Suchergebnisse

Учитывая, что социальная ответственность бизнеса – добровольный вклад предпринимателей в развитие общества, детального изучения требуют этические вопросы, личные мотивы и другие составляющие формирования социально ответственного поведения субъектов фармации с учетом уровней его формирования: личный – коллективный – общественный.Цель работы – определение уровня понимания сути понятия «социальная ответственность» специалистами фармации, их мнения относительно существующих препятствий для развития социальной ответственности фармацевтическими организациями в Украине и мотивов внедрения практик социальной ответственности в фармацевтическую деятельность.Материалы и методы. Проанализировали результаты социологического опроса специалистов фармации нескольких областей Украины. В ходе работы использованы методы информационного поиска, систематизации, сравнения, анкетирования и обобщения.В ходе исследования респондентам предложена анкета с комбинированными вопросами относительно понимания представителями практической фармации понятия «социальная ответственность фармацевтической организации», препятствий для развития практик социальной ответственности фармацевтическими организациями и мотивов внедрения социальной ответственности в фармацевтическую деятельность.Выводы. Большинство специалистов практической фармации знакомо с понятием «социальная ответственность», но полнота его определения разнится. Современные специалисты не имеют единого мнения относительно проявления фармацевтической организацией социальной ответственности. Обнаруженная существенная разобщенность в исходных дефинициях понятия обусловливает необходимость в разъяснении и распространении информации о концептуальных основах социальной ответственности с акцентом на отраслевые особенности ее проявления. Необходимо разработать единый подход (образовательные стандарты) в преподавании отдельных тем организационно-управленческих дисциплин на до- и последипломном уровнях.Основными препятствиями в развитии социально ответственного поведения фармацевтических организаций специалисты фармации видят в неэффективной поддержке государства и отсутствии системы поощрения такого поведения фармацевтических организаций, в отсутствии финансовых возможностей для социальных вложений, а также в отсутствии соответствующей законодательной базы по вопросам социальной ответственности. Большинство респондентов считают «осознание и принятие обязательств перед обществом» важным стимулом для широкого внедрения практик социальной ответственности фармацевтическими организациями.Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о низком уровне личной (персональной) ответственности специалистов, несформированной социальной компетенции современных специалистов фармации и желании переложить ответственность на других (преобладание внешнего локус-контроля). ; In respect that the social responsibility of business is employers' voluntary contribution to the development of society, detailed study requires ethical issues, personal motives and other components of the formation of socially responsible behavior of the pharmacy's subjects, taking into account the levels of its formation: personal - collective - public.The aim of the study is to determine the level of understanding of the essence of the concept of "social responsibility" by pharmacy specialists, their views on existing obstacles to the development of social responsibility by pharmaceutical organizations in Ukraine and the motives for introducing social responsibility practices in pharmaceutical activities.Materials and methods. The materials of the study were the results of a sociological survey of pharmacy specialists from several regions of Ukraine. In the course of the work, methods of information retrieval, systematization, comparison, questioning and generalization were used.In the course of the study, the respondents were asked a questionnaire with combined questions regarding the understanding by representatives of practical pharmacy of the concept of "social responsibility of a pharmaceutical organization", obstacles to the development of social responsibility practices by pharmaceutical organizations and the motives for introducing social responsibility in pharmaceutical activities.Conclusions. Most experts in practical pharmacy are familiar with the concept of "social responsibility", but the completeness of its definition is different. Modern specialists do not have a common opinion regarding the manifestation of social responsibility by the pharmaceutical organization. A significant disunity in the initial definitions of the concept is found to necessitate the clarification and dissemination of information on the conceptual foundations of social responsibility with an emphasis on the branch features of its manifestation. It is necessary to develop a unified approach (educational standards) in teaching certain topics of organizational and managerial disciplines at the pre- and post-graduate level.The main obstacles in the development of socially responsible behavior of pharmaceutical organizations are seen by pharmacy specialists in the ineffective support of the state and the absence of a system to encourage such behavior of the pharmaceutical organization, lack of financial opportunities for social investments, and lack of an appropriate legislative framework for social responsibility. An important incentive for widespread implementation of social responsibility practices by pharmaceutical organizations, most respondents consider "awareness and commitment to society."The obtained results testify to the low level of personal (personal) responsibility of specialists, the unformed social competence of modern pharmacists and the desire to shift responsibility to others (the predominance of the external locus of control). ; Оскільки соціальна відповідальність бізнесу є добровільним внеском підприємців у розвиток суспільства, то етичні питання, особисті мотиви й інші складові формування соціально відповідальної поведінки суб'єктів фармації потребують детального вивчення з урахуванням рівнів її формування: особистий – колективний – суспільний.Мета роботи – визначення рівня розуміння сутності поняття «соціальна відповідальність» фахівцями фармації, їхньої думки щодо наявних перешкод для розвитку соціальної відповідальності фармацевтичними організаціями в Україні та мотивів впровадження практик соціальної відповідальності у фармацевтичну діяльність.Матеріали та методи. Проаналізували результати соціологічного опитування фармацевтичних фахівців декількох областей України. Протягом роботи використали методи інформаційного пошуку, систематизації, порівняння, анкетування та узагальнення.Під час дослідження респондентам запропонували анкету з комбінованими запитаннями щодо розуміння представниками практичної фармації поняття «соціальна відповідальність фармацевтичної організації», перешкод для розвитку практик соціальної відповідальності та мотивів впровадження соціальної відповідальності у фармацевтичну діяльність.Висновки. Більшість фармацевтичних фахівців знайома з поняттям «соціальна відповідальність», але повнота його визначення доволі різниться. Сучасні фахівці практичної фармації не мають сформованої одностайної думки щодо прояву фармацевтичною організацією соціальної відповідальності. Виявлена розбіжність у вихідних дефініціях поняття зумовлює необхідність у роз'яснені та поширенні інформації щодо концептуальних основ соціальної відповідальності з акцентуванням на галузеві особливості її прояву. Необхідно розробити єдиний підхід (освітні стандарти) у викладанні окремих тем організаційно-управлінських дисциплін на до- і післядипломному рівнях.Основними перешкодами у розвитку соціально відповідальної поведінки фармацевтичних організацій фармацевтичні фахівці вбачають у неефективній підтримці держави та відсутності системи заохочення до такої поведінки фармацевтичних організацій, у відсутності фінансових можливостей для соціальних вкладень, а також у відсутності відповідної законодавчої бази з питань соціальної відповідальності. Більшість респондентів вважають «усвідомлення та прийняття зобов'язань перед суспільством» важливим стимулом для широкого впровадження практик соціальної відповідальності фармацевтичними організаціями.Результати, що одержали, свідчать про низький рівень особистої (персональної) відповідальності фахівців, несформовану соціальну компетенцію сучасних спеціалістів фармації та бажання перекласти відповідальність на інших (переважання зовнішнього локус-контролю).

One of the important rare earth deposits is the Dong Pao localized in Lai Chau province, West-North of Vietnam. Generally, the deposit is composed of two parts, the lower and the upper. The lower part is composed of dolomite, limestone and intrusive rocks, while the upper part of the profile is represented by a weathered zone containing soil and fragments of mixed barite-fluorite ores. The concentrations of natural radionuclides, chemical compositions of ores, including rare earth elements (REE) in solid samples, were determined by gamma spectrometer equipped with a HPGe detector, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICPMS) and activation method, respectively. In the samples taken from the ore bodies within the weathered zone the REE concentration is about 10 wt.% and both 238U and 232Th amount to 0.01 wt.%, while in the samples from the hard part of ore the REE and 238U as well as 232Th contents amount only to 0.3 wt.% and 0.001 wt.%, respectively. So the enrichment of the REE and natural radioactive elements in the deposit is a consequence of the weathering processes. The water samples were taken from the streams, natural tap and thermal water intakes localized in the studied deposit and surrounding region. The 238U, 234U, 228Ra, 226Ra concentrations in the water samples were prepared by the adequate radiochemical procedures and measured using an alpha spectrometer coupled with silicon semiconductor detector and a/b liquid scintillation counter. In the stream water, the concentrations of both 226Ra and 228Ra vary from 100 to above 300 mBq/L, while in the natural tap and thermal waters they amount to tens mBq/L. The concentration of 238U, 234U in the thermal water is 80 and 110 mBq/L respectively, while in the surface water concentrations of uranium isotopes are below 30 mBq/L.References Bureau Veritas Canada, 2015. Certificate of analysis No KRA 15000229.1 Curtis N., 2011. 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U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry from NE Vietnam: A "tectonically disputed" territory between the Indochina and South China blocks. Gondwana Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.04.005. Hoatson D.M., Jaireth S., Miezitis Y., 2011. The major Rare-Earth element deposits of Australia: Geological setting, exploration and resources. Australian Government, Geoscience Australia, 193. Hornig-Kjarsgaard I., 1998. Rare earth elements in sovitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. J. Petrology, 39, 2105-2121. Hou B., 2005. Heavy mineral sands potential of the Eucla Basin in South Australia - a world-class palaeobeach placer province. MESA Journal, 37, 4-12. Jodłowski P., Kalita S., 2010. Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Laboratory for high-precision measurements of radionuclide concentrations in environmental samples. Nukleonika, 55(2), 143-148. Kušnir I., 2000. Mineral resources of Vietnam. Acta Montanista Slovaca, 5(2), 165-172. 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The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to develop a general methodology for sustainable integration of company's supply networks into nearby regional networks by i) integrating renewables, thereby increasing company's energy self-sufficiency, ii) by performing multi-objective synthesis in order to obtain economically efficient and yet environmentally benign or even unburdening solutions, and iii) to perform dynamic and stochastic synthesis under uncertainties in dynamically changing market conditions in order to obtain more reliable and realistic solutions. The research work is directly interlinked with a large-scale European meat producing company Perutnina Ptuj d.d., which is located in the heart of Slovenia. The aim of the first part was to integrate renewables into companies' supply-networks at regional level in order to maximize the self-sufficiencies of their energy supplies. This concerns companies' activities from the use of natural resources to supplying their final products to the customers being interlinked with their regional networks. