁTEDRA PARA LA PAZ A TRAVÉS DE LA PAZ APP EN INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS PÚBLICAS EN CÚCUTA LINEAMIENTOS PEDAGÓGICOS PARA LA FORMACIÓN EN GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL DEL CONTADOR PÚBLICO, DESDE LA ACCIÓN DOCENTE" "APROXIMACIÓN TEÓRICA SOBRE LA CORRESPONDENCIA ENTRE LA FORMACIÓN DOCENTE Y LAS POLÍTICAS NACIONALES DE CALIDAD EDUCATIVA COMO BASES PARA UNA PEDAGOGÍA INFANTIL" UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER CUCUTA "APORTES TEÓRICOS CONCEPTUALES A LAS COMPETENCIAS PEDAGÓGICAS DE LOS FORMADORES OCUPACIONALES EN EL MARCO DE LA EDUCACIÓN NO FORMAL" MIGRACIÓN FRONTERIZA, MOVILIDAD SOCIAL, E IMPACTO EN LOS ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS. "Caso Talento, Municipio de San José de Cúcuta." INCLUSIÓN EDUCATIVA EN CONTEXTOS DE VIOLENCIA: ESTUDIO DE CASO, TIBÚ- COLOMBIA. GEOMETRIZACIÓN DE INDICADORES URBANOS COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA PRODUCCIÓN DE PROYECTOS DE ARQUITECTURA Y URBANISMO LA ARCILLA Y LA ARQUITECTURA REPRESENTATIVA DEL SECTOR CENTRO COMO ELEMENTOS PROPIOS DE LA IDENTIDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA. MEMORIA HISTÓRICA GRÁFICA DE LAS HUELLAS DEL CONFLICTO ARMADO EN NORTE DE SANTANDER. CAMINANDO POR LAS HUELLAS DEL DISEÑO GRÁFICO EN COLOMBIA. INCLUSIÓN SOCIO LABORAL DE PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL, EN LAS EMPRESAS PRIVADAS DE CÚCUTA. DESDE LA PEDAGOGIA CRÍTICA LA FORMACIÓN EN CIUDADANIA: ESTUDIO DE CASO ESTUDIANTES DE LOS PROGRAMAS PERTENECIENTES A LA FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN ARTES Y HUMANIDADES DE LA U.F.P.S PRAXIS PEDAGÓGICA: UNA APROXIMACION TEORICA EN EL CONTEXTO DEL SUBSISTEMA DE EDUCACION BASICA, NIVEL PRIMARIA MUNICIPIO LA CEIBA ESTADO TRUJILLO, REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA IMAGINARIOS DE CONFLICTO SOCIAL EN UN ASENTAMIENTO HUMANO DE LA ZONA METROPOLITANA DE CÚCUTA REPRESENTACIÓN MEDIÁTICA DE LOS MIGRANTES EN LA FRONTERA COLOMBO VENEZOLANA: ANÁLISIS DE LAS FRANJAS INFORMATIVAS DEL CANAL UNO Y CANAL TRO LA SUPERVISION EDUCATIVA DEL SUBSISTEMA DE EDUCACION BASICA VENEZOLANA MODELACIÓN MATEMÁTICA CON APLICATIVOS WEB HACIA LA COMPRENSIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE DERIVADA EL RECONOCIMIENTO COMO POSIBILIDAD PEDAGÓGICA DESDE LA TEORÍA DE LAS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DE GUERRA Y PAZ DE JÓVENES UNIVERSITARIOS CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS DE LA PRUEBA SABER PRO 2017 EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER ESTRATEGIA DIDÁCTICA PARA FORTALECER LAS PRÁCTICAS EN LECTURA Y ESCRITURA DE LA UNVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER: GUÍA ORIENTADORA ULISES ESTILO DE ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE DEL PROGRAMA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL UNIVERSITARIA UN NUEVO ENFOQUE PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA EDUCACION SUPERIOR EN COLOMBIA. ESTRATEGIA PARA INCENTIVAR EL APRENDIZAJE AUTÓNOMO: CASO CONCURSO NACIONAL DE INTEGRALES ALFABETIZACIÓN ESCOLAR Y LITERACIDAD: UNA LECTURA DESDE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ACCIÓN PEDAGÓGICA EDUCACION DE CALIDAD EN EL CATAUMBO: CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL DOCENTE DE CALIDAD CIUDADANÍA Y DESARROLLO HUMANO: UN ABORDAJE DESDE LA CARTOGRAFÍA SOCIAL DIAGNÓSTICO SOBRE LA PERCEPCIÓN Y EL USO DEL ESPACIO PÚBLICO DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA POR PARTE DEL COLECTIVO FEMENINO. CASO CALLE TRECE ENTRE AVENIDAS CERO Y QUINTA LAS DINÁMICAS URBANAS Y SU INCIDENCIA EN LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO. LA BRECHA ENTRE LAS COMPETENCIAS DE LOS EGRESADOS DEL PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES OFICIALES DE NORTE DE SANTANDER Y EL EJERCICIO PROFESIONAL EN MATERIA DE GOBIERNO DE TI. FORMAS DE LA INFORMACION / LA CIENCIA COMO FUNDAMENTO PROYECTUAL INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL EN LA FORMACIÓN INICIAL DE DOCENTES CARTOGRAFÍA DE LAS PRACTICAS DE CRIANZA DE LAS SUBJETIVIDADES INFANTILES EMERGENTES EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA. ATENCIÓN PSICOEDUCATIVA A NIÑOS Y NIÑAS HOSPITALIZADOS POR ENFERMEDAD GENERAL DEL SERVICIO DE PEDIATRIA E.S.E H.U.E.M DESEMPEÑO CIENTIFICO DEL DOCENTE DE LA UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA COLOMBIANA ANÁLISIS DE LA SITUACIÓN SOCIAL FRENTE AL DESARROLLO DE INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN LA COMUNIDAD PERTENECIENTE A LAS VEREDAS SAN MIGUEL Y TEJA DE ÁBREGO, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LOS ESTILOS DE DIRECCIÓN DE LAS MUJERES QUE DESEMPEÑAN CARGOS DE ALTA DIRECCIÓN EN LAS ENTIDADES DE ECONOMÍA SOLIDARIA EN LA CIUDAD DE OCAÑA, NORTE DE SANTANDER FACTORES DE ÉXITO DE EMPRENDIMIENTOS BENEFICIARIOS DE CAPITAL SEMILLA FONDO EMPRENDER EN COLOMBIA LA DIFICIL TAREA DE SER MADRE EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIAS LA DISCAPACIDAD POR EL CONFLICTO ARMADO: UN CAMBIO DE VIDA PARA EL CUIDADOR PRINCIPAL CALIDAD DE VIDA Y FUNCIONALIDAD FAMILIAR EN PERSONAS CON HIPERTENSION ARTERIAL Y DIABETES MELLITUS DE CUCUTA PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS USUARIOS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE CUIDADO HUMANIZADO DEL PROFESIONAL DE ENFERMERÍA EN LAS UNIDADES DE CUIDADO INTENSIVO DE UNA ENTIDAD OFICIAL Y UNA ENTIDAD PRIVADA EN EL I SEMESTRE DE 2017 INFLUENCIA DE LOS METODOS CONTRASTE Y PLIOMETRICO SOBRE LA FUERZA EXPLOSIVA EN ETAPA PRECOMPETITIVA EN FUTBOLISTAS JUVENILES PERFIL SOCIODEMOGRÁFICO DEL ESTUDIANTE DE ENFERMERÍA ASOCIADO A SU CONOCIMIENTO Y ACTITUD FRENTE A LA DONACIÓN Y TRASPLANTE DE ÓRGANOS Y TEJIDOS. CONDICIÓN FÍSICA Y ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA DIRIGIDA MUSICALIZADA EN ESTUDIANTES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE PAMPLONA FACTORES MULTIDIMENSIONALES QUE INFLUYEN EN EL ESTADO DE SALUD DEL ADULTO MAYOR RETOS PARA EL FOMENTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN SEXUAL Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE CIUDADANÍA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SARDINATA BARRERAS DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN LA PRESTACION DE LOS SERVICIOS PUBLICOS DOMICILIARIOS - BARRIO LOS MANGOS – CÚCUTA – NORTE DE SANTANDER CÚCUTA ENTRE LA LEGALIDAD DEL LÍMITE Y LA ILEGALIDAD DE LA FRONTERA. EFECTO DEL PRETRATAMIENTO CON ULTRASONIDO EN LAS CINÉTICAS DE SECADO CONVECTIVO DEL BANANO (Musa paradisiaca sp). TORTUOSIDAD Y PERMEABILIDAD DE MATERIALES CERÁMICOS MESOPOROSOS DE CAOLÍN Y DIATOMITA EFECTO DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE ALMIDÓN EN LAS PROPIEDADES, MORFOLÓGICAS Y ESTRUCTURALES DE CERÁMICAS POROSAS A BASE DE ARCILLAS EXPANSIVAS. SIMULACIÓN Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA SILLA DE RUEDAS CONVENCIONAL EN MATERIAL ECOLÓGICO DISEÑO DE SISTEMA AUTOMÁTICO DE CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTOR BLDC APLICADO A MICROCENTRÍFUGA. SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN PARA AUTOEVALUACIÓN – SIAU EXTRACCIÓN DE CARACTERÍSTICAS DISCRIMINANTES EN IMÁGENES BIOMÉDICAS. ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL TÉCNICO PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE ENERGÍA RENOVABLE A PARTIR DEL CUESCO DE PALMA EN NORTE DE SANTANDER CODIFICACIÓN MORFOLOGICA E HISTÓRICA DE LA ARQUITECTURA RELIGIOSA EN LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA: CASO CATEDRAL DE SAN JOSÉ COMPETENCIAS RELEVANTES DE UN DIRECTOR DE GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN LA UFPS, PARA SER EFICAZ EN SU ENTORNO, BUSCANDO ARTICULAR LA INVESTIGACIÓN CON EL DESARROLLO LOCAL, REGIONAL Y NACIONAL LA DEMOSTRACIÓN POR REDUCCIÓN AL ABSURDO UNA VÍA AL DESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO MATEMÁTICO AVANZADO LA EFECTIVIDAD MATERIAL DE LA CONSULTA POPULAR EN LA ACTIVIDAD MINERA PARA LA PROTECCION DE LOS RECURSOS NARUTALES EN COLOMBIA EVALUACIÓN DE UN CONCETRADO PARA GANADO BOVINO A PARTIR DE QUERATINA EXTRAÍDA DEL SUBPRODUCTO (PLUMAS DE POLLO) COMPLEMENTADO CON PROTEÍNA DE SOYA (Glycine max) Y MAÍZ (Zea mayz). EVALUACIÓN DEL TEST DE TETRAZOLIO COMO MÉTODO PARA DETERMINAR LA VIABILIDAD DE SEMILLAS DE Glycine max. INDUCCIÓN DE POLIPLOIDIA EN KALANCHOE DAIGREMONTIANA RAYM.-HAMET & H.PERRIER (CRASSULACEAE) TOXICIDAD DE LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES PISCÍCOLAS SOBRE EL CULTIVO DE Scenedesmus sp. CAPACITAR EN EDUCACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA Y FINANCIERA PRODUCTORES DE OVINOS Y CAPRINOS DE ASOVICAN (ASOCIACIÓN DE OVINOS Y CAPRINOS DEL NORTE DE SANTANDER) FITODEPURACIÓN DE AGUAS RESIDUALES CON UNA PLANTA EPÍFITA DE BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL (Tillandsia flexuosa ) VIABILIDAD DE INVERSIÓN EN EL MERCADO DE VALORES DE LAS EMPRESAS Y PERSONAS NATURALES RADICADOS EN ZONA DE FRONTERA NORORIENTAL, CON EL FIN DE OBTENER MEJORES BENEFICIOS ECONÓMICOS QUE CONTRIBUYAN AL DESARROLLO REGIONAL PERFIL COMPETITIVO DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL BLUE JEANS EN LA ECONOMÍA DE CÚCUTA SECTOR AGRÍCOLA EN NORTE DE SANTANDER Y EL MERCADO ASIÁTICO CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL SECTOR MIPYMES FORMAL E INFORMAL DE LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ CÚCUTA ANALISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS FINANZAS PÚBLICAS EN SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA DEL 2015-2017. APUESTAS COMPETITIVAS PARA EL FOMENTO DE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE LOS PRODUCTORES DE AGUACATE DEL MUNICIPIO DE BOCHALEMA, NORTE DE SANTANDER. USO DE SOFTWARE CONTABLE EN EL SECTOR COMERCIAL DE AUTOPARTES DEL MUNICIPIO DE SAN JOSE DE CÚCUTA MEDIDAS DE MITIGACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN SOBRE LAS EMISIONES DE GASES EFECTO INVERNADERO EN EL SECTOR TEXTIL DE NORTE DE SANTANDER ENFOCADAS AL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL. EL TRABAJO SOCIAL DESDE LAS REPRESENTACIONES DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE LICENCIATURA EN MATEMÁTICAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LAS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE COMO SUJETO DE DERECHOS A PARTIR DE LA SENTENCIA T - 622 DE 2016 EN FUNCIONARIOS PÚBLICOS DE CORPONOR EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA . ANALISIS DE LA TRANSCULTURACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN DE LOS INMIGRANTES VENEZOLANOS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SAN JOSÉ DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA. REALIDAD FRONTERIZA E IMPACTO SOCIAL DE LA MIGRACIÓN DE POBLACIÓN VENEZOLANA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA. (2016-2018) LAS ACTITUDES HACIA LAS MATEMATICAS EN ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACION MEDIA: UN INSTRUMENTO PARA SU MEDICIÓN ESTRATEGIA DE INFORMACIÓN, EDUCACIÓN, COMUNICACIÓN PARA INCENTIVAR EL USO DE LAS TIC EN EL SEMILLERO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES FALS BORDA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER DE LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA EN EL AÑO 2018 SECUENCIA DIDÁCTICA PARA LA COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA DEL LENGUAJE ALGEBRAICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE GRADO SÉPTIMO INCLUSION DE LA POBLACION LGBTI DESDE LA DIVERSIDAD DE GÉNERO, ORIENTACIÓN E IDENTIDAD SEXUAL . CULTURA CIUDADANA Y PRÁCTICA DEMOCRÁTICA: UN ANÁLISIS DESDE CENTRO DE CONVIVENCIA CIUDADANA DE CÚCUTA IDONEIDAD DEL TÉRMINO "SORDOMUDOS" EN LA LEGISLACIÓN COLOMBIANA AL REFERIRSE A LA POBLACIÓN CON DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA VIOLENCIA SIMBÓLICA BASADA EN GÉNERO EN ESTUDIANTES CISGÉNERO, DEL PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL, SEXTO SEMESTRE, DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER. ESTRATEGIA DE COMUNICACIÓN PARA LA VISIBILIZACIÓN DE LA MARCA ASOCIACIÓN CHICAS F - LA FORTALEZA, COMUNA 8 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA DISEÑO DE MODELO ARQUITECTÓNICO PARA CENTRO AGROECOLÓGICO EN CLIMA TROPICAL CÁLIDO: CASO ASENTAMIENTO LA FORTALEZA, SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LAS ACTITUDES Y COMPORTAMIENTOS DEL NORTE SANTANDEREANO HACIA LOS INMIGRANTES VENEZOLANOS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DEL TRABAJO INFORMAL DE LOS VENDEDORES EN LA COMUNA UNO Y CINCO DE CÚCUTA DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES INNOMINADOS: EVOLUCIÓN, CONCEPTO Y APLICACIÓN. LA TEORIA DEL RIESGO PARA LA IMPUTACION DEL DAÑO EN LA RESPONSABILIDAD CIVIL EXTRACONTRACTUAL: CASO DE RITA SABOYA CABRERA Y OTROS CONTRA CONDENSA S.A. SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS PREFABRICADOS CON MATERIALES DE LA REGIÓN CON ENFOQUE SOSTENIBLE PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE VIVIENDAS ECONÓMICAS Y DE CALIDAD HABITACIONAL EN CÚCUTA. ESTRATEGIA DE MARKETING SOCIAL PARA LA PROMOCIÓN DE DERECHOS HUMANOS EN VÍCTIMAS DEL CONFLICTO ARMADO EN NORTE DE SANTANDER, 2018 RESIGNIFICACIÓN DEL RIO CATATUMBO TIBÚ – LA GABARRA: CRÓNICAS WEB PARA LA RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE MEMORIA HISTÓRICA A TRAVÉS DE LA TRADICIÓN ORAL IDENTIFICACIÓN DE MENÚ TÍPICO GRAMALOTERO PROSPECTIVA ESTRATÉGICA DESDE LA COMUNICACIÓN DIGITAL 2018 – 2020 PARA LA ASOCIACIÓN LA ASOCIACIÓN CHICAS F DE LA COMUNA 8 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA OBJETO VIRTUAL DE APRENDIZAJE (OVA), PARA LA ENSEÑANZA DEL INGLÉS EN NIÑOS DE PREESCOLAR Y/O TRANSICIÓN DE LA ESCUELA SAN VICENTE DE PAÚL, DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA CONTEXTO DEL USO DE LOS MEDIOS PUBLICITARIOS DE LA AVENIDA 0 ENTRE CALLE 2 Y 18 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA SEMANTICA DE LOS TÉRMICOS GASTRONOMICOS EN LA COCINA TRADICIONAL EN LOS SANTANDERES ANÁLISIS HISTÓRICO DE LA INCLUSIÓN EDUCATIVA DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DEL MODELO PRAXEOLÓGICO DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE PROCESOS DE EMPODERAMIENTO A TRAVÉS DEL PLAN DE COMUNICACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA 2018 – 2020 PARA LA ASOCIACIÓN LA ASOCIACIÓN CHICAS F DE LA COMUNA 8 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA ACCIONES Y CONCEPTOS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN PARA EL CAMBIO SOCIAL EN LAS ONG'S DEL DEPARTAMENTO NORTE DE SANTANDER 2018 RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA MEMORIA HISTÓRICA DEL CULTIVO TRADICIONAL DEL TRIGO EN MUTISCUA, NORTE DE SANTANDER. ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO Y ORIENTACIÓN SUICIDA EN ADOLESCENTES DE UN COLEGIO DE LA COMUNA 7 EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA SIGNIFICADO DE LA VENTILACIÓN MECÁNICA PARA LOS FAMILIARES DE PACIENTES QUE ESTUVIERON HOSPITALIZADOS EN LA UNIDAD DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS DE LA CLÍNICA MEDICAL DUARTE DURANTE EL SEGUNDO TRIMESTRE DE 2018 HALLAZGO DE Cryptococcus spp. A PARTIR DE AISLADOS AMBIENTALES DE Acanthamoeba spp. DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER TIEMPO DE ESTIRAMIENTO ADECUADO EN LOS MUSCULOS ISQUIOTIBIALES Y SU EFECTIVIDAD EN LA GANANCIA DE ARCOS DE MOVILIDAD UTILIZANDO LA TECNICA SOSTENER RELAJAR EN ADULTOS JOVENES SANOS VIVENCIAS FRENTE AL ESTIGMA DE LA MATERNIDAD EN ADOLESCENTES, ASISTENTES A LA E.S.E HOSPITAL LOCAL DEL MUNICIPIO DE LOS PATIOS EN EL SEGUNDO SEMESTRE DE 2018 SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN PARA LA GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS DE OBRAS CIVILES PATRONES EN MOSAICOS Y TESELADOS DESDE COMPOSICIONES GEOMÉTRICAS SÍNTESIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ZEOLITAS A PARTIR DE CENIZAS VOLANTES PROVENIENTES DE LA COMBUSTIÓN DEL CARBÓN EN LA TERMOELÉCTRICA TERMOTASAJERO S.A.S POR EL MÉTODO DE HIDROGEL ELABORACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE UN ABONO APARTIR DE DIATOMEAS RECICLADAS, CARBOXIMETILCELULOSA Y FECULA DE MAIZ EN MEZCLA CON DISTINTAS CONCENTRACIONES DE NPK. PLAN DE NEGOCIO PARA LA PREPARACIÓN Y COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS DE REPOSTERIA A BASE DE FRUTAS DE LA REGIÓN EN EL MUNICIPIO DE CHITAGA NORTE DE SANTANDER ELABORACIÓN DE UNA GOMITA MASTICABLE A PARTIR DE PECTINA CITRICA FORTIFICADA CON CARBONATO DE CALCIO Y VITAMINA D DESARROLLAR LA CÁTEDRA 'TEORÍA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN I' DEL PROGRAMA DE COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE PAMPLONA - CAMPUS VILLA DEL ROSARIO EMPLEANDO LA SERIE ANIMADA 'LOS SIMPSON' COMO HERRAMIENTA MEDIADORA . DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CULTURA DE RECICLAJE DE PLÁSTICO PET DE LOS HABITANTES Y ORGANIZACIONES DE OCAÑA ANÁLISIS DE PATOLOGÍAS ORIGINADAS EN LAS PERSONAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER A PARTIR DEL USO DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONALES SEGURIDAD INFORMÁTICA EN LA REGIÓN CATATUMBO: UNA REALIDAD QUE DEBE VIVIR TODO SISTEMA OPERATIVO DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CULTURA DE RECICLAJE DE PLÁSTICO PET DE LOS HABITANTES Y ORGANIZACIONES DE OCAÑA ANÁLISIS DE PATOLOGÍAS ORIGINADAS EN LAS PERSONAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER A PARTIR DEL USO DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONALES ANÁLISIS DE EMPRENDIMIENTO EMPRESARIAL EN LOS ESTUDIANTES DE CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA PARADIGMAS DE LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA PROFESIÓN CONTABLE: HISTORIA CONTADA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER-OCAÑA FOOD MONITOR ESTUDIO DEL PENSAMIENTO TRIÁDICO EN INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA ACTITUD DE LOS MICROEMPRESARIOS OCAÑEROS FRENTE A LAS NIIF. DISEÑO DE PRODUCTO TURISTICO DEL MUNICIPIO DE ABREGO NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA DISEÑO DE PRODUCTO TURISTICO DEL MUNICIPIO DE LA PLAYA DE BELÉN NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA ANÁLISIS DE LOS DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL ADULTO MAYOR PRIVADO DE LA LIBERTAD EN EL INSTITUTO NACIONAL PENITENCIARIO Y CARCELARIO (INPEC), DEL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER PROYECTO DE EXTENSIÓN SOLIDARIO: "FELICIDAD SIN FRONTERAS" DISEÑO DE UN PROTOTIPO DE INVERNADERO AUTOMATIZADO POR MEDIO DE UN MICRO CONTROLADOR ARDUINO CON EL FIN DE SIMULAR LOS FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN EL CRECIMIENTO DE UN CULTIVO DISEÑAR UN SISTEMA DE SEGURIDAD QUE SE ADAPTE EN LA CERRADURA MANUAL DE SOBREPONER UTILIZANDO UN MÓDULO DE RECONOCIMIENTO DE HUELLA DIGITAL, CON LA FINALIDAD DE TENER MAYOR CONTROL DEL ACCESO DE LAS PERSONAS DISEÑO DE PRODUCTOS TURÍSTICOS CON FINES DE APROVECHAMIENTO DEL POTENCIAL RELIGIOSO Y CULTURAL DEL MUNICIPIO DE RÍO DE ORO, CESAR DETERMINAR LA COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA LA ECONOMÍA IMPUESTA EN DOS MUNICIPIOS TESTIGOS DEL CONFLICTO ESTRATEGIAS PEDAGÓGICAS A LA EDUCACIÓN A PERSONAS EN CONDICIÓN DE DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER-OCAÑA PROFUNDIZACIÓN DEL IMPACTO DE LA INFORMALIDAD: REALIDADES EMPRESARIALES DE LOS SALONES DE BELLEZA MOTOTAXISMO EN LA CIUDAD DE OCAÑA TENIENDO EN CUENTA LOS PUNTOS PRINCIPALES PARA DETERMINAR LA CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA A TRAVÉS DE FACTORES DE EMISIÓN. CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS LODOS RESIDUALES EN TIEMPO DE VERANO GENERADOS EN EL PROCESO DE POTABILIZACIÓN DEL AGUA EN LA EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE OCAÑA ESPO S.A IMPLEMENTACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA A LOS ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA, DE LOS GRADOS 11°, EN LAS INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE ABREGO, NORTE DE SANTANDER, EN CUANTO AL APRENDIZAJE DE LOS DEBERES Y DERECHOS CON RELACIÓN A LOS MECANISMOS DE PROTECCIÓN CONSAGRADOS EN LOS ARTÍCULOS 23, 86 Y 88 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DE COLOMBIA. ANÁLISIS DE LA DIRECCIÓN DEL CHORRO INYECTADO QUE INCIDE SOBRE LAS CUCHARAS, MEDIANTE LA ESTRUCTURA DE MEDICIÓN, PARA LA OPTIMIZACION DE FUERZA Y POTENCIA EN UNA MICROTURBINA PELTON PROPUESTA DE DISEÑO DE UNA MICROTURBINA MICHELL-BANKI EN EL SECTOR LA PRADERA OCAÑA, NORTE DE SANTANDER CONTROL, PROTECCIÓN Y REGULACIÓN DE LOS VANT EN COLOMBIA PENSAMIENTO TRIADICO Y RENDIMIENTO ACADEMICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE INGENIERIA DE SISTEMAS RESPONSABILIDAD DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN LOCAL FRENTE A LOS IMPACTOS SOCIALES QUE PRODUCE LA EXPANSIÓN URBANA INFORMAL EN EL BARRIO FUNDADORES EN EL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA DESAFIOS Y OBSTACULOS DEL SECTOR INDUSTRIAL PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE EMPLEO EN OCAÑA SIMULACIÓN CDF TURBINA BANKI-MICHELL FTALATOS: REVISIÓN DE EFECTOS ADVERSOS CAUSADOS EN LA SALUD HUMANA Y EL MEDIO AMBIENTE COMPORTAMIENTO DEL PETFE Y POLICARBONATO PARA UN MATERIAL EFICIENTE EN CONSTRUCCIONES ANÁLISIS Y REVISIÓN DE LOS POLÍMEROS TERMOPLÁSTICOS UTILIZADOS EN LAS VÍAS Y EDIFICACIONES MODERNAS ADHESIVOS VERDES, REVISION DE UNA TECNOLOGIA INCORPORACION DE CENIZAS VOLANTES EN LOS PROCESOS DE FABRICACION DEL CEMENTO Y PRODUCTOS CERÁMICOS DE CONSTRUCCION EVALUANDO SUS PROPIEDADES ESTRUCTURALES Y MECÁNICAS: UNA REVISION DE LITERATURA DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA RUTA AGROTURISTICA PARA EL MUNICIPIO DE GRAMALOTE APLICACIÓN DE POLÍMEROS EN LA ESTRUCTURA DEL PAVIMENTO ASFÁLTICO COMO ALTERNATIVA SOSTENIBLE PARA LA DISMINUCIÓN DE RESIDUOS PLÁSTICOS. UNA REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DE EMPRESARIOS COLOMBIANOS, RESPECTO A LA ECONOMÍA EN LA FASE DE POSCONFLICTO DISEÑO DE SISTEMA AUTOMÁTICO DE CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTOR BLDC APLICADO A AGITADOR DE ÓRBITA MODULAR DESARROLLO DE PELICULAS EN BASE DE NANOCELULOSA Y QUITOSAN: UNA REVISIÓN DESARROLLO DE PROTOTIPO DE ORTESIS PARA MIEMBRO SUPERIOR POR IMPRESIÓN 3D ; TOPICS Biological Physics (BIP) Gastronomy and Tourism (GT) Medical Physics (MEP) Arts and Culture Studies (ACS) Mathematical physics (MAP) Health and Sport Sciences (HSS) Chemical physics and physical chemistry (CHP) Pedagogical, Didactic Dractices and Educational Management (PDPEM) Computational science (CMSD) Social Sciences, and Communication (SSC) Electronics and devices Social Studies, Politics, and Law (SSPL) Instrumentation and measurement (IAM) Business, Management, and Finance (BMF) Education and communication (EAC) International Relations and Economics (IRE) Technology development and innovation (TDI) Education, Language, Literature, and Linguistics (ELLL) Environmmental and earth science (EES) Humanities Sciences, and Communication (HSC) ; PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander - UFPS Fundación de Estudios Superiores Comfanorte - FESC Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander seccional Ocaña - UFPSO Escuela Superior de Administración Pública - ESAP Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje - SENA - CEDRUM Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia - UNAD Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios - UNIMINUTO Instituto Superior de Educación Rural - ISER Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje - SENA - CIES Universidad de Pamplona - UNIPAMPLONA Universidad Santo Tomás - USTA Universidad de Santander - UDES Universidad Simón Bolívar - UNISIMÓN Universidad LIBRE Sede Cúcuta- UNILIBRE ; INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE •PhD María Judith Percino Zacarías Group of Polymers of the Chemical Center of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla - México •PhD Julio Omar Giordano Cornell University - USA •PhD Danae Duana Avila Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo - México •PhD Manuel Eduardo Albán Gallo Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial - Ecuador •PhD Manuel Enrique Bermudez University of Florida - USA •PhD Modesto Graterol Rivas Universidad del Zulia - Venezuel •PhD Verónica Teresa Guerra Guerrero Universidad Católica de Maule - Chile •PhD (c) Ely Dannier V. Niño Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - España ; NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE •Judith Del Pilar Rodriguez Tenjo Universidad Francisco De Paula Santander – UFPS •Ender José Barrientos Monsalve Fundación de Estudios Superiores Comfanorte - FESC •Torcoroma Velásquez Pérez Universidad Francisco De Paula Santander seccional Ocaña – UFPSO •Martha Lucia Pinzon Bedoya Universidad de Pamplona - UNIPAMPLONA •Yesenia Campo Vera Instituto Superior De Educación Rural (ISER) •Valmore Bermudez Universidad Simón Bolivar - UNISIMON •Cindy Lizeth Niño Parada Universidad Santo Tomas - USTA •Jorge Alexander Rubio Parada Universidad Santo Tomas - USTA ; UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER UFPS Jhan Piero Rojas Suarez Judith Del Pilar Rodriguez Tenjo Olga Marina Vega Angarita Liliana Marcela Bastos Osorio Gladys Adriana Espinel Mawency Vergel Ortega Giovanni Mauricio Baez Sandoval Gloria Esperanza Zambrano Plata Jessica Lorena Leal Pabón Marling Carolina Cordero Díaz UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER SECCIONAL OCAÑA UFPSO Torcoroma Velasquez Perez Ivette Carolina Flórez Picón UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTAN DER UDES Lesley Fabiola Bohorquez ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA ESAP Henry Caamaño Rojas SERVICIO NACIONAL DE APRENDIZAJE SENA CEDRUM Liana Carolina Ovalles Zulmary Carolina Nieto CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA MINUTO DE DIOS UNIMINUTO Yan Carlos Ureña Villamizar José Alberto Cristancho INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE EDUCACIÓN RURAL ISER Yesenia Campo Vera UNIVERSIDAD SIMÓN BOLÍVAR UNISIMON Mauricio Sotelo Valmore Bermudez Marcela Flórez Romero Yurley Karime Hernández Peña SERVICIO NACIONAL DE APRENDIZAJE SENA CIES Wilmer Guevara UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMÁS USTA Cindy Lizeth Niño Parada Jorge Alexander Rubio Parada UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD Alexander Suarez Universidad de Pamplona UNIPAMPLONA Oscar Gualdron Guerrero Martha Lucia Pinzon Bedoya FUNDACIÓN DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES COMFANORTE FESC Karla Yohana Sanchez Mojica

Un tema vital para el POT de Pereira y Manizales, es el modelo de ocupación del suelo en un escenario conurbado, conforme a las dinámicas urbanas presentes en el territorio, aprovechando la relación entre movilidad y economía. Enfrentar los desafíos que la planeación y del ordenamiento del territorio a la luz de la planificación moderna, no sólo obliga a pensar en ciudades innovadoras y competitivas, sino también en un sistema integrado de transporte entre las área metropolitana impactando una población de más de un millón de habitantes, en un medio ambiente más humano, más amable y más verde

Michael E. Nash, July 26, 2013; Michael E. Nash at 271 25th Street ca. 1966; Michael E. Nash at the Ogden Bus Depot ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Michael Nash. The interview was conducted on July 26, 2013, by Melissa Johnson, in Kaysville, Utah. Michael discusses his memories of 25th Street. ; 22p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Michael Nash Interviewed by Melissa Johnson 26 July 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Michael Nash Interviewed by Melissa Johnson 26 July 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Nash, Michael, an oral history by Melissa Johnson, 26 July 2013 , WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Michael E. Nash July 26, 2013 Michael E. Nash at 271 25th Street ca. 1966 Michael E. Nash at the Ogden Bus Depot Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Michael Nash. The interview was conducted on July 26, 2013, by Melissa Johnson, in Kaysville, Utah. Michael discusses his memories of 25th Street. MJ: This is Melissa Johnson and it is July 26, 2013. I'm here in the home of Michael Nash in Kaysville, Utah and he is going to talk with us a little bit about his memories of 25th Street as part of our Business at the Crossroads project. Recording the interview today is Jordan Chavez. So, just to start off a little bit, tell us about where and when you were born. MN: It's nice to have you guys here, thank you. My full name in Michael Earl Serpa Nash and I was born on the 7th of May of 1947 in Ogden at the St. Benedict's Hospital at the top of 30th Street. The address that I grew up was 451 15th Street in Ogden. It was not too far from the Lorin Farr Park and the Ogden Stadium. MJ: Tell us a little bit about your family as well. MN: My biological father's name was Lembert (Lindy) Joseph Serpa. He and my mom divorced when I was fairly young. His family lived in Oakland, California. I'd see him once a summer until I got a little older through junior high and high school. One unique thing about my biological father, in his younger days played for the Ogden Reds baseball team. As a matter of fact, at Iggy's Sports Grill at the junction in Ogden, they have a picture of the 1939 Ogden Reds and his picture is in that group of the baseball team. He also played some Western Canadian baseball and served in the Navy. He. was aboard the U.S.S. Alabama during 1 World War II. My stepfather, William Leslie Nash Jr. and my mom married in 1957 and is from Aurora, Missouri. He was in the Air Force at Hill Air Force Base when they met, and got discharged from there. His line of work after the Air Force was in construction. He started at Waterfall Construction in Ogden, then worked for Gibbons & Reed Construction Company, which is now Granite Construction. My mom, Barbara May Lamb Serpa Nash, is from Ogden and was an LPN, a licensed practical nurse at St. Benedict's Hospital for a while, but the majority of the time she was a stay at home mom with me and my brother, Roger. My half-brother Roger Scott Nash, was eleven years younger than myself, but we still had a lot in common even though we were a bit separated in years. He was also born in Ogden. My grandmother, Hattie May Gail Lamb was a stay at home mom. She came from a fairly large family and they settled in Riverdale, Utah. My grandfather, Earl Ogden Lamb, was from Iowa. During Vaudeville, he was stage manager when they had the Vaudeville shows at the Orpheum Theater. When they converted to the talking pictures, he was a projectionist at the Orpheum Theater. It was the Glassman family that owned the Orpheum and the Paramount theaters. When my grandfather died, they gave my grandmother a pass for her and one other person to the Orpheum and the Paramount movies and only had to pay the tax. MJ: Just really quick, do you know what position your dad played on the Reds? MN: Catcher. MJ: You mentioned your mom being an LPN, was she trained here in Ogden? MN: Yes, she trained at the St. Benedict's Hospital at the top of 30th Street. 