Suchergebnisse

У роботі наведено ретроспективний аналіз розвитку концепції Organic та охарактеризовано її основні етапи. Визначено, що концепція Organic 1.0 була закладена піонерами органічного та біодинамічного руху і базувалася на використанні науково обґрунтованої системи органічного сільського господарства. Підкреслено, що із становленням концепції Organic 2.0 задекларовано перші органічні стандарти, законодавство та міжнародні організації, які сформували міцне підґрунтя для подальшого стрімкого розвитку сталих органічних сільськогосподарських практик. Наголошено, що Organic 3.0 значно розширює можливості та позиціонує органік як сучасну інноваційну систему землеробства, яка холістично вписує екологію, економіку, суспільство, культуру та відповідальність у місцевий, регіональний контекст з метою забезпечити широке засвоєння дійсно стійких сільськогосподарських систем та ринків на основі органічних принципів. Здійснено аргументацію відповідності сучасного стану розвитку вітчизняної органічної сфери концепції Organic 2.0 та наведено ретроспективу її становлення в Україні. Доведено необхідність активізації науково-практичних зусиль з метою формування механізму імплементації концепції Organic 3.0 у вітчизняну сільськогосподарську галузь. Проаналізовано основні підходи концепції Organic 3.0,впровадження яких є неодмінною умовою переходу на новий рівень розвитку аграрної галузі та досягнення її сталості. Запропоновано авторську систему заходів з імплементації вищезгаданої концепції в Україні для забезпечення інвестиційно інноваційної моделі розвитку аграрних підприємств, зміцнення конкурентної позиції вітчизняних агровиробників на світовому ринку органічної продукції та активізації інтеграції країни у міжнародний економічний простір. ; The paper presents a retrospective analysis of the development of the Organic concept and is characterized its main stages. Organic 1.0 has been found to be pioneered by organic and organic biodynamic movement and was based on the use of a scientifically sound system of organic Agriculture. It is emphasized that with the introduction of the concept Organic 2.0 has been declared the first organic standards, legislation and international organizations that formed a strong Soil for further rapid development of sustainable organic farming practices. It is emphasized that Organic 3.0 greatly expands the capabilities and positions Organic as a modern innovation, a system of agriculture that holistically integrates ecology, economy, society, culture and accountability in local, regional contexts to ensure widespread learning truly sustainable agricultural systems and markets based on organic principles. Done the argumentation of the relevance of the current state of development of the domestic organic sphere of the concept Organic 2.0 and a retrospective of its establishment in Ukraine. The need for activation was proved scientific and practical efforts to formulate the implementation mechanism of the Organic 3.0 concept into the domestic agricultural industry. The basic approaches of the concept of Organic 3.0 are analyzed, introduction of which is an indispensable condition for the transition to a new level of development of the agricultural industry and achieving its sustainability. The author's system of measures for implementation of the above is proposed concepts in Ukraine to provide an investment-innovative model for the development of agricultural enterprises capacity, strengthening the competitive position of domestic agricultural producers in the global organic market products and activation of the country's integration into the international economic space. ; В работе приведены ретроспективный анализ развития концепции Organic и охарактеризованы ее основные этапы. Определено, что концепция Organic 1.0 была заложена пионерами органического и биодинамического движения и базировалась на использовании научно обоснованной системы органическогосельского хозяйства. Подчеркнуто, что со становлением концепции Organic 2.0 задекларировано первые органические стандарты, законодательство и международные организации, которые сформировали прочное под Почва для дальнейшего стремительного развития устойчивых органических сельскохозяйственных практик.Отмечено, что Organic 3.0 значительно расширяет возможности и позиционирует органик как современную иновацийну систему земледелия, которая холистически вписывает экологию, экономику, общество, культуру и ответственность в местный, региональный контекст с целью обеспечить широкое усвоениедействительно устойчивых сельскохозяйственных систем и рынков на основе органических принципов. осуществлено аргументацию соответствии современного состояния развития отечественной органической сферы концепцииOrganic 2.0 и приведены ретроспективу ее становления в Украине. Доказана необходимость активизации научно-практических усилий с целью формирования механизма имплементации концепции Organic 3.0 в отечественную сельскохозяйственную отрасль. Проанализированы основные подходы концепции Organic 3.0, внедрение которых является непременным условием перехода на новый уровень развития аграрной отрасли и достижения ее устойчивости. Предложена авторская систему мер по имплементации вышеупомянутой концепции в Украине для обеспечения инвестиционно-инновационной модели развития аграрных пред-приятий, укрепление конкурентной позиции отечественных агропроизводителей на мировом рынке органической продукции и активизации интеграции страны в международное экономическое пространство.