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model has been developed for the integration of both the companies' and surrounding regional supply-networks and the utilization of different types of renewables as sources for the companies' energy supplies. The potential renewable energy sources, which are located within companies surrounding region are solar, biomass, organic and animal wastes. The result indicates that by sufficient integration of renewables into companies' supply networks, profitable and yet energy self-sufficient solutions can be obtained. The second part presents the multi-objective synthesis of a company's supply-network by integrating renewables and accounting for several environmental footprints. A previously developed model for achieving energy self-sufficiency by integrating renewables into companies' supply-networks has been extended for the evaluation of environmental impacts, such as energy, carbon, nitrogen, and water footprints. The achievement of an energy self-sufficient supply-network has been considered whilst significantly reducing environmental impacts. Direct (burdening) and indirect (unburdening) effects that form total effects on the environment are considered for the evaluation of environmental footprints. This approach identifies those alternative energy production technologies that are more profitable and environmentally more benign with significant unburdening capabilities. The results showed significant unburdening of the environment in terms of carbon and nitrogen footprints ; however, higher burdening in terms of the water footprint. The third part presents a multi-objective MILP synthesis of a dynamic supply-network under uncertainty applied to the company. The previously-developed multi-objective model for achieving energy self-sufficiency by integrating renewables into companies' supply-networks has now been extended to account for the dynamic consideration of variable supply and demand over the year, for uncertainties related to products' demand and sun radiation, and for multi-objective optimisation, in order to obtain the most sustainable company's supply-network. The sustainable synthesis of a company's network is performed regarding the integration of the renewables such as biomass and other wastes, and solar energy. The obtained solutions are those reflecting maximal profit, reflecting constantly-changing dynamic market conditions, accounting for several uncertain parameters, and protecting the environment. ; Danes se svet sooča z izzivi, povezanimi s povečano odvisnostjo od energije in vode, ter rastočo skrbjo za okolje. Izboljšanje energetske učinkovitosti, zaradi naraščajočih stroškov energije in uvajanja ukrepov trajnostnega razvoja, je postal eden od najpomembnejših ciljev energetske politike in strategije v svetu. Naša družba se bo primorana spopasti z resnimi posledicami enormne porabe energije in posledično emisij toplogrednih plinov, če fosilnih virov energije kmalu ne nadomestimo z obnovljivimi. Vse več podjetij razvija in uporablja trajnostne tehnologije za uporabo čistih in obnovljivih virov energije za izboljšanje energetske učinkovitosti in znižanje stroškov, s čemer občutno zmanjšujejo obremenjevanje okolja. Tako si izboljšujejo konkurenčno prednost na globalnem trgu in pripomorejo k izboljšanju življenjskih pogojev v svoji bližnji okolici. Poraba energije je lahko eden ključnih dejavnikov, ki vpliva na trajnostni razvoj podjetja. Oskrba podjetij z obnovljivimi viri energije predstavlja velik izziv in hkrati priložnost za izboljšanje njihovega ekonomskega potenciala in zmanjšanje porabe fosilnih energetskih virov ter s tem okolju škodljivih emisij. Čeprav na svetovnem energetskem trgu še vedno prevladujejo fosilna goriva kot primarni viri energije, si vse več podjetij prizadeva povečevati in celo doseči samozadostno oskrbo z obnovljivimi viri energije. Potencialni obnovljivi viri energije, ki bi jih podjetja lahko izrabljala, so sončna energija, biomasa, razne vrste odpadkov in geotermalni viri energije. Kopičenje velikih količin živalskega gnoja in organskih odpadkov v sektorju vzreje živali, predstavlja stalno tveganje onesnaženja s potencialno negativnimi vplivi na okolje in družbo. Stalna nevarnost onesnaževanja okolja in strogi okoljski predpisi spodbujajo k rešitvi okoljskih težav, ki so povezane z dejavnostmi podjetij in optimalno ravnanje z odpadki. S takšnim pristopom lahko zmanjšamo odvisnost industrije od surovin in energije, zmanjšamo stroške oz. povečamo dobiček poslovanja. Hkrati pa omogočimo okrepitev sodelovanja med podjetjem in bližnjo regijo. Doktorska disertacija je rezultat raziskovalnega dela, ki je neposredno povezano s Skupino Perutnina Ptuj, mednarodno skupino podjetij, ki je ena najpomembnejših pridelovalcev perutninskega mesa in perutninskih živil v srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi. Poslanstvo Skupine je, da s skrbnim ravnovesjem tradicije, narave in najsodobnejše tehnologije prispevajo k boljšemu življenju posameznika, lokalnega okolja in družbe v celoti. Dosedanja raba energije temelji predvsem na fosilnih virih, ki pa so neobnovljivi. Predvsem v industrijskih procesih je potrebno hitro in učinkovito ukrepanje v smeri iskanja različnih možnosti učinkovite rabe obnovljivih virov energije. Procesna sistemska tehnika z vključitvijo trajnostnih vidikov (obnovljivih virov) omogoča določitev optimalnih trajnostnih rešitev. Uporaba superstrukturnega pristopa in matematičnega programiranja omogočata optimalno vključevanje oskrbovalne mreže proizvodnega podjetja v regionalno oskrbovalno mrežo. Optimiranje omogoča identificiranje najboljše rešitve glede na en ali na več kriterijev, ki so lahko ekonomski, okoljski, tehnološki in drugi, in je tako najboljše orodje za doseganje energetske samozadostnosti podjetja iz obnovljivih virov. Pri analizi okoljskih vplivov in večkriterijskem optimiranju z upoštevanjem le neposrednih okolju obremenilnih vplivov proizvodnje in rabe produktov ni mogoče pridobiti pravilnih rezultatov. Pravilne rezultate je mogoče dobiti le z dodatnim upoštevanjem posrednih, okolju razbremenilnih vplivov. Po tem pristopu je proizvodnja električne energije in toplote iz obnovljivih virov okoljsko razbremenjujoča. Z uporabo dinamičnega večnamenskega optimiranja je možno z upoštevanjem poleg obremenilnih tudi razbremenilnih vplivov dosegati rešitve, ki so izboljšane hkrati tako po ekonomskem kot okoljskem kriteriju ; torej ne samo z izboljševanjem enega kriterija ob slabšanju drugega.

This thesis is composed of three distinct chapters. The first two contribute to the economics of higher education literature, while the third estimates a structural model of household behavior. Chapter 1 presents a study assessing the impact of grading standards (GS) in Italian departments on the labor market outcomes of university graduates. The influence of heterogeneous GS on labor market performance can occur through two different channels: a productivity and a signaling effect. The empirical papers trying to answer the same research question are quite rare due to limitations in data availability. This study provides first evidence on the dynamic effects of GS on university graduates in Italy, evaluating the impact on wages, employment and overeducation. The analysis is performed using unique data provided by Almalaurea on graduates in years 2008 and 2009 matched with department-level information on research quality and resources. Italy is an interesting case study since university graduation rates are low but, at the same time, returns to higher education are below the average of other developed countries. The human capital accumulated is also quite low. The PIAAC data, measuring the level of skills in OECD countries by level of education, place Italian university graduates at the bottom of the ranking. For these reasons it is important to find policies that can increase the average productivity of highly educated workers. Furthermore, in the last decades the increased supply in the market for higher education and the 3+2 reform lead to a larger heterogeneity in quality and in GS between institutions. The estimation strategy is divided in two steps. Firstly, we estimate a proxy for GS as the part of final grades which cannot be explained by differences in individual characteristics (student's quality) and other relevant inputs (quality of the institution attended). Then, the effect of GS on wage and other labor market outcomes is estimated. We show that differences in GS are large across departments. More generous grades are associated to a wage penalty on the labor market 5 years after graduation. In particular, graduates from 'generous' departments earn 3.4% less than people who studied in the 'strict' departments, they have a lower employment rate and a higher probability of being too educated for their jobs. The effects on wages are stronger for high ability workers while employment is more affected for low ability and female graduates. Chapter 2 assesses the impact of the first Italian Research Evaluation Exercise (REE) on students' enrollment choices. All Italian REEs have been followed by lively debates. Critics of REE maintain that they are very expensive and excessively based on quantitative (e.g., bibliometric) indicators. Advocates of REEs rebut that in a period of shrinking public funding of Higher Education it is more important than ever to allocate resources in an effective and efficient way. However, there is no evidence on the effect of the REE on students' choices. Our paper is related to the literature which, especially in the US, has investigated the effects on student application and matriculation decisions of ratings and rankings of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) produced by private `intermediaries'. We provide a first assessment of the impact of the 'Valutazione Triennale della Ricerca' (VTR) on student choices using a before-after estimator which exploits differential treatment intensities across HEIs. In particular, we investigate whether departments that received a better score also beneted of more student enrolments and enrolments of students with better entry qualications after the VTR. This identication strategy enables us to control for both department-specific time invariant unobservable heterogeneity and pre-existing department trends. The analysis is performed using data on enrollment at the department level between 2002 and 2011 merged with data on research quality of departments from the first REE accomplished in Italy (the VTR). Italy is an interesting case study since enrollment has been decreasing in Italy in the last decade, especially in the South, so assessing the effect of research quality on the quantity and quality of enrolled students is important. Our analysis demonstrates that increasing the percentage of excellent products by one standard deviation at the department level increases student enrollments by 6.5 percent. Effects are larger for high quality students, namely those with better high school final marks (10 percent) or coming from the academic track (11.8 percent). Departments in the top quartile of the quality distribution gained more from a good performance in the evaluation exercise. Effect magnitudes appear to be similar across all macro-regions (North, Centre and South and Islands), but are precisely estimated only for universities in Northern Italy. Finally, Chapter 3 presents and estimates a model of household behavior with endogenous labor supply and fertility choices. The estimated model is then used to assess the effect of a childbirth transfer on household decisions. We contribute to the recent literature (Adda et al., 2015) performing ex-ante structural evaluations of policies having the objective to modify the fertility and labor supply behavior of households. The model is estimated using the Italian Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) for the period 1984-2014, a dataset collected by the Bank of Italy every two years. The model parameters are estimated through the Method of Simulated Moments. We obtain moments from households in the 1960 cohort, i.e. people born in years 1957-1963. Structural estimation offer some important advantages with respect to reduced form approaches. First, it allows to model different sources of endogeneity (ex. self-selection into labor market participation). Second, it provides parameters from a theoretical model that can be used to simulate the effects of policy experiments. The model is able to explain quite well the behavior of men and women in the cohort. Preliminary results show that the permanent childbirth transfer is successful in increasing the total fertility rate of married women, even if it has a negative effect on employment.