2 MJ: You mentioned to us before that your uncle had owned the Lyceum building and at that time had been converted into the liquor store in the bottom and apartments above. MN: Right. My uncle, Harold F. Gail was my grandmother's brother and he worked for The Standard Examiner for a while and then he had his own business, Gail Printing Company. When my grandmother sold our house on 15th Street, she moved to 271 25th Street in 1957. My mom, stepdad, brother and myself ultimately ended up moving to the apartments in approximately 1959. The Lyceum faces north and south, so Grandma actually lived in apartment number seven which was in the southeast corner of the building on the second floor. My brother and I, my mom and stepdad lived in apartment number one, which was the north end of the building that overlooked 25th Street. There was approximately seven apartments on the second floor. The first floor was the Utah State Liquor Store. A partial third level had just two apartments. MJ: Do you know how or when our uncle purchased the building? MN: I'm not sure. MJ: Okay. You said your grandmother moved there in 1957 and you guys moved there. MN: We ultimately moved there in 1959 and we lived there from 1959 to 1968. MJ: Okay. Before we talk a little bit more about 25th Street, what were some of the things that you did for fun when you were growing up? 3 MN: You know, it was probably just the normal things as a kid, I guess. Of course, having moved quite a bit when I was younger, I met a lot of people and had a lot of friends around the Ogden area, but never got to stay in one place for a long time other than on 15th Street. I stayed there from 1947 to 1957 then we moved to 25th Street. I went to a lot of movies, of course, at the Orpheum and the Paramount. There was also the Egyptian Theater on Washington Boulevard and the Ogden Theater. I didn't go to the Ogden very much because it mainly had adult movies. When I would walk to Madison or Central up to 25th Street, sometimes they'd have some pretty risqué pictures of the movies that were playing but a curious kid as myself you had to check them out. I had some good riends who were employed at the greyhound bus station and the coffee shop next door to the east. I remember a lady and her two daughters that managed the Helina Hotel for a while. I did just normal stuff, if you want to call it normal on 25th Street. Let me just say that even though we lived on 25th Street, we weren't necessarily of the street. There were a lot of different types of people that would come down there—people from the Ogden business district and people that hung out on the street all the time. MJ: All kinds of people. MN: Right. Exactly. MJ: What was 25th Street like when you guys lived there? MN: Wow, well there was a lot going on with the various establishments and I remember the Broom Hotel on the corner of 25th and Washington. Before even the federal building, there were a lot of different businesses and bars in that area. 4 Of course, there was just a wide variety of establishments from hotels to bars and cafes. It was just interesting. MJ: Did you see a lot of trouble? MN: A lot of different things. When you live in an area like that, you do. You see a lot of different people like husbands being abusive to their wives, especially sometimes when their cars were parked in front of the liquor store. I don't know if they were even partially intoxicated when they were there, or had an altercation of some type, but when your apartment, like ours was, facing 25th Street, you do see a lot. With everything going on you're bound to see all kinds of stuff. On a positive note, one thing that stands out in my mind are the buses— the greyhound buses that were coming and going. There was also the Lake Shore Motor Coach Lines, which was a local commuter bus from Ogden to Salt Lake and all points in between. I vividly remember one of the Greyhound routes that would be announced as follows: "All aboard the north bound car. Loading in lane number two for Brigham City, Snowville, Stravel, Burley, Twin Falls, Boise, Baker, Pendleton, Walla Walla, Lewiston, Spokane, Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, Vancouver." Just to the west of the Lyceum, was the labor temple. This is where a lot of the labor unions had their offices and where the members would meet. I can't remember the exact time when the labor temple caught on fire, nor the circumstances why, but it was late one night or early one morning and it was a fairly cooler time of the year. The fire department came and woke us all up, everybody in the building, to evacuate. So, we had to leave the building, but the 5 greyhound bus station closed at approximately 11:30 p.m., and it was after that that the fire happened, so we went over to the Trailways terminal which was just north across the street on the corner from the Greyhound bus station. We were all in our robes and pajamas and night gowns, and had to stay until they got the fire put out and until they deemed it safe to go back in. I remember for a long time afterwards you could smell the smoke from the fire at the labor temple. Another thing that stands out in my mind was, especially on Fridays and Saturday nights, there would be, just to the south of the back of the apartments was the Elk's Lodge. The Elk's faced east and west, but they would always have a live band usually there on Friday and Saturday nights and a lot of people and a lot of parties going on. West of our building was the Acapulco Club and they had a live band too so it was kind of a battle of the bands on Friday nights and Saturday nights. They'd have music during the week, but nothing like the live bands that would be there on the weekends. It was loud and pretty noisy, but it was fun. There were things going on at the park sometimes, different things at the park, which was just to the east of Grant Avenue. MJ: I think it's really interesting, a lot of times when people think about Ogden, they think about the railroad and that end of 25th Street, the hustle and bustle over there, so it's interesting to hear the hustle and bustle at the other end of the street with the buses. MN: Yes, that's exactly true. The old silver sides and scenic cruiser buses. Fred Holden, who was the ticker agent, had two of his sons that worked there, Terry and Tom Holden, and then there was a gentleman by the name of Gerald 6 Perkins. Oliver Albertson sold pillows on the buses when they'd come in, and there was an African American gentleman whose last name was Coleman, but they called him Coley and he would shine shoes in the men's restroom of the bus station. Good people. Really good people. MJ: They had a lot going on down there. You said that you worked at the coffee shop there in the bus depot, how did you get job? MN: Exactly. Well, living there and working close, or being there a lot, I knew Fred Holden and his boys and he basically ran the whole operation. Don Mueller was the first operator of the coffee shop. Then there was Welling Zundel who ran it for a while after Don Mueller left. June Barker was one of the waitresses at the coffee shop. Her husband, Tom Barker, was a Lakeshore bus driver. When Welling Zundel took over, he had a couple of his granddaughters, Mary and Jane Holmes that worked there. So I got to be really good friends with all them. MJ: Where in the depot was the coffee shop? MN: It was on the northwest corner of the building. MJ: What did the rest of the interior of the depot look like? MN: Restrooms, of course, but I remember they had similar waiting benches that the train depot had. There was the ticket counter, an area where people would put their bags to be checked because they had to be loaded on the buses or off-loaded when the buses came in or left. Basically, the exterior now pretty much looks like it did back then. 7 MJ: We talked a little bit about the theaters before and your grandfather working there. Any other memories of those downtown theaters? MN: The reason we went to so many movies is because of the passes my grandmother got, and the theaters were so close. I remember when they had, "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea," playing and the big marquee out front. Adjacent and pretty much connected to the Orpheum Theater was the Dokos Candy Company, and the proprietor there was a gentleman by the name of Johnny Dokos. We would go in and get a few little refreshments and some candy. A lot of times Johnny would take me down to where they were making the candy in the basement. The Paramount was on Kiesel Avenue between 24th and 25th on the west side. I remember the old movie tone news that would broadcast before the movies. MJ: You had mentioned to us before the Mr. Softie truck. Did you work in the Mr. Softie truck? MN: Fred Holden got this franchise for Mr. Softie and it was actually a fairly large ice cream truck because it had an ice cream making machine. It reminded me of some of the larger post office trucks. We would park it over at the gas station on 27th Street and Grant Avenue and would plug it in at night to keep the batteries charged. During the day in the summertime, I would bring it over to the Greyhound bus terminal and park it on the furthest west end to get it out of the way of the buses. In the storage room on the southwest corner of the building is where they'd keep a lot of the supplies, so we'd load it up from there and then would go to North Ogden, the central part of Ogden and then to South Ogden. 8 MJ: You mentioned before too, the woman and her daughter that ran the Helina Hotel. MN: There was a lady and her two daughters that managed the Helina Hotel. They would come up to the coffee shop and would visit. I wish I could remember their names because they were really good people. MJ: We've got the Polk directories at the library, I wonder if we can look up the hotel at that time and find out their names. MN: The Helina Hotel still has the Helina Hotel name on the front of it. The Lyceum, that name was not, on the front of the building other than recently whenever they started redoing that whole area. MJ: That's good to know because I figured that it was original to it. MN: No, and from what I can recall, it was not. Even though it was the Lyceum Theater, that "Lyceum," was not painted on the building. On the north side there was just a small entrance to the apartments that you could go upstairs and we could lock it at nights or anytime. We'd usually leave it open during the day so the mailman could deliver the mail because there were boxes right at the approach. Then you'd go up the stairs into the hallway. A couple of the inner apartments didn't have windows and were used for storage, but the ones like my grandmothers and ours that had windows and some of the others along the east side were occupied. MJ: You had mentioned too, the Great Wall Café and Grill Tavern. 9 MN: You could look out our front window and just to the north was the Grill Tavern and just a little bit northeast was the Great Wall Café. In that same area was the Depot Drug. Also there was the Kokomo Club, which is still operating. There was Poncho's at 25th Street and Lincoln Avenue and the Marion Hotel on the one hundred block. We were in the two hundred block. There was Star Noodle and next door there was a little Judo or Karate place, they would teach Judo or Karate and you could go down in a basement area and actually sit and watch them do their practicing. Also, on Lincoln, between 25th and 26th, I believe it was on the east side of the street, they had the Sundowners Motorcycle Club hangout and then, of course, I remember Wonder Bread. That had been there for a long time, plus the thrift store and that was on Grand Avenue, a little bit south of the Elk's Lodge. I also remember the library. When I was going to Central and Ogden High School, if I needed to, I'd just go over to the library on the corner of 26th and Washington. MJ: The Carnegie Library, right? MN: The Carnegie Library, exactly. That was there for a long time, but I would go in and study and do whatever. It was a short walk home so it was pretty convenient. MJ: You talked about the park there and you said that you would sometimes walk over for Christmas Village. MN: Right. During Christmas time, they'd have it all set up like they still do to a certain extent. Since my brother was a lot younger than myself, when my grandmother and my mother would set out Christmas, Roger, myself, and my stepdad would take him over to the park and would just walk around and look at things and 10 spend about as long as we could, about a half an hour or 45 minutes until we figured the presents were all there under the tree. The apartments weren't very big, so we didn't have a huge tree, but we would go back and it was kind of special to Roger because Santa Claus had come. The park did a very good job in the Christmas village with the decorations and music. There were a lot of people there every night during the Christmas season. MJ: It's interesting doing this project because some people remember 25th Street as just rough and tumble and crime this problem area, other people remember it as being this very vibrant and alive kind of place. Where do you think your memories fit? MN: A lot of it kind of intermingles with everything you said because living there on a full-time basis, you see some good things and you see some bad things, but overall, it was just the area at the time. You could go not too far north, south, east, or west and be in the business district of Ogden. You could be over where they were doing all of the bread making at Wonder Bread. The post office was not too far. Before they built the federal building and when the Broom Hotel was there, you had more of the same kind of situation there so it was more extended before they tore that 300 block down where the federal building is now. So, there was still part of the, "red light alley." I got a book that I was reading on it called, "The Historic Two-Bit Street," and that brought a lot of memories back about the red light district. I remember that area. I don't remember exactly, but I think probably they had a lot of that cleaned up fairly well during the time that we were there. Maybe not totally, but I don't remember so much the negative things. It 11 was just the spirit of the time more or less. There was just a lot of stuff going on and just a lot of things happening. There was never a dull moment basically there. You had to be careful, of course. We would lock our door to the building at night and hopefully people in the apartments would remember to do that, but every so often you'd have different people come up for whatever reason if somebody forgot to lock it and they were drunk, or whatever by mistake or maybe they were just coming up to visit one of the tenants there. One thing I can remember in the building is on the partial third level, you'd go up right before you got to the two apartments, apartment 8 and apartment 9, you'd make a 180 degree turn and there was a little entrance that you'd have to bend down to go into a locked door, but you'd open the door with out key and go in. I remember there were closets, or dressing rooms that they had used at the time when it was a theater to store things. My mother's uncle would let the tenants store things there. That partial area where the storage closets were, was fairly large, but then actually you could look further north up in the attic area and could see all of the open beams. It was very dark. You had a light in part of the area where the storage closets were. They weren't a small closet. They almost looked like things where you could store wardrobe type stuff. I remember going up and just looking around seeing a lot of different things. When I went to Ogden High School I'd catch the Ogden City bus at the corner of 25th and Grant Avenue. I'd ride it all the way to Ogden High School and then catch the same bus back and it would drop me off on Washington and 25th. It was kind of different to ride the city bus line to school every day. The brief time I went to Madison and Central, I walked 12 there and back home in good and bad weather usually. It was a workout, but I made it okay. I remember the Topper Bakery which is still on Monroe between 25th and 26th. MJ: How come your family ultimately moved from there? MN: I'm not really sure because when they moved from 25th they moved to Gramercy between 25th and 26th. I joined the Air Force during the Vietnam timeframe and I went in 1966 and went to my basic training and tech. school and was stationed back at Hill for two and a half years, so when I was in the Air Force for part of that four year time, I actually just lived at home and drove to Hill. Then I got orders to go to Thailand from 1968 to 1969 and that was when my grandmother, my mom, dad and Roger moved from 25th Street to Gramercy. When I got back from Thailand, they had already moved. Why? I don't know if maybe they just needed a little bit more room. The apartments were fairly small and you had to put stuff in storage, so I think they just wanted to get a home and just press on from there. Grandma lived with us until her passing in May of 1969. MJ: I just have a few more questions for you to wind down. How do you think Ogden and 25th Street have changed since you lived there? MN: All that they've done to make 25th Street historic. Times change and you just go with the times. Especially where the Junction is now, there used to be a lot of small stores and stuff. Wow, because I grew up in Ogden a lot of big changes have taken place, most have been for the better. The inner city has taken a bit of a downturn. There are still a lot of old beautiful homes in the inner city. The buildings and the structure all seem to be, a lot of them are really still there. A lot 13 of them have been put on registers for the historical society and whatever. I know the Egyptian survived. I was kind of disappointed for the Orpheum, but I think when they were doing some construction there on that part of Ogden, somehow something fell on the roof there and it caved in and they had to demolish it. For the most part, the old city and county building is there from when I remembered it. Of course, I remember the jail being at the top there. I call it the city and county building referring to it as that because that has pretty much stayed in place. Overall, just with progress and different things, but I'm glad that a lot of the building on 25th Street, the bus station is still intact structurally and the Lyceum Theater. I think, I believe, that the apartments…well, let me back track a little bit, when I went down there and they were doing a little bit of the remodeling to the Lyceum building, when they were putting the Wiseguys and what's there now, I was talking with my Uncle Herold's son, Brent, who I believe is still living. Gary Gail, his other boy, died a few years back. He was an attorney in Ogden. Brent still lives up on Weelocken, but I was talking with him and I asked him if it was okay, and even the construction workers, if I went and just went through the building a little bit. Actually, I got a brick that I still have of the remodel of the building. Upstairs where the apartments were, initially I think they were going to turn that into office space because when I went up there, of course, they hadn't done it yet, but there were still a lot of mattresses and furniture in the different apartments. It was neat to walk through them, it brought back a lot of memories. 14 It was neat to go back through the Lyceum buildings when they were remodeling it for the Wiseguys play house downstairs. Probably back in the 1970's, Herold Gale had his printing company in there for a while where the liquior store was. I remember working for my mother's Uncle Herold when he left The Standard Examiner and had his printing business. It was initially in the old Ogden Utah Knitting Mill building just north of the old post office on Grant Avenue on the second floor. Then he moved from there to Ogden Avenue between 25th and 26th Street on the west side of the street. There were some buildings there and he occupied a small warehouse where he had his printing facility. Facing the entrance was a parking lot behind Glen Bros. Music Store. MN: We've covered a lot, haven't we? There are just a lot of things. I appreciate the opportunity to share some of these experiences because for the nine years or so that I lived on 25th, even though it was fine for me, you get labeled, "Oh, you live on 25th Street? Oh my gosh, you're living in a pretty rough part of town," which it was, but you dealt with it. I knew so many people that I wasn't really picked on as a kid. I mean, you go through different things, but I knew so many people from different parts of town that they pretty much left me alone. So, I was immune to a lot of the bullying that maybe went on. Thank you for this opportunity, it's been great. MJ: Thank you. Was there anything else you wanted to share? Did we get it all? MN: I think we pretty much covered most of it. 15 MJ: Good. Thank you very much for letting us come here today. We really appreciate it. MN: That's great. Thanks again. 16

The Haiti Productive Land Use Systems (PLUS) Research Project continued and expanded the work of the Haiti Agroforestry project. It was intended to encourage Haitian farmers to plant trees as part of an overall plan by USAID to curb the devastating erosion which was washing the top soil into the sea. This project also investigated the effects on other crops as a result of tree planting. ; Haitian oak (Catalpa longissima) is one of the most popular and expensive woods in Haiti. Its lustrous and durable wood is used for cabinetry, boat and house constructin, and sculptures. The species is native to the Greater Antilles, but it also found in other countries of the Caribbean and Central America where it has been introduced as an ornamental selected for the seasonal mass of showy, white flowers and the elegant, fine texture of its crown. The tree is managed by farmers in the rich alluvial plains and ravines, associated with food crops of plantain, coffee, fruit trees, sweet potatoes and beans. A program was established in 1989 under the USAID-funded Agroforestry II project to begin selection of plus trees and establish their progeny in a series of orchards and progeny trials throughout Haiti. This report summarizes the performance of the C. longissima orchards and progeny trials established during 1988-1990 at 6 sites in Haiti. Survival: The trials in this study exhibited high 5-year survival rates, ranging from 60-98% and averaging 85% on 6 sites. These rates are much higher than those reported for the species by PADF and CARE, primarily due to better seedling quality and more intensive site management. The data suggest that it is not genetic quality per se that is responsible for better seedling quality, but rather environmental factors. Though differences were observed among families at the Lapila progeny trial, these differences are attributed to seedling age rather than family differences. It should not be expected that selection of plus trees will have a significant effect on field survival. Height Growth: Site means ranged from 1.5-6.1 m after 5 years, highest and lowest means occurring on two sites in the Cayes Plain. Differences among families were statistically significant at the Lapila progeny trial and the Terrier Rouge orchard after 5 years. The remaining sites showed either weak or not differences in height growth among families. If differences were shown, these differences decreased with tree age and ranged widely across sites. There was no consistent pattern in family ranks showing that matching of a superior genotype with site conditions is not effective for height growth. There is little evidence that significant gains in height growth can be achieved by selecting at the individual tree level. The slowest growing family at the Terrier Rouge orchard originated from a plus tree selected near the site, whereas the fasted growing families originated from plus trees selected in southern Haiti. Proximity of seed source to planting site does not insure adaptability and vigor as indicated by height growth. Stem Diameter Growth: Overall, there were greater differences among families for stem diameter growth than for height growth. Site dbh (diameter at 1.3 m) means ranged from 1.6-11.1 cm after 5 years. The variation among family means for dbh (diameter at 1.3 m) was significant at all sites except Crocra. Differences between the top family and the site mean varied widely depending on site, from 8% at Laborde to 145% at Haut Camp. Differences appeared to be related to site conditions - more extreme site conditions resulted in a greater spread among family means. Merchantable Volume: Large differences in wood volume considered for saw lumber or poles was exhibited at the Laborde progeny trial. Differences between the top three families, averaging 51 m[superscript]3/ha, and the site mean of 36 m[superscript]3/ha ranged from 37-44%. Compared to the least productive family, these differences ranged from 150-163%. Quantitative traits such as stem form and usable height are more likely to be inherited, with the genetic gains effectively captured through a program of vegetative propagation and recurrent selection. Conclusions: The seed orchards and trials reported here represent a valuable resource for perpetuating the species in Haiti and providing income to farmers. The orchards contain the broadest genetic base of the species in its native range and have the best chance to date of producing a seed mix that is broadly adapted for providing superior genetic material to small farmers. Both vegetative reproduction and recurrent selection should be used to improve the yield and profitability of this popular tree species on site where farmers have already integrated the tree in their cropping patterns. Production and sale of certified seed from the orchards should also be explored, particularly for expanded markets abroad. C. longissima is part of the natural resource base that must be conserved through continued investment in both genetic conservation and improvement with seed orchards and progeny testing. Recommendations: (1) Producer Groups. PLUS should target most of the improved germplasm to farmers with sites where C. longissima grows best and is already integrated into local agroforestry systems - the agricultural plains and ravines. (2) Role of Government. Collaborate with the Ministry of Agriculture in seeking funds for genetic conservation and improvement of economically important tree species. Focus on a long term strategy and short term benefits that include certified seed production, seed export and marketing, public and private sector forestry investment, forest genetic resource policy and extension education. Determine incentives and enforce policy that encourages farmers to manage tree crops, including C. longissima. (3) Species Awareness. A system needs to be put in place for production, distribution and marketing of Haitian oak. The orchards and progeny trials must be managed by trained individuals committed to tree improvement. Seed production from the orchards should not be overlooked as a commercial product to be marketed through seed companies or directly to nurseries worldwide. (4) Tree Improvement. The existing orchards and trials should form the basis of a seed production and distribution to farmers in Haiti. Improved seed from the orchards should be channelled to farmers nationwide through an efficient production of containerized seedlings. (5) Farm-Level Tree Management. Information on vegetative propagation procedures should be disseminated along with improved genetic material to farmer groups who understand the management of C. longissima. (6) Long Term Adaptability. The progeny trials should be monitored for disease resistance, pests, tree form and other parameters that affect its potential economic impact to Haitian farmers for at least half the time required to produce lumber. The final analysis should be in terms of market values and should be based on actual recovery volumes. Selections can be made in the progeny trials at both the individual and family levels to improve the genetic quality of seed produced from the trial for second generation production. (7) Applied Research. Determine ways that Haitian farmers select, propagate and manage C. longissima as an asset. Study improved silvicultural practices (propagation, thinning, pruning and harvesting) of C. longissima specific to the major agroforestry models (i.e., wood lots, boundary plantings, shade trees) in Haiti. (8) Develop volume tables for a larger diameter range than that determined for the species by Ehrlich et al. (1986). These tables are an important management tool, allowing for an accurate estimation of volume at both the individual and stand levels. (9) Study phenology and pollination biology of species for breeding and selection strategies. Determine the conservation status of the species on a periodic basis. ; Le chêne haitien (Catalpa longissima) est l'une des espèces de bois les plus populaires et les plus coûteux en Haïti. Son bois lustré et durable et durable est utilisé dans l'ébénisterie, dans la construction de maisons et de bateux et dans la sculpture. L'espèce est orginaire des Grandes Antilles, mais elle se trouve aussi dans d'autres pays de la Caraïbe et d'Amérique Centrale où elle a été introduite comme un arbre ornemental pour son abondante production saisonnière de fleurs blanches voyantes et sa couronne élegante de fine texture. L'arbe et géré par les planteurs dans de riches plaines et ravines alluvialles, et est associé à des cultures comme la banane, le café, les arbres fruitiers, la patate et les haricots. Un programme a été institué en 1989 dans le cadre du Projet Agroforesterie II financé par l'USAID pour entreprendre la sélection d'arbres supérieurs et installer une série de vergers et d'essais de leur progéniture à travers Haiti. Ce rapport résume la performance des vergers et des essais de progéniture de C. longissima établis sur 6 sites en Haïti durant la période 1988-1990. Survie: Les essais de cette étude ont indiqué des taux de survie élevés, de 60% à 98%, avec une moyenne de 85% pour les 6 sites. Ces taux sont beaucoup plus élevés que ceux indiqués pour l'espèce par PADF et CARE, principalement à cause de la meilleure qualité des plantules et une gestion plus intensive du site. Les données recueillies suggèrent que ce n'est pas la qualité génétique en soi qui en est responsable, mais plutôt les facteurs environnementaux. Bien que des différences aient été observées entre les familles dans l'essai de progéniture à Lapila, elles ont été attribuées à l'âge de la plantule plutôt qu'à des variations entre les familles. Il ne faut pas s'attendre à ce que la selection d'arbres supérieurs ait un effet significatif sur le taux de survie sur le terrain. Croissance en hauteur: Les moyennes en hauteur ont varié de 1,5-6,1 m après 5 ans, les moyennes les plus basses et les plus élevées ayant été enregistrées sur deux sites dans la Plaine des Cayes. Des différences significatives entre les familles ont été observées dans l'essai de progéniture à Lapila et dans le verger de Terrier Rouge, après 5 ans. Dans les autres sites, les différences de croissance en hauteur entre les familles ont été insignificantes ou nulles. Les différences ont ensuite diminué avec l'âge de l'arbre et ont largement varié entre les sites. Il n'a été détécté aucune tendance cohérente dans le classement des familles montrant que la correspondence d'un génotype supérieur aux conditions de site n'a pas d'effet sur la croissance en hauteur. Il existe peu de preuves pour affirmer que des avantages significatifs, en ce qui concerne la croissance en hauteur, peuvent être obtenus par la sélection d'arbres individuels. La famille qui a accusé la croissance la plus lente dans le verger de Terrier Rouge provient d'un arbre supérieur sélectionné près du site, alors que les familles à croissance plus rapide sont issues d'arbres supérieurs sélectionnés dans le sud d'Haiti. La sélection d'une source de semences à proximité du site de plantation ne garantit pas l'adaptation et la vigeur exprimées à travers la croissance en hauteur. Croissance en diamètre de tige: Généralement, il y a eu des différences plus importantes entre les familles pour la croissance en diamètre de tige que pour la croissance en hauteur. La moyenne de dhp du site (diamètre à 1,3 m) a été significative pour tous les sites, excepté Crocra. Les différences entre la famille la plus performante et la moyenne du site on considérablement varié dépendant du site, de 8% à Laborde à 145% à Haut Camp. Il paraît que les différences sont liées aux conditions de site - plus les conditions de site sont extrêmes, plus l'écart entre les moyennes de famille est grand. Volume marchand: De grandes différences dans le volume de bois, bois de sciage ou poteaux, ont été observées dans l'essai de progéniture de Laborde. Des différences entre les trois familles les plus performantes, avec une moyenne de 51 m[superscript]/ha et la moyenne du site de 36 m[superscript]3/ha, ont varié de 37% à 44%. En comparaison à la famille la moins productive, ces différences ont varié de 150% à 163%. Des caractéristiques qualitatives comme la forme de la tige et la hauteur utilisable, viendraient plutôt de l'hérédité. avec des avantages génétiques effectivement retenus à travers un programme de propagation végétative et de sélection récurrente. Conclusions: Les vergers à graines et les essais rapportés ici représentent une ressource de valeur pour perpétuer l'espèce en Haïti et fournir des revenus aux planteurs. Les vergers contiennent la base génétique la plus large de l'espèce dans son habitat d'origine et représentent la meilleure opportunité jusqu'à présent de produire un mélange de semences largement apte à donner un matériel génétique supérieur aux petits planteurs. La reproduction vegétative et aussi la sélection récurrente devraient être utilisées pour améliorer le rendement et la rentabilité de cette espèce populaire de bois, là où elle est déjà integrée dans les systèmes de cultures en Haïti. La production et la vente de semences certifiées provenant des vergers, devraient aussi être explorées, particulièrement pour l'exportation vers des marchés extérieurs. C. longissima fait partie des ressources naturelles qui doivent être conservées par un investissement continu dans la conservation et l'amélioration génétiques à travers des vergers à graines et des tests de progéniture. Recommandations: (1) Groupes de Producteurs. PLUS devrait avoir pour objectif de mettre à la disposition des planteurs la plupart du germoplasme amélioré sur des sites où le C. longissima croît le mieux et est déjà intégré dans les systèmes agroforestiers locaux - les plaines et ravines agricoles. (2) Rôle du Gouvernement. Collaborer avec le Ministère de l'Agriculture dans la économique. Mettre l'accent sur une stratégie à long terme et des bénéfices à court terme dont la production de semences certifiées, l'exportation et la commercialisation de semences, l'investissement du secteur public et privé dans la foresterie, la politique de ressources génétiques forestières, et la vulgarisation/éducation. Trouver des stimulants et appliquer une politique qui encourage les planteurs à gérer les arbres plantés, y compris C. longissima. (3) Promotion de l'espèce. Il est nécessaire de mettre en place un système pour la production, la distribution et la commercialisation du chêne haitien. Les vergers et les essais de progéniture devraient être gérés par des individus entraînés, dédiés à l'amélioration des arbres. Il ne faudrait pas exclure la possibilité de produire des semences à partir des vergers pour la vente à des compagnies commerciales de semences ou directement aux pépinières à travers le monde. (4) Amélioration de l'arbre. Les vergers et les essais existants devraient constituer las base d'une production et d'une distribution de semences aux planteurs en Haïti. Les semences améliorées issue des vergers devraient être distribuées aux planteurs à travers le pays en organisant une production efficace de plantules en pots. (5) Gestion de l'arbre au niveau de l'exploitation. Des informations sur les procédures de propagation végétative devraient être disséminées avec le matériel génétique amélioré aux groupes de planteurs qui comprennent la gestion du C. longissima. (6) Adaptabilité à long terme. Les essais de progéniture devraient être suivis pour résistance aux maladies, pestes, forme de l'arbre et autres paramètres qui affectent son impact économique potentiet pour les fermiers haïtiens pendant au moins la moitié du temps requis pour produire du bois. L'analyse finale devrait se faire en termes de valeurs commerciales et se baser sur les volumes de recouvrement réel. Les sélections peuvent être faites dans les essais de progéniture tant au niveau de l'individu qu'à celui de la famille pour améliorer la qualité génétique des semences produites dans l'essai pour la production de la seconde génération. (7) Recherche applicquée. Investiguer les moyens utilisés par les planteurs haïtiens pour sélectionner, propager et gérer C. longissima en tant que capital. Etudier les pratiques sylvicoles améliorées (propagation, eclaircie, taille et récolte) de C. longissima, spécifiques aux principaux modèles agroforestiers (i.e. lots boisés, plantations en bordure, arbres d'ombrage) rencontrés en Haïti. (8) Développer des tables de volume pour une gamme plus large de diamètres que celle déterminée pour l'espèce par Ehrlich et al. (1986). Ces tables représentent un important outil de gestion, permettant une estimation précise des volumes tant au niveau de l'arbre individuel qu'au niveau du peuplement. (9) Etudier la phénologie et la biologie de la pollinisation de l'espèce pour déterminet les stratégies de croisement et de sélection. Evaluer la situation de la conservation de l'espèce sur une base périodique.

