Suchergebnisse

Раннесредневековые рунические надписи эпитафии являются важнейшим источником для всестороннего изучения истории и культуры древнетюркского общества. Немаловажное значение в этом плане имеют данные палеоэтнографи-ческого характера, еще недостаточно привлекавшие к себе внимание исследователей. Впервые дается системный анализ этих сведений, распределенных на три семантических блока: 1. Биография и прижизненная деятельность героя; 2. Реалии и ценности окружающего мира; 3. Темы «перехода» и знаковые обозначения культуры. Делается вывод о том, что приведенные сведения наиболее адекватно отражают жизненный цикл и особенности культуры племен древнетюркских этносоциальных объединений. ; Ancient Turkic epitaphs, rune inscriptions on memorial stones, are a major source to study history and culture of medieval nomads of Central Asia and South Siberia. They were already used to extract mythological and epic plots, ancient Turkics conceptions of space and time, data for reconstruction of ancient Turkic religion etc. Thus paleoethnographic information practically remained out of eyeshot of the researchers. In hired the system analysis of these data distributed on three semantic blocks is first given. Block 1 is "Biography and lifetime activity of a hero". It contains materials of biographic character, his "heroic deeds" and number of killed enemies, social status and measure of lifetime public importance of a hero. Block 2 is "Realities and values of the environment". It contains data about the amount of hero's fellow-fighters, enumerated different valuables got as a contribution and spoils of war, the significance of a banner and belt is emphasized as markers of imperious function of a hero-leader of Ancient Turkic military. In the inscriptions are also domestic economic data about an amount and pasture methods of cattle, locations of stands, construction of yurtas, as well about value secondary occupations (such as battues as a rehearsal of a real battle), mining, and building of fortifications. Block 3 is "Subjects of transition and symbolical denotation of the culture". It presents various information about causes of hero's death, the system of values, he possessed and did not "enjoy" in his lifetime, also talked about some customs, related to worship of the dead and about "mourning" that is expressed on behalf of hero by his next kinsfolk there are three basic symbolical denotations of the culture, those are a war-horse, oblational stones called balbals and a vessel on a breast of all Ancient Turkic stone monuments, as a symbol of further revival. All of them have immediate correspondence in archaeological materials. The notions about the other world are some kind hazy, and the best expressed in the idiom "Woe to me, I have gone to the Golden Steppe". The culture of the ancient Turkics as reconstructed by Ancient Turkic Rune inscriptions-epitaphs was bright and original, and in its main features is drawn together with the ethnographic culture of contemporary cattle breeding people of the Sayan-Altay region, but it looks more hard, saturated and archaic. The Ancient Turkic epitaphs set on conspicuous places supposed well literacy of those, whom they were addressed to. The monuments passes to its and future generations the certain vision of the world, required way of life, all system of public (state) values. Quite obviously, that such kind of memory assisted maintenance of many, including heroic, traditions in the culture of Turkic nomads of later time.

Поднимается проблема прироста кочевых народов Севера в 20-30-е гг. XX в. в связи с высказанным мнением, что сложные бытовые условия обусловливают для них низкий естественный прирост по сравнению с оседлыми этническими группами. Демографические тенденции рассматриваются на примере тундровых и лесных ненцев, проживающих на территории современного Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. А именно анализируются изменение их численности, распределение по полу и возрасту, количество детей в семьях, естественное движение, этнические и миграционные процессы. ; The paper raises the problem of growth of indigenous peoples in the first third of the 20th century. If they were described as non-viable and on the verge of extinction at the end of the 19th early 20th century, some authors concluded artificiality of this problem ''in order to draw the government's attention to the natives'' in the first quarter of the 20th century. There was an opinion in respect of nomads that complex conditions of their life cause their low natural increase compared to sedentary people. The paper considers the demographic characteristics of tundra and forest Nenetses living on the territory of modern Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, according to the All-Union and the Polar censuses of 1926 and 1939, reports of the Yamal Region Department of Statistics, supplemented by household (pokhoziaistvennye) forms of north land management expeditions. Censuses show the increase of the total number of Yamal Nenetses in 13 years by more than 1.5 times, from 7,994 in 1926 to 13,454 people in 1939. However, the analysis of the percentage of various Samoyed groups in the structure of nomadic Nenetses points to unessential influence of ethnic processes on their growth. In accordance with the instructions of the 1939 census, a Nenets was the name given to all people classified in the questionnaires as Nenetsia, Nenets, Khasovo, Samoyed, Samodi, Samoyed-Jurak, Jurak, Iarany, Piankhasovo, Forest Nenets. The general demographic factors characterized the natural movement of the Nenets in the middle of 1920s calculated with using methodological recommendation of P.E. Terletskiy to employ average absolute fertility, mortality and natural growth confirm the conclusion that the sedentary peoples have higher natural increase. Obdorsk nomadic Samoyeds have relatively low fertility and mortality, including children mortality, compared to other nations, and their natural increase as in the third place after Russians and Ostyaks. The age and sex structure made by using the 1959 All-Union census data shows higher fertility rates for the Nenets in late 1920s and the 1930s than in previous years. Nevertheless most of Nenets families had few children because of the high infant mortality rate. One nuclear family of Yamal Nenetses had 2.8 children in average, of Forest Nenetses 2.5 children. The obtained data suggest simple reproduction of the Nenets generations. The difference in the data between the permanent and the existing population indicates little impact of the migration factor to the number of the Nenets. After analyzing all the factors we can argue that more than half of the absolute increase of the Nenets in the intercensus period of 1926-1939 is the result of refinements in their numbers, due to a careful organization of the census work. The character of their natural movement proved the consistently positive demographic situation that guaranteed low growth.