Quanah Parker was the most feared of the Comanche chiefs on the Texas frontier. He was half white and half Comanche. He was taller and stronger and faster and more clever than any other chief of his time. The fact that he never lost a battle to soldiers who relentlessly pursued him … The fact that he was a ghost on the high plains and disappeared into thin air, even as he was chased in the bright Panhandle sun … The fact that he was devastatingly handsome and could have graced the cover of one of those steamy Western romance novels … The fact that he was the last Comanche chief to decide on his own, without being defeated militarily, to move to the reservation… … is not the point of this commentary. This is a love story, but not a love story for Valentine's Day. This is a love story more appropriate for Mother's Day. Quanah's mother, Cynthia Ann Parker, was abducted by Comanche raiders on the Texas frontier when she was 9. She was raised as a Comanche and married Chief Nocona. She had three children, the oldest of whom was Quanah. Cynthia Ann was eventually "discovered" by white men who traded with the Comanches. Her family, having searched for her for years, quickly organized a ransom offer. The Comanches would not sell her. No matter how much they were offered, tribal elders would not sell her. This was because Cynthia Ann did not want to go. Though born white, she was now culturally Comanche, the wife of a chief, with three children she loved. Many years later, her camp along a tributary of the Pease River was attacked by Texas Rangers. Her husband was killed but her boys escaped. Cynthia Ann was finally freed from captivity, but she saw it as being abducted again. She was now 34. While being escorted to Tarrant County after the battle, she was photographed in Fort Worth with her daughter, Prairie Flower, at her chest and her hair cut short – a Comanche sign of mourning. She never readjusted to white culture and tried many times to escape and return to her tribe. She begged to go back to her people. As S.C. Gwynne reported in his masterpiece, "Empire of the Summer Moon," Cynthia Ann knew Spanish better than English. She told a translator: "Mi corazón llorando todo el tiempo por mi dos hijos." "My heart cries all the time for my two boys" – Quanah and Pecos. But they wouldn't give her her wish. Her relatives believed she would readjust in time. In truth, she was being held captive a second time. She never gave up her Comanche ways. She often sat outside with a small fire and worshiped the Great Spirit according to the customs she knew. Sadly, Prairie Flower died of the flu a few years after they were returned to white society. And Cynthia herself died seven years after that, relatively young, essentially of a broken heart. Gwynne eulogized her this way: "She was a white woman by birth, yes, but also a relic of the Comancheria, the fading empire of high grass and fat summer moons and buffalo herds that blackened the horizon. She had seen all of that death and glory. She had been a chief's wife. She had lived free on the high infinite plains as her adopted race had in the very last place in the North American Continent where anyone would ever live or run free. She had died in the deep pine woods where there was no horizon…" Quanah lost his mother when he was just 12 and longed for her all his life. When he surrendered to life on the reservation he searched for her and was sad to learn that she had died and was buried far away in Texas. All he had of her was a photograph someone gave him, which he kept over his bed always. He jumped through elaborate legal hoops for many years to get her body moved and buried on Comanche soil. When he was successful, he felt his mother was finally home. When Quanah died, he was buried next to her. He believed that though separated for so long in life, they would certainly be together forever with the Great Spirit in the Sky.

URS Corporation (URS) was contracted by the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to perform a cultural resources survey in support of plans to rehabilitate four Floodwater Retention Structures (FRSs) located in Hays and Caldwell Counties, Texas. FRS 10 and FRS 12 are located in Hays County, while FRS 21 and FRS 28 are in Caldwell County. Rehabilitation activities for FRSs generally consist of widening and raising the earthen spillway by flattening the downstream slope and extending the footprint of the earthen structure, updating or replacing the inlet and/or outlet pipes, and sediment excavation within the drained pool area. Auxiliary spillways, which are typically located on the uplands, may also be modified, and temporary construction sites may be established on the uplands as well. The project is being developed by the Plum Creek Conservation District (PCCD) and the NRCS. As such, the project is subject to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. In accordance with Advisory Council on Historic Preservation regulations pertaining to the protection of historic properties, federal agencies are required to assess the effects of their undertaking on historic properties prior to issuing permits or funding. Furthermore, because each FRS is currently monitored, operated, and maintained by the PCCD, which is a political subdivision of the State of Texas, the projects also fall within the purview of the Antiquities Code of Texas, which requires the Texas Historical Commission (THC) to review any actions that have the potential to disturb prehistoric or historic sites within the public domain of the State of Texas. The survey was carried out within the estimated Limits of Construction (LOC) at each FRS from November 17-18, 2015, under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 7469, issued by the THC. Dr. Steve Ahr served as Principal Investigator. For purposes of these investigations, the LOC is considered to be equivalent to the Area of Potential Effect for cultural resources compliance with the NHPA and the Antiquities Code of Texas. The survey included a 100 percent pedestrian survey of all areas of potential new disturbance associated with rehabilitation measures at each FRS. Field investigations also included an assessment of the soils and geomorphic setting of the project areas as it relates to archaeological integrity potential and extant project impacts. During the survey, a prehistoric isolated find was identified within the LOC at FRS 12, and two barn structures were found adjacent to the LOC at FRS 21. Further inspection revealed that none of these cultural resources are eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), or merit designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). No artifacts were collected during the survey. Pursuant to 13 TAC 26.17, all project notes, maps, photographs, and other documentary records will be permanently curated at the Center for Archaeological Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos. Based on the results of the background review and survey, it is recommended that the proposed rehabilitation efforts for FRS 10, 12, 21, and 28 in Hays and Caldwell Counties should have No Effect on properties included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the NRHP, or that merit designation as SALs. In the event that previously undiscovered sites are found during construction, appropriate actions should be taken in accordance with the State Level Agreement among NRCS and the Texas State Historic Preservation Office, the National Programmatic Agreement among NRCS, the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and NRCS General Manual 420, Part 401 guidance. In the event that any unmarked prehistoric or historic human remains or burials are encountered during construction, the area of the remains is considered a cemetery under current Texas law and all construction activities must cease immediately so as to avoid impacting the remains. The THC must be notified immediately by contacting the History Programs Division at (512) 463-5853 and the Archeology Division at (512) 463-6096. All cemeteries are protected under State law and cannot be disturbed. Further protection is provided in Section 28.03(f) of the Texas Penal Code, which provides that intentional damage or destruction inflicted on a human burial site is a state jail felony.