Me planteo el hecho de que la Medicina, Salud o Higiene Escolar ha existido desde hace mucho tiempo, y que las interrelaciones entre la Salud y la Educación han tenido unos lazos de unión muy fuertes. A lo largo de todo este trabajo se puede perfectamente corroborar, ya que desde la época romana, árabe, etc. hasta nuestros días, existen datos a tener en cuenta y presente cuando tengamos que analizar la Medicina, Salud o Higiene Escolar. Destacar cómo el estilo de vida de la población y el medio ambiente, son las dos grandes causas que explican la mayoría de los problemas de salud del mundo desarrollado, así como que las acciones de Salud pasan por la prevención de enfermedad y la promoción de la Salud. Pues bien, dentro de esta última destaco la importancia de instaurar políticas alternativas de promoción de la salud ya desde la escuela, para modificar las actitudes y comportamiento de la población. Sin olvidar la participación y el diálogo con el profesor, elementos básicos en el aprendizaje de la salud. Por otra parte, la situación particular del Homo Sapiens en relación con sus problemas de salud/enfermedad viene especialmente configurada por su naturaleza sociocultural, la cual le capacita para transformar su medio, para transformarse a sí mismo y para desarrollar nuevos comportamientos. En el ejercicio de esta capacidad adquiere una importancia esencial el proceso educativo. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, en la reforma educativa y en sus aspectos curriculares aparece la salud y sus contenidos desarrollados. Salud que la debemos entender como un valor a cultivar en la escuela, que permita una vida sana y una población bien formada y más equilibrada. Se constata que el marco teórico de la Medicina Escolar española es desolador y mísero, viene reflejado por innumerables autores y escritores de la época, y así por un lado, la escuela que existe a principios del siglo XIX "no sirve para nada", "aparte que son pocas". "Las escuelas de la mayor parte de los pueblos españoles son locales sin luz y sin ventilación, donde los niños pierden en su desarrollo físico lo que pueden ganar en su desarrollo intelectual". Azorín publicó en 1908 "Los hijos de España" en donde se expresaba así: "En esta España no hay escuelas, los niños no pueden aprender a leer y escribir. Las escuelas que existen son antihigiénicas y lóbregas". Las conclusiones que se sacan del panorama educativo español durante el siglo XIX no pueden ser más claras: En primer lugar, sólo una minoría de niños tuvo acceso a la enseñanza, de entre estos, únicamente los mejor dotados económicamente pudieron hacer algún ejercicio físico, aunque de un marcado carácter militarista. En segundo lugar, destaca la ausencia de niñas en todos los aspectos higiénicos. En tercer lugar, la alimentación era pobre y la higiene escasa, y, por último, las materias de enseñanza inapropiadas. Vista la precaria situación de la escuela española así como la de la pedagogía sanitaria existente y paradójicamente, en comparación con otras actividades, España se ha caracterizado por su temprana capacidad para detectar la problemática sanitaria escolar en relación con otros países europeos. Así, las primeras normas oficiales de que tengamos noticia en España referidas a la Sanidad Escolar, datan de hace más de dos siglos, hacia 1770, y están incluidas en la Novísima Recopilación de las Leyes de España, Libro VII, Título Primero: "De las escuelas y maestros de primeras letras y de educación de niños". Sin embargo, las normas legales sobre Medicina, Sanidad e Higiene Escolar, consideradas en el conjunto de la legislación acerca de la enseñanza, extremadamente rica en toda clase de disposiciones, decretos, órdenes, regulaciones, etc., es más bien pobre y sobre todo teórica. Importante fue la creación en 1911 de la Inspección médico-escolar del Estado, por el doctor Tolosa Latour. Tuvo su refrendo legal en el real decreto de 16 de Junio de 1911, a través del Ministerio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes. En el año 1975 aparece el Reglamento Provisional de Sanidad Escolar y en el año 1978, el decreto sobre Ordenación de los Servicios de Medicina e Higiene Escolar. Declarado nulo y sin ningún valor por el Tribunal Supremo, en una sentencia dictada el día 1 de diciembre de 1982. Ahora bien, todo esto sufre un cambio bastante brusco, pues hemos de tener en cuenta la aparición de las distintas Comunidades Autónomas, con la transferencia de competencias que ello conlleva. Así cada Autonomía tiene sus decretos, órdenes, leyes sobre Salud Escolar. De todas las Autonomías, decir que hay leyes sobre Salud Escolar en Aragón, Principado de Asturias, Extremadura, Galicia, Gobierno Vasco y en La Rioja. En las restantes Comunidades existen órdenes, decretos e incluso las actividades de Salud Escolar son incluidas en programas de Atención Primaria de Salud. En referencia a la Sanidad, Medicina e Higiene Escolar desarrollada en otros países, destaca la figura de Bernardo Ramazzini da Caspi, promotor de los orígenes de la medicina social. Johan Peter Frank, considerado como el fundador de la higiene pública, pasando por Jean Jacques Rousseau, que debemos erigir como el auténtico origen de la Medicina Escolar. En Europa, comenzamos con Inglaterra donde se cuida bastante a la Salud, Medicina o Higiene de los escolares. Se crea el Servicio de Sanidad Escolar de Inglaterra en 1974. La educación para la salud se considera parte del plan de estudio escolar. Algo parecido ocurre en Francia, donde el control médico de los escolares fue planteado sin duda por primera vez en el mundo, durante la Revolución Francesa de 1789. Italia posee unos Servicios de Salud Escolar municipales, en donde el médico escolar trabaja en un equipo multidisciplinar. En Holanda son los municipios o grupos de municipios que están asociados, los obligados por ley a tener un Servicio municipal de salud escolar. En la República Federal de Alemania, la salud escolar y la educación para la salud son objetivos principales del Servicio de Salud Pública (S.S.P.). Su financiación proviene principalmente del municipio (Gemeindem) y del estado (Laender). Bélgica tiene un programa para el control médico y psicológico de la población escolar, llevado a cabo por el Ministerio de Educación. En Dinamarca, son los municipios los responsables del examen médico de todos los preescolares y escolares. El médico escolar y la enfermera participan junto con los maestros en la educación para la salud escolar. En Luxemburgo, el Ministerio de Sanidad es el encargado de llevar a cabo las funciones propias de la medicina escolar. La Educación para la Salud se va desarrollando con una intensa colaboración entre los responsables del Ministerio de Educación Nacional y la división de Medicina Escolar. En Austria hay coordinación entre el Departamento de Enseñanza del Ministerio Federal de Enseñanza y Arte y el Ministerio de Sanidad para llevar a cabo las actividades de información y enseñanza sanitaria en las escuelas. Polonia, mediante el Ministerio de Educación Nacional ha establecido una unidad de salud escolar con personal multiprofesional. En Grecia, es el Ministerio de Sanidad, Bienestar y Seguridad Social, a través de los Departamentos de Salud Pública, los responsables de suministrar servicios de salud escolar y de educación sanitaria. En Suecia los servicios sanitarios escolares son actividades propias de los Consejos de Condado (Landsting) y están bajo la supervisión municipal. En Portugal, los programas de salud escolar son llevados a cabo a nivel local o municipal aunque están dentro del nivel central como un área general de atención primaria de salud. Capítulo especial ocupan los Estados Unidos en cuanto a la sanidad escolar. Fue organizado en 1912. Son los Departamentos Locales de Salud (L.H.D.) los responsables de los Servicios de Salud Escolar, por otro lado, hay una necesidad ingente de promocionar la educación para la salud en toda la nación mediante una coalición de todas las partes concernientes: padres, alumnos, profesores, técnicos, políticos, etc. y asegurando un apoyo social, mejorando la preparación profesional, movilizando fondos y llevando a cabo evaluaciones. A tener presente la Salud Escolar desarrollada en países sudamericanos, en donde el enfoque inicial ha cambiado, debido a que antes consistía en dar información de un tema concreto de salud y ahora es el cambio de conducta ante esa cuestión de salud. El equipo de salud escolar es interdisciplinar así como consultor de la escuela. De otro lado, la Salud Escolar en países no desarrollados, también la he tenido en cuenta en este abordaje, y así, los principales objetivos de los programas de Salud Escolar en estos países, son: - Mejorar la condición de los niños en edad escolar en el ámbito de la salud y de la nutrición. - Mejorar el ambiente de la enseñanza escolar. - Impartir un conocimiento y habilidades más significativas en lo concerniente a la salud y nutrición. Según informes de la UNESCO, han mostrado que las condiciones actuales en las escuelas de los países en vías de desarrollo son preocupantes, no obstante, hay bastantes países en los que la Salud Escolar está naciendo poco a poco, caso de India, Kenia, Filipinas, etc. Como parte última del trabajo presento un estudio médico preventivo sobre "La Salud y la Escuela", en una comunidad educativa andaluza. Este estudio tiene tres objetivos: 1º. Estudio médico preventivo del desayuno escolar. 2º. Enfermedades transmisibles: SIDA y Escuela. 3º. Reconocimientos médicos preventivos en Educación Infantil. Del análisis de los resultados obtenidos se desprende que debe existir una mayor coordinación de todas las administraciones públicas en materia de salud escolar. Predominio del sexo femenino en la distribución total de alumnos/as, analizados, 53,09% - 3.266 alumnas frente al 46,91% - 2.087 del sexo masculino. En cuanto al desayuno escolar, decir que es "correcto" a medias, porque no es abundante ni variado y con la aparición del café en unos porcentajes del 12,65% de casos, como alimento líquido, inadecuado para estas edades. A destacar el 1,18% (36 alumnos/as) que no desayunan nada sobresaliendo como casos más frecuentes los ciclos superiores, la edad de 13 años y el sexo femenino. Existe una carencia de conocimientos en los alumnos que están cursando la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en la zona estudiada, lo que no representa al conjunto total de la población escolar andaluza pero sí es un dato a tener en cuanta sobre el tema del SIDA y la escuela. También nos sorprenden que los alumnos demanden mayor información a través de los médicos (75,55%) y de sus profesores/as (38,14%). La patología más común detectada es la caries dental, con un 32,62%, seguido de la patología oro-faríngea con un 20,22%. Quiero decir finalmente que la educación es una herramienta potente para generar y reforzar estilos de vidas saludables. Sin embargo, la promoción de la salud escolar requiere otras actuaciones, aparte de las educativas. Por ello, hay que seguir procurando mediante medidas legislativas, económicas, urbanísticas o de otra índole, que las opciones más saludables en la vida diaria sean realmente las más fáciles de elegir, venciendo las resistencias culturales, económicas o físicas que las dificultan. Gracias a mi experiencia personal, desarrollada durante más de ocho cursos escolares, tengo a bien hacer las consideraciones siguientes: 1ª. Que las acciones de salud pasan por una prevención de la enfermedad y por la promoción de la salud. Dentro de esta última destaco el hecho de promocionar la salud ya desde la escuela para modificar actitudes y comportamientos de la población en estas edades iniciales de su vida. 2ª. España se ha caracterizado por su temprana capacidad para detectar la problemática sanitaria escolar en relación con otros países. Sin embargo, las normas legales sobre Medicina, Salud o Higiene Escolar, extremadamente rica en teoría, es considerada pobre a la hora de poner en práctica lo anterior. 3ª. Los programas de Medicina o Salud Escolar deben acompañarse de una buena política y soporte económico que posibilite su independencia en el marco del medio escolar, capacitando a los alumnos/as para que puedan elegir conscientemente su estilo de vida. 4ª. La salud es un valor a cultivar en la escuela, que debe tratarse como un objetivo dentro del Plan educativo de Centro, con un contenido de una materia que ocupará una parcela determinada en el total del curriculum. Haciéndolo así, formaremos hábitos saludables y una población más equilibrada. 5ª. Vacío legislativo a nivel de la Comunidad Andaluza en materia de Promoción de la Salud en la Escuela. No hay una ley de Salud Escolar, causante del desfase que padecemos en relación a otras comunidades autónomas que sí la poseen. Así se podrían resolver definitivamente las actuales deficiencias en esta materia de Salud Escolar. 6ª. La Medicina Escolar tiene un papel destacadísimo para el control del absentismo de los trabajadores de la enseñanza, a través de una adecuada información y formación sobre las condiciones de trabajo, así como en la elaboración de normas preventivas de seguridad e higiene sobre patologías comunes dentro de este medio escolar. 7ª. Progresiva intervención conjunta y coordinada entre los Médicos de los Servicios de Apoyo Escolar y los Asesores-Inspectores Médicos de la Delegación Provincial de Educación en materia de Salud Laboral del docente y no docente. 8ª. Mi experiencia y el trabajo desempeñado en el ámbito escolar, me ha permitido constatar la demanda que los profesores/as, padres/madres y los alumnos/as hacen al médico del equipo en función del apoyo educativo que proporcionan. 9ª. Que la figura profesional el médico en la escuela no sea, como era tradicionalmente, un agente externo, sino un eslabón más dentro de la cadena del sistema educativo. Es una intervención directa y desde dentro del organigrama de educación. 10ª. Promocionado la Salud Escolar a través de la colaboración y el asesoramiento al profesorado, Centro de Profesores y otros miembros docentes, en la incorporación de la Educación para la Salud al curriculum escolar, teniendo en cuenta la orientación técnica precisa para alumnos/as y padres/madres. 11ª. Coordinación con los servicios sanitarios, sociales, comunitarios y educativos o instituciones públicas y privadas que incidan en el alumno/a, estableciendo un sistema de canalización de alumnos con sospecha de padecer alguna patología a los servicios especializados, actuando el médico del equipo de apoyo escolar como interlocutor. Ello redundaría en cuestiones de tiempo, eficacia y dinero. 12ª. Se deben elaborar informes y documentos médicos escolares que promocionen la investigación médica en el medio escolar. 13ª. Se detecta la necesidad imperiosa de que la Medicina Escolar desarrollada por nosotros tenga cada día más auge para que los médicos de educación, en colaboración y coordinación con los servicios sanitarios, sociales y comunitarios, sea una realidad por el bien de la población escolar andaluza.

IX. JAHRGANG, 1904 Oberösterreichische Bauzeitung (-) IX. Jahrgang, 1904 (IX. JG., 1904) ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Inhaltsverzeichnis. ( - ) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. Linz, 1. Jänner 1904. (Nr. 1. Linz, 1. Jänner 1904.) ([1]) Inhalt. ([1]) Eine eigentümliche Grundrisslösung. ([1]) [Plan]: ([1]) Adaptierungs-Arbeiten im k. k. Post- und Telegraphen-Direktionsgebäude in Linz. ([1]) Internationale Bauaustellung in Wien 1904. (2) Die Vorteile der Sauggasanlagen. (2) [2 Abb.]: (3) Ueber Akustik in Theater und Konzertsälen. (4) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (6) Lokale Baunotizen. (6) Umlegung der Kremstalbahn. Bauherstellungen in der Landes-Gebäranstalt. Erfindung. (6) Zum Kirchenbau in Kleinmünchen. (6) Strassenbau. Bau eines Badebassins. Kirchhofbau. Vergebung der Bauarbeiten zum Kasernenbau in Steyr. (7) Patentliste. Aus der Fachliteratur. Stand und Geschäftsergebnisse der in der Bauindustrie und Industrie der Steine und Erden tätigen Aktiengesellschaften Oesterreich-Ungarns. Briefkasten. (7) Werbung (7) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (2)Anmeldung für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (8) Sonstiges (190) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. Linz, 15. Jänner 1904. (Nr. 2. Linz, 15. Jänner 1904.) ([9]) Unsere Wohnungen als Krankheitsherde. ([9]) Erfahrungen mit neuen Arten der Strassenbefestigung. (10) Ueber die Befestigung der Fahrdämme. (11) Bürgersteige. (12) Die Promenaden. Reitwege. Radfahrwege. Der Stassenbahnkörper. (13) Die Druckfestigkeit von Backsteinmauerwerk. (13) [Tabelle]: Als mittlere Bruchlasten bei solchen Pfeilern, die mit Sorgfalt aufgeführt waren, ergaben sich die Ergebnisse nachstehender Tabelle: (13) Brandschäden durch elektrische Anlagen. (14) Lokale Baunotizen. (15) Bauaussichten 1904. Vergebung der Arbeiten und Lieferungen für den städtischen Haushalt 1904. Bau einer Betonbrücke. Bildhauer-Atelier F. Stark. Pumpenanlage. Rekonstruktion eines Elektrizitätswerkes. Baunachrichten aus Tirol. (15) Patentliste. (15) Offene Stellen. Briefkasten. (16) Werbung (16) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Linz, 1. Februar 1904. (Nr. 3. Linz, 1. Februar 1904.) ([17]) Inhalt. ([17]) Bau-Vandalismus. ([17]) Enquete über das Schätzungswesen von Realitäten. (19) Acetylen als Beleuchtungsmittel für kleinere Städte. (19) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (21) Lokale Baunotizen. (21) Eisenbahnbau. Eisenkonstruktions-Arbeiten. Villenbauten. Strassenreinigung. Schulhausbau. - Amtsgebäude. (21) Donau-Regulierungsarbeiten in den Jahren 1904 bis 1911. (21) Korpskommando-Gebäude. - Grundpreise. Schulbau. Zur Konkurrenzreiterei. (22) Patentliste. (22) Aus der Fachliteratur. Das Beizen und Färben des Holzes. Wilhelm Zimmermann (22) Briefkasten. (23) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (23) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (24) Werbung (24) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 4. Linz, 15. Februar 1904. (Nr. 4. Linz, 15. Februar 1904.) ([25]) Projekt zu einer Markthalle. ([25]) [2 Pläne]: (1)Ansicht. (2)Grundriss. ([25]) Protokoll der am 24. Jänner 1904 im Gasthofe "zur Austria" in Linz, Harrachstrasse, abgehaltenen Generalversammlung des Vereines der Baumeister in Oberösterreich. (26) Das neue Polizeigebäude in Wien. (27) Feuergefährlichkeit der Dachwohnungen. (28) Leistungen des amerikanischen Arbeiters und die Bemessung der Lohnsätze. (29) Lokale Baunotizen. (30) Schulbau. Kanalbau. Flussregulierungen. Brückenkonstruktion. Naubau. (30) Bauaussichten. Brückenbestellungen für die Pyhrnbahn. Das Hausieren mit Bauprojekten. (31) Aus der Fachliteratur. Hie Europa - hie Amerika! Jul. H. West. (31) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (31) Briefkasten. (32) Werbung (32) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 5. Linz, 1. März 1904. (Nr. 5. Linz, 1. März 1904.) ([33]) Versuch an einem Theatermodelle und Massregeln zum Schutze des Publikums bei Theaterbränden. ([33]) [2 Pläne]: (1)Grundriss des Theatermodelles. (2)Längsschnitt durch das Ringtheater in Wien. ([33]) Einiges über die Bedeutung des historischen Stiles. (35) Inhalt. (37) Lokale Baunotizen. (37) Wandverkleidung mit Asbest-Zement-Schiefer-Platten. Umgestaltung einer Hausfassade. Auszeichnung. Vorkonzession. Wasserleitung. Flexenstrasse. Bau der Innbrücke. Wasserleitung. Steuerbefreiung. - Wasserleitung. Zugbeförderungs-Anlage. (37) Patentliste (38) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (38) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (39) Werbung (40) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Linz, 15. März 1904. (Nr. 6. Linz, 15. März 1904.) ([41]) Inhalt. ([41]) Zu Beginn der Bausaison. ([41]) Bauerhaltung in Italien. ([41]) Versuche an einem Theatermodelle und Massregeln zum Schutze des Publikums bei Theaterbränden. (43) Geschichte der Grundsteinlegung eines Gebäudes. (45) Lokale Baunotizen. (46) Elektrizitätswerk in Bad Hall. Elektrizitätswerk in Ischl. Brückenbau bei Gmunden. Hausbau. Schulbau in Ebelsberg. Zum Bau des städtischen Gymnasiums in Wels. Brückenbau in Grein. Bau von Familienhäusern. (46) Aus Tirol und Vorarlberg (46) Strassenbauten. (47) Patentliste. Aus der Fachliteratur. "Neueste Erfindungen in Bild und Wort". Briefkasten. (47) Werbung (47) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (48) Werbung (48) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 7. Linz, 1. April 1904. (Nr. 7. Linz, 1. April 1904.) ([49]) Projekt für ein Geschäfts- und Wohnhaus in Salzburg. ([49]) [3 Pläne]: (1)[Ansicht] (2)Parterre [Grundriss] (3)1. Stock [Grundriss] ([49]) Bauerhaltung in Italien. II. (50) Unser Submissionswesen. (51) Geschichte der Grundsteinlegung eines Gebäudes. (53) Inhalt. (54) Lokale Baunotizen. (54) Die Wünsche der Baumeister. Schlosserarbeiten. Parzellierung. Errichten wir Einzelnwohnungen. Neubau. Zum Kasernenbau in Steyr. Villenbauten. Bau eines Postgebäudes in Innsbruck. (54) Patentliste (54) Briefkasten. (55) Werbung (55) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (55) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (56) Werbung (56) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 8. Linz, 15. April 1904. (Nr. 8. Linz, 15. April 1904.) ([57]) Inhalt. ([57]) Die Konkurrenzreiterei im Baufache. ([57]) Die Ausgrabung der römischen Lagerstadt "Aquincum" bei Budapest. ([57]) Ueber Fassaden-Farbe. (58) Die Grundprinzipien des modernen Stiles. (59) Bauleitung und Baumaterial. (60) Lokale Baunotizen. (62) Zur Beilage I. Fensterverschluss. Zur Beilage II. Vom Neubau Haslinger. Auszeichnung. Ueber Schulbauten. Adaptierungsarbeiten. Vortrag. Malerarbeiten. Aus Tirol. (62) Patentliste. Briefkasten. (63) Werbung (63) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (63) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (64) Werbung (64) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 9. Linz, 1. Mai 1904. (Nr. 9. Linz, 1. Mai 1904.) ([65]) Prämiierte Grundrisslösung für eine Zinshausgruppe in München. ([65]) [Plan]: ([65]) Häuser aus Kalk und Sand. ([65]) [Tabelle]: Hat man nun groben Sand (Kies) mit dem vierten Teil, Mittelsand mit dem dritten Teil, so verfährt man ungefähr folgendermassen: ([65]) [Tabelle]: Um sicher zu gehen, tut man indessen gut, die Menge des Mittel-Sandes zu verringern, statt dessen aber etwas mehr Kalk zu nehmen, so dass die Rechnung etwa so zu stehen kommt würde: (66) Die Ausgrabung der römischen Lagerstadt "Aquincum" bei Budapest. (66) Die Feuersicherheit der Bausteine. (67) [Tabelle]: Der Koeffizient der räumlichen Ausdehnung der hauptsächlichsten, für die wichtigeren Gesteinsarten in Betracht kommenden Mineralien ist wie folgt bestimmt worden: (67) Wie "alte Meisterbilder" gemacht werden. (68) [Abb.]: Neuer Fensterverschluss. (69) Lokale Baunotizen. (69) Arbeiten für das Allgemeine Krankenhaus. Für Privat-Ingenieure. Die Wünsche der Baumeister. Ankauf des Hotels "zur Stadt Frankfurt". Schutzdämme. Kirchenbau in Wels. (69) Rohrlieferung. (69) Wasserleitung. Bau eines Gerichtsgebäudes. Strassenbau. Direktionswechsel. Aus Tirol. (70) Patentliste. Briefkasten. (70) Werbung (70) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (2)Anmeldung für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (71) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (72) Aus der Fachliteratur. M. Mayr. Das Formen und Modellieren. (72) Werbung (72) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 10. Linz, 15. Mai 1904. (Nr. 10. Linz, 15. Mai 1904.) ([73]) Inhalt. ([73]) Reflexionen über die Errichtung von Arbeiterhäusern. ([73]) Unvorsichtigkeit von Handwerkern bei Gebäudeausbesserungen. ([73]) Die neue Fischhalle in Wien. (74) Wasserkräfte. (74) Die Weltausstellung in St. Louis 1904. (75) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 11. Mai.) (77) Lokale Baunotizen. (77) Lieferungen für das Linzer Allgemeine Krankenhaus. (77) Ausschreibung. Lieferung und Arbeit für die k. k. Staatsbahn. Kunstschlosserarbeiten. Bautätigkeit in Freistadt. Baunachrichten aus Tirol. Strassenbau. Eisernes Tragwerk. (78) Patentliste (78) Patentwesen. (79) [Abb.]: Metallplatte zum Einfassen von Bedachungen. (79) Offene Stellen. Briefkasten. (79) [Tabelle]. (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (80) Werbung (80) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 11. Linz, 1. Juni 1904. (Nr. 11. Linz, 1. Juni 1904.) ([81]) Inhalt. ([81]) Zur Verschönerung der Landstrasse in Linz. ([81]) Die Weltausstellung in St. Louis 1904. (Fortsetzung.) ([81]) Erziehungswesen. Kunst. Der Kunstpalast. (82) Freie Künste (liberal Arts). (82) Manufakturen. Maschinenwesen. (83) Hygiene der Schulgebäude. (83) A. Gesamtanlage des Schulhauses. (83) B. Schulzimmer. (84) Die Baukunst im Mittelalter. (84) Lokale Baunotizen. (85) Lieferung und Montierung einer Lokomotivdrehscheibe. Wasserleitung in Ebelsberg. Bau eines Garnisonsspitals. (85) Wasserwerksanlage. (85) Vom Kasernenbau in der Stadt Steyr. Tunnelbau. Vom Kaltenbrunner-Denkmal in Enns. Pflasterungsarbeiten. Aussperrung von Bauarbeiten in Wien. (86) Patentliste. Offene Stellen. Briefkasten. (86) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (87) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (88) Werbung (88) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 12. Linz, 15. Juni 1904. (Nr. 12. Linz, 15. Juni 1904.) ([89]) Projekt für ein Krankenhaus im Kronlande Salzburg. ([89]) [3 Pläne]: (1)Parterre. (2)I. Stock. (3)Situationsplan. ([89]) Die Weltausstellung in St. Louis 1904. (Schluss.) (90) Elektrizitätswesen. (90) Verkehrswesen. (90) Ackerbau. Forstwesen. Bergbau und Metallurgie. Volkswirtschaft. Internationale Kongresse und Vereinswesen. Die Beteiligung der Regierung, der Vereinigten Staaten. (91) Die Neuanlage des National-Museums zu Neapel. (91) Hygiene der Schulgebäude. (92) C. Turnhalle. (93) E. Schulhof. F. Sonstige Schuleinrichtungen. (94) Lokale Baunotizen. (94) Zur Bausaison 1904. (94) Vom Hotel zur "Stadt Frankfurt". (94) Kanalisierungsarbeiten. Wasserleitung in Ried. Hydroelektrische Anlage. Heizanlage. Kirchenrestaurierung. Zum Bau der Kirche in Kleinmünchen. Schlosserarbeiten. Familienhäuser. Zum Bau des neuen Realschulgebäudes in Linz. Kanalbau. Ein neues Elektrizitätswerk. Bau eines Sparkassengebäudes. Bau eines Turmes in Lind (Kärnten). (95) Patentliste. Briefkasten. (95) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für den Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (96) Werbung (96) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 13. Linz, 1. Juli 1904. (Nr. 13. Linz, 1. Juli 1904.) ([97]) Inhalt. ([97]) Kritik über einige oberösterreichische Ziegelwerke. ([97]) Eine Reise in das österreichische Donautal. (98) Das neue städtische Polizeigefangenenhaus in Wien. (99) Lokale Baunotizen. (100) Lieferungen für das Allgemeine Krankenhaus. Zu- und Aufbau der Landesgebäranstalt. Zum Stelzhamer-Denkmal. Adaptierungsarbeiten. Einbau eines Heizkörpers. Zum Bau der Kadettenschule in Enns. Bau einer Volksschule. Villenbau. (100) Bau eines Wohnhauses. (100) Kaiserdenkmal in Braunau. Verein der Techniker in Oberösterreich. Kirchenbau in Tirol. Für Brückenbauanstalten. (101) Zum Mauerstreik in Salzburg. (101) Permanente Ausstellung bautechnischer Neuheiten u. Spezialerzeugnisse