This dissertation investigates options that exist to reduce emissions from residential space and water heating over the next few decades. There are four main research questions that I aim to answer: 1. What is the most promising route to decarbonizing residential space and water heating?2. If heating becomes electrified, what new electric loads should we expect?3. How might the building stock transition to electrified heating, and how can this transition occur at minimum cost?4. What policy changes are necessary in California to encourage electrification?These research questions are tackled one at a time, in each of the main chapters of the dissertation. In Chapter One I look specifically at California and build the case for why energy efficiency with electrification of heating is the most likely path to achieve the large carbon emission reduction needed from this sector. I examine alternative decarbonization strategies, such as solar thermal, biogas, synthetic natural gas, and electrification and show why electrification is likely to be the most promising path. I evaluated these options across the dimensions of scale, cost, and suitability. I find that electrification has the potential to serve all heating loads, while the other options may serve only 2-70% of loads. I also expect that electrification could reduce emissions from this sector at less than 1/2 the cost of other options. While electrification may be the most promising path in California, it is not necessarily the most promising path in all regions. The benefits of electrification and its limitations are discussed. In Chapter Two, I estimate what new electric loads might look like if existing natural gas space and water heating transition to electric heat pumps. In order for electrification to gain support from policymakers, system operators, and utilities we need to better understand what impacts electrification of space and water heating would have on the grid. The electricity grid needs to be prepared for the additional load, and in order to do that we need to better understand the characteristics of new heating loads. I present a new method for estimating hourly residential space heating and water heating demand using hourly electricity consumption data (smart meter data) and daily natural gas data. This estimate was done using a dataset of 30,000 customer accounts in Northern California. I applied linear regression at both the individual house level and to hourly, climate-band-averaged whole-home electricity consumption, climate-band-averaged whole-home gas consumption, and outdoor air temperature data to determine both the hours when heating is more active and the outdoor temperature dependence of that consumption. This varying temperature responsiveness allowed me to assign varying amounts of space heating load to different hours. I then scaled up the results to the entire utility service area to show when and where electric heating will impact peak demand. About 1/2 of the residential space and water heating gas use could be electrified without any impact on peak demand. I also find that electrification of space and water heating would increase the load factor by at least 5%--and even more if heating loads are controllable. While electrification of heating would have little impact on peak demand on a systemwide basis (until very high penetration), at the distribution level electrifying heating loads may have an impact on peak demand for feeders that are mostly residential.In Chapter Three I show how California could deploy hot water heaters to meet different emissions targets at lowest cost. I describe several scenarios and show what the lowest cost pathway would be as emissions are constrained. Different water heating technologies are considered, such as gas tank, gas tankless, electric resistance, and electric heat pump, and high efficiency electric heat pump with CO2 refrigerant. Emissions from natural gas leakage and refrigerant leakage are both considered. I have developed a linear program that minimizes total present operating and capital cost of statewide residential water heating. Relative to the lowest cost case, adding cumulative emissions targets can lower emissions from 71% to 77% without early retirement of water heating appliances. In order to meet a 90% reduction goal from the sector in 2050 (while minimizing cumulative emissions), heat pump water heaters need to have full market share in new construction immediately unless efficiency standards are increased, and most scenarios suggest that the lowest cost pathway include a transition to electric water heating that should have already occurred. Heat pumps need to begin replacing existing gas water heaters by the early 2030s at the latest, while most scenarios suggest that this transition should have already happened to minimize cost. Given projections for gas and electricity prices and costs of water heating equipment, an emissions target of a 90% reduction in 2050 relative to 2010 emissions could be met at a cost of $97-153/ton CO2 relative to the unconstrained, lowest cost case. Delaying action beyond 2017 makes the cumulative emissions target unreachable in two scenarios, while a third scenario allows delay until 2029, at a carbon cost of over $200/ton CO2.Finally, in Chapter Four I examine potential policy changes that could be made to encourage a transition to electric space and water heating. Current energy policies and economics give an advantage to natural gas appliances over electric appliances. Simultaneously, California's climate policy is aiming for very large reductions in emissions, which will either be impossible or costly without a phase out of many natural gas end uses. Aligning energy and climate policy is possible, but will require several changes. Some potential suggestions are offered in this chapter mostly related to changes to the building energy code. In addition to changes to building codes, other options are also possible such as redesigning electricity rates that properly reward flexible loads. Specific legislation may also be required to jump start a transition to electric heating. Such policies have been put in place in the past to support other technologies that may have even less climate benefit per dollar.

The text is an attempt to analyze the international political situation in the security sector in the context of the crisis which has arisen as a result of the aggressive actions of the Russian Federation in relation to Ukraine: in particular the forcible annexation of the sovereign territory of Ukraine in violation of all the principles and norms of international law and the inspiration of the armed conflict in the eastern regions of Ukraine. For the first time after the end of the World War II aggression has become a fact of reality in European politics. Pan-European and transatlantic security institution – the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe – was not sufficiently effective mechanism for crisis management. In two years, the conflict in eastern Ukraine killed about 10 thousand men. The conflict in Eastern Ukraine has radically changed the perception of security in Europe. The problem is that Ukraine, like most of the "new democracies" of Eastern Europe as a result of the transformation processes of the early 90th appeared in a "gray zone" of security. Most of the Eastern European countries overcame the security gap by joining NATO/EU. At the same time, Ukraine remained in the buffer zone and became an object of intense economic, political, informational and military pressure from the Russian Federation. As a result, Ukraine is forced to rely primarily on their own capabilities and the military-industrial potential (not being part of the European collective defense/security), on the other – the international political, economic, informational support from the international community plays a key role in the possibility of Ukraine resist aggression. However, the crisis has led to a certain re-evaluation of existing regional security system: 1) The failure of attempts to build a pan-European security system became obvious; 2) The OSCE in Ukrainian crisis has created a platform for the negotiations and the peace process, but did not provide, at least until now, the mechanism of a real resolution to the crisis; 3) The question of inefficiency, lack of prospects and obsolescence of NATO as a collective security organization may be withdrawn from the agenda; 4) There is an activization of existing and search for new formats of cooperation between European countries in the development and improvement of the international security system in Europe. ; W artykule podjęto próbę analizy bezpieczeństwa w wymiarze polityczno-międzynarodowym w kontekście kryzysu wywołanego agresywnymi działaniami Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec Ukrainy – w szczególności aneksji części terytorium Ukrainy przy użyciu siły z pogwałceniem wszelkich norm prawa międzynarodowego oraz "instalacji" konfliktu zbrojnego we wschodnich obwodach państwa ukraińskiego. Po raz pierwszy od zakończenia II wojny światowej agresja stała się rzeczywistością polityki europejskiej. Ponadto ogólnoeuropejskie i transatlantyckie struktury bezpieczeństwa – Organizacja Bezpieczeństwa i Współpracy w Europie – nie jest zbyt efektywnym mechanizmem zarządzania kryzysowego. W ciągu dwóch lat konfliktu zginęło ok. 10 tys. osób. Konflikt na wschodzie Ukrainy radykalnie zmienił postrzeganie bezpieczeństwa na kontynencie europejskim. Problemem jest to, że Ukraina jak większość "nowych demokracji" Europy Wschodniej w wyniku procesów transformacyjnych znalazła się w szarej strefie bezpieczeństwa. Większość wschodnioeuropejskich państw rozwiązało problem security gap, wstępując do NATO i UE, podczas gdy Ukraina pozostała w szarej strefie, stając się celem ekonomicznych, politycznych, informacyjnych i wojskowych nacisków ze strony Federacji Rosyjskiej. Po pierwsze, w wyniku rozwoju kryzysu Ukraina jest zmuszona w pierwszej kolejności liczyć na własne możliwości i potencjał wojskowo-przemysłowy (nie będąc częścią europejskiego systemu bezpieczeństwa kolektywnego/obronnego). Po drugie, wsparcie polityczne, ekonomiczne i informacyjne ze strony społeczności międzynarodowej odgrywa kluczowe znaczenie w kontekście przeciwstawienia się Ukrainy rosyjskiej agresji. Razem z tym kryzys doprowadził do przewartościowań w zakresie istniejących w regionie systemów bezpieczeństwa: 1) możemy konstatować nieudane próby wybudowania ogólnoeuropejskich mechanizmów zagwarantowania bezpieczeństwa; 2) OBWE stworzyło platformę rozmów w ramach pokojowego rozwiązania konfliktu, ale nie wybudowała do tej pory realnego mechanizmu rozwiązania konfliktu; 3) NATO jako system bezpieczeństwa kolektywnego nie powinno być traktowane w kategoriach nieefektywności, archaiczności i braku perspektyw; 4) pojawiły się formy aktywizacji istniejących i poszukiwanie nowych form współpracy pomiędzy państwami europejskimi w celu rozwoju i doskonalenia systemów bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego w Europie. ; Текст является попыткой анализа международно-политической ситуации в секторе безопасности в контексте кризиса, возникшего в результате агрессивных действий Российской Федерации по отношению к Украине: в частности насильственная аннексия части суверенной территории Украины в нарушение всех принципов и норм международного права и инспирирования вооруженного конфликта в восточных областях украинского государства. Впервые после завершения Второй мировой войны агрессия стала фактом действительности европейской политики. При этом общеевропейская и трансатлантическая структура безопасности – Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе – оказалась не достаточно эффективным механизмом кризисного урегулирования. За два года конфликта погибло около 10 тыс. человек. Конфликт на востоке Украины радикально изменил восприятие безопасности на европейском континенте. Проблемой стало то, что Украина, как и большинство «новых демократий» Восточной Европы в результате трансформационных процессов начала 90-х гг. оказались в «серой зоне» безопасности». Большинство восточно-европейских государств решило проблему security gap путем присоединения к НАТО/ЕС. В то же время Украина остались в этой «зоне» и стала объектом интенсивного экономического, политического, информационного и военного давления со стороны Российской Федерации. В результате развития кризиса с одной стороны Украина вынуждена полагаться в первую очередь на свои собственные возможности и военно-промышленный потенциал (не будучи частью европейской системы коллективной обороны/безопасности), с другой – международно-политическая, экономическая, информационная поддержка со стороны международного сообщества играет ключевую роль в возможности Украины противостоять агрессии. Вместе с тем, кризис привел к определенной переоценке существующих в регионе систем безопасности: 1) Можно засвидетельствовать провал попыток выстроить общеевропейские механиз- мы обеспечения безопасности; 2) ОБСЕ создала платформу для переговоров и мирного процесса, но не обеспечила, по крайней мере, до сих пор, механизма реального урегулирования кризиса; 3) Вопрос о неэффективности, бесперспективности и устарелости НАТО как организации коллективной безопасности может быть снят с повестки дня; 4) Происходить активизация существующих и поиск новых форматов сотрудничества между европейскими государствами в целях развития и усовершенствования системы международной безопасности в Европе.