На основі повидільної бази даних ВО "Укрдержліспроект" проаналізовано лісівничо-таксаційні особливості розподілу площ дубових деревостанів Придніпровського Правобережного лісостепу за віком, типами лісорослинних умов, повнотою, бонітетом та походженням. Розраховано середні таксаційні показники дубняків цього регіону: вік, відносну повноту, запас, зміну запасу, бонітет, висоту, діаметр, частку участі в запасі дуба. Загальна площа регіону досліджень становить 217,6 тис. га, площа укритих лісовою рослинністю ділянок – 60,2 тис. га, середня лісистість досліджуваної території – близько 27,7 %. У Придніпровському Правобережному лісостепу склалися оптимальні кліматичні, ґрунтові та гідрологічні умови для росту та розвитку дуба звичайного (Quercus robur L.). Насадження дуба займають площу 40,4 тис. га (67,1 %), з них штучних насаджень – близько 61,7 %. Основним типом лісу тут є свіжа грабова діброва. Дубняки мають близький до оптимального розподіл за віком, високий середній вік – 73 роки, досить високий середній запас – 263 м3·га-1, середню відносну повноту – 0,76 та середній бонітет – І,5. Частка пристиглих, стиглих та перестиглих деревостанів становить 27,9 % за площею. Наведені дані буде використано для проведення подальших досліджень сортиментно-сортної структури дубових деревостанів Придніпровського Правобережного лісостепу, розробки та впровадження регіональних нормативів для обліку деревних ресурсів. ; One of the priorities for improving the accounting of wood resources is the development and implementation of regional standards and new methods of inventory felled for determining of the assortment sorted timber structure. Based on database of PA "Ukrderzhlisproekt" (production association of Ukrainian government project of forest management) forestry inventory features of the distribution of oak (Quercus robur L.) stands were analyzed in the Pridneprovsk Right-Bank forest-steppe according the age, the types of the forest vegetation conditions, the completeness, the growth class and the origin. The average inventory indexes of oak forests were calculated in this region. The total area of the researching region is 217600 ha, the area covered with forest vegetation is 60200 ha. The average forest covering of researching area is about 27.7 %. In the region of studies optimal climatic, soil and hydrological conditions for the growth and development of oak have developed. The oak plantations cover an area of 40400 ha (67.1 %). The most common type of forest vegetation conditions in the region of oak stands is a fresh wood (D2) – 94.3 % of the area. The main type of forest is fresh hornbeam trees. The distribution of oak forest according the age is relatively uniform: the young-age trees are 9.1 %, the middle-age trees are 63.0 %, almost ripe trees are 22.9 %, ripe and over-ripe trees are 5.0 %. The average age of oak stands is higher than a half of the age of main felling and it reaches 73 years old indicating a positive trend of the age structure. The oak forest stands with growth class II and > occupy 93.6 % of the area and have an average margin of 263 m3·ha-1. The Stands with the relative completeness of 0.7 and > have 93.6 % of the area with the average value of 0.76. According to the origin 97.6 % of the areas are seed plants in the region, but the indigenous forests of natural origin are only 35.9 %. These data will be used for further research of the assortment-sorted structure of the oak stands in the Pridneprovsk Right-bank forest-steppe, development and implementation of regional standards for the accounting of wood resources. ; На основе повыдельной базы данных ПО "Укргослеспроект" проанализированы лесоводственно-таксационные особенности распределения площадей дубовых древостоев Приднепровской Правобережной лесостепи по возрасту, типу лесорастительных условий, полноте, бонитету и происхождению.Рассчитаны средние таксационные показатели дубняков этого региона: возраст, относительная полнота, запас, изменение запаса, бонитет, высота, диаметр, долевое участие в запасе дуба.Общая площадь региона исследований составляет 217,6 тыс. га, площадь покрытых лесной растительностью участков – 60,2 тыс. га, средняя лесистость исследуемой территории – около 27,7 %. В Приднепровской Правобережной лесостепи сложились оптимальные климатические, почвенные и гидрологические условия для роста и развития дуба обыкновенного (Quercus robur L.).Насаждения дуба занимают площадь 40,4 тыс. га (67,1 %), из них искусственных насаждений около 61,7 %.Основной тип леса – свежая грабовая дубрава.Дубняки имеют близкое к оптимальному распределение по возрасту, высокий средний возраст – 73 года, достаточно высокий средний запас – 263 м3·га-1, среднюю относительную полноту – 0,76 и средний бонитет – І,5.Долевое участие приспевающих, спелых и перестойных древостоев составляет 27,9 % по площади. Приведенные данные будут использованы для проведения дальнейших исследований сортиментно-сортной структуры дубовых древостоев Приднепровской Правобережной лесостепи, разработки и внедрения региональных нормативов для учета древесных ресурсов.