in Wien. (101) Patentliste (102) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (102) [Tabelle]: Aisweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (103) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. Offene Stellen. Briefkasten. (104) Werbung (104) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 14. Linz, 15. Juli 1904. (Nr. 14. Linz, 15. Juli 1904.) ([105]) Inhalt. ([105]) Zum Bau der Infanterie-Kadettenschule in Enns. ([105]) a) Hauptgebäude. b) Offiziers-Wohngebäude. c) Mannschaftsgebäude. d) Spitalgebäude für Zöglinge. ([105]) e) Nebengebäude. ([105]) Moderne Schaufensterarchitektur. (106) Eine Reise in das österreichische Donautal. (Schluss.) (107) Staubbekämpfung auf Strassen und Plätzen. (109) Lokale Baunotizen. (110) Zur Beilage. Vom neuen Volksgartensalon. (110) Villenbau. (110) Bau einer neuen Pfarrkirche und Pfarrhof in Linz. Restaurierung eines Speisesaales. Anleihe zu Bauzwecken. Altarbauten. Bautätigkeit in Freistadt. Fassadenrenovierung. Bau einer Volksschule. Zum Brückenbau in Gmunden. (111) Verein österreichischer Ziegel- und Kalkfabrikanten. (111) Patentliste (111) Briefkasten. (112) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (112) Werbung (112) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 15. Linz, 1. August 1904. (Nr. 15. Linz, 1. August 1904.) ([113]) [Plan]: Grundrisse für ein herrschaftliches Wohnhaus in Innsbruck. ([113]) Erklärung der eingezeichneten Buchstaben: ([113]) Die Stadterweiterung in Rom. ([113]) Das Wiener Versorgungsheim in Lainz. (115) Technische Notizen. (116) Holzstoff-Riemenscheiben. (116) Ein Meisterwerk der Wiener Schlosser. Neues Fenster-Sicherheitsgerüst für Bauzwecke. (117) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (117) Inhalt. (117) Lokale Baunotizen. (117) Versorgungshauszubau. Bahnumbau. (117) Vergebung des Baues der Traunbrücke im Zuge der Kremstalbahn. (117) Lokalveränderung. Vom Kaltenbrunner-Denkmal in Enns. Schulbau. Strassenbau und Wasserleitung. Bau einer Turnhalle. Strassenbau. Staub als Brandstifter. (118) Patentliste (118) Offene Stellen. Briefkasten. (119) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (119) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (120) Werbung (120) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 16. Linz, 15. August 1904. (Nr. 16. Linz, 15. August 1904.) ([121]) Inhalt. ([121]) Zu den vielen diesjährigen Feuersbrünsten in Oberösterreich. ([121]) Die Stadterweiterung in Rom. (122) Wie man in Amerika Häuser baut. (123) Das Iroquois-Theater in Chicago und die Brandkatastrophe vom 30. Dezember 1903. (123) Technische Notizen. (125) Färbiger Sandstein. Herstellung von Fusswegen längs des Bahnkörpers in Russland. Atlas-Isolit. (125) Neue Goldfunde in Mexiko. (125) Lokale Baunotizen. (126) Kanalisierung. Bauausschreibung. Herstellung eines Steges über die Eisenbahn. Vergebung von Baumeister- und Zimmermannsarbeiten. Bau von Arbeiterhäusern. Zum Kaltenbrunner-Denkmal in Enns. Bau einer Wasserleitung. Wasserinstallation. Hochbauten. Werkzeugmaschinen. Pfostenlieferung. Bau einer Wasserleitung. Oberbauschwellen. (126) Strassenbau. (126) Lokalbahnbau. Wettbewerb für den Wiederaufbau des Königsschlosses in Kopenhagen. (127) Patentliste. Aus der Fachliteratur. Die Kontorarbeiten. Mörtel. Einfamilienhäuser. (127) Offene Stellen. (127) Briefkasten. (128) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (128) Werbung (128) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 17. Linz, 1. September 1904. (Nr. 17. Linz, 1. September 1904.) ([129]) Inhalt. ([129]) Ueber städtisches Wohnungswesen mit besonderer Beziehung auf das Familienwohnhaus. I. ([129]) Die neuen städtischen Strombäder im Wiener Donaukanale. (130) Das Iroquois-Theater in Chicago und die Brandkatastrophe vom 30. Dezember 1903. (131) Lokale Baunotizen. (133) Ausschmückung eines Restaurationslokales. (133) Projekt zur neuen Urfahrer Stadtpfarrkirche. Desinfektionsanstalt. Bau einer Equitationsreitschule für eine Artilleriebrigade in Linz. Zum Gymnasialbau in Wels. Kasern- und Spitalbau. Baumeisterarbeiten. Zum Bau der Infanteriekadettenschule in Enns. Bau eines Steges. Werkstättengebäude. Bau einer Wasserleitung. Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten in den grossen Alpentunnelen. (134) Patentliste (134) Briefkasten. (135) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (135) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (136) Werbung (136) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 18. Linz, 15. September 1904. (Nr. 18. Linz, 15. September 1904.) ([137]) Inhalt. ([137]) Linzer Neubauten 1904. ([137]) [Abb.]: Das Josef Haslinger'sche Haus Ecke der Schiller- und Schützenstrasse in Linz. ([137]) I. Das Josef Haslinger'sche Haus Ecke der Schiller- und Schützenstrasse in Linz. (138) Ueber städtisches Wohnungswesen mit besonderer Beziehung auf das Familienwohnhaus. II. (138) Verkehrsgeschwindigkeiten zu Lande einst und jetzt. I. (139) [4 Tabellen]: (1)Wie durchschlagend der Erfolg der Eisenbahnen sich in der Erhöhung der Reisegeschwindigkeit geltend machte, ergibt sich aus der nachstehenden Zusammenstellung der zwischen Paris und Calais üblichen Reisegeschwindigkeit. Dieselbe betrug: (2)Wir beginnen mit einigen Angaben über Reisegschwindigkeiten. (3)An sonstigen in Amerika ausgeführten Schnellfahrten nennt Olshausen nach der "Railroad Gazette" und "Locomotive Engineering": (4)Die längsten, ohne Aufenthalt durchlaufenen Strecken sind: (141) Ein wirksames Kanalreinigungssystem. (141) [Abb.]: (141) Technische Notizen. (141) Unterbietungsverfahren. (141) Ein Mittel um die Fällungszeit des Holzes zu erkennen. Die Durchdringung unserer Mauern durch Gase. (142) Lokale Baunotizen. (142) Adaptierungsarbeiten. Aus Gmunden. Masswerkeinsetzung. Wasserleitung in Ried. Brückenbau. (142) Wasserleitung. Regulierungsarbeiten. Kanalisierungsarbeiten. (143) Patentliste. Aus der Fachliteratur. Taschen-Rechenschieber für Techniker. Briefkasten. (143) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasswerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (144) Werbung (144) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 19. Linz, 1. Oktober 1904. (Nr. 19. Linz, 1. Oktober 1904.) ([145]) Inhalt. ([145]) Zur Geschichte des Ornaments. ([145]) Verkehrsgeschwindigkeiten zu Lande einst und jetzt. II. (146) [Tabelle]: Nach Julius Roches beliefen sich die Kosten für 1 Kilometer für jeden Reisenden zwischen Paris und Calais auf. (146) Der Meistertitel. (147) Wer darf den Meistertitel führen? Was hat nun der zu tun, welcher zu dem Meistertitel gelangen will? (148) Lokale Baunotizen. (149) Das neugestaltete Café Baumgartinger in Linz. Korksteinzwischenwände. Zum Bau der Kasernerweiterung in Wels. Bau der Traunbrücke in Gmunden. Lokomotiv-Drehscheibe. Strassenbau und Flussregulierung. (149) Aus den Gmeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. Sitzung vom 21. September 1904. (149) Patentliste (150) Aus der Fachliteratur. L. Hofstetter. Der Bau und die Konstruktion der Treppen. Briefkasten. (151) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (151) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (152) Werbung (152) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 20. Linz, 15. Oktober 1904. (Nr. 20. Linz, 15. Oktober 1904.) ([153]) Inhalt. ([153]) Die Eishäuser in Budapest. ([153]) [Abb.]: ([153]) Die gschäftlichen Verhältnisse im Baufache in den Provinzorten Oberösterreichs. ([153]) Die Steinmetzhütten des Mittelalters. (154) Der Bau des Panama-Kanels. (155) Bauliche Verhältnisse in Russland. (157) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. Sitzung vom 12. Oktober. (157) Lokale Baunotizen. (158) Kaltenbrunner-Denkmal. Kirchenbau. Strassenherstellung und Pflasterung. Bahnhofbau. Hebung der Baulust in Enns. Hotelbau in Linz. Errichtung von Pissoirs. Dampfkessellieferung. Neue Bauordnung. (158) Diverses. (158) Deckung des Schienebedarfes der österreichischen Staatsbahnen. (158) Eine heizbare Stadt. (159) Patentliste (159) Ist der Partieführer Arbeitgeber oder der Ur-Unternehmer? Briefkasten. (160) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (160) Werbung (160) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 21. Linz, 1. November 1904. (Nr. 21. Linz, 1. November 1904.) ([161]) Das Kaltenbrunner-Denkmal in Enns. ([161]) [Abb.]: ([161]) Winke für junge Plastiker bei Abfassung von Denkmalprojekten. ([161]) Eine Nacht im Dampfkessel. (162) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. Sitzung vom 19. Oktober. (164) Lokale Baunotizen. (165) Bau von Schutzdämmen. Traunbrücke. Bau eines Sparkassengebäudes. Ausschreibung von Bauarbeiten. Villenbauten. (165) Fabriksvergrößerung. (165) Bau eines Elektrizitätswerkes. Wasserleitung. Bau der Eisackbrücke. Wettbewerb für ein Krankenhaus in Komotau. Erstehung des Bahnhofbaues in Görz. Bau einer Landes-Irrenanstalt. Offertausschreibung. (166) Diverses. Die Nachteile der Lichtschächte. (166) Patentliste. Offen Stellen. Briefkasten. (167) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (2)Anmeldung für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (168) Werbung (168) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 22. Linz, 15. November 1904. (Nr. 22. Linz, 15. November 1904.) ([169]) Zum Schlusse der Bausaison 1904. ([169]) [Tabelle]: Nachstehend die Namen der Bauherren, der Baumeister sowie der Oertlichkeiten, wo die Bauten aufgeführt wurden: ([169]) a) dreistöckige Zinshausbauten: ([169]) b) zweistöckige Zinshausbauten: ([169]) c) einstöckige Bauten: d) Zu- und Aufbauten: (170) Die Haftpflicht der Kommunen. I. (170) Wandelnde Wohnhäuser. (171) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. Sitzung vom 9. November. (173) Inhalt. (174) Lokale Baunotizen. (174) Gefährliche Adaptierung. Fachkurs für Maler und Anstreicher. Berichtigung. Bau eines neuen Bezirksgerichtsgebäudes. Zum Bau des neuen Postamtsgebäudes. Avis für Beleuchtungsunternehmungen. Das Hebewerk im Donau-Oderkanal. (174) Wettbewerb für den Bau eines Bankgebäudes in Darmstadt. (174) Unter- und Hochbauarbeiten. Schlachthofanlage. (175) Diverses. Versuche mit Stahlpflaster. Patenliste. (175) Offene Stellen. Briefkasten. (176) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (176) Werbung (176) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 23. Linz, 1. Dezember 1904. (Nr. 23. Linz, 1. Dezember 1904.) ([177]) Inhalt. ([177]) Noch eine Kritik über die Linzer Neubauten. ([177]) Die Haftpflicht der Kommunen. II. ([177]) Wesentliche Verbesserungen an Dampfmaschinen. (178) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen. (Sitzung vom 23 November). (179) Lokale Baunotizen. (179) Projektierter Hausbau. Bau eines Schul und Menagegebäudes. Traunbrücke. Uferverbauung. Spitalsbau. (179) Vergifteter Boden. (179) Villenbau. Bau einer Knabenbürgerschule. Anlage für Desinfektion von Waggons. Eisen, Stifte. Bau einer Wasserleitung. Kai- und Brückenbau. Elektrische Beleuchtung. Kanalisierung. Betonbau. Kanalisierung und Wasserversorgung. Permanente Ausstellung bautechnischer Neuheiten und Spezialerzeugnisse. Wettbewerb zur Erlangung von Entwürfen für das Gebäude der Landeshypothekenbank in Darmstadt. (180) Staatsvoranschlag pro 1905. (180) Patentliste (181) Aus der Fachliteratur. (181) Oesterreichischer Hausbesitzerkalender. (181) Hohe Warte. (181) Adressbuch der Architekten, Baumeister, Bauingenieure, Bauunternehmer, Maurer- und Zimmermeister Deutschlands. (182) Briefkasten. (182) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Urfahr. (182) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (183) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (184) Offene Stellen. (184) Werbung (184) IX. Jahrgang, Nr. 24. Linz, 15. Dezember 1904. (Nr. 24. Linz, 15. Dezember 1904.) ([185]) Inhalt. ([185]) Die Haftpflicht der Kommunen. ([185]) Vom Kreditgebenmüssen. (186) Wie kann der Landwirt billig bauen? (187) 1. Die Billigkeit in Bezug auf die Grundformen des Gebäudes. 2. Die Billigkeit in Bezug auf die Höhe des Gebäudes. (187) 3. Die Billigkeit in Bezug auf den Querschnitt des Gebäudes. (187) Kanalisation und Wasserversorgung von St. Petersburg. (188) Lokale Baunotizen. (189) Restaurierung alter Häuser. Gipsmodell. Hoher Besuch in einem Maleratelier. Zur Stadtbeleuchtung in Enns. Prämiierung. Schulgebäudeprojekt. Kanalisierungsarbeiten. Bau eines Feuerwehrmagazins. Oesterreichische Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung des Strassenstaubes. (189) Neuer Krankenhausbau. Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten in den grossen Alpentunnels. Wie gelangt der Handwerker zu Wohlstand?. (190) Offene Stellen. Briefkasten. (190) Werbung (190)

Colombia, por su privilegiada posición geográfica –dos océanos, tres cordilleras, selvas y llanuras– ha sido calificado como un lugar inmensamente rico en paisajes y lugares aún inexplorados, por lo tanto, con una alta oferta turística, por la que ha adquirido fama por su biodiversidad, café, flores, música y manifestaciones artísticas, además, por ser uno de los países con mayor diversidad étnica en el hemisferio occidental y el segundo país más rico en biodiversidad en el mundo, ya que posee uno de los ecosistemas más complejos y frágiles del mundo; esto le ha permitido perfilarse como uno de los destinos más visitados por el turismo internacional en Latinoamérica. Como muestra de su situación, las noticias registradas en los medios de comunicación internacionales acerca del turismo colombiano, resaltan la belleza, el encanto y la imagen renovada del país. Principales diarios impresos y portales online, como el New York Times (Estados Unidos), La Monde (Francia), La Nación (Argentina), The Guardian (Reino Unido), entre otros, dan ejemplo de experiencias positivas de turistas internacionales y recomiendan lugares mágicos por conocer en el país. El turismo emergente1 surge como la respuesta a un cambio en los gustos de los viajeros, que en la actualidad buscan destinos reconocidos por su singularidad, diferencia y autenticidad, permitiendo a países en vía de desarrollo, enfocarse a mostrar sus recursos naturales y recursos turísticos. En el caso de Colombia, la diversidad en lugares emergentes, permiten que el país cuente con una alta oferta en actividades turísticas, cómo turismo de aventura, sol y playa, naturaleza, turismo verde, historia y cultura, gastronomía, cruceros y hoteles de lujo, los cuales permiten que el país proyecte su potencial al mundo. El auge del turismo emergente ha crecido de tal manera, que actualmente representa unos de los principales ingresos económicos de países en vía de desarrollo, generando a su vez, desarrollo cultural de las regiones y compromisos de los ciudadanos por proteger y preservar las distintas plazas emergentes. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), por medio del Comité de Patrimonio Mundial, promueve la identificación, protección y la reservación del patrimonio cultural y natural de todo el mundo considerado valioso para la humanidad. Colombia actualmente cuenta con siete piezas que han sido declaradas patrimonio de la humanidad por la UNESCO; el Parque Nacional de los Katíos, el Parque Arqueológico Nacional de Tierradentro, el Parque Arqueológico de San Agustín, el Centro Histórico de Santa Cruz de Mompóx, el Corregimiento de San Basilio de Palenque y el Santuario de Fauna y Flora Malpelo, el puerto, fortalezas y conjunto monumental de Cartagena2 , los cuales reafirman a Colombia como destino turístico de talla internacional y a su vez, son el eje central de esta investigación, debido a la importancia cultural, material e inmaterial y el compromiso del pueblo colombiano de intervenir en su gestión, protección y salvaguardia. Los sitios declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO para Colombia, son un ejemplo de crecimiento, conservación y desarrollo de las zonas emergentes del país. Estas zonas han sido puestas a disposición del turismo, mostrando que turismo y naturaleza pueden ir de la mano. El trabajo de conservación de los sitios declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO, han motivado, a través del Ministerio de Cultura, la creación de la Dirección de Patrimonio en Colombia, como una estrategia para fomentar la participación ciudadana, encaminada hacia la apropiación social del patrimonio cultural y el respeto por la diversidad cultural. Por su parte, la Organización Mundial de Turismo (OMT) hace referencia al turismo emergente como un "fenómeno económico y social, se ha convertido en uno de los principales actores del comercio internacional y representa al tiempo una de las principales fuentes de ingresos de numerosos países en desarrollo" (OMT, 2011, par. 2). Sin embargo, en el caso de Colombia, la violencia y el narcotráfico, a partir de los años ochenta, se convirtieron en la barrera que impedía que el país fuese visto como un producto confiable para invertir y visitar. Por ende, en pos de potencializar el turismo, el Gobierno colombiano ha aumentado la inversión para fortalecer la infraestructura turística y mejorar la imagen y promoción de los destinos emergentes con el fin de generar crecimiento económico en las regiones. En este contexto, en el año 2006, de mano del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo (Min Turismo) se creó la marca país "Colombia es pasión", con el fin de respaldar la imagen del país, bajo una marca que pretendió generar percepciones positivas tanto interna como externamente.
Analizando la realidad nacional frente al tema de construcción de imagen país, es necesario evaluar las respuestas tanto positivas como negativas que la Marca País ha generado en la percepción que se tiene de Colombia y que contribuyeron a que los extranjeros tomaran la decisión de visitar el país. "Colombia es pasión" inicialmente trabajó a nivel interno, logrando cambiar la percepción que los mismos colombianos tenían del país y generando respuestas positivas y sentimiento de identidad con el país, lo que ayudó a dar otra visión a nivel externo. Como consecuencia de esto, actualmente el país está perfilado como uno de los destinos más visitados en el turismo internacional. Partiendo de la situación descrita anteriormente, la presente investigación establece un marco temporal, los años 2008 a 2012, para analizar las estrategias comunicacionales internas que favorecieron el posicionamiento de Colombia como destino turístico emergente en la demanda internacional. Iniciando en el año 2008, con la campaña "Colombia es pasión" a nivel internacional y cerrando en el año 2012, con el relanzamiento de la marca país y los nuevos objetivos comunicacionales. El relanzamiento de la marca país Colombia, es muestra de la evolución del país en materia de imagen, a nivel internacional. "Colombia realismo mágico" (2012) hace parte del desarrollo y el cambio que ha mostrado el país ante el mundo en el tema de seguridad, a su vez, potencia el turismo, que actualmente es uno de los motores de crecimiento del país, después del petróleo y el carbón. Para esto, es necesario hacer un recorrido de lo que se ha trabajado de Colombia a nivel interno y externo, indagar por qué fueron favorables los cambios del país, mostrando una imagen renovada ante el mundo. Un producto bien percibido genera confianza, lo mismo ocurre con un país. Una imagen país bien gestionada, con objetivos comunicacionales contundentes, permiten que un país –como es el caso de Colombia– evolucione y crezca económicamente.
Objetivo general
Como Objetivo General se propone analizar las estrategias comunicacionales internas entre los años 2008 a 2012 de marca país, y su incidencia en el desarrollo y posicionamiento de Colombia como destino turístico en el ámbito internacional y su contribución al crecimiento de los destinos turísticos emergentes nacionales.
Objetivos específicos
El análisis de las estrategias comunicacionales lleva a plantear de una serie de objetivos específicos que se van desarrollando a lo largo de la investigación, los cuales se mencionan a continuación: • Analizar las piezas graficas empleadas en las dos etapas —interna y externa— de la marca país "Colombia es pasión". • Identificar y analizar los nuevos destinos turísticos emergentes en Colombia a partir de la selección de lugares "patrimonio de la humanidad" elaborada por la UNESCO. • Determinar el crecimiento del turismo mediante un análisis estadístico durante el periodo seleccionado.
• Analizar, la posición actual y las transformaciones de Colombia como destino turístico internacional durante el periodo propuesto.
Contenido de los capítulos
En el primer capítulo se analizaron los conceptos claves de la investigación que ayudaron a descubrir el impacto generado, a través de la imagen país en el posicionamiento de Colombia como destino turístico emergente en la demanda internacional. Las estrategias comunicacionales dirigidas correctamente benefician el crecimiento y desarrollo de un país. En el caso de Colombia, el aprovechamiento de los lugares emergentes y la inyección de capital en las regiones, han motivado que el país, a través de las entidades gubernamentales y privadas, promocione y promueva el cambio de imagen a nivel interno y externo. El capítulo dos muestra la evolución del turismo tradicional al turismo emergente, hace un recuento de los tipos de turismo que Colombia tiene para ofrecer a los turistas y señala el listado de los siete sitios declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO para Colombia. El capítulo tres hace un análisis de identidad y simbólico de la marca país "Colombia es Pasión" a través de las características que hicieron que el país se identificara con la marca y se apropiara de ella. El capítulo cuarto realiza un análisis del proceso socio-cultural que se ha llevado a cabo a partir del posicionamiento de Colombia como destino turístico emergente en la demanda internacional, a través de entrevistas a actores vinculados en la evolución de las plazas emergentes del país y un estudio estadísticos de datos secundarios obtenidos de entidades oficiales.
Hipótesis
La hipótesis plantea que desde el año 2008 al 2012, las estrategias de comunicación aplicadas a la marca país Colombia contribuyeron a fortalecer la preferencia de sus destinos turísticos emergentes en la demanda internacional.
Antecedentes y Estado de la Cuestión
Al hablar de posicionamiento es ineludible referirse a fuentes bibliográficas que brindan información y demuestran la necesidad que se tuvo de generar una nueva imagen como aliciente a un cambio del contexto social del país. De la mano de consultores como David Logthle, se han desarrollado estrategias que han tenido tanto éxito como en el cas de Colombia y han logrado dar el paso de ser países poco conocidos o mal conceptuados a mostrarse como potencias emergentes en oferta turística. Con relación al estudio de marca país, existen diversas investigaciones que dan un plano panorámico de lo importante que este tema ha resultado en ciertos países que han optado por cambiar su posicionamiento desde este ámbito. Autores como Michael Porter (1994) en su libro "Creando la ventaja competitiva de Colombia", desarrollaron las posibilidades de abrirse a oportunidades competitivas en el ámbito internacional y generar apertura económica. Por otro lado las monografías universitarias aportan un panorama importante en cuestión de investigaciones relacionadas con la marca país "Colombia es Pasión". En primer lugar la investigación de autores como Lina María Echeverri, Eduardo Rosker y Martha Lucía Restrepo (2008), bajo el título de "El país como una marca. Estudio del caso: Colombia es Pasión", muestran resultados sobre la creación y puesta en marcha de la marca país "Colombia es pasión", el recorrido logrado desde el análisis de las raíces colombianas para la creación del logo, hasta las acciones y resultados de la marca país. En segundo lugar, la monografía escrita por Paola Andrea Villa Araque (2009) bajo el título "Hacia una estrategia de marca país: caso: "Colombia es Pasión" estuvo orientada a mostrar la importancia de la creación de una estrategia de marca país, la mala imagen del país, los beneficios para el sector privado de una marca país y los orígenes de "Colombia es Pasión". En tercer lugar la monografía de Oscar Mauricio Salazar Loaiza (2009) bajo el nombre "Ideología de la marca país "Colombia es Pasión" de estuvo orientada a mostrar la ideología e identidad colombiana, la publicidad, persuasión ideológica y análisis semántico y visual de algunas de las piezas de la estrategia comunicacional de "Colombia es Pasión". En cuarto lugar la investigación realizada por Carolina Salazar Silva y Daniela Segovia Segrera (2009) bajo el nombre "análisis crítico de la marca Colombia es Pasión. Su estrategia, componentes y efectividad, tuvo como objetivo analizar porque es necesaria una marca país, los beneficios, hace un recorrido por diferentes marcas país exitosas a nivel mundial y por último expone el caso "Colombia es Pasión", orientando la investigación a la responsabilidad Social Empresarial. Dichas investigaciones son algunos de los registros más significativos que existen de universidades colombianas con respecto al tema de creación de la marca país "Colombia es Pasión". Por otro lado, los pilares de la presente investigación se centraron en autores que referencia conceptos como posicionamiento, marca país, comunicación estratégica, estrategias de publicidad, evolución del turismo y turismo emergente. Estos conceptos, dan referencia –para este caso en específico– de la importancia que tiene, para un país, estar bien posicionado tanto interna como externamente. El desarrollo económico, aprovechamiento de recursos, la inversión, son algunos de los temas que motivan una campaña país. Esta investigación tuvo como fin analizar las diferentes estrategias implementadas en la marca país "Colombia es Pasión" y que ayudaron al desarrollo de los destinos turísticos emergentes de Colombia. Mostrando la importancia que tiene el desarrollo de los destinos turísticos en el crecimiento económico de un las diferentes zonas emergentes del país. Marca país Colombia, a través de sus campañas "Muestra tu pasión" y "Colombia el riesgo es que te quieras quedar", mostraron el compromiso del sector gubernamental y privado de trabajar en pro de cambiar la imagen negativa, que durante años fueron referentes del conflicto interno del país a nivel internacional. Las políticas de seguridad que el país implementó de mano del gobierno nacional y el desarrollo del proyecto marca país, creado con objetivos contundentes de mejorar la percepción del país, fueron fundamentales en la evolución de Colombia como destino turístico emergente y el posicionamiento positivo en la demanda internacional. La marca país enmarcó objetivos que a largo plazo han dado frutos positivos, el trabajo que se ha realizado seguirá siendo continuo, ya que permite que el país ambicione no solo con el incremento de turistas o inversión extranjera, a su vez, incentiva el crecimiento interno de infraestructura, educación y compromiso de los colombianos por mantener y preservar las reservas naturales del país. En el caso de los destinos turísticos emergentes, la preservación de las zonas emergentes, de mano del gobierno nacional y el incentivo por el desarrollo de las regiones, han generado que el país, actualmente cuente con una alta oferta turística atrayente y diferente para los turistas.