Статья посвящена исследованию исламского радикализма в Пакистане. Основное внимание сфокусировано на выделении особенностей усиления радикального ислама в Пакистане, а также сочетания местного и «импортного» элементов в радикально-экстремистской идеологии. В прогнозной части статьи рассматриваются возможные варианты (сценарии) дальнейшей эволюции исламорадикализма. В Пакистане исламский радикализм (идеологический уровень) и экстремизм (практическое воплощение идей) набрали высокие темпы роста во время политики исламизации 80-х гг. ХХ в., оставаясь до настоящего времени ключевыми факторами турбулентности ситуации в стране и регионе. Развитие радикального исламизма в Пакистане носит очаговый и дискретный характер. Каждый период этого развития характеризуется определенными внешними или внутренними факторами, определявшими ход развития событий. Так, резкий подъем радикального ислама с конца 1970-х гг. был в немалой степени связан с мировым и в особенности с региональным контекстом. С середины 1980-х гг. на первый план выходит внутренний фактор межрелигиозного противостояния между суннитами и шиитами, тем более острый, что стороны получали помощь извне. После 90-х гг. ХХ в. периода относительно ровного развития очередная фаза усиления радикального исламизма в начале 2000-х гг. была вызвана резкой сменой внешнеполитического и внутриполитического курса Исламабада, поддержавшего борьбу с крайними формами исламизма терроризмом, как в рамках международной коалиции, так и внутри страны. В настоящее время на фоне углубления социально-экономического кризиса в стране, а также усталости населения от последствий участия Пакистана в глобальной войне против террора на первый план стали выдвигаться легальные движения исламистов. При этом не следует преуменьшать и значение экстремистов, которые могут использовать нынешний период затишья для передышки и перегруппировки сил. Инерция развития исламистских политических, общественных и радикальных организаций позволяет утверждать, что данная тематика будет и в дальнейшем сохранять высокую актуальность для Пакистана. ; The article focuses on the main trends in the evolution of Islamist movements in Pakistan. It assesses inside and outside factors of radical Islam growth. In the prospective part of the article the author examines the possible developments (scenarios) of the Islamism evolution. Islamic radicalism (ideology) and Islamic extremism (practical implementation of ideas) in Pakistan gained momentum due to the policy of Islamisation in the 1980s. Until now, the phenomena mean much to turbulent political situation in Pakistan and in the region. Radical Islam in Pakistan has the character of local and discrete evolution. Each period of this evolution is determined by external or internal development factors define. Thus, the rise of radical Islam in the late 1970s was largely linked to the global and regional context. Since the mid 1980s at the forefront comes the internal factor of inter-sectarian conflict between the Sunnis and the Shias, that both receive support from the outside. After the relatively even period of the 1990s radical Islam gains strengthen in the early 2000s when Pakistan made a U-turn in its external and domestic policy, having supported the international counter-terror fight both within the international coalition and inside the country. Currently, the deepening economic and social crisis, as well as the burden of Pakistan''s involvement in the global war on terror bring legal Islamists to the forefront. Also one should not underestimate the might of extremists who can take advantage from this pause. All in all, the dynamics of the Islamist political, social and radical organizations'' evolution suggests that the issue will maintain its high relevance for Pakistan.