Tesis para obtener el grado de Magister en Riego y Drenaje, de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, en 2016 ; La provincia de San Juan presenta clima árido, donde la agricultura sólo se desarrolla bajo riego integral. El cultivo principal es la Vid y en los últimos años se ha incrementado la superficie con riego por goteo, impulsado principalmente por la marcada escasez de agua y por los créditos y subsidios promovidos por el gobierno. Resulta imperante determinar y calificar el desempeño integral del riego por goteo, para identificar las principales variables que lo caracterizan y las posibles causas que puedan generar bajos desempeños. El estudio comprendió la evaluación de la uniformidad de distribución, programación de riego y mantenimiento de los componentes de riego por goteo en 50 establecimientos vitícolas (1056 ha), ubicados en la zona norte y este del Oasis de Tulum. El procedimiento de evaluación a campo fue el propuesto por Merrian y Keller (1978). El cálculo de demanda de riego se realizó según Allen et al. (2006) y Pizarro (1996) y el balance hídrico del suelo, según Grassi (1998). Se efectuó un análisis multifactorial para calificar el desempeño de riego. La uniformidad de distribución de sistema promedio fue Buena (81%), pero podría mejorarse (90%), esto generaría un ahorro de agua del 9%. La programación de riego no fue adecuada, porque hubo pérdidas de agua por percolación profunda y/o déficit hídrico, aunque la tendencia general fue al exceso de riego. Con una programación adecuada, se podría ahorrar 35% de agua y de energía eléctrica. Se observaron fallas de mantenimiento en todos los equipos evaluados, siendo las más importantes la falta regulación de presión de válvulas de paso y la limpieza inapropiada de filtros. Las variables coeficiente de uniformidad de caudales, percolación acumulada anual y variación de presión real del emisor respecto a la presión de diseño, fueron las más representativas de la variabilidad conjunta y permitieron calificar el desempeño integral. Sólo el 35% de los equipos tuvo un desempeño integral "Muy Bueno" y ninguno fue "Excelente". La optimización de las tareas de mantenimiento y programación permitirían obtener un ahorro de agua cercano al 44% en la zona de estudio. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el desempeño debe estudiarse desde la uniformidad, la programación de riego y el mantenimiento. ; San Juan province has arid climate, where agriculture only be developing under integral irrigation. Main crop is grapevine and, in recent years, the drip irrigation area has grown motivated by water scarcity and the availability of soft credits and subsidies promoted by the government. It is imperative to measure and qualify the performance of drip irrigation to identify the main variables of characterization and possible reasons for low performance. This study evaluates the distribution uniformity, irrigation scheduling, and system maintenance of 50 grape farms (1,056 ha) located in the north and east of the Tulum Valley. The procedure for field evaluation was the proposed by Merrian and Keller (1978). Irrigation requirements where calculated according to Allen et al. (2006) and Pizarro (1998) and soil water balance according to Grassi (1998). A multifactorial analysis was used to qualify irrigation performance. The average distribution uniformity even though considered good at 81% could be improved to 90%, generating a 9% water savings. Irrigation scheduling was not considered appropriate due to deep percolation and water deficits, though the general trend was towards an excess irrigation. A better scheduling could save 35% of water and energy. Deficient maintenance was observed in all the evaluated farms, being the most important the lack of pressure regulation in the valves and inadequate cleaning of filters. The variables uniformity coefficient of flows, annual accumulated percolation and deviation of actual vs design pressure at points of emission were the most representative of joint variability and allowed to qualify the integral performance of systems. Only 35% of them showed a "very good" performance, none an "excellent" one. Optimization of maintenance and scheduling would allow water savings close to 44% in the area of study. The results make it clear that performance must be studied including uniformity, scheduling, and maintenance ; EEA San Juan ; Fil: Olguin Pringles, Alfredo Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the efforts to control illegal gold mining activities, whether conducted by a licensed company or society that done conventionally. The background of this thesis is based on facts that show that Bengkayang is one district that is very rampant illegal gold mining activities, especially those carried out by the community. It is not independent of the various factors which led to the illegal gold mining activities, both as social, legal and economic factors. Since the enactment of Law No. 4 Year 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining, requires each community to conduct mining activities has artisanal mining license (IPR) issued by the local government. However, the difficulty of publishing mechanism causes people reluctant to file IPR, as a result of illegal gold mining practices often happens in Bengkayang. As for the impact of these activities can be felt well physically, such as damage to the ecosystem environment, pollution of river water and soil, mine accidents to the spread of diseases due to the use of hazardous chemicals in the process of illegal gold mining, while the impact of non-physical including the loss of government revenue from the mining sector, investment climate that is not conducive to the emergence of social conflict.However, it is undeniable that today there are still many barriers faced by the police, especially the Police Bengkayang in tackling the rampant activities of illegal gold mining, which were related to the limited resources of the police, still overlapping issuance of a mining permit, yet the realization of synergy between law enforcement officers in the handling of criminal acts in the field of mining to the legal culture of society with regard to the lack of public knowledge of the legislation. In response to these conditions, to optimize the response activities of illegal gold mining, then steps are taken by the Police Bengkayang through the efforts of penal, including increased resource capabilities police in tackling the crime of illegal gold mining, increase intensive coordination with relevant agencies and seek the application of Article plated against perpetrators of illegal gold mining. As efforts intensify non penal done through guidance andsupervision of mining community, encouraging governments to provide convenience for the mining community and change the mindset of people to carry out mining environment concept (good mining practice).Keywords: prevention of illegal mining, law enforcementABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai upaya penanggulangan aktivitas penambangan emas ilegal, baik yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan berizin maupun masyarakat yang dilakukan secara konvensional. Latar belakang penulisan tesis ini didasarkan pada fakta yang menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Bengkayang merupakan salah satu Kabupaten yang sangat marak aktivitas penambangan emas ilegal, terutama yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Hal tersebut tidak terlepas dari berbagai faktor yang mendorong timbulnya aktivitas pertambangan emas ilegal, baik faktor sosial, hukum maupun faktor ekonomi. Sejak diberlakukannya UU No. 