A propósito de Federico Finchelstein, Orígenes ideológicos de la "Guerra Sucia". Fascismo, populismo y dictadura en la Argentina del siglo XX, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 2016, 342 pp. El libro de Federico Finchelstein actualiza una pregunta clave para los historiadores que estudian pasados traumáticos, a saber: cómo fue posible el horror. Es una pregunta eterna, condenada a no ser saldada en forma satisfactoria nunca, pero a la vez productiva en la medida en que las diversas hipótesis, las nuevas perspectivas y la inclusión de fuentes de distinta naturaleza proporcionan claves para pensar los itinerarios políticos del siglo XX. El problema planteado por el autor es formulado de la siguiente forma: "cómo fue posible que la llamada Guerra Sucia pudo haberse hecho realidad en un país moderno, con una sociedad fuerte, progresista." (p. 16) Para abordar este problema el autor propone una hipótesis audaz en la medida en que une fenómenos ubicados en diferentes contextos históricos; "el fascismo proporcionó la base para los principios y prácticas de la violencia que el gobierno argentino desató contra un grupo de sus ciudadanos en la década de 1970." (p. 15) Es decir, la hipótesis principal sostiene que durante el período de entreguerras se conformó un núcleo ideológico que proporcionó una estructura de ideas, discursos y prácticas disponible para ser reapropiada por diversos fenómenos —desde el nacionalismo uriburista hasta la última dictadura militar, pasando por los tacuaras y la Triple A, entre otros— durante todo el siglo pasado. La estrategia del autor para demostrar este vínculo entre nuestros horrores pasados y recientes es construir una genealogía de la violencia política del siglo XX argentino. Los fenómenos políticos que Finchelstein selecciona para analizar este linaje político son de muy distinta naturaleza ya que incluye regímenes, movimientos y agrupaciones políticas, grupos paramilitares, intelectuales y miembros de la Iglesia Católica. Al recolocarlos en un mismo itinerario, Finchelstein reflexiona sobre los elementos de una determinada "cultura política" signada por la violencia, cuyas "construcciones ideológicas" habrían sido incluso más influyentes que los fascismos europeos "en la configuración de la historia del violento siglo XX de la nación y de la cultura política del país." (p. 21) La recurrencia a la comparación de estos fenómenos políticos locales con las experiencias de los fascismos en la Europa de entreguerras es una constante en el transcurso de la obra. No obstante, las diferencias están presentes en la argumentación. Para el autor, éstas radican más en la dimensión de los fenómenos y menos en el contexto histórico asegurando que "los argentinos fueron más modestos" que los fascismos europeos. Una particular reformulación de los moldes europeos hizo de la experiencia argentina una síntesis denominada por el autor —indistintamente— como "cléricofascismo", "fascismo criollo", "fascismo cristiano", "fascismo cristianizado", etc. Más allá de los problemas metodológicos que presenta la utilización de conceptos complejos para explicar fenómenos políticos de naturaleza muy diversa, el intento de reconstruir una "cultura política de la violencia" en la historia del siglo XX en nuestro país es una vía interesante que permite descubrir conexiones de formas discursivas y prácticas que se encuentran disponibles en diversas coyunturas. Estos repertorios provistos de formas de resolver los problemas sociales; de responder a las crisis políticas; de definir al enemigo y de pensar una nación podrían aludir a un sustrato histórico común sedimentado por subculturas políticas que coexisten, dialogan y batallan. Desde nuestra perspectiva, el autor acierta en su elección al abordar el tema de las derechas —tema que viene siendo estudiado en profundidad hace más de dos décadas— a partir del concepto de cultura política. En primer lugar, porque esta categoría permite incorporar aristas de los fenómenos estudiados ignorados por un enfoque más tradicional de la historia política. En segundo lugar, porque autoriza una mirada de largo alcance siempre que se atienda a las transformaciones de la cultura política en cuestión, ya que éstas no son estáticas. Muy por el contrario, son formulaciones cambiantes que van acomodando las tradiciones a las exigencias de la coyuntura. Justamente estas características —las diferentes formas que asume la política y las transformaciones que sufre constantemente— son las que exigen una rigurosa explicación de quiénes eran los actores; qué lugar tenían en el sistema político —esto es ponerlos en relación a otros actores de la época—; cómo el contexto determinaba las decisiones políticas de estos actores; y cuáles fueron las pugnas instauradas con otros grupos por imponer una determinada idea de nación. En nuestra opinión, tal vez el texto podría ganar fuerza explicativa enfocando con mayor profundidad estas cuestiones. Justamente porque el universo de las derechas ha sido fragmentado, inestable y complejo quizás algunos elementos del contexto político podrían ayudar al lector a organizar un mapa más preciso. No obstante el trabajo de Finchelstein, exhaustivamente documentado y argumentado, presenta una excelente síntesis de investigaciones propias y de otros investigadores del campo que tiene como resultado la recuperación de viejas preguntas y el planteamiento de nuevos y actuales problemas sobre las culturas políticas, los cuales invitan a pensar sobre el peso de las herencias y la reactualización de las mismas. En suma, Orígenes ideológicos es un libro de fácil lectura para un público amplio, que logra su cometido: llevar al lector por los sinuosos caminos que las derechas han recorrido durante el siglo XX argentino. La reflexión, lejos de quedar en nuestro pasado reciente se extiende hasta ciertas ideas, representaciones y actitudes que han pervivido hasta nuestros días demostrando —siguiendo la tesis del autor— que están verdaderamente arraigadas en la cultura política argentina. Cabe preguntarse entonces cuáles son las condiciones que permiten que ciertas culturas políticas aniden en instituciones y en grupos sociales más allá del consenso democrático extendido y sostenido hace décadas en nuestra región. Mariela Rubinzal(CONICET-UNL)

Od ukupno pet poznatih bojnih listova barem djelomične hrvatske provenijencije, list Sudrug zagrebačke 25. domobranske pješačke pukovnije jedini je gotovo u cijelosti dostupan istraživačima. Od 25. rujna 1915. do 24. listopada 1918. tiskana su ukupno 84 broja, uglavnom na ruskom, manjim dijelom na talijanskom bojištu, opsega četiri do 16 stranica, u nakladi po svoj prilici manjoj od 100 primjeraka, pri čem su borbe narušavale planirani tjedni tempo izlaženja. Glavninu brojeva uredio je pričuvni natporučnik Ivo Klučka, inače zagrebački gimnazijski profesor, među suradnicima bili su Branimir Knežević, Milivoj Jambrišak, Rikard Kraus i Kosta Premužić, no većinu prinosa potpisali su danas nepoznati dočasnici i domobrani, a dio je ostao skriven iza pseudonima. Autorova raščlamba tematskih slojeva, odjeka i recepcije Sudruga zasnovana je na inozemnim radovima o sličnim vojničkim listovima te na hrvatskoj literaturi o usmenoj, pučkoj i popularnoj kulturi. Zaključno, ustanovljuje se da je riječ o vrijednom izvoru za raznolike pristupe književne, kulturne i vojne povijesti, kojega bi valjalo uzeti i kao poticaj za produbljenija istraživanja. Kao ilustracija poetičkoga šarenila Sudruga, prijepis deset u njem objavljenih izvornih pjesama dan je u prilogu. ; In many ways, Croatian experience of the First World War has for decades been a neglected theme. Among other things, a total of five trench journals (Feldzeitungen, bojni listovi) are known to have had existed, but only that of the Zagreb-seated 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment, the Sudrug (Comrade), is almost completely preserved, and available on the Croatian State Archives website. Starting on September the 25th 1915 and ending on October the 24th 1918, a total of 84 issues of Sudrug have been published, varying from 4 to 16 pages, and probably with a circulation of less than 100 specimens. Projected rate of publication was once a week, which was mainly sustained, apart from the serious setbacks caused by the 1916 Brusilov and the 1917 Kerenski offensive, and also by the 1918 fighting on the Italian front. As the journal was conceived under the auspices of the 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment Headquarters, for most of the time edited by one Ivo Klučka, Oberleutnant in der Reserve and otherwise a highschool teacher of Croatian and Classic languages, all of the available 1915–1917 issues were printed somewhere on the Russian front (probably in the close vicinity of the Regimental Headquarters), while the preserved 1918 issues were printed by the Austro-Hungarian 11th Army press department in the occupied region of Italy. Apart from Klučka, who had been a lesser known teacher without registered civilian bibliography, only several of the contributors were to a degree notable individuals, all of them at least for a brief period serving in the 25th Regiment: writer Branimir Knežević, physician and politician Milivoj Jambrišak, biologist and geographer Rikard Kraus, lawyer and war correspondent Kosta Premužić. Practicaly all other contributors of Sudrug were either simple NCOs and common soldiers whose names don't tell us much, or they had even decided to stay hidden behind the pseudonyms. As far as the ideological-political layer of Sudrug is concerned, generally it could be said that it followed the official Habsburg line, but with some alterations, presenting – or, more often, just hinting – a somewhat »nationalized«, Croatian view on the Monarchy, the armed forces in general, and the more specific Croatian national interests. Much more elaborated was the educational layer of Sudrug, reporting not only on the current advances in military technology and tactics, but also on hygiene, legal questions, national history, geology etc. Most of the epic poetry, short-stories and essays dealt with either real or fictionalised battlefield events, mainly influenced by the oral folk tradition, but some also had certain expressionist traits. As a general rule, enemy rulers were frequently mocked at, but enemy soldiers – apart from pretty much demonized Russian Cossacks – were seldom derogatory treated. Similarly, liric poetry of Sudrug was more often on the rather simplified romanticist track, including two or three possible cases of avantgardism. Themes and tones vary from the expected (patriotism, perseverance, vengeance of fallen comrades, devotion to family, religious consolation…) to rather unexpected ones (meaningless suffering, pessimism, betrayal by beloved persons, unconditional pacifism…). Although not decisive, such a shift is clearly discernible as the war progressed. Particularly revelatory is a large section dedicated to humour, as the jokes and funny verses (mainly in the Croatian kajkavian dialect) tended to convey both happy and unhappy moments of the soldier's life, ranging from lice and monotonuos food to fatherly commanders and home leave. Interestingly, the absence of women was not so much coped with eroticism, as with mysoginistic utterances of a sort, culminating in a description of a would be physical punishment of an unfaithfull spouse. Also, most issues of Sudrug contained a section dedicated to the more serene regimental news such as decorations or promotions, and also to the memorial activities, such as the regimental frontline cemeteries and the Zagreb-seated regimental museum. Finally, there was also an enigmatics section, some of the correct answers bringing cigarettes, pocket watches and other officer-donated prizes. In spite of the primitive printing technique (»hectography«), many of the issues were illustrated with Art Nouveau vignettes, heraldic variations, caricatural portraits and even some short comic cartoons. Presumably, as the Sudrug had not been significantly distributed outside the battlefield and the 25th Regiment, its content was outside regular censorship as well as out of traditional high culture criteria. Although neither the contributing circle nor the reception of Sudrug had been as wide as the editors hoped for, it seems that the position of the journal – in spite of all the casualties, including the wounded Klučko – was unproblematic all the way untill the second half of 1917, when trends of war weariness and decaying complement numbers irreversibly gained the upper hand. All in all, Sudrug is judged to be an early Croatian manifestation of popular culture (as defined by Dean Duda), thus also representing a possible window to the oral culture world of illiterate soldiers, a window that certainly should be compared to other sources.

ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the Legal Strength of Land Tenure Certificate (SKPT) as a Proof of Legal Mastery over a Plot of Land (Study In Pontianak City). From the results of this thesis research obtained the conclusion that the Land Tenure (SPT) has the force of law as evidence of the mastery of a plot of land. a land certificate in Pontianak City, where people in the city of Pontianak much entrust the process of buying land to the head of the village chief. The village head is a key figure in urban governance and is an influential formal leader in community life. Service to the making of certificate of land ownership has been regulated in Mayor Pontianak Regulation No. 28 of 2016 on Amendment of Mayor Regulation No. 51 Year 2015 About Service Standard Of Sub District And Village In The Environment Of Pontianak Municipal Government. Land tenure (SPT) which is the base of rights that are widely used in various regions, in the country there are different terms but this is the same as the letter of letter or some people call it "SPT Kepala Desa / Kelurahan" and this is included in form of written proof instrument. Land Tenure Certificate (SPT) can be used as legal evidence in the process of making certificates. Land Tenure Certificate (SPT) can be used as legal evidence in the process of making certificates Ensuring legal certainty over the rights of community land and to improve the welfare of the community through land registration. Considering that there are still people who control the land but do not have proof of ownership of the land (base of rights) completely and even have no proof of ownership so constrained in the application of registration of land rights. The Land Certificate function is as a powerful evidence for its owner, meaning that as long as the physical data and juridical data contained therein can not be proved otherwise, it must be accepted as the correct data. Physical data as well as juridical data contained in the book of certificates should be taken from the land books and the measurements of the parcels concerned. The certificate as an authentic deed, has perfect proof power for the owner, where the judge must be bound by the data mentioned in the certificate as long as it can not be proven otherwise by the other party. Legal Responsibility of Head of Kelurahan and village head against information given in connection with the issuance of land tenure letter. The Authority of Kelurahan in Pontianak City Issue of Land Tenure Letter In line with the provisions of the 1945 Constitution Article 33 Paragraph (3) which is described in detail in Article 2 paragraph (2) of Law no. 5 of 1960 on Basic Regulations of Agrarian Principles, Village Governments or other so-called Village Heads in Pontianak and Urban Village in Pontianak as the element of the administrative administration of Kelurahan. Kelurahan is a legal community unity that has the boundaries of the territory authorized to organize and manage the interests of the local community. Keywords: Legal Strength, Certificate, Land Mastery. 2 ABSTRAK Tesis ini membahas tentang Kekuatan Hukum Surat Keterangan Penguasaan Tanah (SKPT) Sebagai Bukti Hukum Penguasaan Atas Sebidang Tanah (Studi Di Kota Pontianak). Dari hasil penelitian tesis ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Surat Penguasaan Tanah (SPT) mempunyai kekuatan hukum sebagai bukti atas penguasaan sebidang tanah. surat keterangan pengusaan tanah di Kota Pontianak, yang mana masyarakat di kota Pontianak banyak mempercayakan proses jual beli tanah kepada kepala Lurah. Lurah merupakan seorang yang menjadi tokoh utama dalam tata pemerintahan kelurahan dan merupakan seorang pemimpin formal yang berpengaruh dalam kehidupan kemasyarakatan. Pelayanan terhadap pembuatan surat keterangan penguasaan tanah telah diatur dalam Peraturan Walikota Pontianak Nomor 28 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Walikota Nomor 51 Tahun 2015 Tentang Standar Pelayanan Kecamatan Dan Kelurahan Di Lingkungan Pemerintah Kota Pontianak. Surat Penguasaan Tanah (SPT) yang mana merupakan alas hak yang banyak dipergunakan di berbagai daerah, di pedesaan terdapat istilah yang berbeda akan tetapi hal ini sama halnya dengan surat dasar atau sebagian masyarakat menyebutnya dengan "SPT Kepala Desa/Kelurahan" dan hal ini termasuk dalam bentuk alat pembuktian tertulis. Surat Penguasaan Tanah (SPT) bisa dijadikan bukti hukum dalam proses pembuatan sertifikat. Surat Penguasaan Tanah (SPT) bisa dijadikan bukti hukum dalam proses pembuatan sertifikat Menjamin kepastian hukum atas hak tanah masyarakat dan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui pendaftaran tanah. Mengingat masih terdapat masyarakat yang menguasai tanah namun tidak memiliki buktibukti kepemilikan tanah (alas hak) secara lengkap dan bahkan sama sekali tidak mempunyai bukti kepemilikan sehingga terkendala dalam permohonan pendaftaran hak atas tanahnya. Fungsi Sertipikat Tanah yaitu sebagai alat bukti yang kuat bagi pemiliknya, artinya bahwa selama data fisik dan data yuridis yang tercantum di dalamnya tidak dapat dibuktikan sebaliknya, harus diterima sebagai data yang benar. Data fisik maupun data yuridis yang tercantum dalam buku sertifikat harus diambil dari buku tanah dan surat ukur tentang bidang tanah yang bersangkutan. Sertifikat sebagai akta otentik, mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian yang sempurna bagi pemiliknya, dimana hakim harus terikat dengan data yang disebutkan dalam sertifikat itu selama tidak dapat dibuktikan sebaliknya oleh pihak lain. Tanggung Jawab Hukum Kepala Kelurahan dan kepala desa terhadap keterangan yang diberikan dalam kaitannya dengan penerbitan surat penguasaan tanah. Adapun Kewenangan Kelurahan di Kota Pontianak Menerbitkan surat penguasaan tanah Sejalan dengan ketentuan Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) 1945 Pasal 33 Ayat (3) yang secara terperinci di jelaskan pada Pasal 2 ayat (2) Undang-Undang no. 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria, Pemerintah Desa/Kelurahan atau yang disebut dengan nama lain adalah Kepala Kelurahan di Kota Pontianak dan perangkat Kelurahan di Kota Pontianak sebagai unsur penyelenggara pemerintahan Kelurahan. Kelurahan merupakan kesatuan masyarakat hukum yang memiliki batas-batas wilayah yang berwenang untuk mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan masyarakat setempat. Kata Kunci : Kekuatan Hukum, Surat Keterangan, Penguasaan Tanah.

Введение. Успешная модернизация среднего профессионального образования (СПО) имеет ключевое значение для инновационного развития отечественной экономики прежде всего, для решения задачи создания высокотехнологичных рабочих мест и повышения производительности труда. Однако процесс реформирования СПО, затянувшийся на много лет, сопровождается внутренними и внешними противоречиями, тормозящими приток необходимых квалифицированных рабочих кадров на рынок труда. Цель статьи состоит в привлечении внимания к накопившимся проблемам в системе СПО, которые во многом обусловлены несогласованностью нормотворческой и законодательной деятельности Министерства образования и науки РФ, профильных комитетов Государственной Думы и Федерального Собрания РФ. Методология. Исследование, изложенное в публикации, основано на комплексном анализе нормативных и программных документов в области среднего профессионального образования и анализе реализации компетентностного подхода в практике учреждений профессионального образования. Результаты и научная новизна исследования заключаются в выявлении и обозначении явных и скрытых антиномий, существующих в системе СПО в настоящее время. Вскрыты причины запаздывающей реакции системы подготовки рабочих кадров на происходящие в экономике преобразования: несоответствие учебных программ требованиям работодателей, неудовлетворительное качество подготовки выпускников, падение престижа рабочих профессий и специальностей среди молодежи, нарушенное соотношение в цепочке непрерывного образования «рабочий техник инженер», сокращение штата мастеров профессионального обучения, незаинтересованность работодателей в совместном с педагогическим сообществом решении проблем СПО, чрезмерно дробная специализация профессий рабочих в имеющихся классификаторах и др. Обозначенные проблемы позволяют начать поиск путей их решения и вариантов действительной модернизации системы СПО, отвечающей потребностям экономики. Показана несостоятельность концепции одноуровневого СПО и ее неконкурентоспособность на фоне развития прикладного бакалавриата в высшей школе. Для формирования единой системы непрерывного профессионального обучения и эффективного функционирования региональных систем профессионального образования предлагается дифференцировать программы базового уровня для обучения квалифицированных рабочих и программы повышенного уровня для подготовки специалистов среднего звена (техников, технологов) на основе базового уровня. Такая система поможет устранить диспропорции в триаде «рабочий техник инженер» и повысит качество профессионального образования. Кроме того, указывается на необходимость полипрофессионального образования, для которого требуются укрупненные образовательные структуры, различающиеся степенью объединения разноуровневых учебных заведений на основе сетевого взаимодействия, конвергенции и интеграции. По мнению автора, в регионах следует развивать два типа учреждений и организаций СПО: территориальные многопрофильные колледжи с гибкими вариативными программами и учреждения, реализующие образовательные программы прикладных квалификаций в конкретных отраслях (металлургической, химической, строительной и т. д.) в соответствии со спецификой экономики территориальных субъектов. Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны специалистам управления образованием, руководителям и педагогическим коллективам учреждений СПО, а также представителям региональных администраций и работодателям при организации многоуровневой сетевой системы подготовки квалифицированных рабочих и специалистов среднего звена. ; Introduction. Successful upgrade of the secondary professional education (SPE) has a key value for innovative development of domestic economy. First of all, the solution of a task of creation of high-technology workplaces and development of labour productivity has a key role. However, the process of reforming of SPE, which dragged on for many years, is followed by the internal and external contradictions which are slowing down an inflow of necessary skilled personnel on the labor market. The aim of the present article consists in drawing attention to the collected problems and contradictions in the system of SPE which are in many respects caused by inconsistency in rule-making and legislative activity of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, special-purpose committees of the State Duma of Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in education. Methods. The research is based on the analysis of normative and program documents in the field of SPE, realization of competence-based approach in practice of activity of establishments of professional education. Results and scientific novelty c onsist in identification and designation of the obvious and hidden antinomy existing in the SPE system now. The reasons for the late reaction of system of training of personnel to the transformations happening in economy are disclosed: discrepancy of training programs to requirements of employers; unsatisfactory quality of training of graduates; fall of prestige of working professions and specialties among youth; the broken ratio in a life-long education chain «a worker a technician an engineer»; reduction of the staff of masters of professional training; disinterest of employers in the joint SPE problem resolution (in cooperation with pedagogical community); excessively fractional specialization of professions of workers in available occupational classifications, etc. The designated problems enable to begin a search of ways of their decision and options of the valid upgrade of the SPE system answering to the requirements of economy. The inefficiency of the concept of one-leveled SPE and its non-competitiveness against the background of development of an applied bachelor degree at the higher school is shown. It is offered to differentiate programs of basic level for training of skilled workers and the program of the increased level for training of specialists of an average link (technicians, technologists) on the basis of basic level for forming of a single system of continuous professional training and effective functioning of regional systems of professional education. Such system will help to eliminate disproportions in a triad «a worker a technician an engineer», and will increase the quality of professional education. Furthermore, it is indicated the need of polyprofessional education wherein the integrated educational structures differing in degree of formation of split-level educational institutions on the basis of network interaction, convergence and integration are required. According to the author, in the regions it is necessary to develop two types of organizations and SPE organizations: territorial multi-profile colleges with flexible variable programs and the organizations realizing educational programs of applied qualifications in specific industries (metallurgical, chemical, construction, etc.) according to the specifics of economy of territorial subjects. Practical significance. The results of the research can be useful to specialists of management of education, heads and pedagogical staff of SPE institutions, and also representatives of regional administrations and employers while organizing the multilevel network system of training of skilled workers and experts of middle ranking.