This PhD in urban geography focuses on the evolution of the urban framework since the early 1980 : in the province of Zhejiang in China. The unprecedented size and rapidity of Chinese urbanization have transformed both their structure and territorial distribution. Zhejiang province, whose urbanization rate increased from 13.7 to 61.6% between 1980 and 2010, is located south of Shanghai. It covers a part of the Yangtzi Delta region, one of the biggest metropolitan areas in China, and highlights the urban transformations both within such thriving territories and in peripheral areas. The development of small cities, with a population between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants is proving to be the most common feature of the evolution of its urban framework: while the province had only 13 small cities in 1990, they were 45 in 2000 and 52 in 2010. Focusing on these urban entities, this research work analyses the impacts of a standardized urban planning, guided by the overriding objective of economic growth. Promoting small cities in the urban hierarchy, these planning practices nevertheless cause socio-spatial divisions. In addition, the absence of a rigorous regional planning does not anticipate an urban selection already started. The relations between urban cores and their rural peripheries are renewed, and lead to a redistribution of activities and populations in a mixed functional space. The chosen angle is to reveal the complex links between urban practices largely shared in China and socio-economic as well as space realities in order to outline the shape of the new urban framework. Small cities have new roles to play and support an on-going renewal of the urban hierarchy ; Cette thèse de doctorat en géographie urbaine s'intéresse à l'évolution de l'armature urbaine depuis le début des années 1980 dans la province du Zhejiang en Chine. Les villes y ont connu de considérables changements: l'ampleur de l'urbanisation s'exprime tant dans leur évolution physique que dans leur distribution sur l'ensemble du territoire. Le Zhejiang, dont le taux d'urbanisation est passé de 13,7 à 61,6 % entre 1980 et 2010, est situé au sud de Shanghai. Il intègre une partie de la région du delta du Yangzi, l'un des bassins industriels et démographiques les plus dynamiques de Chine, et met en évidence les mutations urbaines aussi bien au sein de ce type de territoires riches et en plein essor que dans les terres en marge de leur développement. Le développement des petites villes, avec une population comprise entre 100 000 et 500 000 habitants, se révèle être le paramètre moteur de l'évolution de l'armature urbaine: alors que la province n'en compte que 13 en 1990, elles sont au nombre de 45 en 2000 puis 52 en 2010. En centrant la recherche sur ces entité : urbaines, l'étude analyse l'impact d'une politique de développement local standardisée, guidée par l'objectif prioritaire de croissance économique. À l'origine d'une promotion des petites villes au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine, ces pratiques uniformes provoquent de nombreuses fractures spatiales et socio-économiques et, en l'absence d'une planification régionale rigoureuse, n'anticipent pas une sélection urbaine déjà commencée. Les relations entre les villes et leurs périphéries rurales en sont modifiées, corollaire d'une redistribution des activités et des populations au sein d'un espace fonctionnel mixte.

The rise of emerging economies has fundamentally changed the context in which negotiations on a post-2015 agreement take place. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were an agenda driven by traditional donors and North-South relations – a model of global relations that is outdated today. When the MDGs were negotiated at the end of the 1990s, they set a new basis for cooperation among industrialised and developing countries. By focusing on human development and orienting development aid to the poorest people, the MDGs allowed policy-makers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to mobilise support among the broader public for increasing aid flows. Almost 15 years later, countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) play a major role on the global stage. A second group of emerging countries, such as Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria and Turkey, are rapidly gaining importance as economic and political players, especially in their respective regions. The rise of these countries shapes the nature of global development challenges and the instruments used to address them. While poverty remains a key concern, a new agenda has to take into account that the poverty landscape has changed considerably, as most of the world's poor today live in middle-income countries. Issues of environmental sustainability and social inequality have become even more pressing today compared to the end of the 1990s. The role of development assistance as an instrument to engage with emerging economies is in a fundamental transition period. The post-2015 debate holds the potential to generate momentum for a "new bargain" among developing countries, emerging economies and industrialised countries. An international agreement that would integrate the MDGs and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), proposed at the Rio+20 Summit, could pave the way for a comprehensive agenda on sustainable human development. If a new agenda were to also set goals for industrialized countries and emerging economies, it would become a truly universal development agenda. Supporting a new international development framework that goes beyond poverty reduction and includes social, environmental and economic sustainability entails challenges for both industrialised and emerging economies. Dynamics in South-South cooperation currently provide limited incentives for emerging economies to actively support a new agenda. Development policy communities in emerging economies with an interest in pushing active contributions to a post-2015 agenda are weak. Moreover, institutions for cooperation among emerging economies that would be crucial in identifying common positions are still in their infancy. On the other hand, policy-makers in emerging economies may seize the opportunity to use a post-2015 agenda to address joint interests such as tackling inequalities and achieving environmentally sustainable development. Negotiations may provide an opportunity for China and others to strengthen their international "soft power". For Europe, implementing a universal agenda will be equally ambitious, not least when thinking about goals for reducing social inequality or environmental footprints. Whether emerging economies decide to engage or not, they will fundamentally shape the relevance and scope of any global framework. Only if they actively support a universal agenda can a new bargain among developing countries, emerging economies and industrialised countries be struck. This gives important responsibilities to European countries, which need to make ambitious commitments and conduct negotiations towards increasing the attractiveness of a new agenda for emerging economies.