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara, mewajibkan setiap masyarakat yang melakukan kegiatan pertambangan untuk memiliki izin pertambangan rakyat (IPR) yang diterbitkan pemerintah daerah. Akan tetapi, sulitnya mekanisme penerbitan IPR menyebabkan masyarakat enggan mengajukan IPR, akibatnya praktek penambangan emas ilegal semakin marak terjadi di Kabupaten Bengkayang. Adapun dampak yang ditimbulkan dari aktivitas tersebut dapat dirasakan baik secara fisik, seperti kerusakan ekosistem lingkungan hidup, pencemaran air sungai dan tanah, kecelakaan tambang hingga penyebaran penyakit akibat penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya dalam proses penambangan emas ilegal, sementara dampak non fisik diantaranya hilangnya pendapatan pemerintah dari sektor pertambangan, iklim investasi yang tidak kondusif hingga timbulnya konflik sosial.Namun demikian, tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa hingga saat ini masih banyak hambatan yang dihadapi oleh jajaran kepolisian, khususnya Polres Bengkayang dalam menanggulangi maraknya aktivitas penambangan emas ilegal, diantaranya terkait dengan keterbatasan sumber daya Polri, masih adanya tumpang tindih penerbitan izin usaha pertambangan, belum terwujudnya sinergitas antar aparat penegak hukum dalam penanganan tindak pidana dibidang pertambangan hingga budaya hukum masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan. Menyikapi kondisi tersebut, maka untuk mengoptimalkan upaya penanggulangan kegiatan penambangan emas ilegal, maka dilakukan langkah-langkah oleh Polres Bengkayang melalui upaya penal, meliputi peningkatan kemampuan sumber daya Polri dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penambangan emas ilegal, meningkatkan koordinasi intensif denganinstansi terkait dan mengupayakan penerapan pasal berlapis terhadap pelaku penambangan emas ilegal. Adapun upaya non penal dilakukan melalui mengintensifkan pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap masyarakat penambang, mendorong pemerintah untuk memberi kemudahan bagi masyarakat penambang serta mengubah pola pikir masyarakat untuk melaksanakan penambangan berwawasan lingkungan (good mining practice).Kata kunci : penanggulangan penambangan ilegal, penegakan hukum

Ghana has managed to become one of the fastest growing economies in the world with a vibrant agricultural market. The country could be a prime example of successful, pro-poor development following economic liberalisation. Though first change is visible even in traditionally impoverished areas of the north, namely the Upper East Region, hunger and chronic poverty are still prevalent. Yet, after decades of restricted public expenditure, 'pro-poor' agricultural policies could now be put in place, to actively improve smallholder lives in the area by various forms of government support. Similarly, foreign development agencies have recently become more engaged in supporting the local agricultural sector. All actors of current relevance have thereby pursued a value chain approach to developing the markets and livelihoods of northern Ghanaian agriculturalists. The contribution to pro-poor, 'sustainable' development, however, remains unclear as at now. This study is therefore concerned with how market dynamics and interventions have influenced 'sustainable development' of the vulnerable and poor in an emerging economy like Ghana. To do so, the study takes a look at smallholder livelihood systems in the Upper East Region of the country. Here, local peasant society is confronted with environmental changes, economic globalisation processes and interventions in agricultural value chains by the local Ministry of Food and Agriculture and foreign donors like USAID. To grasp the impact of market dynamics and interventions within this multidimensional context, this study argues for a combination of a holistic livelihood and a more specific value chain and production network approach as a useful conceptual background. Given this theoretic backdrop, data was collected for over 10 months in two villages of the Upper East, namely in Biu and Mirigu, with a focus on tomato, chili and rice, products of major significance to locals. The main methods applied in the field included qualitative as much as quantitative approaches. Farmer focus group discussions (n=37), in-depth farmer interviews and farm budgets (n=47) were the primary source of data gathered. Expert/key-informant interviews (n=70) and expert group discussions (n=2) were held. A household head survey (n=177) and an expert survey (n=25) were used to check hypotheses previously generated by qualitative methods. Primary and secondary data for tomato, chili, rice and partly also shea value chains was collected. Secondary data, such as confidential government and NGO documents, allow an insider view into farmers' access to subsidies and support. An archive survey of church diaries dating back to 1905, enable a view on local developments in a long-term, historic perspective. This study thereby yields a number of insights with concern for conceptual approaches to the issue of understanding the pro-poor impact of markets, their dynamics and interventions within these. Livelihood analysis proved to be an indispensable approach to understanding important aspects of people-centred, human development potentials and constraints in a local environmental and institutional context. Value chain and production network analysis provided further fruitful insights on market dynamics, their structural outlines, their basic rationales and market terms for the successful participation of locals. It can therefore be concluded that both of these basic notions, either people- or market-centred approaches, should be conceptually merged to advance future research on the pro-poor effect of markets and interventions within them, to specifically address questions of what is here understood as 'livelihood upgrading'. This study further contributes to an understanding of central aspects of local development and possible future avenues to achieving greater livelihood sustainability through government or donor development interventions. Most significantly, it became clear that 'positive', pro-poor market dynamics are also encountered at a local level, but cannot be made use of by spatially and socially marginalised, vulnerable and poor smallholders. That is mainly due to elite capture and corrupt practices, ultimately a question of mal-governance, a lack of grass-roots participation and a disregard for societal dimensions within which interventions are interwoven. Furthermore, neither environmental degradation nor present or future environmental changes, especially climatic ones and those with regard to soils, are accounted for. Interventions thereby remain far below their possible impact and even contribute to a loss of the natural resource base, aside the fact that they further increase an already high level socio-economic inequality. In the face of recent economic awakening, despite globalisation tendencies, future efforts in enabling sustainable development at local level must thus increasingly embrace environmental and, mostly, societal concerns in their concepts and daily practice.