Línea Temática de la Investigación
La línea temática de esta investigación se alinea a medios y estrategias de comunicación, la importancia actual de una estrategia comunicacional orientada correctamente y con fines específicos, permiten, como en este caso, evidenciar un proceso de cambio a largo plazo. La correcta utilización de medios masivos cómo la radio, televisión, eventos e internet, son motores fundamentales, para trasmitir un mensaje. En el caso de "Colombia es pasión", la comunicación positiva, ha generado las respuestas esperadas en el cambio de imagen del país externamente. El proyecto comunicacional planeado para "Colombia es pasión" ha fomentado un crecimiento positivo para el país, el trabajo continuo y liderado por un país entero, genera que el compromiso por potencializar un país sea en conjunto y a su vez beneficie diferentes sectores. Los países en vía de desarrollo, necesitan incentivos de capital para desarrollarse, crecer y evolucionar. Seguir trabajando, desde otra perspectiva comunicacional, es un aliciente al trabajo logrado a través de los años, como es el caso de Colombia. "Colombia es Pasión" fue una estrategia comunicacional que nació y murió con el tiempo a medida en que el un país crecía y cambiaba su entorno económico. Colombia ha tenido un desarrollo importante y estas referencias se ven para este caso, en la amplia oferta turística emergente con la que cuenta actualmente y las nuevas campañas comunicacionales orientadas a aprovechar la nueva imagen que el país ha logrado externamente y que ha fomentado el desarrollo de los diferentes sectores económicos.
Notas
1. Los destinos turísticos emergentes, son territorios próximos a centros turísticos de gran interés, disfrutan de unas ciertas actividades turísticas que puede ser mejorada. Pero no constituyen por sí mismos destinos convencionales.
2. El Puerto, fortalezas y conjunto monumental de Cartagena, fue el primer sitio elegido Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 1984, actualmente es uno de los lugares referencia de turismo en Colombia a nivel mundial por su alto potencial turístico.

Ralph G. Crandall, September 30, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Ralph Crandall. The interview was conducted on September 30, 2013, by Lorrie Rands and recorded by Avery Pince. Ralph discusses his experiences with 25th Street. ; 24p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Ralph G. Crandall Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 30 September 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Ralph G. Crandall Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 30 September 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Crandall, Ralph, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 30 September 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Ralph G. Crandall September 30, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Ralph Crandall. The interview was conducted on September 30, 2013, by Lorrie Rands and recorded by Avery Pince. Ralph discusses his experiences with 25th Street. LR: It is Monday, September 30th, 2013. We are in the home of Mr. Ralph Crandall in Ogden, Utah and we are conducting an oral history interview of historic 25th street, of Ogden, then and now, if you will. My name is Lorrie Rands and I will be conducting the interview and Avery Pince is the assistant. So we'll just get right into it. When are where were you born? RC: What year was I born? LR: Yes, when and where. RC: 1922, July 22nd. I was born in Morgan. Just up Weber Canyon, lived there for a couple of months is all. My father had gone from Morgan down to the Southern Pacific Shops and they had a strike that year and he went through the strike because the strike men were dismissed and new ones had to come in. He was a farmer up there and he was a machinist when he got down here. He was capable of being a machinist with the amount of mechanical work he done on his farm equipment and that type of thing I suppose. It was rare that they made a person machinist but that's what he was, his career. And so, he couldn't get out of the shops because if you broke the picket line, you was liable to get injured because there was pretty good animosity going on there. My Grandmother, his mother lived down on about 26th and Wall Ave. The picket line wouldn't harm the women and she could bring some food into him at times but it was a couple months after 1 I was born that he sent for my mom and me, and my mom's older sister, who acted as a surrogate mom, so-to-speak, for the family. Dad's first wife that died of the flu of 1918 and he had three children under four years old. My mom was born in North Ogden and he was born in Pleasant View. And he knew my mom during the school-time. Both now around 30 years old, my mom was the youngest of her family and she was left with her mom and an invalid sister because the rest of them just moved away: so she ended up as the care taker by default sort of. When Dad's first wife died he had found out my mom was still single, so he headed to her home in North Ogden to see if she'd come and take his children and be his wife. And I'm the second born of that union. I had a sister that was born a year or so ahead of me but she died immediately after birth, so I'm the oldest of that family. We moved down to Ogden, of course, to be a family. I grew up in Ogden. LR: And where in Ogden did you grow up? RC: Well, our first place we lived at 1072 Oak Street. Mom grew up on a farm more-less and Dad was a farmer, with three children from him, myself and a sister that come along, they moved out to 2nd and Adams Avenue, still in Ogden it had an acre of ground attached to it and we was able to have produce and farm vegetables, a cow and the things people needed to survive in those days. Since he worked at the shops, Southern Pacific round house near 22nd and Wall Avenue for the locomotives coming in off to the rails for repairs. They called it a round house because the locomotives were put on sort of a revolving deck in the middle of this and they'd come in on the tracks and they'd rotate that 2 deck to a side track to work on those locomotives on those side areas, so it was a huge round building and they called it a round house. I can remember going in there when the strike was settled and seeing a lot of things that he accomplished. The locomotives in those days were all steam and the big barrel over the wheels of the locomotives was a boiler. The coal and the wood and whatever was used for the heat were pitched in by a fireman and there was an engineer who ran the locomotive. The boiler would build up steam and the steam would provide the propulsion for the locomotive to pull freight. There was this one thing that was quite interesting. I don't know if anybody ever realized it but those locomotives had tires on the wheels. They called them the tire, and you look at a tire and it's something you put on a car and its rubber but this wasn't rubber, it was steel. The wheels of the locomotive were cast iron, too soft to run on the rails, so they put a rim of steel around that wheel. Now, that wheel was, like six foot tall, this rim was about an inch thick and about three inches wide and it would fit over the flange of the cast iron wheel. So, they called that rim a tire. To repair this, they had a gas fired ring that spewed flames out and they'd put this ring close to the wheel of the locomotive and they'd have this fire running on natural gas and the idea was to get that ring hot and since everything expands when you get it hot, well that was gauged in such a way that the rim, the tire, was put on the rim after it got hot enough and it slid onto the wheel and this man had to be accurate enough to drive that tire on that wheel in such a way that it was against the flange because when it hit the cold cast iron it would shrink up and it would shrink up and seize onto that wheel. And that's what they did for all locomotives for the driving 3 wheels. There is an interesting thing about that propulsion too, the pistons were in a barrel type-thing with steam running to it and then this piston had an arm that went to the wheel and a ram effect, and if the ram is pushed forward, it makes the wheel rotate and that was how they'd get the propulsion to run a steam locomotive and anything that's round. Even in ships with paddle wheels and things like that. They had this steam type-thing. I couldn't begin to tell you what year but it was first invented for steam ships on the ocean and then it was converted to locomotives. Interesting thing that crossed my mind, if the locomotive stopped and it was on dead-center, meaning that the arm that pushed the wheel around was absolutely horizontal to the wheel, and it was on dead center, that locomotive couldn't move, no matter how much steam you put to it, it wouldn't work. So they had to get the locomotive off dead-center so that the arm could be moved up or down from the center so that it could have purchase power to drive the wheel. It used to be a saying to somebody working in that and if you didn't put out work, you were on dead-center, you weren't doing anything. But getting back to the wheel of the locomotive, they used to use a pinch bar. A man would come up with leverage using a pinch bar which was a steel rod about an inch and a half or so in diameter and the end was a wedge shape and he would put that right under the wheel at the track and just by man power he could move that up because of the leverage he had and move that locomotive just enough so that it wasn't on dead-center so that it could begin to get locomotion. LR: So, you learned all of this from watching your dad? 4 RC: Just learned all of that by watching my dad. There's another thing that might be useful information that is interesting to talk about. When there is steam, no, smoke come out of the engine you've heard the old saying when you grow up as a kid, the engine is a chu-chu, chu-chu engine, and the chu-chu is when that piston would go back and forth and it would cause that sound. Because of the amount of heat that is generated in these boilers, the stack that goes out of the top of the locomotive to dispel steam from the boiler is round, chimney like, for the smoke to get out. But you couldn't use a gasket under that because the heat of the steam was too hot, it would burn up everything they used for gaskets. So they had to take this stack, they called it a nozzle and they would have to machine it the best they could on a machine and then set it up on top of the locomotive. And this nozzle weighed tons—many, many pounds. Then they would put iron filings between the top of the boiler and this nozzle stand and they would just sit there and slide that back and forth using iron filings until it wore down to where the surface was smooth enough that when you bolted it down it was sealed. So they didn't use a gasket, they just tightened it up but they had to make this absolutely flat and absolutely made it and that motion back and forth wore that down, just like grinding, until it would come to the point where they could look at it and find there was no ridges or grooves. Then there were numerous bolts around this nozzle stand that hooked onto the boiler of the locomotive and pulled it down tight. He would work on that nozzle stand with the bar with arm power he would move that back and forth for days and days until it 5 got to the point where it smoothed down to where it could be bolted down to the top of the steam engine and make it hold. LR: So did you guys live close to the station then? RC: Well, we lived on 20th and Madison and this was on 22nd and Wall. So I had to go from Madison to Jefferson to Adams to Wall and over two blocks and the round house was only a block below Wall, so you could figure that I was about a half to three-quarters a mile away. On a bicycle you could do that in a short time. I would take lunch to Dad from time-to-time if he didn't have time to get it before he left. The round house is gone now; I don't remember when it was removed. The steam locomotives are gone now. You see them come with museums and as a museum and they come to Ogden once a year or so. These half a dozen in the United States go to different parts of the country so that people could see what steam locomotives were and what steam engines were. Those wheels were, some of them on those big engines were higher than a man, even some as tall as eight feet high. I don't know if you've been down to the station and seen those but that's what they do and let people come in and see those and how that was in the past years. LR: Cool. So, you would take food down to your dad. What else? I know that we, last we talked about the fact that you delivered newspapers when you were younger. CR: Well, but that didn't have anything to do with the railroad. We got off, it just so happened that 25th street was the passenger station for the passengers to board trains. I guess that's a thing of the past as well. We don't even have any passenger trains that come through Ogden anymore. We have freight that comes 6 through Ogden. But your question about newspapers. I must have been about 13 or thereabouts when that time came along that I delivered newspapers and I had a route between 24th and Lincoln to 28th and Lincoln and west as far as the tracks. As for residences, there wasn't many when you got to wall, because it was all railroad tracks. Even in that yard now, there are acres upon acres of train tracks, and they've all been removed now, except major tracks that go through. But the newspaper route I had, I only lasted about a year with that. I delivered to the residents that mostly lived on 25th street but also what residences there were, north and south sides of 25th street. On Wall there is a hotel that still stands. It's called the Royal Hotel and that was built for the porters and waiters that handled the dinner cars on the railroad and a lot of the people I delivered newspapers to lived down along Wall. There was quite a few houses between 26th and 28th street on the west side and on the eastside as well. South of 25th to 28th and then north of 25th to 24th, that's where the paper route was. I never had much to do with the people that I delivered to because someone else collected the money, the route manager usually did the collecting. LR: What do you remember about the businesses then or the buildings on 25th street during that time? CR: Well, there was a nice hotel on the northeast corner of 25th and Wall, called the Broom Hotel. It had a nice big foyer in the middle and then I don't remember how tall it was, a couple of stories I guess. It was a really nice place. Early in the years of the railroad town of Ogden there were a lot of dignitaries who would come including presidents of the United States and people from foreign 7 countries, and that was the hotel they usually stayed in. After the Broom Hotel, the new hotel was the Ben Lomond Hotel in the southeast corner on 25th and Washington so the broom hotel has been removed. But there is still some of those hotels down there on 25th that are still being used, but most of that is commercial now and it's kind of a setting of store fronts from antiques to clothing to food to anything you can think of. There have been pawn-brokers down there, even diners. In 1937, when I had my paper route, Ogden was notorious for, some call them flop houses. They were prostitution houses really. Being in a railroad town, I suppose that is to be expected. But my contact was just simply delivering papers and I only lasted about a year. As far as the buildings down there now, I find that there is much commercialism going on down on 25th street between Wall and Washington than there is on Washington now, which is kind of a turnaround—you could call 25th street kind of the old town of Ogden. LR: I know last time we talked about the JC Penny's and I can't remember how that fits into the timeline but you managed to obtain a job at JC Penny. Would you tell that story? RC: We lived on Madison Avenue between 20th and 21st on the east side and on the west side of the street lived, the manager of JCPenny, his name was Lester Bergeron, I can remember that. He walked to work. JCPenny was on the northwest corner of 24th and Washington and during that time I was putting a bicycle together. I didn't have money to buy a bike, but I scrounged up parts. Frames, wheels and handle bars and things like that and put this bicycle together. This Mr. Bergeron was seeing me because I was out in the open, I 8 didn't have any place to work in the back, I'd work on the sidewalk right in front of the house and one day he came over. I knew him, but I don't know if he knew that I knew him but anyway, he asked me if I would come to the store. I said: "Yes I'd like to." and he said: "Well, I'd like to hire you." And so I went to the store and he took me down into the basement, into a room. In those days, there were sidewalks all over Ogden by stores that had a freight entry and it was two big steel doors over a hole. The hole was about eight-foot square with these two doors at four-foot of that and they would open up from the middle and swing down and lay on the sidewalk and the freight would be delivered into those holes. From inside of those holes, they would take the freight into the different parts of the departments of the different buildings, where ever they happened to be. They opened these doors into this huge room and all I could see is cardboard boxes. He said, "Now, in those cardboard boxes are toys for Christmas and for the Christmas season." He took the first box down and opened it up and whatever was in there, you put that together. And you put that box on a pile over there. Each time you'd gain some space and pretty soon you had the room minus the boxes and full of toys. I can remember wagons, little tricycles, little scooters, little baby buggies, little trains that little kids would sit on and scoot with their feet. Numerous toys, I can't even remember all of them. That was my job and it was well worth it because it was depression time and to have a job of any kind, let alone a kid like myself, it was needed because the family was pretty destitute as far as groceries and things were concerned and that was an income. I think I made 50 cents an hour, I don't really remember. But 50 cents an hour, I don't 9 know what inflation would do with 50 cents an hour from '37 to now. That's kind of an interesting question, somebody might get ahold of that and see what its worth from them to now. I'd hate to guess. LR: I'd think it's a pretty good wage. AP: I would too. Especially for the times. LR: After you joined the military service and got back here into Ogden, you opened up your own business and were able to provide a service to Ogden. Can you talk a little bit about that? RC: When I first got out of the military, I was separated from the military in southern California. I got a job in California, for the state of the California. Kind of an interesting thing that happened there. I was in my grubbies, I was working on my car and I passed the employment service and I walked in. I had kind of a greasy t-shirt and whatever you have working on a car and they wouldn't give me the time of day. They thought I was a vagrant I suppose and I walked out of there and I thought, "Well, that was a dumb thing to do," Since I was an officer in the Navy and I actually flew airplanes in the Navy, the next day I put on my uniform and walked into the employment office and boy they rolled out the red carpet and I got a job the very next day interviewing service people at the San Pedro Naval Port, where the seamen were discharged. My job was to interview them and give them the certain options they had and answer questions they had ask employment and some of the things that were available to returning veterans there. My point about this is that if you are looking for employment, just simply be prepared and dress like you need a job and want one. It wasn't too many years 10 ago, I volunteered for about 11 year's right here, in my later life to give people pointers on employment because I had my own business. My employment was in California. I used to go around to different businesses and see if they would employ people and I became interested in utility trailers, box trailers. I guess the common name for them now is U-Haul, but I thought that it would be a good thing to do. I didn't see any when I was still here in Ogden so I bought 30 of them. I had them built, just the frames of them. I had them shipped from California to Ogden and put them together here, such as putting the boards on for the side walls, boards for the floors and I had to get tires and tubes for the wheels to put them together so they could be useable. This was in July of 1946. I was separated out of the Navy in December of '45, so were talking about a six month period from the time I was released from the Navy to when I got back here in Ogden. I had them shipped to my parents' home—ended up on the River Bridge at 1828 Washington which was right on the river, on the east side, right on the river bank. It was a small building I rented from an individual. I had about a third of an acre around there and I set the trailers out on the ground and I rented them out. I provided a service to people that needed to haul things and go hunting with them, a lot of things like that—kind of a forerunner to what's going on nowadays. Trailer businesses are immense now. I went on that river bridge in 1946 and was there until 1951. That year the river flooded and it sort of wiped out the ground part that I was located on. I had to run it all by myself because there wasn't income for anybody else. I kept track of where the trailers were rented, where the people lived that rented them and I put 11 them on a map of the city and kind of watched where the dots were. It moved the center point of where I figured was a good place to be, quite a ways south. I ended up at 3776 Wall Avenue. This was on the east side of Wall and at that time there had been a shop building built by the person in the iron railing business and he quit or retired or something and I took that property over. Interesting thing, if you went south on Wall Avenue from Ogden City when you got to 36th street, between there and Riverdale Road, there was nothing but dirt then. So I had to go up 36th to Lincoln and then South to get onto Riverdale Road, but my strategy was to move to where there was sort of a center point of the area and that's why I went out there. I expanded on that building, I hired different people to work for me from time to time. Otherwise, I pretty much had to do things myself. I'd go from sort of hand to mouth for income, which I guess you could say wasn't a very good idea, but it worked out. I built an addition to that building and then in about in 1951 or '52 along in there. Now, before I went in the service, I had a friend, I asked him if he would like to join the business. Because he had a job and there wasn't enough income for both of us, he had to stay with the job he had until we could build a store. Then we pretty much turned partners for the next 34-35 years. I ended up with frontage on Riverdale Road and Wall Avenue and all that area through there. Actually, I was in South Ogden City. Where Chimes View Drive runs through the property was the border line between Ogden and South Ogden and I was on the Southside. So I was actually in South Ogden. I went from trailers to rental equipment, wheel barrows, cement mixers, tillers, and all kinds of different equipment and ended up as a RV dealer selling 12 travel trailers and motorhomes, pick-up campers and all that type of thing. I retired in 1986 after 40 years in that. LR: So from your vantage point, as you were able to watch Ogden grow and expand, was it interesting to see how Ogden changed? RC: Oh man, sure it was! Actually, on the corner of 36th and Lincoln, there was a drive-in theater there. It was a night-time thing and I could've bought that corner that time for $25,000, I remember that, but I could barely come up with the $8,000 it took to buy the place that I had bought at 3776 Wall. Now, if you fast forward from 1946 until now you got that whole corner that is Costco and it takes most everything from 36th street to the bluff of the road that drops down into the property of Costco, and the only other thing on the corner is the America First Credit Union there. Interestingly enough, I don't know how long they've been there or when they came, but now the America First Credit Union is building a building on the corner, the northwest corner of Washington and 21st street and going from there, as far as expanding is concerned—and gracious me, as far as the growth of Ogden. When I was living on Madison in the first part of my school days, I went to the Dee School in first grade, to the Madison school on 24th and Madison for something like the fifth grade and then went up to 27th and Adams for Central Junior High School and then to Ogden High School for graduation from Ogden High in 1940. I went three years at Ogden High. Getting back to what I first started to tell you, I can remember a black smith's shop between 22nd and 23rd on the east side of Washington that took big work horses and saddle horses and put shoes on the horses. I was going to try to 13 tell you the name of the black smith in there, I can't quite remember that but maybe I will. I can remember going into that blacksmith's shop and watching him take just a rod of iron and putting it in a hearth and getting it red hot and pounding it on, part of a railroad track, actually they called it an Anvil, and he'd hammer that flat and make it into the shape of a horse shoe and punch holes into it and nail it onto a horse's hoof. Some of those work horse's had hooves as big as a dinner plate, I can tell you that for sure. Interesting that he could put what you call a cork on those shoes. He would bend the iron down on the back of the two pointed edges and the circle part on the front he pounded out a cork, they call them a cork, it was a wedge that would clip into the ground for the horse instead of having just a flat horseshoe, they would have three corks that would dig into the earth, so they couldn't slip when they were going. Later on, I can remember, it might even been that same black smiths shop, a car dealer, sold cars in there. His name was Jesse Chase and they were lined up in this building. I guess he had about 50 cars in there. Further south, there was implement dealers, those buildings right now are being renovated. There's sports stores in there but they were originally used to sell Conestoga Wagons. The wagons like the pioneers came across the plains in. They sold plows, bailing machinery and tractors, swaths, cutting, hay cutting machines, hay bailer machines. I think it was called Steven's Implement Company. Further south and back behind the Ben Lomond Hotel on Ogden Avenue between 25th and 26th was the old Weber Central Dairy. You could go in there and you could buy a cup of buttermilk for a nickel and if you didn't have the 14 nickel you got the buttermilk anyways because it was depression time. In those early days, boy, I'll tell you, a lot of kids and a lot of people would end up down there getting that buttermilk. I don't know how they work things out now at dairies for buttermilk but we got buttermilk then. That brings me to another story when we lived at 2026 Madison. About the same times as the JC Penny circumstance. I got the idea that I wanted to be a cowboy and I wanted a horse and the stadium down by the river at the end of Madison avenue, north and down to the river was my motivation. They started rodeos down there in 1935. My dad says: "I don't know how we can work out having a horse," but he thought about it a little bit. Over in the north side of the cemetery on the east side of Madison at about the 19th block, there was Wheelwright Construction Company. They had a gravel pit and springs which ran water west to Madison. My dad contacted the Wheelwright Construction Company and wanted to know, could we put a corral on that stream so that the horse could have drinking water and I could have my horse. The downside of that was we had to take cow because we couldn't afford to feed a horse, but we could take the milk and sell it to buy hay for the cow and the horse and we worked it out that way so I could have my horse. That summer, I rode down Madison north down to the river to the bottom of the hill, down the flat part—you can go down there anytime and see that it's blocked off from Madison, but you can still go down to the river and see it. In 1935 there was a rodeo guy in a tent there and his name was Monty Montana. He was hired by the first rodeo committee to be a trick rider and a roper. Because I was on my horse, I ended up riding for him to 15 practice down on that flat. Then, when he went into the rodeo, I hauled all of those ropes in there for him to use each night they had that rodeo. I can remember a lot of the people down in the Ogden Stadium, I can't remember all their names but I can remember a couple people, some people I would even remember now. There was a man by the name of Yakama Kunut, there was a man by the name of Jazbo Fulkerson, there was Monty Montana, and Slim Pickens was also one of the guys that would come to perform at the rodeo in the rodeo season. There were numerous other people I never did get acquainted with. I was enthused by it because I thought it something I would be as a cowboy someday. LR: And you ended up with your own business selling trailers. RC: I ended up with my own business. LR: Good for you. RC: I don't know if you wanted to go back to England about something, when I was in the military. Is that interesting at all? LR: If you would like to talk about it. RC: Well, I spent the year of 1944 in England and I was flying as a pilot in a four-engine bomber and our mission was to keep the German U-boat from knocking out our shipping. And the R&R, the recreation part of our stay in England was a pub. The people over there at the pub, when they would see movies from The United States, they saw John Wayne and people like him and others that were in movies, they found out I'm from Utah and since I didn't look like an Indian, I had to be a cowboy. As far as they knew, there were only cowboys and 16 Indians in Utah; that was the mindset of the people over there. This pub, I mean they were just local people, farmers mostly. There wasn't much of anything commercial but this big airport nearby. But anyway, trying to get on with the story, this one farmer, he had a horse and every time he would get on it, it would buck him off. They got to reasoning that if I was a cowboy from Utah and wasn't an Indian that I was able to do something with horses to keep them from bucking people off. I didn't have much of a choice. I got kind of ramrodded into that situation. So, I agreed to do that because I grew up pretty much with horses. I made a date and went over to this guy's place and so help me that was the biggest, tallest horse I've ever seen in my life. It wasn't anything like the ones I rode at home. I had to get up on to that horse and I looked at the thing they called a saddle, it looked more like a postage stamp to me. It wasn't very big. It had a seat alright, but no horn to hang onto, no pommel, no back seat or anything like that. But it did have straps across the back and across the front of that saddle and they could adjust those straps to the girth that went around the belly of the horse. Depending on how far the withers was up on the back of the horse so that the saddle would fit. If you'd lengthen the back strap and shorten up the front strap, the saddle would go forward. If you'd lengthen the front strap and tighten up the back straps, it would push the saddle back. So I looked at the straps and by the time I got through looking, I noticed that the buckle, on the right rear of the saddle that the buckle was flopped clear over and twisted for some reason or another I couldn't figure that out at the time. I undone the buckle and hooked the strap so that it was flat. In my head I got to thinkin', "That buckle was 17 twisted and that buckle stood up on its edge rather than flat." My mind said to me, 'When that guy as he rode he hit the seat of that saddle and that saddle hit that buckle and that buckle would hit those ribs and off he'd come." And that's the first thing I did is flatten that out. So, in order to get on that horse, he had to give me a leg and practically throw me up. When I got up there and get in the saddle, he backed up because he knew that I was going to get piled off, but nope! I just road that horse all over the place, just had a blast. I looked at the ground that was all plowed out there and thought, "Well, if I got bucked off, that's not too bad to land on." But, you know, I gained the reputation of the world's best cowboy over there in England at that pub because I fixed that buckle and I never told them that I changed that buckle, I just let them believe that I was a pretty good cowboy. LR: That's a great story, thank you for sharing it. Coming back into the United States now, there was another story that you told that we would love to hear again. It was about the Ogden City Cemetery when you graduated from high school, the pick-axe and the shovel. RC: Okay, alright. The year is 1940, the year I graduated from high school. In the spring of that year the individual that was a cemetery sextant, was a member of the bishop of the church and he looked out for youngsters. I was pretty ambitious and I got hired. There were about six teams of adults and a younger person like myself and we had a part of the cemetery to cut grass. Ours went from Jefferson to Madison, back to the middle of the cemetery up to Madison and back to 20th and that square was our part. We had a push mower, a real type of mower where 18 the blades twirled and cut the grass that way. There was enough grass in the area that it took five days to mow and you'd get to the point where you would start over each week. Sometime during that summer time there were more graves to be dug than grave-diggers. So they recruited a couple of us guys, but I guess I can only remember myself, but they drove four stakes in the ground and said here is a pick and here is a shovel. Go ahead and dig that hole down in between those four points until you can't see over the top of the ground and that's going to be the grave for some individual. You'd pitch the dirt out on a pile and then you'd put an artificial grass mat over that pile to sort of hide the looks of it. Nowadays they haul that away. So in 1940, I did that and I'll fast forward to 1980, I'm a lot older and an adult now and I was called as the bishop of the ward that we live in, and as I was released from that position, the person by the name of Scott Smeddon, who happened to also be a school teacher as well as the Mayor of Ogden City, was called to fill the position of the bishop. I sat with him as kind of a courtesy to help him get the feel of conducting a funeral. Much to my surprise when we got to the cemetery, this is 40 years since I dug that grave. But guess what I saw there. I saw a dump-truck, a backhoe and a pick-up and there were five people there. There was a woman in the pick-up and a man in the dump-truck and a man on the backhoe and two other men leaning on shovels. And that whole scene was duplicated by my pick and shovel 40 years earlier. I did everything with a pick and shovel that they did with a dump truck, backhoe, pick-up and five people. That was a real surprise to me. It was interesting 19 because, I don't know, it's progress. I told Scott about that and he said, "Well, look at all the people you keep off the street nowadays." AP: You mentioned that you went to Ogden High School. Were you the second class of graduating seniors? RC: No. I think I was