We currently observe a renaissance of the debate about a multilateral investment agreement (MIA). The last attempts to establish such an agreement failed in 1998 at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and in 2003, as part of the Doha Development Agenda of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The reasons for these failures are both the resistance of emerging countries and developing countries to one-sided policies mainly aimed at protecting international investors, and divergences among industrialised countries, particularly regarding the liberalization of market access regulations. The proponents name several arguments in favour of a resumption of negotiations about an MIA: First, we can now observe a fundamental shift in global investment flows. Companies from emerging countries are increasingly investing abroad and aim at a better protection of their foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing and industrialised countries. The traditional criticism put forward by influential, emerging countries against an MIA appears to be weakening as the result of a growing convergence of interests. Secondly, among industrialised countries themselves there is a growing consensus regarding international investment rules. One sign of this are the Shared Principles for Inter national Investment , adopted in 2012 by the EU and the U.S.A., whose purpose is to smooth the way for a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership . With this gradual convergence, in particular regarding the inclusion of market access provisions, a further stumbling block along the way to an MIA appears to have been done away with. Thirdly, the increasing regionalisation of investment rulemaking is advanced as an argument which can facilitate the leap to the next-higher, multilateral level. As a result of socalled Mega-Regionals - like the Transpacific Partnership between the U.S.A. and 10 other countries in the Pacific Region, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and six other countries, including China or the planned Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership - it is possible that a consolidation of investment rules will arise which would simplify the negotiations about an MIA. These current trends can in fact help to smooth the path to a global accord. However, the main question driving the international debate should not be whether it is possible to establish an MIA. What is more important is the question whether the institutional form of an MIA is suitable for effectively solving the most pressing challenges in the current investment regime. This is not very likely, since an MIA is unlikely to lead to significantly more FDI flows or to give stronger consideration to the interests of the developing countries. An MIA will most likely also not lead to greater coherency between the investment rules and other policy areas. It is more promising to tackle these challenges in the context of regional co-operation, since this permits better accommodation of the treaty contents to the specific needs of the countries involved. Negotiations at the regional level should be supplemented by co-ordination efforts on the global level. The G-20 is the appropriate orchestrator for talks about these systemic questions, talks which in turn should be carried on with the inclusion of the OECD, WTO, and the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and other stakeholders.

В статье проводится анализ комплекса мер государственной поддержки социально ориентированных некоммерческих организаций (СО НКО), принятых в 2009–2013 гг. в России. Цель исследования – оценить российские меры государственной поддержки СО НКО в свете зарубежного опыта использования инструментов государственной поддержки некоммерческих организаций для содействия межсекторному партнерству в социальной сфере. Концептуальный контекст анализа взаимодействия государства и СО НКО – теоретические подходы, фокусирующиеся на экономике предоставления социальных услуг, в особенности концепция «провалов» рынка и государства. Использованный эмпирический материал включает принятые в указанный период на федеральном уровне нормативные правовые акты, направленные на поддержку СО НКО в России, аналогичные документы зарубежных стран, а также данные социологических исследований СО НКО, выполненных в НИУ ВШЭ. Исследуются принципы выделения на законодательном уровне субсектора СО НКО. Закрепленные в нормативно-правовой базе инструменты государственной поддержки рассматриваются в разрезе основных форм поддержки: финансовой, имущественной, предоставления налоговых льгот и пр. Приводятся данные о масштабах государственной поддержки СО НКО на федеральном и отчасти на региональном уровне. Проводится сопоставление анализируемых мер с зарубежными аналогами. В свете зарубежной практики выделяются возможные на правления развития государственной поддержки СО НКО в России. Изученный блок мер по поддержке СО НКО складывается в комплексный подход, представляющий серьезную позитивную инновацию в практике государственного управления в России, и в основных своих компонентах вполне соответствует известному зарубежному опыту. ; The article analyses a set of measures of government support to socially oriented nonprofit organizations (SO NPOs) which were enacted in 2009–2013 in Russia. The analysis is aimed at assessing this Russian regulatory framework designed to channel government support to SO NPOs by comparing it with the tools of government, employed to facilitate cross-sector partnership in the delivery of social services in the selected foreign countries. For a theoretical framework of the investigation of interaction between government and SO NPOs we rely on the demand / supply model and in particular on the theory of market and government "failure". The employed empirical material includes full-text versions of the relevant Russian Federal norms and regulations, selected matching documents of foreign countries as well as data of sociological surveys of Russian NPOs conducted by NRU HSE. Firstly, principles used by Russian law-makers to define legally the subsector of SO NPOs are investigated. Analysis of the tools of the government support, introduced by the enacted norms and regulations, is then arranged by the major form of support: financial, transfer of property rights, tax incentives etc. The data are featured on the scope of the government support to SO NOPs at the federal level of government and in part at the level of regions. International comparisons follow. Overall the set of measures discussed constitutes a serious positive innovation in the Russian government practices vis-à-vis SO NPOs. It shows the substantial similarity with the government tool kits, employed to support NPOs elsewhere in the world. This relates to the criteria of legal eligibility for support and to the composition of the tool kit, which includes government subsidies / grants, tax incentives etc. There remains room for expansion of the Russian tool kit. In implementing new legal norms attention must be paid to keeping administrative barriers to access to the government support reasonably low, in particular to small NPOs constituting a majority in the Russian nonprofit sector.