Из огромного количества организмов, населяющих нашу планету, насекомые составляют 70%, являясь самым многочисленным из беспозвоночных животных классов, насчитывающих более 2 млн. видов. Сложно отыскать такое место, где нельзя было бы встретить представителей этого огромного класса. Они полностью освоили все среды обитания воду, сушу, воздух. Для них характерны сложные инстинкты, всеядность, высокая плодовитость, для некоторых общественный образ жизни. Насекомых можно встретить на огромных высотах, доходящих до уровня 5000 метров, населяют они и безжизненные пустыни, где практически никогда не бывает дождей, не говоря уж об отсутствии какой либо растительности. Глубокие пещеры, в которых нет ни солнечного света, ни условий для питания и существования живых организмов это тоже места обитания насекомых, встретить их можно далеко за Полярным кругом, и даже на многих островах Антарктики, где кроме безжизненных скал, казалось бы, нет ничего. Среди насекомых, одним из самых больших и многочисленных семейств являются жужелицы (Carabidae). Они тонко реагируют на изменения почвенно-растительных, гидротермических и микроклиматических условий среды, что делает их удобным модельным объектом различных экологических и зоологических исследований. Жужелицам принадлежит большое число родов и видов, нередко трудно различимых, в связи с этим для диагностики используются много различных признаков: принимаются во внимание окраска, форма тела, наружное строение, структура поверхности, размеры, строение гениталий и хетотаксия. Вследствие того, что количество жужелиц огромно, а по внешнему виду очень трудно определить их родовую принадлежность, возникла потребность автоматизации процесса их идентификации, вследствие чего потребовался специальный механизм, который бы повысил точность определения этих насекомых. В предыдущей работе авторов (http://ej.kubagro.ru/2016/05/pdf/01.pdf) в перспективе рассматривалась возможность с помощью метода АСК-анализа классифицировать насекомых не только по видам, но и по родам, отрядам, тем самым повысив достоверность определения жужелиц, что и будет сделано в данной статье. Приводится численный пример. Имеется успешный опыт решения подобных задач в других предметных областях. Данная статья может рассматриваться, как продолжение серии работ, посвященных применению автоматизированного системно-когнитивного анализа (АСК-анализ) и его программного инструментария системы «Эйдос» ; From a huge number of the organisms inhabiting our planet, insects make 70%, being the most numerous of the invertebrate animal classes numbering more than 2 million types. It is difficult to find such place where it would be impossible to meet representatives of this huge class. They completely took over the entire environment water, the land, air. For them, it is the common characteristic: complex instincts, omnivorous, high fecundity, and for some of them a public way of life. Insects can be found at tremendous heights, reaching the level of 5000 meters, and they inhabit the desert where it practically never rains, not to mention the absence of any vegetation. Deep caves where no sunlight, nor the conditions for food and existence of living organisms it is also the habitat of insects, they can be found far beyond the Arctic circle, and even on many Islands of Antarctica, where in addition to lifeless rock, it would seem that there is nothing else. Among insects, one of the largest and most numerous families are the ground beetles (Carabidae). They subtly respond to changes in soil and vegetation, hydrothermal and micro-climatic conditions of the environment, which makes them a convenient model subject to various environmental and Zoological researches. Ground beetles belong to a large number of genera and species, often difficult to see, in this regard, we use many different signs to diagnose. We have taken into consideration the coloration, body shape, external structure, surface structure, size, and arrangement of the genitals and chaetotaxy. Due to the fact, that the number of ground beetles is enormous, and, using their appearance, it is very difficult to determine their generic identity, there is a need of automation of the identification process, due to which we require a special mechanism that would increase the accuracy of these insects. In the previous work of the authors (http://ej.kubagro.ru/2016/05/pdf/01.pdf) we considered the further possibility of using the method of ASCanalysis to classify insects, not only in species but also in genera, orders, thereby increasing the reliability of determination of ground beetles, which will be done in this article. A numerical example is given. We also have gained a successful experience of solving such problems in other subject areas. This article can be considered as a continuation of the series of works dedicated to governmental use of the automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and its software tools the system of "Eidos"

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado à Escola Superior do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Música – Área de Especialização em Piano. ; El objetivo principal de mi trabajo lo constituye el análisis de la Sonata para piano Sz. 80 (1926), pero representa en igual medida un acercamiento a la extraordinaria personalidad de su creador, el compositor húngaro Bela Bartok. Existe muchísima información con respecto a su obra, a su desarrollo, sus influencias, sus innovaciones, sus fuentes de inspiración, la estructura de sus composiciones etc. pero no muchos datos sobre la personalidad del hombre Bela Bartok, que resulta cada vez más fascinante a medida que se nos revelan los detalles referentes a su tormentosa existencia. Por estos motivos comenzaré mi estudio con su biografía, que está unida de manera intrínseca a su obra, ya que se podría decir que la vida personal de Bela Bartok se ha identificado, durante toda la existencia del compositor, con su música. Después de repasar las principales etapas de su vida, empezando por su juventud, pasando por la ansiedad provocada por los extraordinarios cambios sociales y políticos que ocurrieron en la sociedad en la que vivía después de la primera guerra mundial, analizando los motivos por los que tuvo que auto-exiliarse en América como consecuencia de la segunda guerra mundial, acabaré presentando sus últimos años de vida en suelo americano, su lucha contra la cruel enfermedad que padecía y, finalmente, su muy temprana muerte. Haré también una presentación de sus principales obras escritas a lo largo de su vida, tanto en Europa como en América, en los últimos años de su vida. Seguiré después presentando y analizando musicalmente y formalmente la Sonata para piano Sz 80 compuesta en 1926, análisis precedido por unas consideraciones sobre la escritura pianística de Bela Bartok. Al final del análisis de cada movimiento añadiré unas consideraciones personales sobre las principales dificultades técnicas que se pueden encontrar en cada uno de los tres movimientos de la sonata. Me ha parecido interesante incluir en este trabajo un