about the third class as I recall. I think '38, '39 and '40 graduated from Ogden High. I'm not positive about that but I'm quite sure that's about it. Because my brother whose older than I graduated from Ogden High, which is on the corner of 25th and Madison, before the building of the Ogden High School up at 28th and Harrison. They had an ROTC in the school. I didn't care for that. I just took a gym class instead. I didn't like those wool uniforms in the summertime. AP: I can't blame ya. LP: Yeah, yeah they do. I agree. AP: Do you remember anything else about Harm Perry? You said he started the rodeo—The Days of 47 Rodeo? RC: Not really. I can remember that his daughter, Rosanne, graduated from Ogden High the same year that I did. In fact, I think that was their only child, that Harm and his wife, Rosanne Perry, who is still living I'm quite sure. A good person. I was quite friendly with her. We had about 600 people in the class of Ogden High at that time I think. Probably one of the most interesting things that happened in that year at Ogden High was the choir, which I was in, went to the Music Educators National Conference in Los Angeles that year and performed in a Western United States, all by invitation. I don't remember how many people went, but I think we were restricted to about 50 or 60. Some kids didn't get to go 20 because they had to balance out among the four parts of the choir but I went. Other than that, there wasn't much that went on, as far as high school is concerned. I can't think of anything notorious. I did tumbling and that kind of exercise, climb ropes up to the ceiling and things like that. I did think about something though, I got pretty good at walking on my hands and I could walk around the entire gym on the black line, on my hands, clear around the perimeter of the basketball court, feet in the air. Nobody else could do that, I was the only one who did that. I don't want to brag. LR: It's okay. AP: Was your business close to 25th and Wall? RC: No, my business life was mostly at 37th and Wall. So, as far as the Union Station is concerned, going back to my father working for the Southern Pacific Railroad, I used to go to the Union Station a lot because we used to have passes on the train. Anywhere that the Southern Pacific went, we could get on the train free and ride. I spent my summers in California because my father's brother, Uncle Leo, lived in Alameda, California. The bridge that goes from San Francisco to over the bay area wasn't built then, it was a ferry boat then all the time. I spent two or three weeks down there each summer. I would get on the ferry first thing in the morning, with a pass to stay on it all day long and I would just watch the seagulls and watched ships and things go back and forth. Conductors never did bother us on the train cause they didn't even care about us, we just had a pass to California and back. 21 AP: You made a comment last time about how Ogden kind of changed after the railway kind of moved to Salt Lake. RC: Well, we don't even have any Amtrak in Ogden; we did have Amtrak for a while. I don't know how many years it's been gone. In the early part of the railroad, as far as the station and that was concerned, Ogden was more of a railroad town that Salt Lake because the trains came out of Weber Canyon from across Wyoming on the Union Pacific and join here. That sort of quit. I don't remember especially, it just sorta faded away like things do. You go from horses to cars and nowadays, we go from snail-mail to no mail at all, as far as first-class mail is concerned. I think we're in a world of hurt about the post office department right now. Technical advances in cyber-space has done so much. Looking at that camera now it's pretty small compared to in the past. The automobiles we're driving now and everything. People in space. Right now, in the paper this morning, it talked about two different private firms of delivering cargo to the space station, and doing it successfully, that's NASA and it's on its way out. LR: So did the closing of the railroad actually hurt a lot of the businesses on 25th street, did that effect your business at all? RC: No. Not as far as my business is concerned. LR: So it really was just centered, it really just hurt those on 25th street then. RC: Yeah. The only thing about 25th street is that it has lived with run down stores and run down places for years and years until the last 10 or so years and now it's back in full swing again. It's a lively part of Ogden and it's a vital part of Ogden as far as Saturday things that's going on. The farmers market is down there and 22 things like that. There is the federal building down there that's replaced some of the other stores. Golly, I wish I could remember all of the other names of some of these stores that it used to have. One of the famous stores in the Ogden City at that time was Ross and Jack's Café, its right where the bank sits on the corner of 25th and Washington. Not too many places I can recall but that was something that was pretty prominent was this particular café. You could buy a hamburger for a nickel. Actually, the movie picture building is interesting. It was the Egyptian Theater that has now been turned into a big commercial place for businesses and things that come in. But half a block west was the Paramount Theater on Ogden Avenue. Then there was the Lyceum Theater on 25th street, just below Grant on the south side, there was a moving picture firm east of Washington on the south side, no, the north side of 25th street. I forget the name of that one. There used to be a place called the White City, it was a ballroom up there on 25th Street. and it really a nice pretty place, people danced there. And then down on 24th, on the south side just below Grant is the Berthana, but that building is still there. They're going to renovate that, it was a dance hall that was really famous and they turned it into a roller-skating rink later on and now it's back refurbished to some degree. We used to go to dances down there but. So right now I'm so surprised when I drive around Ogden to see the many, many residential areas being built. Clear up to the mountain behind Weber State College, clear up to the shoreline of the old Bonneville Lake, even beyond when you get a little further south in to the Uinta area, that's even above the shoreline area, there is even homes up 23 there overlooking the city and going clear-out where it joins Harrisville and North Ogden. It's absolutely amazing. LR: I just have one more question, I don't know about you, Avery, but Ross and Jack's made me think of this. What was your favorite restaurant on 25th street? If you had you pick one of the many that were there. RC: As a restaurant is concerned, I didn't have any money to buy meals out of a restaurant. I could go to Ross and Jack's café and buy but it never dawned on me as a youth to go to restaurants and far be it for my family to either. But obviously there were some there. Most of them, you would find they were in the hotels like they still are. There are only one or two things I can think of—noodle parlors, there was one on Ogden Avenue and one down 25th street that's recently been terminated as far as a restaurant, it sits vacant right now. But noodle parlors were prominent for a lot of years. As far as steak-houses and things like that, like you think of now, that wasn't even part of my vocabulary even. LR: I can relate to that. Well, I am so grateful for the time you have given us and the stories you have shared about Ogden and some of your adventures. We appreciate your time and thank you so much for allowing us to do this. RC: Well, it kind of turned out to kind of be a pleasure to me. I got a kick out of it. 24

Jayeson Vance Leading Tour at Alcatraz, 2012 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Jayeson Vance. The interview was conducted on October 10, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. Jayeson discusses memories of Ogden and 25th Street. ; 35p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Jayeson P. Vance Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 10 October 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Jayeson P. Vance Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 10 October 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Vance, Jayeson, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 10 October 2013 , WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Jayeson Vance Leading Tour at Alcatraz 2012 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Jayeson Vance. The interview was conducted on October 10, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. Jayeson discusses memories of Ogden and 25th Street. LR: Today is October 10, 2013 doing a phone interview with Mr. Jayeson Vance who is currently residing in San Francisco, about 25th street and Ogden. My name is Lorrie Rands and I will be conducting the interview. Jayeson, I, again, appreciate your time and your willingness to help us out with this. Let's begin with the simple basics of when and where were you born? JV: I was born at the old St. Benedict's hospital on 29th and Polk in Ogden, on June 26, 1947. LR: Where did you reside, where was your home in Ogden? JV: Our home was, when I was a boy, we were, first we lived in a post war housing, emergency housing for the GI's. My dad was at Hill Field as an Air Force Sergeant, an Army Air Corp Sergeant. That was at the old Bonneville Park, as they used to call it. It was an old cinder block, post war or emergency housing that, I don't know who paid for, probably the federal government. Then they, at some point around 1950 or 51, they destroyed those homes and we, my dad was able to get a home on 1362 Hudson, between 5th and 6th on, at just above Harrison, and we were just a quarter block below Polk. That's where I spent my early years and then we later moved to 108 Harrison, at first and Harrison. LR: So was Harrison at that time, was it paved all the way through? 1 JV: Yes, Harrison was paved, Hudson was primitive, it was unpaved, thank you for asking. We actually did not even have a phone in the house and my mother had to walk to Hudson and Polk, to a little phone booth as did all the neighbors in order to place a phone call. Actually, it seems funny now, and the street was dirt and it had a curb and gutter but it didn't have the sidewalks and it didn't have, you know, it was very primitive. It was like living out on the frontier in a way, and my grandfather used to say, "You can hear the coyotes at night up there where you live." He lived on 256 Harrisville Road which is still there, that structure is still standing. LR: You grew up then in that part of Ogden? JV: Yea, on that northeast bench, I went to Ben Lomond High and then my dad had gone to Weber and my mother, actually my mother was a USU graduate. I just said, "Well," I couldn't decide what to do after I graduated from Ben Lomond, so I decided on Weber, which was a great choice. I was pleased with, I always thought it had the best—a lot of people say about Weber that we had better professors than bigger schools because you didn't have teaching assistants teaching classes, you had Ph.D.'s teaching classes quite often and so I think in some ways we got a much better education at Weber than people maybe at the University of Utah had in some ways, so anyway, it was a good time to go to Weber. I briefly was the sophomore class president for a brief while, filled in for Mike Howe I believe was his name, cause he couldn't finish his term. My name at that time, I changed my name in 1982, and my born name was Clark Walker. So that's always strange, and I have to explain that, that I 2 changed my name. I was one of those kids that had kind of an identity crisis and so my legal name is Jayson P. Vance. I don't know how much you want to know about my personal life, but just to explain, if you look me up, you'll find me under Clark Walker. Weber State records, well, except I changed my diploma reads Jayeson Vance now, so I had that changed. LR: So, I'm just curious, why did you choose Jayeson Vance? JV: It was just one of those things that I had a friend who was a counselor, which said, "It's time for a change." I had just left a federal job and I wanted a new start in life and she said, "This would be a good time to change." She had done this to, she had changed her name and she said, "I don't know, it's great," and she was able to persuade me that I should do it. Then once you do that, and we'd had a house so we had to change the mortgage records so then and I had to go to court, to district court and officially change my name by law. I can't ever use the old name again and legally, so anyway, I have, for better or worse, that's my name. So I just have to accept that. In some ways I felt shouldn't be changing that because it's my family history, but then as I researched my family history, I found out that my father's father, who was an English immigrant during World War I, which is kind of odd, how do you get to where my father was born in California? It's a long story, but his father deserted the family, his name was reputedly, Sylvester Hodgson Walker. He deserted this mother and this infant boy, who was my father and said, "I'm a British subject, I don't want to have a kid." And he ran off to Canada, and he said, "You can't touch me, I'm a British subject." I don't even really know the man's name, I never saw a picture of him 3 and it's one of these great mysteries of life that I would love to see at least what he looked like and how did he end up in California during World War One. The British would have wanted any young man to be in the Army or something and so it's a—was his name really Walker, you know, all these mysteries like that. I didn't feel troubled about dropping the name Walker, so that's, anyway, we got off on a tangent. LR: No, that's great, I asked so, let's go ahead and go back then. You said that your dad worked at Hill Field as a sergeant in the Army Air Corps, what did your mom do? JV: My mother was a teacher in her later years, well, when they were first married she was a school teacher, then she dropped her job as a teacher to be a house wife and about 1959 she went back to Ogden public schools, worked at Edison school teaching second grade. Her name was Bonnie Ruth Murphy Walker and she passed away this month, just earlier this month, ten years ago the start of this month, she's been dead 10 years now. The family is all gone, my brother, my father and my mother are all gone and my wife and I live here. LR: You're kind of cutting out on me. JV: Oh, maybe if I hold the microphone up closer here. LR: I'm not sure if it's you or if it's me. That seems to be better, okay. I hate it when I get off on my flow. As you were growing up, what were some of the things you liked to do for fun? JV: I used to draw maps of the city actually. I loved history form early on. I read Land Mark Books, I was a boy scout. I got an Eagle Scout Award, I was an Eagle 4 Scout. I was very interested in police and crime, the FBI. I wanted to be an FBI agent at one time and I studied the history of, I was reading adult literature written for adults about the FBI, you know like the FBI story by Glen Whitehead I think it is, when I was twelve. I was trying to—it was not easy to read—but I was trying and I was just obsessed with that stuff and I saw the world very black and white, in a very black and white way. I remember giving—I had some really conservative, very, very conservative opinions about law and order and I wanted to—we had some milk stolen and I wanted my mother so badly to call the police department because I wanted to look at a real policeman in the face and we hardly had any crime in that area. I was so excited that was my amusement, anything to do with law and order or police, any TV show, Texas Rangers or Broderick Crawford, who starred in California Highway Patrol or anything like that. The Lone Ranger and all that stuff, I just loved all that. We played Army, it was post World War Two so we had, almost everybody I knew was the son or the daughter of a GI or a sailor from World War Two or a Marine. We had tons of Army Men and toys about World War Two and I had a whole Army and Navy set of toys that I just spent hours with. Then we would—the little kids in the neighborhood—we'd organize into tiny army, little army training things. Then I would build little model cities in the back yard with rocks and build a highway. I had a lot of fun doing that. I made a model of Ben Lomond peak at one time in my back yard out of clay and rocks and so I had a lot of fun as for Mount Ben Lomond and all that. I tried to make of Ogden out of rocks but it was a little over whelming. 5 LR: I'll bet. So did you ever have the chance to meet any Ogden Police officers when you were younger? JV: Yea, one of my friends, Gary Greenwood, became a police officer in Ogden and he and I were golfing buddies for quite a while, and I met him, just before I moved out of Ogden—I got married and moved away, I remember seeing him in his uniform with his shoes all polished. I was so proud of him and I so wished that I could be like him, be a policeman, but I never became a policeman, I became a park ranger. Not quite the same, but he was just kind of an inspiration when I saw him standing there with his highly polished shoes and his nice neat uniform and he was very proud of it, rightly so. I lost track of him, I would like to talk to him again but I tried to locate him on the internet and he was a probation officer for a while and I couldn't find any more about him. I haven't, if you know him or anybody knows him, I would love to talk to him. He was a great guy. I'm just joining the auxiliary law enforcement team here for the San Francisco police, I just applied to join that. It's a volunteer position, but my fantasy, my interest in crime and law and order has been lifelong. I guess it's no wonder I ended up on Alcatraz. LR: Did you ever hang out downtown? JV: Yea, we did, one of my stronger memories, my father would take me, well my father was a—after he left the Army Air Corps, he became a postman at the main post office and then later Gorder's station as they used to call the post office over there on the bench. He was, his route was the businesses along 25th and along Washington. He was the downtown postman, and he would drive all the 6 packages, they didn't have a UPS, and he would do all the package deliveries all over downtown. He was a gun lover, he loved guns and there was a gun shop on 25th that he loved to go to. He knew 25th very well, he knew the Porters and Waiters Club, he took me into the Depot Drug and there was some girly magazines one time. Oh, it was a little embarrassing, I was going through puberty. Oh we looked at those girly magazines a little bit, but that was among little things like that that I remember. Depot Drug was a hive of activity. It was scary, it was frightening, but it was exciting also. They had these barrels of toys. I loved anything with a plastic army man, or army soldiers like that, and they had just piles of that stuff. Even in the front window, or I think it could even have been on the sidewalk, I could remember my heart just pounding about it, and I only got to go in there a couple of times, but it was a just a hive of excitement. There was also a fear about 25th of course, the legend of all the possibility of heroin and prostitution and all those things that were going on around there. I could even I guess sense it in my father that he was a little bit on edge, but he never had anyone bother him or threaten him in any way while he was delivering mail. He had some rude business people that were pretty rude to him, you know, kind of abusive, but he didn't ever have any threats. He was very close with the black community in Ogden, he knew a lot of the black folks and he was very pro civil rights and he felt that they had gotten the bad end of the deal. The Porters and Waiters Club was famous, of course, for the railroad porters that worked on the Union Pacific that brought Jazz to Ogden. 7 It was also a street of sin certainly. Later in life, my best man at my wedding was Arnie Jacobson and his father was chief Jacobson of the Ogden police. Arnie told me some stories, but these are now second hand stories that he got from his father, so I don't have direct access to that information but it came through Arnie. His father put on black face because they didn't have any black police officers and went down onto 25th to purchase heroine, because the dealers on 25th were black. They did make some arrests and the Ogden police were known as the toughest police in Utah because of the street, because of patrolling 25th street they had to be tougher than the Salt Lake police, according to Arnie anyway. They would have this annual football, I believe football game between the Ogden Police and the Salt Lake police and the Ogden police would always win because they had to be tougher, even though it was a smaller department by far than the Salt Lake department. It really had quite a story there, I mean you could write a lot of, I could easily see someone writing a novel or a historical novel about it. Maybe that's what I should do, I don't know. Then my mother told me about working at the Union Laundry but she did all that Union Pacific linen as a young woman. She was a pretty young brunette and her father, Clarence Murphy, would warn her, he was a Union Pacific engineer. "Now Bonnie, you get down to Washington Boulevard and get on that street car and you run to Washington Boulevard," or somebody told her, or she told me that she was so scared on 25th that she ran all the way from Wall Avenue to Washington Boulevard as fast as she could run to get to Washington Boulevard to where she felt safe, and then get on the street car to go north to 8 Harrisville Road where they lived. She had a palpable fear of that street but she again never had anything happen to her so it just, there's a lot of stuff about that street. I've seen that, I don't know you've probably seen that DVD that that fellow put out about the history of Ogden I imagine. Are you aware of that one? LR: Yes, The one that was in 2007 or 11, not too long ago? Yes. JV: They explained that, I guess they alleged that Al Capone may have been on 25th, which I've never found any—I tried because I studied Al Capone quite a bit having been on Alcatraz where he was locked up for about five years, and I've never found any evidence, have you? To support that he was ever there. LR: I haven't, the only thing I have heard about are the rumors. JV: Yea, it's just legendary. When I worked on Alcatraz we'd have people from Canada and Saskatchewan Province was a place where he was reputed to have been. Oh, Al Capone, you hear this all the time, in Wisconsin he went to honey lodges and it is conceivable that he may have been in Ogden that he was really on, and it was called Little Chicago at one point. It was one of the nick names of Ogden, of that area of Ogden as you may know already. Of course, today, it's a very different street than it was and I'm looking at a picture of it right now, a modern picture. I guess there were some movies made there with that famous noddle parlor sign? LR: Yea, the Star Noodle, the one with the dragon? JV: There was a little China town there too of course, from the Chinese workers on the railroad. My grandfather, as a boy, his mother died when he was a youngster and his father was of course a railroad worker too, an engineer, and he was 9 basically raised himself on the streets. This would have been about 1900 or 1905 around in that era, used to run opium on a bicycle around China, the little Ogden, and helped these opium dealers. It was legal at that time to sell opium, and he would, as reprehensible as it sounds now, would sell opium to the Chinese, and make a little money that way, because they didn't have much money. He and his sister and his father, no mother, were kind of, you know, they had some kind of rough edges in his early years, and he remembered being pretty mean to some of the Chinese as a teenage boy, pulling there queue's. They used to wear their hair in queue's on the back of their head, doing some mean things like that and of course the Chinese were abused everywhere. Out here in San Francisco they were abused even more. The word Chink was frequently passed around. It was a racist time it was not fun to be black or Chinese in those days. It was rough for a lot of people. LR: So did you ever witness any of that discrimination in that part of Ogden? JV: No, that was way before my time. I think it went underground, I'm sure there was a feeling that Asians were odd or you know, they were kind of a curiosity. I don't remember. We used to eat at the Utah Noodle Parlor a lot and have the other—I forget the other noodle parlor name on Grant there. We used to, and we enjoyed all the food, the chop suey and all those things. So you'd hear little remarks like that, that were racists but it was, and of course it was. My grandfather had actually been a member of the Klan when he was a youngster. He had no education, he was brought up on the streets and he picked up whatever he picked up, and he picked up a lot of racists attitudes. I remember he, as a young 10 man—he wasn't that in his older years—but as a young man, there was a Klu Klux Klan Chapter there in Ogden. The Klan was all over the United States if you study the history of the Klan and it was very powerful in the early twenties and that's about the time he was starting his family. My grandfather was out there on Harrisville Road, but he I guess they had some Klan meetings up on the foothills in the early twenties where they burned crosses and stuff up on the foothills above. You can imagine how it must have felt to be a black person and see that going on, especially a tiny minority, there in that part of the world. A feeling, you must have been pretty much an emotional, a very unpleasant emotional experience anyway for a black or an Asian too. I think they were pretty mean to Asians, the Klan was, as well. He never said much about that, he did express racist attitudes which were part of that generation, occasionally. I had that wonderful contrast in my father who just really loved the black folks in Ogden. Marshall White, the police officer who was killed there, who was a hero of the police department. After they finally got a black officer, and then he got killed, but it was a rough town. There was somewhat open prostitution, if I remember, right along parts of Grant Avenue and Lincoln Avenue. Even in my early years, even as late as maybe 19, probably about 1970 even, there was still open prostitution going on, it was very limited, but it was there. As I've studied the street I know there was a back alley that ran heroin and a tunnel that ran heroin from the depot all along, I think on the north side of the street. Maybe that tunnel is still there, I've seen 11 some references that indicate that the tunnel went all the way to the Ben Lomond Hotel apparently. Are you aware of that? LR: I'm aware more of the rumors. JV: I saw something online about historic tunnel tours of Ogden and they, if I remember correctly were going into the basement of the Ben Lomond Hotel and somebody was leading a ghost tour or something like that. They were able to go under Washington Boulevard possibly and they said, "Well, who knows." Of course they want to enlarge everything and make it more exciting so they bring in Al Capone and all that. The danger of history is always that somebody tries to enlarge things or exaggerate things. I was never able to see that myself and I didn't even know, I'd heard rumors about it but I've never been in it. LR: Well I know that most of the businesses now have closed up there tunnels, so most of the people we have talked to, yea, it's possible, but now they're all closed up so. But yea, we've had a lot of references to them, a lot of people that remember being down in them, but none actually going form Ben Lomond to the depot. We can't actually verify that, so. It's fun to hear about though. JV: Well that was the big fancy hotel, I guess the Ben Lomond was built about 1927, and being a big, the highest building in town and anybody who wanted a prostitute probably would have wanted to bring them in underground into the hotel or something like that, or wanted maybe drugs and happened to be at the hotel. It does kind of make sense if you were in the, in the world of vice and you had money enough to stay in a nice room there and you wanted something, knowing the hotel business as I do, because I worked with it for a while here, 12 there are people in the hotels are bribable a lot of times, and if you want—they want some cash and if you have the cash, they'll find a way to get you what you want. Who knows, I wouldn't be surprised, I don't have any evidence of it, but I wouldn't be surprised if there was something like that going on. LR: I wouldn't be surprised either. Do you remember any of the people that used to live or work on 25th street? JV: Yes. Well, my mother worked at the Union Laundry I guess it was called as a— this would have been—she was born in 1919, so it would have been roughly around the time she graduated from Ogden High in 1938. So she was working at the Union Laundry, and that's where that tale about running down the street as fast as she could run, her heart pounding came from, that era. And then my grandfather, Clarence Patrick Murphy, a real Irish name, half Danish, but in fact his mother was Danish. He was working there from about age 16 and he was born about 1885 I believe, so he would have been there about 1901 and he was already working as a fireman as a teenage boy. He couldn't finish school, at Sacred Heart School on upper 25th where he went. He would bend over all the way to Wyoming shoveling coal. He told a tale later that even as a 16 year old boy of working with his back bent to shovel coal all the way from Ogden to Evanston and back just almost constantly shoveling coal to get up that grade to that high plateau in Wyoming. It was not the life that any of us would want to live I am sure, to spend back breaking hours to make a living. He was a devoted member of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineman and Firemen throughout his life and was a lifelong democrat of course, because of the 13 Democrats alliance with the labor unions. He was also one of the shop stewards of the Union Pacific in his later years. He also worked on the old Oregon Shortline Railroad, which was, he fondly would say, "Oregon Shortline," and his eyes would drift off as he thought about it. I guess the Oregon Shortline was, ran from Ogden to Pocatello, if I'm not mistaken, and didn't obviously it didn't go all the way to Oregon. He was the switching engineer which would be, he would build trains by bringing cars from one train and hauling them to join another train and then back and forth all day in the yards of Ogden. He'd go over those yards, and of course today, there's even I guess some activity there, but back in those days the yards were just a hive of energy and the sound of the rails and the squeaking of the iron against iron and you would hear all the noises associated with all that. The station where I went as, this would have been approximately 1955. My grandmother, my California grandmother, my father's mother, would come up from across the Lucin Cutoff across the Great Salt Lake on the Union Pacific from Promontory Point to West Weber and she would, we'd meet her at the Union Station whenever she'd come to visit us. That's where I got to see the Union Station quite a bit as a boy. There would be three or four taxi cabs, several cars coming and going and people were dressed—in those days the women wore gloves and hats and high heels all the time and the men wore business suits and big fedora hats. The railway express, REA railway express agency had a large outlet in the foyer of the station. 14 Just going in to the foyer of the Union Depot was to me, one of the most exciting things of my childhood because I would go in there and look around and seeing people coming and going, people making orders and carrying tickets, porters carrying baggage and porters with red caps on and white uniforms and white jackets. All black men, the only black people I had ever seen at that time in my life were down in the depot. Sorry, I get a little emotional sometimes when I'm talking about these things. I have to take a breath here for a moment. There was a very busy barbershop with an old fashioned striped aprons that, or whatever they called those things that they, smocks, that they would put around people being, having their hair cut. They had the talcum powder brushes and the barber clipping away furiously, and people in a hurry to get on, "I don't want to miss my train," and all those things. The station itself, getting inside was just, it seemed like the biggest building I had ever seen in my life at that time, probably was, and it, the big chandeliers and it was just, in its heyday was just packed with passengers and train schedules and the public address system announcing what was going on. I didn't even know what the people were doing as a boy, I had no concept of what riding a train was because we didn't actually get on the trains, so we never went out on the platforms and so all I saw was just the results of all that. What I observed was a little confusing because I didn't put it together that these people are coming from California or Chicago or wherever it may be. This really was the junction city of the Mountain West and it really was a big deal. It was so sad to see the old down town, as I'm sure you've heard from a 15 lot of people, to see what happened to that wonderful downtown on Washington Boulevard. Again, that's another subject for a book you could write about, Washington Boulevard in its heyday. Beuhler Bingham and B and B Clothiers, the Blue Door and all those fabulous clothing stores and Fred M. Nye that were able, because the economy was so powerful then with Hill Field and the Army Depot and the Naval Supply Depot and all those things, and then the railroad. Everybody was making money and it was sort of the golden age of Ogden. I guess from about the end of World War Two till roughly the time I graduated from Ben Lomond, about 1965, for about those twenty years that downtown district was just thriving. There was Watson and Tanner and 24th street was almost equal to Washington and its level of commercial activity and it was a really nice feeling to the town. There wasn't a lot of crime for the most part, you didn't hear about a lot of—we had, my mother had a friend, Officer Keith Burkdahl, who was a policeman. I remember she got—I guess one of the early beat nicks, there were a handful of beatniks I guess, in Ogden, that maybe were smoking marijuana and this guy hit her at 25th and Monroe. It was at night and he had dark glasses on, and he had sideburns and this would have been 1955 or 56 around the time Elvis was big. We just thought that was so bizarre that this fellow was dressed in this leather jacket and he had sideburns and he had dark glasses on and it's nighttime, you know, why are you wearing—it is kind of odd even now. Keith Burkdahl investigated this because my mother happen to. His wife was a good friend of my mothers and he was a patrolman and so he said, "Yea, we caught 16 this guy and arrested this guy." They finger printed him and everything. I was excited by that. It was, there were some rough characters in Ogden and who knows maybe he was using heroin or something too, or maybe he was associated with 25th street, but we never found out. Whenever I would encounter the Ogden police, I can remember in 1956, the Ogden Police had four brand new blue Fords that they got and they all, they had no markings, anywhere on the car. They were painted, I think, if I remember correctly they were a dark royal blue and they had just about the size of a coffee cup, maybe a large coffee cup, on top was a red, just a red light, and that's all, and a radio antenna, and not anywhere on the car did it say police, anywhere. It just is so funny to look back at that, we'd walk through City Hall Park and of course that was the police station back then. It was in the back of the city hall building, and you'd walk through city hall park and I'd see maybe eight or nine Fords with that bubble light on top, and maybe a couple of unmarked cars. That was the, such as it was, the Ogden police at that time. There's another story, you could do the history of the Ogden Police because they must have some tales to tell if you come across one of the retiree's from the Ogden police or somebody, the son of a police officer, I'd bet you'd get some great stories. Arnie Jacobson might be a good source because his dad. I don't know what became of him, I haven't been in touch with him in years, but his dad, I know was the chief about 1970, they had the police radio in their house because his dad was the chief, so he would hear all the radio calls in Ogden as a 17 boy. You get into some personal information sometimes, but he got run out of the house. LR: Well speaking of growing up, did you ever attend any of the theaters downtown? JV: Yes, the movies? LR: Yes. JV: Yea, we loved the Orpheum, thank you for reminding me. The Orpheum and the Egyptian, but the Orpheum even more so, it was sadly destroyed. The most exciting, fun thing we ever did I think was about 1959 and Ogden was just in its glory days at that time. We, there was a girl next door, Susanne Sylvester, who I had a crush on, and I forget who else. Anyway, we were all about 12 or 13 years old and our parents escorted us, and we got all dressed up and went to, I put on a tie and a sports coat and the girls were dressed up and we just, we just thought that was the most fun we had ever had. We went to the Orpheum and saw a movie, I can't remember what the movie was now. It was just going to the theater down, either the Egyptian or the Orpheum was just one of the special things about that time in life when you are coming of age. I think for almost anyone who was there at that time would remember it well. LR: So is that the theater that had the Popeye Club? JV: I don't know. You know, I don't know about the Popeye Club. Actually when you said that it was the first time I've heard that term. LR: Oh really, okay. JV: I must have missed out. LR: It might have been Paramount. I get my theaters mixed up, I apologize. 