Исследуется период 471-475 гг. в истории Римской империи. В это время империя испытывала большие структурные трудности, связанные с фракционной борьбой как в центре, так и в провинциях. Конфронтация и конфликты, последовавшие за смертью императора Гонория, поставили под вопрос будущее империи и породили неуверенность в перспективах у ее жителей. Рассматривается проблема социальной адаптации на уровне интеграции варваров в систему имперского государства, ослабевшего, но отнюдь не рухнувшего. Для решения данного вопроса анализируются данные письменных источников, освещающих обозначенный период в истории вестготов, а также рассматриваются и сопоставляются точки зрения различных отечественных и зарубежных историков-специалистов. ; The article is devoted to the period of 471-475 AD in the history of the Roman Empire. At this time, the empire was experiencing major structural difficulties associated with factionalism, both at the center and in the provinces. Despite the belief of some researchers that the barbarian kingdoms as independent and self-sufficient units had already been formed in this period in the territories controlled by barbaric contingent, it considers that it is not. It is a mistake to see the actions of the barbarians as a systematic, thoughtful and reflect struggle for independence from the empire or against the empire at all. Not because such intentions in the interaction between the barbarians and the Empire were absent, but because it simplifies, exaggerates, makes an inadequate understanding of the multi-level system of coordinates in the space of late antiquity. The period of 471-475 AD marked by political struggle, frequent change of emperors, the factionalism in the Western Empire, has not by changing the imperial priorities and guidelines of the Visigoths. Furthermore, in the given period, these priorities appeared stronger than before. Charges of the Visigoth's chief Eurich in an ambitious quest for power first by Sidonius Appolinaris, then by Jordanes are the result of struggle of opposition parties at the time of writing the sources and cannot explain the action or inaction of the Visigoths at this time correctly. Expectant, cautious strategy of Eurich didn't give a reason to talk about his pointless aggression in relation to the Roman people. Actions of the Visigoths at that time were made at the request of and in support of local Aquitaine and Iberian officials who used the Visigoth power for their own interests. The resulting redistribution within the financial, social and ideological hierarchies of provinces of the empire was not associated with the rise of the barbarians and their monopolization of the status of the elite, but with the transition of local power from one Roman aristocratic clans to others. The fact that Eurich used the factions fighting to strengthen his own position as a leading military commander in the region, said about his skillful orientation in the social and political landscape of the empire, which means significant integration in the state and social system. The conscious creation, maintenance and use to their advantage of niche functionality of the Visigoths in the imperial system are possible only through the understanding of the system in its integrity. The systemic vision of imperial processes by Eurich was manifested in his attention to the events in Italy. He and his companions were in need of Roman imperial sanction, so retained integrity of the Roman state as a priority.

El proyecto de integración al que aspiran los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (can) tiene un carácter exhaustivo, que excede el ámbito de los acuerdos comerciales. En este contexto, la integración en materia de turismo ha despertado un interés creciente entre los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe, por su capacidad de generar divisas y favorecer la inversión privada, la creación de empleo, la inclusión y el encadenamiento de empresas pequeñas y comunidades locales. Asimismo, la actividad turística puede contribuir a reforzar la identidad regional y subregional de los esquemas de integración. El turismo es uno de los rubros económicos más importantes para los países en desarrollo y, a su vez, se lo reconoce como un factor que contribuye a la reducción de la pobreza y al crecimiento económico. Por ello, se lo debe considerar como una oportunidad para el desarrollo de los países de la can, sobre todo porque los miembros del bloque andino cuentan con una oferta turística diversificada compuesta por recursos naturales y culturales de gran atractivo. En el presente trabajo se analiza la evolución del flujo de turistas en los países de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones y se esboza un estudio comparativo con el bloque del mercosur. Luego, se elabora una matriz que permite observar, a primera vista, la magnitud del turismo emisivo intrarregional en ambos casos, así como determinar ciertas conclusiones a partir de los datos observados y comparados. Finalmente, se presentan algunas propuestas que los cuatro países de la CAN podrían desarrollar en el ámbito de la cooperación horizontal, en relación con la promoción conjunta y con la participación de las ciudades de la región en la red de Mercociudades ; The Andean Community of Nations (can) aspires towards a comprehensive project of integration, exceeding the scope of trade agreements. It is within this context that Latin American and Caribbean governments have become increasingly interested in integration in the area of tourism due to this sector's ability to generate currency and encourage private investment, job creation, inclusion, and the formation of links between small businesses and local communities. At the same time, tourism can also help strengthen regional and subregional identities. Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors in developing countries and is recognized as a factor that contributes to the reduction of poverty and to economic growth. It should therefore be seen as an opportunity for development in the can nations, above all because the Andean bloc?s member states boast a diverse range of tourist attractions comprising both natural and cultural resources of great appeal. This paper analyzes trends in the flow of tourists in the can countries and outlines a comparative study with the mercosur bloc. It then presents a matrix that allows the scale of outbound intra-regional tourism in both cases to be observed at a glance, enabling conclusions to be drawn based on the data observed and compared. Finally, the paper makes several proposals that the four Andean countries could develop within the scope of horizontal co-operation in terms of joint promotion and the participation of regional cities in the Mercociudades network

El proyecto de integración al que aspiran los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (can) tiene un carácter exhaustivo, que excede el ámbito de los acuerdos comerciales. En este contexto, la integración en materia de turismo ha despertado un interés creciente entre los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe, por su capacidad de generar divisas y favorecer la inversión privada, la creación de empleo, la inclusión y el encadenamiento de empresas pequeñas y comunidades locales. Asimismo, la actividad turística puede contribuir a reforzar la identidad regional y subregional de los esquemas de integración. El turismo es uno de los rubros económicos más importantes para los países en desarrollo y, a su vez, se lo reconoce como un factor que contribuye a la reducción de la pobreza y al crecimiento económico. Por ello, se lo debe considerar como una oportunidad para el desarrollo de los países de la can, sobre todo porque los miembros del bloque andino cuentan con una oferta turística diversificada compuesta por recursos naturales y culturales de gran atractivo. En el presente trabajo se analiza la evolución del flujo de turistas en los países de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones y se esboza un estudio comparativo con el bloque del mercosur. Luego, se elabora una matriz que permite observar, a primera vista, la magnitud del turismo emisivo intrarregional en ambos casos, así como determinar ciertas conclusiones a partir de los datos observados y comparados. Finalmente, se presentan algunas propuestas que los cuatro países de la CAN podrían desarrollar en el ámbito de la cooperación horizontal, en relación con la promoción conjunta y con la participación de las ciudades de la región en la red de Mercociudades ; The Andean Community of Nations (can) aspires towards a comprehensive project of integration, exceeding the scope of trade agreements. It is within this context that Latin American and Caribbean governments have become increasingly interested in integration in the area of tourism due to this sector's ability to generate currency and encourage private investment, job creation, inclusion, and the formation of links between small businesses and local communities. At the same time, tourism can also help strengthen regional and subregional identities. Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors in developing countries and is recognized as a factor that contributes to the reduction of poverty and to economic growth. It should therefore be seen as an opportunity for development in the can nations, above all because the Andean bloc?s member states boast a diverse range of tourist attractions comprising both natural and cultural resources of great appeal. This paper analyzes trends in the flow of tourists in the can countries and outlines a comparative study with the mercosur bloc. It then presents a matrix that allows the scale of outbound intra-regional tourism in both cases to be observed at a glance, enabling conclusions to be drawn based on the data observed and compared. Finally, the paper makes several proposals that the four Andean countries could develop within the scope of horizontal co-operation in terms of joint promotion and the participation of regional cities in the Mercociudades network

Oil sands reclamation guidance documents prepared by the Cumulative Environmental Management Association and endorsed by the provincial government include lists of potential reclamation species and their characteristics (Alberta Environment 2008, 2010). This report consolidates and updates profiles for 98 of these species. Each profile contains the following information (where applicable): • Species Nomenclature – up-to-date scientific names and widely used common names along with plant family designations; common names should be used with caution as many distinct species have the same or similar common names and common names may vary by region • Plant Description o Fruit o Seed • Habitat and Distribution of the species locally and worldwide o Seral Stage o Soil o Distribution based on Moss (1983) unless otherwise noted. Moss uses the following convention to describe distribution: The North American distribution is generally given in two tiers from west to east across the continent. The first tier represents the northern limit, the second tier the southern limit. A comma indicates a reasonably continuous distribution and a semi-colon indicates a disjunction. • Phenology – particularly based on observations from north eastern Alberta • Pollination mechanisms are described if known. • Genetic Information (ploidy) • Known Symbioses • Seed Processing o