BACKGROUND Novel or new psychoactive substances (NPS), also known as designer drugs and research chemicals, represent a relatively recent phenomenon which can be traced back to the last decade or even earlier. The growth of this phenomenon and its electronic trade (e-trade) has been logarithmic and alarming; its aftermaths are not limited to; the economy, individual and public health, or illicit drug trade. The discipline of NPS has been extensively studied since 2010. However, there are still deficits in; data from the Middle East and the developing world including Arabic countries (1), application of data science and inferential hypothesis testing (2), implementation of the principles and theories of social science (3), utilization of experimental designs including randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasiexperimental studies (4), and ultimately the enactment of real-time web analysis and the realization of tools of knowledge discovery in databases (5). AIM AND OBJECTIVES This study will implement an innovative research approach by combining observational analyses and data science; the aim is to provide generalizable (inferential) data in relation to NPS e-commerce activities on both divisions of the web, surface and deep. The pinnacle objective is to; assess the proportional magnitude of NPS e-commerce activity in the Middle East (1), provide a thorough analysis of the e-vendors on the darknet, both globally and regionally (Middle East) (2), correlate change in trends of e-commerce with time (3), provide recommendations for future studies in relation to the ecommerce activity in the Middle East (4), and to discuss the colossal potential of data mining technologies (5). MATERIALS AND METHODS This dissertation embodies the integrative and combinatorial approach towards the investigation of the e-trade (e-commerce) of NPS; it is made of integrated studies allocated into eleven results chapters. The utilised investigative tools represent a mixed-breed of observational web analytics including; literature review (1), cross-sectional studies and surveys (2, 3), internet snapshots (4), retrospective analyses (5), and critical appraisal (6). These analyses took place in both appendices of the web (surface web and the anonymous deep web); the analyses specifically involved; Google Trends database (1), literature databases (2), drug fora (3), social communication e-media (3), news and media networks (4), Grams search engine of the deep web (5), the darknet and its e-marketplace (6), Alphabay, Agora, Valhalla, Hansa, other dedicated e-markets for NPS e-trade (7). Additional extrapolations were concluded via the use of surveys and e-surveys in a population of medical students from Iraq. The potentials for knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) were also discussed in all chapters. Each chapter was thoroughly investigated via; data science tools (I), inferential statistics and hypothesis testing (II). The latter was dependent on using the Microsoft Excel 2016, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and some online tools of data science. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A systematic review of approximately 600 PubMed-indexed articles of NPS literature showed; attempts of NPS research started to evolve after 2010, almost one-third of the research output (36%) was of relevance to toxicology and analytic chemistry, while reviews and cross-sectional studies were less common (15%, 18%). The analysis of the individual basis of power showed that NPS researchers, legislators, and policymakers are lagging behind, whereas terrorist possesses the highest possible power. Power scores of e-vendors scored highest in the UK, US, and eastern Europe, while being almost absent in the Middle East. The complimentary usage of PubMed, drug fora, and Google Trends was successful in extrapolating the most trending and high-risk NPS; the contribution from the Middle East to incidents of intoxications and fatalities was absent except for Israel. Deep web analysis, including the darknet emarketplace, has shown that the contribution of the Middle East never exceeded 7% of the total etrade, data were limited to; Iran, Israel, Turkey, Afghanistan, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. Other Arabic countries included; Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria. It was interesting to observe the e-vendors of NPS operating in the Middle East were highly involved in e-trade activities in other nations, primarily; the UK, Western Europe and Scandinavia, US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Surveys and internet snapshots unveiled the lack of awareness and very low prevalence of (ab)use of NPS within the selected Iraqi population. Captagon was highly prevalent in the Middle East, unlike NBOMe and octodrine. In summary, the contribution from the Middle East was microscopic when compared to the developed world; it did not exceed 7% of the entire NPS phenomenon e-trade. Similarly, the NPS research in the region of the Middle East can be described to be in its infancy. The overall level-of-evidence of this dissertation is assumed to be of level-2b according to the classification system imposed by the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (2009). CONCLUSION The growth of the NPS phenomenon, including the e-commerce and its links to terrorism, are reaching unprecedented levels. Unless some reasonable efforts and ingenious upgrades of the current research methodologies, the NPS trade and e-trade will continue to prevail rendering all its counter-attempts fade into dust; these attempts are not only limited to NPS research but also into; legislative actions, policy planning, and counter-terrorism. Upgrades should affect these front lines; increasing the quality and quantity of studies in developed countries including Middle Eastern and Arabic countries (1), incorporation of efficient use of data science and advanced web analytics (2), compulsory training of data science, biostatistics, and basic neuroscience for all NPS researchers, chemists, and toxicologists (3), validation and incorporation of data mining and real-time analyses (4), inclusion of the rarely-used experimental studies including RCTs, pragmatic RCTs, and animal modelling (5), enhancement and potentiation of internet snapshot techniques (6), and full exploitation of trends databases of the surface web (7). Perhaps, the integration of real-time data mining and data crunching, and inferential data science technique will represent the climax armament to antagonise the alarming e-trade.