análisis comparativo de dos interpretaciones de la sonata para piano pertenecientes a dos reputados pianistas, muy distintos uno del otro en sus formas de tocar y de interpretar la música de Bartok; ellos aportan, por estos mismos motivos, riqueza y universalidad a la música de Bela Bartok. ; Abstract: The main purpose of my work is the analysis of the Sonata for piano Sz. 80 (1926), but it represents an approach to the extraordinary personality of its creator, the Hungarian composer Bela Bartok in equal measure. There is a lot of information with respect to their work, their development, their influences, their innovations, their sources of inspiration, the structure of his compositions etc. but not many data on the personality of the man Bela Bartok, which become increasingly more fascinating as will reveal the details of his stormy existence. That`s why I`ll begin my study with his biography, which is linked intrinsically to its work, since it could be said that the personal life of Béla Bartók has been identified, throughout the existence of the composer, with his music. After reviewing the main stages of his life, beginning with his youth, through the anxiety caused by the extraordinary social and political changes that took place in the society in which he lived after the first world war, analyzing the reasons of his self-exile in America as a result of the second world war, I will finish this work presenting his last years of life on American soil, his struggle against the cruel disease that suffered and, finally, his early death. I`ll make also a presentation of his main works written throughout his life, both in Europe and in America, in the last years of his life. I will continue later presenting and analyzing musically and formally Sz 80 piano Sonata composed in 1926, analysis preceded by a few considerations on the piano writing of Béla Bartók. At the end of each movement, I will add some personal considerations on the main technical difficulties that can be found in each of the three movements of the sonata. I found interesting to include in this work a comparative analysis of two interpretations of the piano sonata that belong at two reputed pianists, very different one from the other in its forms of perform the Bartók music; they provide, for these same reasons, richness and universality to the music of Béla Bartók.

The Mekong Delta in the South of Vietnam is characterized by its intensive agricultural production. Access to safe and clean water supplies for drinking and domestic services is poor, especially for rural communities. Water-related diseases are prevalent and may lead to loss of income to families, threat economical development in the region and may even lead to increased morbidity. This study aims at defining health-related risks associated with the use of different drinking/domestic water sources and providing advices to authorities in Vietnam on how to reduce incidences of water-related diseases. The quality of 248 surface-, 116 ground-, 78 household harvested rain- and 41 piped-water samples were assessed for salinity, nutrients, metal(loid)s and microbial indicator bacteria. In addition, 40 household-stored surface- and groundwater and 10 bottled water samples were collected for reference data. Water quality maps were developed to identify hot-spot areas of pollution for surface- and groundwater. Furthermore, 532 household interviews were conducted in the Can Tho, Hau Giang and Soc Trang provinces during November 2011 – September 2012 to assess people's use as well as perception and handling practices towards these water sources. All investigated water sources were contaminated at levels that may pose risks to human health. Surface water in lower order canals, which are intensively used by rural communities for drinking and domestic purposes, is heavily polluted by (untreated) waste water, soil leaching and agrichemicals, leading to elevated concentrations of nutrients, metals and pathogens. In coastal areas, sea water intrusion render the surface water saline and hence unsuited for domestic or agricultural uses. Groundwater is particularly contaminated with nutrients and metals, including manganese and arsenic, and occasionally with pathogens. Due to intense over-exploitation of groundwater sources for drinking water supply and irrigation, many groundwater bodies have become saline and unsuitable for drinking. Groundwater must in future be used sparingly to avoid a further decline in its quality. The rainwater harvested by household contains elevated concentrations of pathogens due to unhygienic handling and storage practices. Also lead (Pb) was detected in harvested rainwater originating most probably from gutter systems. The quality of piped-water varied considerably between investigated stations. Especially in remote rural areas, supply stations often provide water of insufficient quality. Consequently, many households prefer resorting to alternative water sources for drinking and domestic uses, leading to poor maintenance and even the abandonment of supply stations. The quality of bottled water requires more detailed investigations as hundreds of brands of bottled water are currently marketed to communities in the Mekong Delta. While poor water quality is widely recognized, most inhabitants of the Mekong Delta are not truly aware of the risks associated with its use and consumption. In general, people perceive water as clean and safe for use when physical conditions like smell, color, taste and odor are positively judged. As a result, perceived clean water sources are generally not treated via i.e. alum and/or disinfected prior to consumption although it may be severely contaminated and pose a risk to human health. Particularly the household harvested rainwater is generally not treated or disinfected and entails the highest health-related risks from all investigated water sources as it is frequently contaminated with E. coli and other coliform bacteria. Despite being generally treated with alum (Al-chloride), surface- and groundwater contain the highest concentrations of metal(loid)s, potentially causing severe health-related risks. Moreover, the alum treatment does not effectively remove arsenic and contaminated surface- and/or groundwater may be unsafe to drink even when people apply treatment. The development of piped-water supply station is seen, by (inter)national organizations and governments, as the main solution to provide access to safe and clean water. However, the predominant rural populations of the Mekong Delta have limited access to piped-water supply. Therefore, the use of harvested rainwater during the wet season and in some instances of ground- and/or surface water during the dry season may be recommended to rural communities, provided that the users are aware of associated health-risks and are educated in applying appropriate treatment prior to consumption. Such treatments may comprise disinfection of surface and rain water and water filtration by sand and stone filters to reduce metal concentrations in groundwater.