18 JV: The Popeye Club, maybe the Paramount was, Popeye Copper Club, Ogden, or Popeye—it says here, I am doing a little web search. I remember the Paramount was where the Paramount Bowl was, is that right? LR: I'm not sure. JV: Where the river, by the river bridge? Where the Ogden sign, is that right? LR: I'm honestly not sure, I thought it was downtown myself. I know the Orpheum and the Egyptian were. I thought the Paramount was too, so. JV: Let's see here, we had a friend who lived right by the Ogden bridge, the Ogden sign, where the Ogden sign in on the east side of Washington. There was this very interesting neighborhood there that reminds, as I got older and look back at it, I thought, "Oh my gosh, that's a lot like big city's back east." It reminded me of, in some ways. I remember the Paramount Bowling alley. When you said Paramount I thought more of a bowling alley then I did of a theater. Then there was a drive in too, and there may have been called the Paramount, there was the Riverdale Drive-in, and there was a drive-in on the south end of town was the Riverdale and going up towards North Ogden was, that Harrisville area there was a drive-in out that way, the North Point Drive- In. The drive-ins, of course, when you're a teenager in those days, it was where all the necking and all that went on. Exciting dates or all the wishful thinking for boys mostly was going on. I know there was a Paramount theater, maybe if I put movie theater, Ogden Utah, my search engine isn't generating a lot right now on that. Let's see, as it opened on the, oh, here it says, "The Paramount theater opened as the 19 Alhambra theater, March 17, 1915 with a concert by the Ogden Tabernacle Choir." There's one reference there, its Cinema treasure. Oh, here we go, 2429 Keisel Avenue. LR: Ah, that's right. JV: Oh, the Alhambra. So here is a, I vaguely remember this photo, I mean this store front. It's located on Keisel, just off of, I think just off 24th, because that looks like the Fred J. Keisel building. LR: Yes, it would have been on the opposite, it would have been closer to 25th. It's actually not there anymore, they tore it down. JV: Yea, I bet it's gone. That's my granddad's era for sure, those old street lights and globe street lights and the old early automobiles. LR: What are some of your favorite memories of downtown Ogden then? JV: Well, to be honest, it was the pretty girls you would see. You would see very, very pretty girls, you'd see dozens of girls that would just you know, traffic stop kind of thing where you'd go, "wow." It was also just the feeling that it was exciting, it was a pleasant city. There was a lunch counter near 25th and Washington, Keeley's Café. You'd go in, it was a bustling café, downtown café—going in and having lunch there. There was also a toy shop near there, and my grandfather doted on me, I was his favorite, out of the five grandchildren I was the oldest one and he liked, I don't know, he and I just bonded and he would take me in as a boy and bought me a pistol set, a cowboy pistol set from this store and I don't know the name. It was a toy store near the Broom hotel and it had just all kinds of cowboy toys all 20 over the walls, and this was a pretty big, pretty large, you know, reasonably large toy store and he bought me this holster and toy gun and toy bullets and I think it was probably one of my happiest moments in childhood. Then going on that date to the Orpheum was another one. The Utah Noodle Parlor was always fun to go to and having the big butterfly shrimp that they still make I think, I think they're still there somewhere. LR: No, they actually closed down. JV: Oh, they closed down? LR: Yea, it hasn't been that long, but Utah Noodle is no more. JV: Oh, that's too bad. That was a great tradition, but I guess Jimmies Flower shop is still there probably. That was a great flower shop. I didn't know the Glassman's, I guess you've come across A L Glassman, the name A L Glassman, but he was the operator of the Orpheum it says. Have you come across the Name Ira Huggins? He was the great attorney, probably the most famous attorney in Ogden. LR: I'm not sure. JV: Ira Huggins was—my mother would speak of him very fondly. I found a URL here, its Cinema Treasures, and it has a lot about the Paramount Theater, 2429 Keisel. This might be a page you want to look at it. It's Cinematreasures.org/theaters/26282, [some of the information that follows come directly from this website.] This is a lot of information I wasn't aware of here about the publisher . Glassman, of course, owned the Standard Examiner and apparently owned this theater also at some point and one of its premier 21 attractions was Cecil B. De Mill, The Ten Commandments. In 1925 it was leased by Public Theaters and renamed Paramount Theater so it started as the Alhambra, I guess. Glassman also owned the Orpheum but he bought the Alhambra in 1923 and then, according to this web site, during the summer months, Orpheum Vaudeville moved to the Alhambra, so they had Vaudeville, wow, now that's very interesting. In 1925 the Alhambra was leased by the Publix Theaters and renamed Paramount Theater, so that's where they got the Paramount. It underwent a complete renovation and seating was reduced to 1900 one of its premier attractions was Ten Commandments. Not the one in the 1950s but the original. By 1927 the theater was under the direction of Brooklyn-born Louis Marcus, who also owned major theaters in Salt Lake, including the Capital and other theaters in Idaho. Fanchon & Marco "Ideas" supplemented the screen attractions at the Paramount. With the demise of the American Theatre in Salt Lake in 1929, the Paramount boasted being Utah's largest theatre. Wow, I didn't know any of this. In 1929 Marcus said he was selling his interest to Publix Theaters and retiring. He was elected mayor of Salt Lake from 32 and served four years and died in 1939. 1934 it came under the ownership of Paramor Theatres who also operated the Orpheum Theatre, Lyceum Theatre and Colonial Theatre. The local Ogden Theatre was an independent. So there is quite a story there of just the theater industry in Ogden. In July of 1954, Paramor Theatres completed renovations which gave it all new seating and a 42' by 21' screen. In time for Christmas 1954, a new marquee and Paramount vertical sign in addition to the Formica snack bar 22 was added to the interior. And that's when "White Christmas" came out with Bing Crosby. So, you'll probably want to look at that website for sure. LR: Yea, I wrote it down so I'll be able to. JV: It's not that much information but it has this one wonderful old photo of the Alhambra. LR: Hmm, that's cool. JV: Yea, also, I would recommend to you to see UCR.edu. LR: Right, I wrote that down too. JV: Yea, and if you can't—that website is a little obtuse—it's something like digital newspaper survey and it's California papers, but remarkably, like I say, especially the San Francisco papers, have lots and lots of Ogden's lore and stories, especially around the time of 1890 to 1930, which would be of great value to anyone doing research at the university there. Then you can form a partnership with the UC Riverside, maybe the two schools could maybe get together on helping each other, because I know that educators always need support and they have to help each other and there is always the threats of budget cuts and things like that. I know he was, that fellow at UC Riverside was saying, "Oh we've got to prove to the regents of the university that we are doing something of value to the community so that they won't shut us down." I wrote, personally when I was a park ranger, wrote a couple of paragraphs saying how much value I've gotten out of it. You're able to, or course with your printer on your computer, you're able to print stories up if you want, or photos. They also have photos too, because you're looking at the actual paper and you can see the old historic ads. 23 LR: Right, that's fun. JV: Yea, it's really fun. You sound like you're a history lover too, so you'd have a field day with that probably. LR: I have two more questions if that's alright JV: It's been a lifelong love for me. ___________ being a park ranger, it was one of the great joys of being a park ranger was being able to give history tours, you know how it's just limited to Alcatraz history, which has quite a colorful history of course. LR: I know it's kind of getting, this has kind of gone long, but I have two more questions if that is ok. JV: Yeah, sure. LR: My first one is, you talked about your grandfather being involved in the Klan in Ogden, do you know much about that? JV: No, he was, I think he was a little ashamed of it. He, I know, it's really unfortunate I can't ask any of these folks any questions or maybe my aunt, who is still alive might know something about it. She lives in Portland, Oregon. I could ask her but she would have been embarrassed about it too. I know that he talked in racial terms about when he would watch the prize fights, Gillette Prize fights on television and he would, there was definitely a palpable racism present when he would—see a black man fighting a white man or something in a Prize fight. The only reason I know about the Klan was that my mother told me that, he didn't tell me himself he was a member of the Klan. I think he was embarrassed. He was certainly not proud of it. 24 I heard, now, I'm trying to place where I heard the recollection by some, probably from my mother, that they had put some burning crosses up on, I think the north east bench, up around, somewhere around where Ben Lomond High stands today. Up on 7th or 7th street, upper 7th street probably or somewhere where it would be seen for miles around or hoped anyway. Just to terrorize the poor black folks a little more, and probably it would have been, I'm sure they didn't like Asians either, or Jews of course. There were a handful of Jewish people too in Ogden so those groups would have been not too thrilled, I'm sure, to see that. I could try and ask Aunt Patty, she's Jennings Olsen's sister by the way, my aunt. He was the professor there at Weber for many years. She may know something about it also, and if you want, I could call you back if I'm able to find out more. The KKK was organized in all 48 states in the 1920s per public television documentary. LR: It's just a curiosity. I will leave that entirely up to you. It was just a—really, someone who was involved, so I wouldn't complain but I don't want you to feel like you have to do that or anything. JV: Well, I'm always willing to help, it's fascinating. What I have found with history and the more you dig, the more interesting it is. LR: Well this is true, I agree. JV: You reminded me of that little neighborhood around the Ogden sign there on the east side of Washington that, I wish I could relive that. Also there was something— I went to visit a friend who lived right there. There was a little alley that shot off of Washington and I think it said Paramount Bowl and it was across 25 from Bigler's Desert Inn, which was an old structure that is no longer there either. We fished in the Ogden river briefly, just once, it only happened once, I went to see him and we fished in the river. It was kind of odd, it seemed like, because here it is almost like in downtown but also almost like out in the country at the same time. It was a really nice little district there that I haven't seen any photos of, but I can picture it in my head as I close my eyes I can see it. There were store fronts right the river and I think a concrete fence or something against the river bank itself, but I'm sure it's all gone now. All that's left is the historic sign there now, but it's fun to reminisce anyway. LR: Well, my last question is this, how has Ogden changed since you were growing up here, do you think? JC: It had that timing, you know, 24th and Washington was the heart of the city and it was the heart of Ogden, it really was like the heart. It was just like a human body has a heart, it was the heart of the city and it was a thriving heartbeat. I remember a young boy yelling, "Standard," and he used to actually hold up the newspaper in his arm and wave it and people would run up and buy a newspaper. It was from the Bon Marché store which was at 22nd to about 26th or 27th along Washington, was just bustling with traffic, excitement. The ladies were dressed in their finest clothes and men were dressed in business suits, and not everyone dressed that way, but it was certainly a thriving place and then along 24th, almost the same scene. It's just sad to see that, well it's happened to many cities; it's not just Ogden, that the core of the city got gutted and changed irreparably. It's too bad 26 that it couldn't have been like what was done with Trolley Square in Salt Lake where they at least maybe changed the buildings, but don't gut every, just don't tear everything completely. The W. T. Grant store was a big deal on 24th and Washington and there was the Kiesel building and the Eccles building and the First Security Bank building and it had this little sky line and it was just, I don't know, it just seemed like a really, really positive. Overall, 25th kind of gave you the vice and a little excitement and drama, which was also kind of fun, and it just kind of was a really nice place to grow up. It sort of represented America, to me. I wrote a little article when I was a boy about it and I took a world book and I followed the outline they used to write about Chicago or New York and I just took every element, and Ogden had it all, in miniscule amounts. It had a little Asian neighborhood, it had a black neighborhood, it had everything in America and it was a, in a microcosm, it was the country. It's sad to a, I'm sorry, LR: It's okay. JV: Makes me feel bad to see that all that is lost. I know there is some of it there still. The Egyptian Theater is still there, but, LR: You're right, most of it is gone. JV: We would get, to go down to Washington Boulevard was a big deal and we would put on our best clothes and we would, yea, it was just a big deal. Even when I started working at the highway department on 17th and Wall or near, just off Wall, at the Utah Highway, Utah Road Commission, we looked forward to driving along Washington Boulevard just for the fun of seeing people on the street and seeing 27 all the excitement that it used to represent. I don't know, it's just, thank you for letting me share all that, and if I can come up with some more goodies I'll certainly call you. Also you're always welcome to call me if you need any more that I can provide, and thanks again for what you are doing. LR: Well, thank you for being so willing to help us out, I appreciate that, and for your stories, they've been wonderful and I appreciate you're willingness to work with us and to do this. We've been on the phone now for almost an hour and 20 minutes so I appreciate your time and your willingness, it means a lot. JV: Well great, Okay Lorrie, keep in touch, and any time I can be of assistance, who knows, maybe your or I or both of us may write books about it, who knows. LR: That would be fun. JV: It's worthy of some good books, I can think of three right now that would be worthy books about that era. But anyway, have a great day. 28

L'arròs (Oryza sativa L.) és un dels cultius alimentaris més importants del món, sent Colòmbia el segon productor d'arròs d'Amèrica Llatina, després del Brasil. L'arròs es classifica com el tercer producte agrícola en extensió de país, després del cafè i el blat de moro. En el present estudi es va determinar la qualitat de l'arròs cultivat i comercialitzat a Colòmbia, atenent a paràmetres microbiològics, fisicoquímics i toxicològics (presència de micotoxines), i es va plantejar com a objectiu general estudiar la incidència d'aflatoxines, zearalenona i desoxinivalenol en l'arròs produït a les principals zones arrosseres de Colòmbia. Durant l'any 2017 es van prendre 62 mostres d'arròs paddy cultivades per sistemes "reg" i "secà", procedents de les principals zones arrosseres de Colòmbia. L'any 2018, el nombre de mostres recollides va ser de 58, provinents dels dos sistemes de cultiu. Aquestes mostres es van analitzar microbiològicament (coliformes totals, Escherichia coli, i Fongs i Llevats) i es van determinar les seves característiques fisicoquímiques (pH, activitat d'aigua -Aw- i contingut d'humitat). Finalment, les mostres van ser analitzades per a la detecció i quantificació d'aflatoxines (AF) (B1, B2, G1 i G2), zearalenona (ZEA) i desoxinivalenol (DO). Per fer això, es van aplicar tècniques analítiques estandarditzades reconegudes per l'Associació Oficial de Química Analítica dels Estats Units (AOAC). Dels resultats obtinguts, en les mostres recollides durant l'any 2017, es va observar una incidència global del 46% de coliformes totals (CT) en les mostres procedents de sistema "reg" de totes les zones arrosseres. En les mostres de sistema "secà", la incidència observada va ser del 50 %. La incidència de Fongs i Llevats (F i Ll) va ser alta, i va oscil·lar entre el 96 i el 100 %, sense importar el sistema de cultiu emprat. Escherichia coli va presentar una incidència de el 8 % en el sistema "reg", mentre que no es va detectar la seva presència en les mostres cultivades pel sistema "secà". En l'arròs conreat l'any 2018 pel sistema "reg" la càrrega microbiana, tant de bacteris com de fongs, va disminuir considerablement; només el 13 % de les mostres van presentar recomptes de CT. Els fongs van estar presents en el 76 % de les mostres. Pel que fa a el sistema "secà", el 23 % de les mostres van presentar contaminació amb CT, i el 54 % amb F i Ll. La presència de fongs en el gra en cultiu va ser molt elevada a tot el país, tot i que l'any 2018, es va apreciar una disminució generalitzada en la incidència en totes les zones arrosseres. En relació a les variables fisicoquímiques, les mostres procedents de sistema "reg", van presentar durant 2017 valors mitjans de pH entre 6,39 i 6,75, i de 0,65 i 0,74 d'Aw, amb uns valors d' humitat entre 7,48 i 11,74 %. Les mostres cultivades pel sistema "secà" van evidenciar valors mitjans de pH entre 6,72 i 7,00, de 0,70 i 0,75 de Aw, i humitats compreses entre 6,87 i 10,09 %. En les mostres procedents de sistema "reg" de l'any 2018, els valors de pH van oscil·lar entre 6,68 i 7,37, els de Aw entre 0,71 - 0,74, i els d'humitat entre 7,78 i 10,12 %, mentre que les de sistema "secà" van presentar valors de pH entre 6,44 i 6,75, de 0,65 i 0,74 d' Aw, i entre 7,11 i 8,39 % d'humitat. Aquestes propietats fisicoquímiques i les seves interaccions són els principals determinants etiològics en la regulació del creixement fúngic i de la producció de metabòlits secundaris. L'any 2017, la micotoxina de major incidència al país va ser AF, seguida de ZEA. La zona més crítica per la presència d'AF va ser la zona "Nord". Al 2018, ZEA passar a ser la micotoxina de major incidència, especialment en el sistema de cultiu "reg". En contrast, DO va ser la micotoxina de menor incidència. Sense distinció de sistema de cultiu aplicat, en les mostres recollides durant els dos anys, no es va evidenciar la presència de AFG1 i AFG2. En les mostres cultivades pel sistema "reg" en 2017, la presencia d'AF va correspondre al 15 % de les mostres, amb concentracions que van variar entre 0,1 mg/kg i 1,83 mg/kg, mentre que la ZEA es va detectar en un 13 % de les mostres, amb concentracions entre 53, 5 mg/kg i 2,57 mg/kg. No es va detectar la presència de DO en cap mostra. En les mostres procedents de sistema "secà", es va observar la presència d'AF en un 43 % de les mostres (2,1 - 119,5 mg/kg) i ZEA en un 7 % (271,9 mg/kg). La incidència d'AF en l'arròs conreat pel sistema "reg" l'any 2018 es va reduir en comparació amb l'any anterior, amb presència només en un 2 % de les mostres (0,9 mg/kg). No obstant això, es va denotar una major incidència de ZEA, present en el 31 % de les mostres (98 µg/kg - 5,19 mg/kg). En aquest cas, va ser destacable l'aparició de DO en el 7 % de les mostres analitzades (0,87 - 5,86 mg / kg), procedents de les zones "Centre" i "Plans Orientals" del país. En les mostres obtingudes pel sistema "secà" es va detectar la presència d'AF i de ZEA, però no es va observar DO en cap zona. La incidència d'AF va ser del 31 % (1,6 - 22,4 mg / kg) i la de ZEA del 15 % (67 mg / kg). Dels aïllaments fúngics obtinguts a partir de les mostres d'arròs en cultiu corresponents al mostreig de l'any 2017, Aspergillus va ser el gènere amb més freqüència (74 %) seguit de Penicillium (20 %). Es van aïllar 19 soques de fongs aïllades de l'arròs conreat l'any 2017, caracteritzant-les fenotípica i molecularment. Disset d'elles van correspondre a Aspergillus flavus. El 52 % de les soques van presentar fluorescència UV a ALC i es va verificar la seva capacitat aflatoxigénica. No es va detectar la presència ni de CT ni tampoc d'E. Coli en cap de les 16 mostres d'arròs comercial analitzades, procedents de les diferents zones arrosseres de Colòmbia, però sí es va detectar la presència de F i Ll. La incidència d'AF en aquestes mostres va ser del 50 % (2,4 - 93,9 mg/kg) i la de DO del 6 % (128 mg/kg), superant-se en el 31 % de les mostres el valor màxim permissible establert per les legislacions colombiana i europea. No es va evidenciar la presència de ZEA en cap de les mostres analitzades. ; "El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es uno de los cultivos alimentarios más importantes del mundo, siendo Colombia el segundo productor de arroz de América Latina, después de Brasil. El arroz se clasifica como el tercer producto agrícola en extensión del país, después del café y el maíz. En el presente estudio se determinó la calidad del arroz cultivado y comercializado en Colombia, atendiendo a parámetros microbiológicos, fisicoquímicos y toxicológicos (presencia de micotoxinas), y se planteó como objetivo general estudiar la incidencia de aflatoxinas, zearalenona y desoxinivalenol en el arroz producido en las principales zonas arroceras de Colombia. Durante el año 2017 se tomaron 62 muestras de arroz paddy cultivadas por sistemas "riego" y "secano", procedentes de las principales zonas arroceras de Colombia. En el año 2018, el número de muestras recogidas fue de 58, provenientes de los dos sistemas de cultivo. Estas muestras se analizaron microbiológicamente (Coliformes Totales, Escherichia coli y Mohos y Levaduras) y se determinaron sus características fisicoquímicas (pH, actividad de agua -Aw- y contenido de humedad). Finalmente, las muestras fueron analizadas para la detección y cuantificación de aflatoxinas (AF) (B1, B2, G1 y G2), zearalenona (ZEA) y desoxinivalenol (DON). Para ello, se aplicaron técnicas analíticas estandarizadas reconocidas por la Asociación Oficial de Química Analítica de los Estados Unidos (AOAC). De los resultados obtenidos, en las muestras recolectadas durante el año 2017, se observó una incidencia global del 46 % de Coliformes Totales (CT) en los granos procedentes del sistema "riego" de todas las zonas arroceras. En las muestras del sistema "secano", la incidencia observada fue del 50 %. La incidencia de Mohos y Levaduras (M y L) fue alta, osciló entre el 96 y el 100 %, independientemente del sistema de cultivo empleado. Escherichia coli presentó una incidencia del 8 % en el sistema "riego", mientras que no se detectó su presencia en las muestras cultivadas por el sistema "secano". En el arroz cultivado en el año 2018 por el sistema "riego" la carga microbiana, tanto de bacterias como de hongos, disminuyó considerablemente; sólo el 13 % de las muestras presentaron recuentos de CT. Los mohos estuvieron presentes en el 76 % de las muestras. En cuanto al sistema "secano", el 23 % de las muestras presentaron contaminación con CT y el 54 % de M y L. La presencia de hongos en el grano en cultivo fue muy elevada en todo el país, aunque en el año 2018, se apreció una disminución generalizada en la incidencia en todas las zonas arroceras. Con relación a las variables fisicoquímicas, las muestras procedentes del sistema "riego", presentaron durante 2017 valores promedio de pH entre 6,39 y 6,75, y de 0,65 y 0,74 de Aw, con unos valores de humedad entre 7,48 y 11,74 %. Las muestras cultivadas por el sistema "secano" evidenciaron valores promedios de pH entre 6,72 y 7,00, de 0,70 y 0,75 de Aw, y humedades comprendidas entre 6,87 y 10,09 %. En las muestras procedentes del sistema "riego" del año 2018, los valores de pH oscilaron entre 6,68 y 7,37, los de Aw entre 0,71 - 0,74, y los de humedad entre 7,78 y 10,12 %, mientras que las del sistema "secano" presentaron valores de pH entre 6,44 y 6,75, de 0,65 y 0,74 de Aw, y entre 7,11 y 8,39 % de humedad. Estas características fisicoquímicas y sus interacciones son los principales determinantes etiológicos en la regulación del crecimiento fúngico y la producción de metabolitos secundarios. En el año 2017, la micotoxina de mayor incidencia en el país fue AF, seguida de ZEA. La zona más crítica por la presencia de AF fue la zona "Norte". En el 2018, ZEA pasó a ser la micotoxina de mayor incidencia, especialmente en el sistema de cultivo "riego". En contraste, DON fue la micotoxina de menor incidencia. Sin distinción del sistema de cultivo aplicado, en las muestras recolectadas durante los dos años, no se evidenció la presencia de AFG1 y AFG2. En las muestras cultivadas por el sistema "riego", se detectó la presencia de AF en el 15 % de las muestras, con concentraciones que variaron entre 0,1 µg/kg y 1,83 mg/kg, mientras que la ZEA se detectó en un 13 % de las muestras, con concentraciones entre 53,5 µg/kg y 2,57 mg/kg. No se detectó la presencia de DON en ninguna muestra. En las muestras procedentes del sistema "secano", se observó la presencia de AF en un 43 % de las muestras (2,1 - 119,5 µg/kg) y ZEA en el 7 % (271,9 µg/kg). La incidencia de AF en el arroz cultivado por el sistema "riego" en el año 2018 se redujo en comparación con el año anterior, detectándose solo en un 2 % de las muestras (0,9 µg/kg). No obstante, se denotó una mayor incidencia de ZEA, presente en el 31 % de las muestras (98 µg/kg - 5,19 mg/kg). Fue destacable la aparición de DON en el 7 % de las muestras analizadas (0,87 - 5,86 mg/kg), procedentes de las zonas "Centro" y "Llanos Orientales" del país. En las muestras obtenidas por el sistema "secano", se detectó la presencia de AF y de ZEA, pero no se detectó DON en ninguna zona. La incidencia de AF fue del 31 % (1,6 - 22,4 µg/kg) y la de ZEA del 15 % (67 µg/kg). De los aislamientos fúngicos obtenidos a partir de las muestras de arroz en cultivo correspondientes al muestreo del año 2017, Aspergillus fue el género aislado con mayor frecuencia (74 %) seguido de Penicillium (20 %). Se aislaron 19 cepas de moho aisladas del arroz cultivado en el año 2017, caracterizándolas fenotípica y molecularmente; 17 de ellas correspondieron a Aspergillus flavus. El 52 % de las cepas presentaron fluorescencia UV en ALC y se verificó la capacidad aflatoxigénica de las mismas. No se detectó la presencia ni de CT ni tampoco de E. coli en ninguna de las 16 muestras de arroz comercial analizadas, procedentes de las diferentes zonas arroceras de Colombia, pero sí se detectó la presencia de M y L. La incidencia de AF en estas muestras fue del 50 % (2,4 - 93,9 µg/kg) y la de DON fue del 6 % (128 µg/kg), superándose en el 31 % de las muestras el valor máximo permisible establecido por las legislaciones colombiana y europea. Sin embargo, no se evidenció la presencia de ZEA. ; Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world, with Colombia being the second largest rice producer in Latin America, after Brazil. Rice has been classified as the third largest agricultural product in the country, behind coffee and corn, respectively. In the present study, the quality of rice grown and commercialized in Colombia was determined, taking into account microbiological, physicochemical, and toxicological parameters (presence of mycotoxins); furthermore, the general objective of this inquiry was to study the incidence of aflatoxins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol in rice produced in the main rice-growing areas of Colombia. During 2017, 62 samples of paddy rice grown by "irrigation" and "dry" systems were taken, from the main rice-growing areas of Colombia. In 2018, the number of samples collected was 58, from the two cultivation systems. These samples were microbiologically analyzed (Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Molds and Yeasts) and their physicochemical characteristics (pH, water activity -Aw- and moisture content) were determined. Finally, the samples were analyzed for the detection and quantification of aflatoxins (AF) (B1, B2, G1 and G2), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). For this reason, standardized analytical techniques recognized by the Official Association of Analytical Chemistry of the United States (AOAC) were conducted. The results obtained from the samples collected during 2017, a global incidence of 46 % of Total Coliforms (CT) was observed in the grains from the "irrigation" system all over the rice-growing areas. Regarding the "dry" sample system, the observed incidence was about the 50 %. The incidence of Molds and Yeasts (M and L) was high, ranging between 96 and 100 %, regardless of the culture system used. Escherichia coli presented an incidence of 8 % in the "irrigation" system, while its presence was not detected in the samples grown by the "dry" system. In the rice cultivated in 2018 by the "irrigation" system, the microbial load (both of bacteria and fungi) decreased considerably, in which only 13 % of the samples had CT counts. Molds were present in 76 % of the samples. Comcerning the "dry" system, 23 % of the samples presented contamination with CT and 54 % with M and L. The presence of fungi in cultivated grain was very high throughout the country, although in 2018 there was a generalized decrease in the incidence in all rice-growing areas. In relation to the physicochemical variables, the samples from the "irrigation" system presented during 2017 average pH values between 6,39 and 6,75, and of 0,65 and 0,74 of Aw, with values of humidity between 7,48 and 11.74 %. The samples cultivated by the "dry" system showed average values of pH between 6,72 and 7,00, of 0,70 and 0,75 of Aw, and humidity between 6,87 and 10,09 %. In the samples from the "irrigation" system in 2018, the pH values ranged between 6,68 and 7,37, those of Aw between 0,71 - 0,74, and those of humidity between 7,78 and 10, 12 %, while those of the "dry" system presented pH values between 6,44 and 6,75, of 0.65 and 0,74 of Aw, and between 7,11 and 8.39 % moisture. These physicochemical characteristics and their interactions are the main etiological determinants in the regulation of fungal growth and the production of secondary metabolites. In 2017, the mycotoxin with the highest incidence in the country was AF, followed by ZEA. The most critical area for the presence of AF was the "North" one. In 2018, ZEA became the mycotoxin with the highest incidence, especially in the "irrigation" cultivation system. In contrast, DON was the mycotoxin with the lowest incidence. Regardless of the cultivation system applied, in the samples collected during the two years, the presence of AFG1 and AFG2 was not evidenced. In the samples cultivated by the "irrigation" system, the presence of AF was detected in 15 % of the samples, with concentrations that varied between 0,1 µg/kg and 1,83 mg/kg, while the ZEA was detected in 13 % of the samples, with concentrations between 53,5 µg/kg and 2,57 mg/kg. The presence of DON was not detected in any sample. In the samples from the "dry" system, the presence of FA was observed in 43 % of the samples (2,1 - 119,5 µg/kg) and ZEA in 7 % (271,9 µg/kg). The incidence of AF in rice cultivated by the "irrigation" system in 2018 was reduced compared to the previous year, being detected only in 2 % of the samples (0,9 µg/kg). However, a higher incidence of ZEA was found present in 31 % of the samples (98 µg/kg - 5.19 mg/kg). The appearance of DON was remarkable in 7 % of the samples analyzed (0,87 - 5,86 mg/kg), coming from the "Central" and "Llanos Orientales" areas of the country. In the samples obtained by the "dry" system, the presence of AF and ZEA was detected, but DON was not detected in any area. The incidence of AF was 31 % (1,6 - 22,4 µg/kg) and that of ZEA was 15 % (67 µg/kg). About the fungal isolates obtained from the cultured rice samples corresponding to the sampling of the year 2017, Aspergillus was the genus isolated with the highest frequency (74 %) followed by Penicillium (20 %). 19 strains of mold isolated from rice grown in 2017 were isolated, characterizing them phenotypically and molecularly; 17 of them corresponded to Aspergillus flavus. 52 % of the strains showed UV fluorescence in ALC and their aflatoxigenic capacity was verified. The presence of CT or E. coli was not detected in any of the 16 commercial rice samples analyzed, from the different rice-growing areas of Colombia, but the presence of M and L was detected. The incidence of AF in these samples were 50 % (2,4 - 93,9 µg/kg) and that of DON was 6 % (128 µg/kg), exceeding the maximum permissible value established by Colombian legislation in 31 % of the samples and European. However, the presence of ZEA was not evidenced.