Les nombreuses pertes de vitalité observées sur le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.) un peu partout en Europe ont suscité des craintes grandissantes auprès des forestiers, en particulier quant au comportement futur de l'essence face au changement climatique. Les recherches doctorales se sont intéressées à la relation entre le hêtre et son environnement dans le contexte des changements globaux par l'intermédiaire de la dendroécologie, association de la dendrochronologie et de l'écologie forestière. L'accroissement radial a été utilisé pour évaluer l'effet des changements globaux, et plus particulièrement du changement climatique, sur le développement et la vitalité du hêtre au cours du temps le long du gradient bioclimatique de Belgique. Les diverses analyses ont été réalisées à l'aide des outils dendrochronologiques (années caractéristiques, sensibilité moyenne, corrélations accroissement-climat, etc.) et par diverses approches de modélisation (modèles linéaires et non linéaires mixtes, régression des moindres carrés partiels, etc.) tout en considérant plusieurs échelles : l'arbre, le peuplement et la région. Les résultats montrent que le climat a eu une influence prépondérante sur l'accroissement du hêtre depuis le milieu du 20ème siècle, d'une manière relativement uniforme à l'échelle de la Belgique. La sensibilité climatique du hêtre a augmenté, en particulier, sous l'effet de l'augmentation de la fréquence et de l'intensité des canicules estivales et sécheresses printanières. En parallèle, l'accroissement moyen a progressivement diminué suite aux fortes réductions d'accroissement annuel induites par les années climatiques stressantes. L'influence grandissante du climat a masqué l'effet des conditions stationnelles locales et a synchronisé l'accroissement le long du gradient bioclimatique. L'augmentation de la sensibilité climatique et la diminution de l'accroissement moyen sont plus marquées en plaine qu'en zone submontagnarde et, pour un site donné, les jeunes arbres sont moins sensibles que les vieux. Bien que la sensibilité augmente et que l'accroissement diminue naturellement avec l'âge, l'effet du changement climatique a été largement supérieur à celui de l'âge. Par ailleurs, au sein d'un arbre, le long de sa tige principale, la sensibilité climatique diminue légèrement depuis la hauteur de poitrine jusqu'à la base du houppier puis elle augmente fortement jusqu'au sommet. Ces résultats sont interprétés sur base des connaissances sur l'écophysiologie du hêtre, à l'échelle de la Belgique mais aussi dans le contexte plus large de son aire de distribution. Les rôles relatifs de l'intensification de la sylviculture, de la compaction des sols et des retombées azotées (pollution atmosphérique), ainsi que les conséquences du changement climatique passé et futur sur le hêtre sont discutés. Des recoupements avec d'autres études sur le hêtre réalisées en Europe tendent à montrer que l'espèce est affectée sur la quasi-totalité de son aire de distribution (hormis en haute altitude et haute latitude). Contrairement à ce que l'on pourrait penser, le hêtre n'est donc pas seulement affecté à la limite Sud de sa distribution (Méditerranée). Même si les conditions environnementales sont plus favorables en Belgique, le hêtre y a aussi d'autant plus à perdre. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, le hêtre a résisté à son environnement changeant. Malgré l'augmentation de la sensibilité climatique et la diminution de l'accroissement moyen, les dépérissements observés durant ces dernières années en Belgique ont été peu fréquents et généralement isolés. Toutefois, au vu du changement climatique à venir, le risque phytosanitaire ne pourra qu'augmenter. La politique forestière devrait dès à présent intégrer ce risque et préparer les gestionnaires à anticiper et à prévenir. ; Health anomalies (e.g., worsening crown conditions) on beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) observed throughout Europe since the 1990s have raised growing concerns among foresters, particularly about the future behavior of the species in the face of climate change. This PhD research examined the relationship between beech and its environment in the context of global changes using dendroecology, combination of dendrochronology and forest ecology. The radial growth was used to evaluate the effects of global changes, particularly climate change, on beech development and vitality over time along a bioclimatic gradient in Belgium. Various analyses were carried out using dendrochronological tools (pointer years, mean sensitivity, growth-climate correlation, etc.) and modeling approaches (linear and non-linear mixed models, partial least squares regression, etc.) considering several scales: tree, stand and region. Results show that climate predominantly influenced beech growth since the mid-20th century and did so rather uniformly across Belgium. Beech mean sensitivity increased mainly in response to the higher frequency and intensity of summer heat waves and spring droughts. Isolated but pronounced annual growth reductions induced a gradual diminution of mean growth. The increasing influence of climate progressively concealed the effect of local site growing conditions inducing strong between-sites synchronization along the bioclimatic gradient. Increasing mean sensitivity and decreasing mean growth were more pronounced in lowlands than in uplands, and for a given site, older trees are more affected than younger ones. Although mean sensitivity increases and mean growth decreases naturally with age, the climate change effect was much more important than the age effect. Furthermore, within a tree, along the main stem, climate sensitivity slightly decreased from breast height to crown base and strongly increased from crown base to tree top. These results were interpreted based on ecophysiological knowledge of beech. The influences of silviculture, soil compaction and nitrogen deposition (as part of atmospheric pollution) as well as the consequences of the past and future climate change on beech were discussed. Comparisons with other studies in Europe highlighted that beech is affected on a large part of its natural distribution range (except in high altitude and high latitude). Contrary to what one might think, beech is not only affected in the southern limit (Mediterranean). Although growing conditions are more favorable in Belgium, beech has also more to lose. Beech has coped with global change up to now. Although its climate sensitivity increased and its mean growth decreased, diebacks observed these last years in Belgium were scarce and generally scattered. However, considering the upcoming climate change, the phytosanitary risk will undeniable increased. Forest policy should now integrate that risk and prepare managers to anticipate and prevent it.

In many countries, relationship between decentralization of government activities and the extent of rent extraction by private parties is an important element in the recent debate on institutional design. The topic of corruption was actively, openly and debated in Indonesia by government, its development partners, and a broadly based group of political and civil society leaders are engaged in meetings and exchange on a daily basis. In the ongoing debate on corruption a lot of attention is paid to the role of public sector salaries, particularly in the decentralization era. Based on this phenomenon, the authors want to analyze the relationship between corruption and decentralization. Using OSL model, we can find a very strong and consistent positive association between the two variables across a sample of region, thereby providing some support for theories of decentralization that emphasize its benefits. This association is robust to controlling for a wide range of potential sources of omitted variable bias as well as endogeneity bias. Keywords: Corruption, Decentralization, OSL Model Abstrak.Di banyak negara, hubungan antara desentralisasi pemerintah dan tingkat ekstraksi sewa oleh pihak swasta merupakan elemen penting dalam perdebatan baru pada desain institusional. Topik korupsi secara aktif, terbuka dan diperdebatkan di Indonesia oleh Pemerintah, mitra pembangunan, dan kelompok berbasis luas dari para pemimpin politik dan masyarakat sipil yang terlibat dalam pertemuan dan pertukaran setiap hari. Dalam perdebatan tentang korupsi banyak perhatian diarahkan untuk peran gaji sektor publik, terutama di era desentralisasi. Berdasarkan fenomena ini, penulis ingin menganalisis hubungan antara korupsi dan desentralisasi. Menggunakan OSL model, kita dapat menemukan hubungan positif yang sangat kuat dan konsisten antara dua variabel di seluruh sampel dari daerah, sehingga memberikan beberapa dukungan untuk teori desentralisasi yang menekankan manfaat. Asosiasi ini adalah kuat untuk mengendalikan berbagai kemungkinan potensial dari upaya menghilangkan sebagian variabel serta bias endogenitas. Kata Kunci: Korupsi, Desentralisasi, OSL Model REFERENCES,Ades, Alberto and Di Tella, Rafael, 1994, "Competition and corruption" Institute of Economics and Statistics Discussion Papers 169. University of Oxford.____, 1995, "National champions and corruption: some unpleasant competitiveness arithmetic".University of Oxford. Photocopy.Barro, Robert, 1992, "Human capital and economic growth". in policies for long run economic growth. Federal Reserve bank of Kansas City: 199-216.____, 1990, "Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth." 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Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Keefer, Philip, and Stephen Knack, 1995, "Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures." Economics and Politics.Kraay, Aart, and Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, 1995, "Employment and wages in public sector-a cross-country study." IMF Working Papers 95/70. Washingtin, DC: International Monetary Fund.Krueger, Anne, 1974, "The Political economy of the rent-seeking society." American Economic Review 64, No.3 (June): 291-303.Levine, Ross and David Renelt, 1992, "A sentivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions." American Economic Review 82, No.4 (September): 942-963.Loayza, Norman, 1996, "The economics of informal sector: a simple model and some empirical; evidence from Latin America." The World Bank. Photocopy.Martinez. Jorge-Vazquez, F. Javier Arze, Jameson Boex, 2004, "Corruption, fiscal policy and fiscal management, USAID Report (October).Mauro, Paolo, 1995, "Corruption and growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics CX, no.3 (August): 681-712._____, 1997, "The Effect of Corruption on growth, investment and government ex-penditure: a cross country analysis, in Corruption and the global economy, K.A. Elliot, ed., Eashington D.C., Institute for International Economics, pp.83-107._____, 1998, corruption and the composition of government expenditure, Journal of Public Economics, vol.69:263-279.Megantara, Andie and Noor Fuad, 2003, "The impact of institutional environment on public official performance: does institutional environment affect the rate of corruption?", Jurnal Keuangan Publik vol.1, no.1 (September):1-23.Murphy, Kevin, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, 1991, "Allocation of talent: implications for growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106.Raunch, James, 1995, "Bureaucracy, infrastructure and economic growth: evidence from U.S. Cities During the Progressive Era." American Economic Review 85, no.4 (September): 968-979.Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 1978, Corruption: a study in political economy, New York, NY: Academic Press._____, 1996, Democracy and grand corruption, International Social Science Journal, vol.48. no.3._____, 1997, Corruption and development, Paper presented at the annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington D.C._____, 1999, Corruption and government: causes, consequences and reform, Cambridge University Press.Sachs, Jeffrey, and Warner, Andrew, 1995, "Natural resource abundance and economic growth." NBER Working Papers 5398. Cambrdge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny, 1993., Corruption, the quarterly journal of economics, 108 (August): 599-617.Tanzi, Vito, 1994, "Corruption, governmental activities and markets." IMF Working Papers 94/99. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Taylor, Charles L. and Michael C Hudson, 1972, World handbook of political and social indicators. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR.Treisman, Daniel, 2000, "The causes of corruption: a cross-national study", Journal of Public Economics 76: 399-457.Tullock, Gordon, 1967, "The welfare costs of tarriffs, monopolies and theft." Western Economic Journal5.Vernon, Henderson, and Ari Kuncoro, 2006, "Sick of local government corruption" Vote Islamic", NBER Working Paper 12110 (March): 1-41.