Collection o Seed Weight o Harvest Dates o Cleaning o Storage Behaviour o Storage o Longevity • Propagation – including seed and vegetative propagation o Natural Regeneration o Germination o Pre-treatments o Vegetative Propagation • Greenhouse timelines for seedling production • Aboriginal/Food Uses o Food o Medicinal o Other • Wildlife/Forage Usage • Reclamation Potential – with examples from oil sands reclamation studies where available • Commercial Resources o Harvest Methods o Availability o Cultivars o Uses (other than the Aboriginal uses noted above) • Notes – including comments on alternative names (genera and species names change with increasing knowledge of biology and genetics; caution should be used when consulting older references such as Budd and Best (1969) and Moss (1983) because of potential name changes since these were published) Each profile is illustrated with photographs of the plant, flowers, fruit and/or seeds if available and line drawings are also included if available (Budd and Best (1969) is an excellent source for line drawings). References for the content are provided with each profile. Although the original objective for the profiles was to inform decisions made by reclamation planners and practitioners in the oil sands and to promote the inclusion of these species in revegetation, the information has a much wider audience appeal. We continue to be inundated with requests for all types of species information from professionals in other industries as well as provincial, municipal and federal government agencies, nursery producers, aboriginal groups, researchers, archeologists, cultural anthropologists and ethno-botanists, wildlife biologists, foresters, range managers, horticulturalists, naturalists and the general public. At the November 25, 2013 OSRIN workshop Future of Shrubs in Oil Sands Reclamation participants noted a lack of awareness of, and in for many species the need for, the types of information contained in these species profiles. This report is a valuable tool for those directly responsible for planning and executing reclamation in the oil sands as well as for other professionals involved in native plant work.

Oil sands reclamation guidance documents prepared by the Cumulative Environmental Management Association and endorsed by the provincial government include lists of potential reclamation species and their characteristics (Alberta Environment 2008, 2010). This report consolidates and updates profiles for 98 of these species. Each profile contains the following information (where applicable): • Species Nomenclature – up-to-date scientific names and widely used common names along with plant family designations; common names should be used with caution as many distinct species have the same or similar common names and common names may vary by region • Plant Description o Fruit o Seed • Habitat and Distribution of the species locally and worldwide o Seral Stage o Soil o Distribution based on Moss (1983) unless otherwise noted. Moss uses the following convention to describe distribution: The North American distribution is generally given in two tiers from west to east across the continent. The first tier represents the northern limit, the second tier the southern limit. A comma indicates a reasonably continuous distribution and a semi-colon indicates a disjunction. • Phenology – particularly based on observations from north eastern Alberta • Pollination mechanisms are described if known. • Genetic Information (ploidy) • Known Symbioses • Seed Processing o Collection o Seed Weight o Harvest Dates o Cleaning o Storage Behaviour o Storage o Longevity • Propagation – including seed and vegetative propagation o Natural Regeneration o Germination o Pre-treatments o Vegetative Propagation • Greenhouse timelines for seedling production • Aboriginal/Food Uses o Food o Medicinal o Other • Wildlife/Forage Usage • Reclamation Potential – with examples from oil sands reclamation studies where available • Commercial Resources o Harvest Methods o Availability o Cultivars o Uses (other than the Aboriginal uses noted above) • Notes – including comments on alternative names (genera and species names change with increasing knowledge of biology and genetics; caution should be used when consulting older references such as Budd and Best (1969) and Moss (1983) because of potential name changes since these were published) Each profile is illustrated with photographs of the plant, flowers, fruit and/or seeds if available and line drawings are also included if available (Budd and Best (1969) is an excellent source for line drawings). References for the content are provided with each profile. Although the original objective for the profiles was to inform decisions made by reclamation planners and practitioners in the oil sands and to promote the inclusion of these species in revegetation, the information has a much wider audience appeal. We continue to be inundated with requests for all types of species information from professionals in other industries as well as provincial, municipal and federal government agencies, nursery producers, aboriginal groups, researchers, archeologists, cultural anthropologists and ethno-botanists, wildlife biologists, foresters, range managers, horticulturalists, naturalists and the general public. At the November 25, 2013 OSRIN workshop Future of Shrubs in Oil Sands Reclamation participants noted a lack of awareness of, and in for many species the need for, the types of information contained in these species profiles. This report is a valuable tool for those directly responsible for planning and executing reclamation in the oil sands as well as for other professionals involved in native plant work.