Le rapport de soutenance rend tout d'abord hommage à la qualité du dossier présenté à l'appui de la demande de l'habilitation à diriger des recherches: un mémoire substantiel, deux livres (en français et en anglais), une quarantaine d'articles publiés dans des revues reconnues, des contributions originales à des ouvrages collectifs, ainsi que de nombreuses communications à des réunions scientifiques internationales. Les ouvrages d'Albert Doja sont très variés même s'ils sont essentiellement consacrés à l'Albanie et à la région balkanique. Il y a beaucoup de thèmes importants abordés et une quantité significative de propositions. C'est un corpus très riche, plein d'idées intéressantes qui poussent à repenser les concepts de base. Les rapporteurs notent qu'il y a deux thématiques organisent le dossier, celui de la construction culturelle de la personne (morphologie sociale, parenté et relations de genre) et celui des relations interethniques élargies aux champs de la religion, de la nation et de la folklorisation des traditions culturelles et notamment des conflits qu'enclenchent tous ces éléments. Sa thèse de Doctorat qui était en grande partie basée sur les données folkloriques et ethnographiques cherchait à comprendre la constitution de la personne en Albanie en utilisant des bases d'interprétation anthropologique où les influences les plus explicites sont les œuvres de Lévi-Strauss. De la construction de la personne le regard s'est très naturellement porté vers les valeurs et les traits structurels qui façonnent la société albanaise (un système lignager, l'idéologie du sang, l'hypertrophie du sentiment fraternel, le sens de l'honneur, la codification de l'amitié, etc.). Ces approfondissements et ces élargissements de la problématique de départ ont abouti, par touches successives, à un riche tableau où l'étude de la socialisation, de la formation de personne, la nature de la culture régionale, la structure sociale, la construction de l'honneur, les pratiques religieuses par rapport à la distribution linguistiques contribuent à un effort orienté vers une compréhension de la spécificité des sociétés et des cultures albanaises et sud-est européennes. De là il se met à analyser les formes et la dynamique de l'identité ethnique, nationale et le conflit. Son anthropologie représente une excellente combinaison qui devrait être utile dans la recherche régionale. Il s'agit d'une anthropologie sociale et historique des 'traditions' mais dans la mesure où elle se situe dans un balancement entre ethnie et nation on peut considérer qu'il s'agit d'une anthropologie du juste milieu qui d'ailleurs ne sacrifie nullement l'actualité comme en témoignent les analyses consacrées au phénomène des viols ou encore à l'exercice démocratique. Enfin il discute les questions plus contemporaines qui relèvent des transformations politiques et sociales dans la région, l'introduction de la démocratie, la migration et l'intégration. Le mémoire distingue d'ailleurs très bien les champs de recherche et les champs d'implication. Dans ce parcours Albert Doja démontre sa maîtrise de la région du point de vue historique, linguistique et culturelle en même temps qu'il intègre en grande partie ces connaissances dans les discussions théoriques contemporaines dans la discipline. Catherine Quiminal (Professeur, Paris VII) note que ce dossier met en évidence de manière convaincante l'intérêt, pour l'anthropologie, d'aborder des terrains concernant des sociétés du sud-est européen, puisque l'auteur revendique également une démarche comparative peu développée par l'anthropologie de l'Europe. De tels terrains permettent de "passer de l'Autre primitif ou archaïque, conventionnel ou populaire, en situation néo-coloniale ou dans une communauté locale, vers l'étude des processus dynamiques et transactionnels de transformation sociale, de modernisation et de globalisation". Albert Doja y fait état des connaissances historiques, géographiques, ethnologiques concernant la région. Il en restitue de manière critique les conditions de production et de reproduction et les limites. L'histoire des cultures du Sud-Est européen nécessite, selon l'auteur, une nouvelle formulation, un regard orienté sur la construction des identités, les transformations familiales et sociales. Le mode d'analyse proposé pour aborder des sociétés que l'auteur préfère qualifier de "conventionnelles" plutôt que de traditionnelles, s'éloigne volontairement de la monographie d'un groupe artificiellement isolé à la recherche de survivances, pour se focaliser sur les institutions centrales et les valeurs dominantes. Anthropologue né en Albanie, formé en France, ayant un engagement maintenu pendant plusieurs années dans des relations personnelles étroites en Europe du sud-est aussi bien qu'en Europe de l'Ouest, vivant et travaillant depuis de longues années en France, en Grande Bretagne et en Irlande, il se trouve dans une position propice à un type de recherche de terrain diachronique et comparative. Jonathan Friedman (Directeur d'études, EHESS) note également que dans sa tentative de caractériser la région balkanique comme située entre deux complexes de civilisation en réponse aux discussions classiques basées sur la notion de région croisée entre l'orient et l'occident et le réductionnisme que cela peut entraîner, Albert Doja propose de redéfinir la région en termes de frontières plus fluides et de co-existence entre peuples différents. Ici il prend en compte à la fois la culture ou la société dans le sens objectiviste de l'observateur et l'identité culturelle ou ethnique qui est pratiquée dans les interactions entre membres de différentes populations. Sa discussion de la méthode est fort intéressante et reflète le parcours de sa formation. Il insiste sur la nécessité de combiner des méthodes différentes, historiques et comparatives, ethnographie, analyses de textes et recherches sur les documents archivés. Jean Copans (Professeur, Paris V) note que Albert Doja passe d'une folkloristique classique de recueil des traditions à une anthropologie politique ou politologie géostratégique plurinationale. La question est d'importance car on doit se demander quelles sont les méthodologies de terrain les plus adéquates à l'étude des relations interethniques et des valeurs culturelles. Peut-on enquêter directement sur le processus de construction de l'ethnicité, peut-on observer en direct sa genèse interactive ou faut-il attendre un degré de fusion, de formalisation et de verbalisation pour la saisir et puis la déconstruire? Si les africanistes sont obsédés par cette question, pour Albert Doja il s'agit d'une nouvelle théorie, assez subtile et complexe. L'ethnicité est une question de point de vue, de position que redouble ici le problème de l'observation de la violence. L'anthropologie du génocide, de la souffrance et de l'affliction est à la mode mais c'est la mémoire qui joue le rôle central, de même que c'est le processus d'observation qui fournit des réponses empiriques aux nouvelles questions décisives qui mettent en cause les méthodes de la discipline. Michael Herzfeld (Professeur, Harvard University), note également qu'on ne peut qu'être profondément frappé par la grande envergure des observations d'Albert Doja sur l'ethnographie albanaise et par l'érudition qui les soutient. On constate, bien sûr, que les données dont Albert Doja traite sont riches d'informations et d'aperçus. Il est allé bien loin au-delà de la prospective limitée des chercheurs antérieurs à lui. Il a mené de sérieuses enquêtes empiriques et fait preuve qu'il possède suffisamment la capacité de fournir des descriptions nuancées des faits sociaux. Souvent il révèle une sensibilité ethnographique presque éclatante, là où on est peut-être le moins préparé à le rencontrer, comme c'est le cas notamment dans son article sur les problèmes de stabilité au Kosovo, là où une petite scène de tension et de méprise dans un café Internet révèle l'univers du "transnational" dans toute sa complexité. Mais ce qui sauve les analyses des études folkloriques traditionnelles (isolation intellectuelle et stigmatisation par l'association avec des nationalismes exceptionnellement durs et revanchistes) consiste avant tout en deux points forts: sa connaissance, évidemment bien profonde et circonstanciée, de l'histoire des théories les plus importantes en anthropologie sociale d'un côté, et sa méfiance soit du nationalisme soit des critiques souvent trop simplistes avancées par des savants qui n'avaient peut-être pas considéré que le modèle d'une identité construite peut devenir abusive dans le cas où elle sert à soutenir des idéologies identitaires opposées selon la rhétorique de l'opposition entre le faux et le réel. En ce qui concerne le champ des ethnicités comparées de l'Europe, Jean Copans note que des nationalités de l'empire austro-hongrois on glisse à l'ethnicisme avec des intellectuels organiques (et parfois des ethnologues) tout aussi responsables (et coupables!). Michael Herzfeld aussi mentionne les observations d'Albert Doja sur les points de parallélisme entre la politique ethnique et le comportement des savants, pour noter que celle-ci est une comparaison qui a pu achever un très haut niveau d'importance analytique. Le rapporteur est bien d'accord avec les observations d'Albert Doja, car ce qui est d'une importance capitale est le fait qu'il réussit à nous rappeler que les savants font déjà partie de ce qu'ils étudient, qu'ils le veuillent ou non. Il faut souligner que bien que d'autres ethnologues aient déjà établi des rapports, soit historiques, soit formels, entre le nationalisme et l'anthropologie, Albert Doja achève sur ce point une formulation suffisamment généralisable et heuristiquement suggestive pour qu'on puisse en dériver des projets "de terrain" à l'avenir. À ce propos Christian Bromberger (Professeur, Université de Provence) et Jonathan Friedman (Directeur d'études, EHESS) notent tous les deux que les interprétations des violences et des atrocités sexuelles dans les conditions de conflit interethnique pendant les guerres de Bosnie et du Kosovo sont fort intéressantes. Jean Copans (Professeur, Paris-V) estime aussi que l'hypothèse d'Albert Doja sur l'équivalence culturelle des modèles de lecture du viol par la victime et par celui qui l'a perpétré est pertinente. Albert Doja montre comment la pollution du sang dans des sociétés qui en ont érigé la pureté en valeur dominante vise et "amène nécessairement le désordre et l'éclatement du système social et du groupe tout entier". La substitution d'une ligne paternelle externe à la ligne établie par le mariage par l'agression désorganise profondément l'ordre parental de la société locale. Jean-Pierre Warnier (Professeur, Paris V) note à ce propos que les cadres d'analyse proposés par Albert Doja relèvent du structuralisme (Hage, Héritier, Testart, Douglas) en termes de catégories disjonctives et de rituels par rapport aux représentations des humeurs corporelles et à la réalité physique de l'agression–intrusion. Le cadre théorique structuraliste est traditionnellement considéré rebelle à l'analyse politique, mais le mérite d'Albert Doja est de montrer que la "culture" des protagonistes permet de comprendre l'impact ravageur du viol sur la subjectivité des acteurs, situant le viol dans un rapport de force et de pouvoir - pouvoir qui, comme le répétait Michel Foucault, s'adresse toujours au corps dans sa matérialité. Dans ses analyses des causes des viols, Albert Doja est convaincu que l'explication doit être cherchée dans le fait que les valeurs d'honneur sont mises en avant par une sorte d'agencéité (agency) politique et instrumentale. Par ailleurs, les rapports de pouvoir ne sont pas impliqués dans la re-traditionalisation des valeurs. C'est le changement des structures macrosociologiques qui alimente cette re-traditionalisation et c'est l'usage instrumental des valeurs identitaires et des valeurs morales et sociales de l'honneur ou de la religion qui fait que le viol soit aussi efficace comme une arme de purification ethnique. Ainsi on peut suggérer que le viol a une fonction politique immédiate. Jonathan Friedman note qu'un point bien fort dans les recherches d'Albert Doja consiste à démontrer l'importance de l'anthropologie dans la compréhension des conflits contemporains dans la région balkanique. Il démontre que la logique des rapports familiaux, basé sur un modèle fortement patriarcal où l'honneur est central et génératif des feuds (vendetta) qui bloque la résolution des conflits sans la violence. Cette logique lie la production des sujets masculins à la politique ethnique. C'est une contribution importante à une discussion de la guerre qui est souvent limitée à des concepts généraux comme le nationalisme ou les régimes corrompues qui utilisent leurs propres populations pour atteindre des buts privés. Dans sa discussion des rapports complexes entre l'État, les discours nationalistes et la façon dont ils sont assimilés en bas de l'ordre politique, Albert Doja suggère le rôle important de la mondialisation dans le déclenchement de la fragmentation à l'intérieur de l'État-nation. Il discute la façon dont se développent les débats entre Albanais et Serbes à propos du statut historique de Kosovo, où les intellectuels ont joué un rôle important. Certes Albert Doja construit son champ de manière historique, anthropologique et comparative. Même si cette comparaison s'arrête essentiellement aux frontières des Balkans, Jean Copans ajoute toutefois que par ailleurs il nous propose une théorie générale de 1'ethnicité. Il faut donc discriminer entre généralisation et comparaison. Or les sociétés des Balkans sont des sociétés de l'histoire écrite ce qui modifie les perceptions anthropologiques habituelles. Nous ne sommes pas dans le contexte post-colonial habituel mais le choix de propositions cognitivistes ne débouche heureusement pas sur des propositions essentialistes ou instrumentalistes, ni sur des réactions de mode qui mondialiseraient abusivement l'expérience récente des Balkans. Christian Bromberger note à ce propos que l'auteur, traitant du thème des identités, renvoie dos à dos les "primordialistes" et les "instrumentalistes" en notant justement que même si "les attributs culturels tenus pour être la marque distinctive d'un groupe peuvent faire l'objet de transformations, de substitutions, de réinterprétations, cela ne conduit pas à poser que l'identification ethnique peut s'exercer à partir de n'importe quoi". Jonathan Friedman ajoute aussi que la discussion d'Albert Doja sur les rapports entre l'ethnicité instrumentale et primordialiste est importante, même si elle reprend partiellement des discussions connues ailleurs aussi. Le fait que la manipulation de l'identité reste toujours dans des limites encadrées par une espace identitaire qui a ses propres limites implique que l'instrumentalisme est toujours limité et que "on ne peut s'identifier à partir de n'importe quoi". Mais Albert Doja marque un point important quand il soutient que ces deux concepts sont mieux compris si on les considère comme des aspects d'un même phénomène. Jean-Pierre Warnier remarque que la question du pouvoir et des rapports politiques apparaît souvent dans les travaux d'Albert Doja, mais là où il se rapproche le plus d'une analyse politique, c'est dans l'article «The politics of religion». D'un point de vue théorique, il ne semble pas suffisant de renvoyer dos à dos primordialistes et constructivistes, comme le fait pourtant le candidat. C'est l'analyse du pouvoir qui permet de trancher entre les deux, ainsi que l'a suggéré Jean-François Bayart dans son livre L'Illusion identitaire. A cette question concernant le pouvoir, Albert Doja répond que c'est précisément parce la question du pouvoir et des rapports politiques est centrale à l'ensemble de ses travaux qu'on devrait considérer plutôt réducteur de la traiter séparément. Le candidat dit faire une distinction entre pouvoir et politique et qu'il s'intéresse à l'usage instrumental des valeurs morales et sociales de l'identité. Catherine Quiminal note à ce propos que les processus que Albert Doja qualifie de construction identitaire se développent en fonction d'enjeux sociaux et politiques circonstanciés parce que définis par des rapports de force internes aux sociétés considérées et par les relations plaçant ces dernières sous la dépendance d'autres sociétés, rapports et relations qui sont générateurs de domination, de discriminations et de résistances. Ces relations ont sûrement des incidences sur la compréhension de ce que Albert Doja appelle indifféremment dynamique des valeurs culturelles ou dynamique culturelle des valeurs sociales. Christian Bromberger note également l'importance des processus de construction et d'affirmation des identités collectives, ainsi abordées par Albert Doja, dans une région marquée par une forte fragmentation des appartenances confessionnelles. L'auteur souligne le rôle des affiliations religieuses (le bektachisme par exemple) dans la construction des nationalismes et dans les phénomènes de résistance qui ont ponctué l'histoire complexe de l'Albanie et du sud-est de l'Europe. Il analyse, de façon éclairante et à diverses échelles chronologiques, les phénomènes de conversion et de reconversion religieuses dont l'Albanie a été le théâtre. Également fructueuse est pour Michael Herzfeld l'explication que Albert Doja suggère de l'islamisation compréhensive d'une grande partie de la population albanaise. Il étend son modèle aux cas des bosniaques, et on ne peut que regretter qu'il n'est pas encore arrivé à comparer d'autres cas, tel celui de la Crète (où la cruauté des autorités vénitiennes assurèrent leur défaite par les Turcs et donc fournit un cas extrêmement clair de ce que Albert Doja indique pour l'Albanie). Quelle ironie historique que ce soit l'Église catholique qui, par l'oppression des populations orthodoxes, ait déclenché la réaction par lequel l'Islam gagna son importance actuelle en Albanie, même si c'est dans ses aperçus historiques plutôt qu'ethnographiques où Albert Doja semble achever son plus haut niveau de perspicacité! Catherine Quiminal souligne aussi l'hypothèse suivante proposée par l'auteur: "Le développement des pratiques religieuses et des mouvements successifs de conversion et reconversion parmi les Albanais. . . se laisse interpréter comme des expressions de conflit et de protestation, conduisant aux mouvements nationaux et au nationalisme". L'étude de la dynamique de ces mouvements a permis à l'auteur de "comprendre la relativité des conflits politico-religieux et ethnico-nationaux. . . et de mettre la signification des changements d'appartenance religieuse dans la perspective de négociation et de redéfinition des identités sociales". La religion s'ethnicise à des fins de rassemblement. Nation, nationalisme et citoyenneté sont des notions également appréhendées par l'auteur comme constructions identitaires et idéologiques. L'ethnicité est considérée finalement comme "une forme et une métaphore de l'activité et de l'organisation sociale". Jonathan Friedman note aussi que la discussion par Albert Doja de la démocratisation possible de l'Albanie est assez prometteuse, même si elle est encore à ses débuts. Il est d'accord avec l'auteur qui se demande dans quels sens peut se produire une démocratisation dans une société où un affaiblissement de l'État débouche sur un renforcement des rapports parentaux et claniques, où les hiérarchies clientélistes sont à l'ordre du jour ainsi que l'identité du type clanique dominante. Mais on peut aussi suggérer que c'est au contraire les soi-disant institutions démocratiques qui sont adaptées à des stratégies "conventionnelles", semblable à la démocratie africaine (ou du moins congolaise). En fin de compte, les ouvrages d'Albert Doja représentent un corpus marqué d'une vaste érudition qui suscite de nouveaux points de départ pour une ethnologie comparative de la région balkanique. Avant tout, il a trouvé les moyens théoriques pour ériger un pont analytique entre les expériences sociales des gens ordinaires et les structures politiques des entités nationales construites en leur nom et, selon les discours officiels, en accord avec leur vie sociale et culturelle. Pour conclure, le rapport de soutenance revient sur l'originalité du dossier "en rendant hommage au travail accompli par Albert Doja", et souligne "l'intérêt d'une discussion entre anthropologues européanistes et anthropologues des aires culturelles plus traditionnelles de la discipline", aussi bien que "l'impression positive qui se dégage de cette œuvre riche et d'un parcours où chaque étape inaugure un renouvellement des perspectives et des thématiques".

Nellie M. James, June 25, 2013; Nellie M. James, ca 1943; Nellie's mother, Mrs. Paul Hodgsen, A driver for the Red Cross, ca 1943 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Nellie James. The interview was conducted on June 25, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. James discusses her memories of World War II, specifically the Ogden Canteen and her mother�s involvement. ; 21p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Nellie M. James Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 25 June 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Nellie M. James Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 25 June 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: James, Nellie, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 25 June 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Nellie M. James June 25, 2013 Nellie M. James ca. 1943 Nellie's mother, Mrs. Paul Hodgsen, A driver for the Red Cross ca. 1943 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Nellie James. The interview was conducted on June 25, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. James discusses her memories of World War II, specifically the Ogden Canteen and her mother's involvement. LR: Today is June 25, 2013 and we are in the home of Nellie James where we are asking questions about her memories of World War II, specifically the Ogden canteen and her mother's involvement, and her memories of life during the war. Nellie, thank you for letting me come here. Tell me a little bit about where you were born and growing up. NJ: I was born in Salt Lake City. I have a brother three years younger than I am and a sister two years older. We were children in Salt Lake—children of the depression, actually—but that's another story. When I was in the seventh grade, we moved to Ogden. My dad was an architect and he had the opportunity to work with his older brother, Leslie Hodgson, who was the architect of Ogden High School. We moved up to Ogden so that my dad could work with him. Ogden High School was done when we got here, but my father did some work when the city-county building was done. The firm did a tremendous amount of work on housing during the war. They were trying to design homes that could be constructed in a hurry because Ogden had become a very busy place. A lot of people came here because of our war industries and housing was important. After the war they had the option of buying them if they wanted to and could then remodel it. Part of 1 Washington Terrace is where some of that housing was built during the war. A lot of people have since added on and put brick facings on the homes and changed windows and everything. That was what my dad was doing during the war. LR: Where did you live in Ogden during the war? EJ: We lived on Van Buren Avenue between 26th and 27th Street within walking distance of Central Junior High and that's where I went. LR: Okay. When did your mother join the motor corps? EJ: Our whole family was in Salt Lake, she had a whole bunch of sisters and when we moved to Ogden I think she was very lonely. The distance between Ogden and Salt Lake is nothing now, but back then it was travel. I think she thought she'd just get herself busy. At first, she started with PTA in the schools and when the war came she volunteered and became a captain in the Red Cross Motor Corps and that's where she fulfilled most of her duties. LR: You mentioned the experience you had with your mother the one time you went with her. Would you share that? EJ: Oh yes. I was only a teenager and as part of my mom's duties, she had to pick up the donuts and take them down to the train station. When the trains would come in they'd feed the troops. One day, I went with her and I don't know if they were short of help, or if I asked to go or if she wanted me to go just for fun, but we stopped at Topper Bakery and got the donuts, then went down to the station and got everything ready. At that time, you had to go out the back door at the station, down the steps, along the tunnel and back up the stairs to the numbered 2 train tracks. Ogden rail yard was a very busy place. There were a lot of tracks and a lot of business went on there. We got everything ready and you could hear all these servicemen coming up the steps in a rush to the canteen. Then we'd serve the coffee and donuts as fast as we could and then when they were done back they'd go. The troop trains were curtained and I don't think the boys knew for sure where they were and maybe they didn't want it known that it was a troop train and where they were heading for security reasons. That was my one adventure. I never did go again. The boys were cute. There's a certain charm about some guys in a uniform. I was naturally kind of shy and I was so embarrassed. They all flirted and I didn't know what to say or how to act. It was funny looking back on it now. LR: I can imagine. Did you watch the work in the canteen or did you participate that time? EJ: I helped. It seemed like I was serving and then washing cups as fast as I could to serve as many as I could. Sometimes, I'm sure that the layovers were longer, but this seemed to be a short one, the guys were in a hurry and they'd grab a donut and a cup of coffee and off they'd go. LR: Were they glass cups or paper cups? EJ: They were like what they'd have in a restaurant, so we'd have to serve and wash and serve again. The world of plastics was not in existence at that time and I don't even know if they had paper cups. 3 LR: So your mother would take the donuts from the bakery. Are there other responsibilities she had in the motor corps? EJ: Yes. I have two interesting stories that I have to tell you. The trucks were convertible so that in the back they could actually fit four stretchers to accommodate patients. Some of my mom's duties were with Bushnell Hospital in Brigham City. One time, she was called up there and was to transfer a patient from Bushnell down to the veteran's hospital in Salt Lake City. On the way down, this soldier passed away. My mom got to the veteran's hospital and they wouldn't accept him because he was deceased. I can't remember the eventual outcome, it must have been solved somehow or another whether my mom had to bring him back to Bushnell or the veteran's hospital eventually accepted him. This was upsetting to my poor mom, here she was driving down to Salt Lake with a man who passed away and she gets to the hospital and they wouldn't take him. Another time, this was in December when we would get those terrible fogs like we do now, there was a serious train wreck way out in West Ogden. Two passenger trains crashed. There were some people killed and a lot of people injured. My mom was on call 24 hours a day and was called into service. She spent the whole night ferrying injured patients from the train wreck up to the hospital. Those are two outstanding things I can remember. Otherwise, it was probably just routine duties that she did. LR: Was she gone a lot? Since she was on call all of the time. 4 EJ: There were times when it seemed like she'd be gone a whole day or an evening and other times days would go by and she wouldn't be called in at all. She wasn't the only one, I'm sure there were other ladies and they all took their turns. LR: What was your father doing at this time? EJ: He was working in my uncle's office and designing all the housing as fast as they could to get them built. LR: How did the war affect being a student at Ogden High? EJ: Just for fun I got out my yearbooks. I was curious about this to bring back some memories. Actually, high school was not too much different for us because we were juniors and seniors in 1943 and 1944. We still had our regular activities and our regular athletics, but we did some special things. We had a paper drive and we gathered up over 140 tons of paper. If you were involved or volunteered for this kind of work you'd be excused from classes. Sometimes we'd get excused and borrow someone's truck and spend the whole day. It was advertised and we were going around picking up books, magazines and newspapers from people's porches. That's what we ended up with. The home economics class made cupcakes for the canteen. Our gym teacher gave us instruction is basic first aid training and there were over 600 girls that received their first aid certificates at the same time. We received that training in Helen Casey's gym class. We made up boxes to give to the soldiers at Bushnell for Christmas. That was another thing I found in my yearbook. There was a shortage of people to work in the canneries. We had a lot 5 of canneries in Ogden at the time and they had a shortage of workers, so if you volunteered you'd be excused from high school class to go down and work in the canneries. I can remember doing that when they canned string beans. That was an adventure. One more interesting thing with the paper drive, there was a shortage of paper during the war, but I can't figure out why. In our yearbooks both years, instead of having individual pictures, we had to have group pictures of about 30-50 students at a time. We were either outside or downstairs in the gym and they'd take the picture from the top. We just had pictures of groups of us students. When you think about it, we were probably lucky even to have a yearbook. They had to cut the cost and make do with what was available. LR: You mentioned earlier about war bonds and showed me the picture in your yearbook. EJ: Yes. After school we set up a table outside the library and students would come by and buy just stamps and they'd fill a booklet and when the booklet was full they'd get a war bond. After maturity, they'd be ready to be cashed in and as I remember correctly, I think they were worth 25 dollars. We set a goal, I think it was 10,000 dollars and in half a year they had 7,000 dollars in sales. They did a pretty good job. LR: The other thing was the metal drive. EJ: Yes. One of my classmates, Rosemary Cotrell, we had a scrap metal drive and she collected such a huge amount and I don't know whether it was a contest of because of the amount, but she got to go back and christen one of the warships 6 that was being built. I guess you christen it with a name, I don't remember the details, but her picture was in the yearbook doing that. LR: Okay. We talked about your high school experience. Now, what are some of your memories of Ogden during the war? EJ: It was a very busy time. A lot of people had moved in and there was quite a demand for housing. A lot of people worked in the war industry. We called it the Defense Depot Ogden, or DDO. My sister worked there and I did for one summer at the end of the war. A lot of people worked there. It was the beginning of having stores open later. Usually, stores downtown would open at 10 a.m. and close at 6 p.m., but during the war they started staying open until 9 on Monday nights to give people a chance to shop when they couldn't otherwise. I worked at a little ladies dress shop during my high school years and I usually worked on Monday nights and then on Saturdays. You had a hard time finding some kinds of clothing. Leather was scarce. I remember one summer I had a pair of summer sandals and the tops were white canvas and I swear the soles must have been made out of pressed cardboard. I'd keep them clean by washing them with white shoe polish and they didn't last very long. Some things you couldn't find in the right sizes. There was a big shortage of household appliances and things like that. I remember during the depression people used to say you couldn't buy things because you couldn't afford them. Well, during the war, you couldn't buy things because you couldn't find them. They just were not available. You took care of your appliances and everything that you had to make them last. 7 LR: Do you remember it being busy with all the extra people? Did it seem like shopping during the holidays was crazy? EJ: It was very busy. It was very different than it was in the years before. Then, everything was situated downtown, we had no malls or anything like that. The stores just lined the streets on both sides for three or four blocks. For Christmas shopping you'd just start at one end of the town and go through every store, then cross the street and come back on the other side. There were all kinds of stores. They had furniture stores, clothing stores, and even a grocery store. Everything seemed to be downtown. LR: What was downtown? EJ: The store I worked at was called the Nadine. There was also Montgomery Ward's, Kress', Woolworth's, Tribe's Furniture, and one of the favorite places for everyone was Keely's Café. They had the best fish and chips in the world. Even now, I've never tasted anything as good as that. There was another place called Doko's that had candy. There were about four movie theaters all downtown such as the Egyptian, which has been remodeled, another called the Orpheum, and another called the Paramount. I can't remember the others. If you wanted to shop you just went downtown and everything was there. LR: You mentioned that you worked at the DDO for a summer. Do you remember what you did? 8 EJ: Yes. It was a supply depot for materials during the war and what I did was type up transfer orders from a warehouse. A certain amount would need to be shipped somewhere and we had to type all these orders. LR: How did the rationing affect everyday life? EJ: I think it was more inconvenience than a problem. My mom did a tremendous amount of canning. Some foods were rationed and you had to be careful about your meat, gasoline, coffee and a lot of other things. We would save up our sugar stamps so that we could get enough sugar for my mom to do her canning. Evidently, fruit was not rationed at that time because it was convenient and cheap. My mom canned everything. There was a summer job that some kids had. In fact, I did that a couple of times during the summer. We'd get on the buses and ride out to North Ogden and pick cherries. We'd get paid a few cents for a bucket. A lot of kids did that because there were no professional croppers like there are now and they had to have the crops harvested. I think I earned enough money to buy material to make myself a summer dress and that was it. LR: After the war, did your mom stop being in the motor corps or did she continue doing that? EJ: No. I think she continued in some of her other charities that she worked for, like community chest and some other things, but I don't remember her staying with the motor corps. Maybe it even was disbanded at the end of the war. It could have been. 9 LR: Was it easy to go back to normal life after the war or did they continue to change? EJ: Gradually I think. It was difficult when so many of the servicemen came back. I went away to college in 1944 and then the summer of 1945 was when I worked at DDO. My first year at college there were hardly any men on campus. It was basically a women's college. The next year, they postponed the start of school for several weeks to try and put up huts and whatever they could to make housing for the male students because there was such a huge rush of them coming back to college. That was one thing that did change after the war. LR: Where did you go to college? EJ: Washington State University. LR: What was your life like after the war? What did you do besides college? EJ: I came home and worked for a while and then got married. Most girls my age did. It wasn't the thing then to move away from home and have a career. Some girls did, but not very many. LR: Are there any other memories of the war years that you'd like to share? EJ: You asked on my question sheet about memories of 25th Street. It's funny because to us that was a strictly off limits area. You just did not go on 25th Street, even in the daytime. One activity we did in high school as crazy kids was get a car load of us and drive down and find a parking place on 25th Street at night. We'd try to find one close to a bar or something and roll up the windows, lock the doors, scrunch down in our seats and watch. Tons of soldiers would go 10 up and down the street and the MP's were patrolling constantly. It must have been fascinating for us or something. Once in a while we'd see some guy coming drunk out of a bar and pass out on the sidewalk or something like that. This was one of our adventures as high school kids. One restaurant that was quite famous called Ross and Jack's was just below Washington Boulevard on 25th Street. Some of the kids in my high school class have kept the menus, but I don't have one. The most famous thing on the menu was a burger spud. I never went into Ross and Jack's, this is just what kids told me about it. They didn't have booths; they just had a long counter with stools. You'd go in there, sit at the stool, give your order and then eat as fast as you could so someone else could take their turn at the counter. The burger spud was a whole pile of mashed potatoes, a ground beef patty smothered in gravy and a roll or slice of bread on the side for 25 cents. That was their main lunch that they would serve. Anyone walking around 25th Street would dash into Ross and Jack's for their burger spud. LR: You mentioned that you weren't supposed to go to 25th Street. Why is that? EJ: It had a reputation. In fact, it was quite famous as we understood later. Soldiers would pass the word and it had bars on both sides. It was directly east of Union Station and that's why it was so available to the soldiers for layovers. There were houses of prostitution, tons of bars and a few eating places. It was called, "two-bit street." Soldiers would come here curious because they'd heard about it and wanted to walk up and down the street and see what was there. LR: Is there anything else that you'd like to share? 11 EJ: I can't think of anything. LR: Nellie, I appreciate your time and sharing your memories and I hope that you've been able to talk about the things that you wanted as well. EJ: Yes. It has been fun to take a trip down memory lane like that and think about things I haven't for a long time. 12