Метою дослідження було проаналізувати перебіг травматичної хвороби при бойовій травмі, висвітлити причини ускладнень та обґрунтувати шляхи їх лікування і запобігання. Матеріали та методи. За 2014–2015 роки у Військово-медичному клінічному центрі Західного регіону проліковано 1566 пацієнтів із бойовою хірургічною травмою. 709 (45 %) осіб мали мінно-осколкові поранення, 323 (21 %) — мінно-вибухові травми, 127 (8 %) — кульові поранення, 367 (23 %) — бойову невогнепальну травму і 40 (3 %) — комбіновані опікові ураження. Множинні поранення були в 161 (10 %) особи і поєднані — у 386 (25 %) пацієнтів. Поранені і травмовані надходили шляхом медичної евакуації повітряним і наземним транспортом із закладів ІІ та ІІІ рівнів надання медичної допомоги, де їм були виконані невідкладні операційні втручання та проведена інтенсивна терапія травматичного шоку і крововтрати. 153 (9,7 %) поранені після транспортування потребували госпіталізації у відділення інтенсивної терапії та реанімації. Результати. 819 (52,3 %) постраждалих із пошкодженням живота, грудей та кінцівок, які надійшли у Військово-медичний клінічний центр Західного регіону, потребували етапних операційних втручань, а також хірургічних операцій із приводу ранніх і пізніх ускладнень перенесеної бойової травми. У 102 (6 %) осіб ефективною була консервативна терапія. Ускладнення бойової хірургічної травми розподілили на дві групи: прогнозовані та ті, яких можна було б уникнути. До прогнозованих ускладнень віднесли постгеморагічну анемію, гіпопротеїнемію, синдром абдомінальної компресії, інфікування післяопераційної рани, післяопераційні грижі після програмованих релапаротомій, плевролегеневі ускладнення після поєднаної торакоабдомінальної травми, інфекційно-запальні процеси сечовидільної системи, що спричинені тривалою постійною катетеризацією сечового міхура. Ускладнення, яких можна було б уникнути, залежали від термінів лікувально-евакуаційних заходів, рівня підготовки медичного персоналу щодо лікування бойової хірургічної травми, матеріально-технічного забезпечення та виконання адекватного обсягу лікування на відповідному рівні медичної допомоги. Висновки. Передумови для незадовільних результатів лікування бойової хірургічної травми створюють поранення сучасною високоенергетичною зброєю, особливості бойової ситуації на фронті, тривалий період стабілізації життєво важливих функцій організму, неадекватна корекція крововтрати та гіпопротеїнемії, неоптимальний вибір обсягу першого операційного втручання, відсутність підготовки медичного персоналу з лікування бойової хірургічної травми та недостатнє медичне матеріально-технічне забезпечення ; Целью исследования было проанализировать течение травматической болезни при боевой травме, осветить причины осложнений и обосновать пути их лечения и предупреждения. Материалы и методы. За 2014–2015 годы в Военно-медицинском клиническом центре Западного региона пролечено 1566 пациентов с боевой хирургической травмой. 709 (45 %) лиц имели минно-осколочные ранения, 323 (21 %) — минно-взрывные травмы, 127 (8 %) — пулевые ранения, 367 (23 %) — боевую неогнестрельную травму и 40 (3 %) — комбинированные ожоговые поражения. Множественные ранения были у 161 (10 %) лица и сочетанные — у 386 (25 %) пациентов. Раненые и травмированные поступали путем медицинской эвакуации воздушным и наземным транспортом из учреждений II и III уровней оказания медицинской помощи, где им были выполнены неотложные операционные вмешательства и проведена интенсивная терапия травматического шока и кровопотери. 153 (9,7 %) раненых после транспортировки нуждались в госпитализации в отделение интенсивной терапии и реанимации. Результаты. 819 (52,3 %) пострадавших с повреждением живота, груди и конечностей, поступивших в Военно-медицинский клинический центр Западного региона, нуждались в этапных оперативных вмешательствах, а также в хирургических операциях по поводу ранних и поздних осложнений перенесенной боевой травмы. У 102 (6 %) лиц эффективной была консервативная терапия. Осложнения боевой хирургической травмы разделили на две группы: прогнозируемые и те, которых можно было бы избежать. К прогнозируемым осложнениям отнесли постгеморрагическую анемию, гипопротеинемию, синдром абдоминальной компрессии, инфицирование послеоперационной раны, послеоперационные грыжи после программируемых релапаротомий, плевролегочные осложнения после сочетанной торакоабдоминальной травмы, инфекционно-воспалительные процессы мочеполовой системы, вызванные длительной постоянной катетеризацией мочевого пузыря. Осложнения, которых можно было бы избежать, зависели от сроков лечебно-эвакуационных мероприятий, уровня подготовки медицинского персонала по лечению боевой хирургической травмы, материально-технического обеспечения и выполнения адекватного объема лечения на соответствующем уровне медицинской помощи. Выводы. Предпосылки для не-удовлетворительных результатов лечения боевой хирургической травмы создают ранения современным высокоэнергетическим оружием, особенности боевой ситуации на фронте, длительный период стабилизации жизненно важных функций организма, неадекватная коррекция кровопотери и гипопротеинемии, неоптимальный выбор объема первого операционного вмешательства, отсутствие подготовки медицинского персонала по лечению боевой хирургической травмы и недостаточное медицинское материально-техническое обеспечение. ; Background. The purpose of the study was to analyses the traumatic diseases in injured and wounded patients with combat surgical trauma, to characterize the causes of complications and to explain the ways of their treatment and prevention. Materials and methods. 1566 patients with combat surgical trauma were treated in the Military Medical Clinical Centre of the Western Region (MMCCWR) in 2014–2015. 709 (45 %) of them had missile injuries, 323 (21 %) — mine blast trauma, 127 (8 %) — gunshot injuries, 367 (23 %) — combat non-gunshot damages and 40 (3 %) — combined burning injuries. Multiple injuries were diagnosed in 161 (10 %) and associated — in 386 (25 %) wounded soldiers. Wounded and injured patients were admitted to the hospital by aeromedical and land transport evacuation of II and III levels of care after emergency surgical procedure and antishock intensive care. 153 (9.7 %) of wounded patients were admitted to the intensive care unit immediately after transportation. Results. 819 (52.3 %) of wounded and injured combatants hospitalized in MMCCWR required stage surgical procedures and surgical treatment of combat trauma early and late complications. Conservative therapy was effective in 102 (6 %) patients. Combat trauma complications were divided into two groups: predicted complications and those that could have been avoided. Predicted complications include posthemorrhagic anemia, hypoproteinemia, abdominal compartment syndrome, postoperative wound infection and postoperative hernia after program relaparotomy, pulmonary inflammatory complications, inflammatory urinary processes after bladder catheterization. Complications that could have been avoided depended on the time of evacuation and medical support, medical teams experience in combat surgical trauma treatment, medical material and technical resources and realization of the appropriate medical care. Conclusions. The main causes for the unsatisfactory combat surgical trauma treatment results are wounds caused by modern high-energy weapon, specific battlefront situation, continuous unstable patient's condition, inadequate blood loss and hypoproteinemia compensation, inadequate capacity of the first surgical procedure, poor training of the medical personnel for the combat surgical trauma treatment and limited medical resources.

BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION The particular exploration of new ways of interactions between society and Information Communication Technologies (ICT) with a focus on the Humanities has the potential to become a key success factor for the values and competitiveness of the Nordic region, having in mind recent EU and regional political discussions in the field of Digital Humanities (European Commission, 2016; Vetenskapsrådet's Rådet för forskningens infrastrukturer, 2014). Digital Humanities (DH) is a diverse and still emerging field that lies at the intersection of ICT and Humanities, which is being continually formulated by scholars and practitioners in a range of disciplines (see, for example, Svensson & Goldberg, 2015; Gardiner & Musto, 2015; Schreibman, Siemens, & Unsworth, 2016). The following are examples of current areas of fields and topics: text-analytic techniques, categorization, data mining; Social Network Analysis (SNA) and bibliometrics; metadata and tagging; Geographic Information Systems (GIS); multimedia and interactive games; visualisation; media. DARIAH-EU (http://dariah.eu), is Europe's largest initiative on DH, comprising over 300 researchers in 18 countries, thereby opening up opportunities for international collaboration and projects. Of Nordic countries, Denmark is the full partner with four universities, Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg and University of Southern Denmark. Danish DARIAH activities are facilitated by the national DH Infrastructure DIGHUMLAB, hosted at the DARIAH-DK coordinating institution, Aarhus University. Sweden's first university, Linnaeus University, joined in May 2016 as a collaborative partner. Finland (University of Helsinki) and Norway (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) have taken action to join by the end of 2016 also, as collaborative partners. The idea of forming the Nordic Hub of DARIAH-EU has been recently brought forward by Mike Mertens, the Head of DARIAH-EU. It was met by enthusiasm among the representatives of the listed universities, who would at this panel like to present and discuss possible joint opportunities and challenges in Nordic DH. With its tradition in supporting the Humanities research and development, Nordic countries may serve as a bastion for (Digital) Humanities. The Nordic Hub of DARIAH-EU may pay the way forward towards reaching that aim. CURRENT EFFORTS (PROJECTS, R&D AND EDUCATION) Koraljka Golub and Marcelo Milrad will present and analyse the cross-sector and cross-disciplinary Digital Humanities Initiative at Linnaeus University along the axes of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Their long-term vision is to create a leading education in this field and to establish a leading research regional centre that combines in novel ways already existing expertise from different departments and faculties working in close collaboration and co-creation with people and different organizations (both public and private sector) from the surrounding society. Marianne Ping Huang will present the Danish DIGHUMLAB, with specific focus on the DARIAH-related activities with the national DH research infrastructure, which is now bidding for its second period on the DK road map for research infrastructures. The presentation will include a presentation of the Danish participation for DH and open cross sectorial innovation with DARIAH Humanities at Scale (2015-2017) and how this intersects with Aarhus being European Capital of Culture 2017. Mikko Tolonen and Inés Matres will present the ongoing development at the University of Helsinki (and in Finland) regarding digital humanities. This includes the recently launched Heldig (digital humanities centre https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/helsinki-digital-humanities) and how it can relate to collaboration in Dariah. Matres will also discuss a survey about Finnish needs about networking within Dariah that she has been mapping before Växjö conference. Andreas Bergsland will discuss the role of digital humanities (DH) at NTNU, a technology and science university with an explicit mission of public humanities. He will present several ongoing initiatives: the ARTEC interdisciplinary task force, DH projects in linguistics, print and sound cultures, digital storytelling and performance, archives, and pedagogy. Bergsland will conclude by reflecting on the opportunities and challenges of promoting critical, sustainable, ethical, and interdisciplinary DH at NTNU in partnership with academic and nonacademic actors and local and global networks such as DARIAH. PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES Major opportunities in DH in Nordic countries lie in the collaborative democratic tradition that supports re- combining already existing expertise and resources encompassing 1) different universities, 2) various disciplines, and 3) the wider community through input from related public and private sectors. These points serve to unite and consolidate already existing expertise in order to create new constellations for collaboration leading to new knowledge and products (expertise, education, research, public and relevant commercial services). Possibilities to collaborate across Nordic countries can take place at a number of levels, including joint research and innovation, education efforts, expertise and experience exchange, bringing in international views to address more regional challenges. Ensuing important value for the general public could be a (re)-affirmation of the value of humanities in particular, and academic practices in general. Challenges would be discussed in terms of the emerging job market, the low number of students pursuing carriers in humanities at the Master level (e.g., in Sweden), and the fact that DH as a field is still in its infancy, leading to it being quite difficult to get funding and grants to carry out long-term research that sustain our efforts over time. Not the least, epistemological, conceptual and terminological differences in approaches by the different disciplines and sectors may present further challenges and therefore may require additional resources to reach an understanding. Further, while there is a strong collaborative spirit across Nordic countries, there will certainly be administrative issues with cross-university collaboration as the current working structures are based on individual units. REFERENCES European Commission. (2016). Horizon 2020: Social Sciences & Humanities. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/area/social-sciences-humanities Gardiner, E. and Musto, R. G. (2015). The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vetenskapsrådet's Rådet för forskningens infrastrukturer. (2014). Områdesöverikt för forskningens infrastrukturer. Available at http://www.vr.se/download/18.2302fa711489c4798d4a35fa/1411461229423/Samtliga+områden+infrastruktur.pdf Schreibman, S., Siemens, R., and Unsworth, J. (2016). A New Companion to Digital Humanities. (2nd ed.). Malden, MA; Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Svensson, P., and Goldberg, D. T. (Eds.). (2015). Between Humanities and the Digital. Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press.