This PhD in urban geography focuses on the evolution of the urban framework since the early 1980 : in the province of Zhejiang in China. The unprecedented size and rapidity of Chinese urbanization have transformed both their structure and territorial distribution. Zhejiang province, whose urbanization rate increased from 13.7 to 61.6% between 1980 and 2010, is located south of Shanghai. It covers a part of the Yangtzi Delta region, one of the biggest metropolitan areas in China, and highlights the urban transformations both within such thriving territories and in peripheral areas. The development of small cities, with a population between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants is proving to be the most common feature of the evolution of its urban framework: while the province had only 13 small cities in 1990, they were 45 in 2000 and 52 in 2010. Focusing on these urban entities, this research work analyses the impacts of a standardized urban planning, guided by the overriding objective of economic growth. Promoting small cities in the urban hierarchy, these planning practices nevertheless cause socio-spatial divisions. In addition, the absence of a rigorous regional planning does not anticipate an urban selection already started. The relations between urban cores and their rural peripheries are renewed, and lead to a redistribution of activities and populations in a mixed functional space. The chosen angle is to reveal the complex links between urban practices largely shared in China and socio-economic as well as space realities in order to outline the shape of the new urban framework. Small cities have new roles to play and support an on-going renewal of the urban hierarchy ; Cette thèse de doctorat en géographie urbaine s'intéresse à l'évolution de l'armature urbaine depuis le début des années 1980 dans la province du Zhejiang en Chine. Les villes y ont connu de considérables changements: l'ampleur de l'urbanisation s'exprime tant dans leur évolution physique que dans leur distribution sur l'ensemble du territoire. Le Zhejiang, dont le taux d'urbanisation est passé de 13,7 à 61,6 % entre 1980 et 2010, est situé au sud de Shanghai. Il intègre une partie de la région du delta du Yangzi, l'un des bassins industriels et démographiques les plus dynamiques de Chine, et met en évidence les mutations urbaines aussi bien au sein de ce type de territoires riches et en plein essor que dans les terres en marge de leur développement. Le développement des petites villes, avec une population comprise entre 100 000 et 500 000 habitants, se révèle être le paramètre moteur de l'évolution de l'armature urbaine: alors que la province n'en compte que 13 en 1990, elles sont au nombre de 45 en 2000 puis 52 en 2010. En centrant la recherche sur ces entité : urbaines, l'étude analyse l'impact d'une politique de développement local standardisée, guidée par l'objectif prioritaire de croissance économique. À l'origine d'une promotion des petites villes au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine, ces pratiques uniformes provoquent de nombreuses fractures spatiales et socio-économiques et, en l'absence d'une planification régionale rigoureuse, n'anticipent pas une sélection urbaine déjà commencée. Les relations entre les villes et leurs périphéries rurales en sont modifiées, corollaire d'une redistribution des activités et des populations au sein d'un espace fonctionnel mixte.

El proyecto de integración al que aspiran los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (can) tiene un carácter exhaustivo, que excede el ámbito de los acuerdos comerciales. En este contexto, la integración en materia de turismo ha despertado un interés creciente entre los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe, por su capacidad de generar divisas y favorecer la inversión privada, la creación de empleo, la inclusión y el encadenamiento de empresas pequeñas y comunidades locales. Asimismo, la actividad turística puede contribuir a reforzar la identidad regional y subregional de los esquemas de integración. El turismo es uno de los rubros económicos más importantes para los países en desarrollo y, a su vez, se lo reconoce como un factor que contribuye a la reducción de la pobreza y al crecimiento económico. Por ello, se lo debe considerar como una oportunidad para el desarrollo de los países de la can, sobre todo porque los miembros del bloque andino cuentan con una oferta turística diversificada compuesta por recursos naturales y culturales de gran atractivo. En el presente trabajo se analiza la evolución del flujo de turistas en los países de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones y se esboza un estudio comparativo con el bloque del mercosur. Luego, se elabora una matriz que permite observar, a primera vista, la magnitud del turismo emisivo intrarregional en ambos casos, así como determinar ciertas conclusiones a partir de los datos observados y comparados. Finalmente, se presentan algunas propuestas que los cuatro países de la CAN podrían desarrollar en el ámbito de la cooperación horizontal, en relación con la promoción conjunta y con la participación de las ciudades de la región en la red de Mercociudades ; The Andean Community of Nations (can) aspires towards a comprehensive project of integration, exceeding the scope of trade agreements. It is within this context that Latin American and Caribbean governments have become increasingly interested in integration in the area of tourism due to this sector's ability to generate currency and encourage private investment, job creation, inclusion, and the formation of links between small businesses and local communities. At the same time, tourism can also help strengthen regional and subregional identities. Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors in developing countries and is recognized as a factor that contributes to the reduction of poverty and to economic growth. It should therefore be seen as an opportunity for development in the can nations, above all because the Andean bloc?s member states boast a diverse range of tourist attractions comprising both natural and cultural resources of great appeal. This paper analyzes trends in the flow of tourists in the can countries and outlines a comparative study with the mercosur bloc. It then presents a matrix that allows the scale of outbound intra-regional tourism in both cases to be observed at a glance, enabling conclusions to be drawn based on the data observed and compared. Finally, the paper makes several proposals that the four Andean countries could develop within the scope of horizontal co-operation in terms of joint promotion and the participation of regional cities in the Mercociudades network