Poor solid waste management (SWM) the Pacific is both dangerous and expensive. Uncontrolled waste-burning produces toxic fumes. Broken glass and rusted metal present health risks. Mosquitoes breed in discarded plastic bags and containers increasing vectorborne disease . . Many pacific islands market themselves as paradise on earth, an image severely impinged by litter covered streets and oceans resulting in decreased tourism spending. As major sources of drinking water, becomes contaminated the purchase of bottled water becomes necessary, increasing plastic waste. Methane production in poorly managed landfills and waste related pollution causes environmental damage. Despite high environmental and economic costs, little is done to address the problem. Money spent on SWM appears to be minimal. When ODA spending in Oceania is categorised by sector, environmental spending is so small it does not feature. In 2007, Australia allocated only 7% of its aid budget to the environment. The politics surrounding climate change have significantly and illogically overshadowed waste management. Impacts of SWM are felt at the individual, national, regional and global level. Key stakeholders include Pacific Island governments and residents; SPREP and major aid donors Australia, New Zealand, France, Japan, and the USA. Land scarcity on these small islands is compounded by customary land tenures resulting in difficulty allocating land to landfills and necessary infrastructure. On atolls, landfills are inevitably build on the waters' edge and waste ends in the sea after storms and surges. These problems are compounded by continuing population growth and no history of and little education about dealing with waste. SPREP have produced many informative documents on methods of dealing with solid waste. The key document is the Pacific Regional Solid Waste Strategy which tracks progress made over the past five years and sets goals and strategies for the future. Waste can be dealt with through recycling, incineration, composting and disposal. Comparatively small volumes of waste and few manufacturing industries make onshore recycling unlikely. Markets for recyclables exist in Australia and New Zealand but long distances and high transportation costs can make offshore recycling economically unfeasible. While incineration reduces waste volumes and the presence of vermin, low temperature incineration such as backyard burning often produces toxic fumes. High temperature incineration requires expensive equ ipment (which struggles in humid and marine air) and pollution controls. Composting diverts organic waste from landfills reducing methane production and the presence of vermin . A market for compost is likely to exist on islands without fertile soil. Waste is disposed of in landfills, most of which are poorly-managed, open dumps. The Fukuoka method of landfill allows the presence of air during decomposition which significantly reduces methane production, allows leachate to be collected and purified, and means landfills are quickly stabilised for reuse. The implementation of economic instruments and solid waste policies allow governments to encourage desirable behaviour and recover the costs of SWM initiatives. These instruments include strong communication strategies; voluntary agreements with industry; bans on specific materials; varying tax on different products to influence consumer behaviour; tax breaks to encourage private sector engagement in the industry; a user-pays system of collecting fees; legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms and deposit/refund systems to encourage return of recyclable materials. Any income generated ought to be held in a trust account to ensure it is reinvested in SWM activities. The majority of the disposable items in the Pacific are imported.' This means waste reduction and income generation are easily effected through import tariffs. The advent of the proposed PACER is likely to weaken governments' ability to implement economic instruments. The consequences of such an agreement should be thoroughly examined. Donors have been working in this field in an ad hoc fashion. Notably, the Japanese have contributed much needed technical assistance, the French have completed thorough scoping work and SPREP has provided useful and accessible information. Lessons can be learned from best practice projects: a bilateral project in Tonga by AusAID, a community project in Kiribati by IWP and a landfill upgrade by JICA. Successful aid projects will take a holistic and integrated approach to SWM. Whether regional or bilateral, project managers should consider how to improve means of collection, sorting and transport; incentives for locals, industry and governments to sort their wastes; economic instruments to fund SWM initiatives and encourage desirable behaviour; institutional capacity building and personnel training; communications strategies to improve public education and encourage behaviour change; private sector engagement and well researched capital investments.

Climate variability and poor distribution of rainfall often causes serious agricultural production losses and worsens food insecurity. Given that the direct effects of climate change and variability are transmitted through the agricultural sector, improving farm households capacities to adapt to the adverse effects of climate-related shocks is an important policy concern. This thesis applied a stochastic Agent-based Model (ABM) that is capable of simulating the effects of different adaptation options by capturing the dynamic changes of climate and prices, as well as the dynamic adaptive process of different farm households to the impacts of these changes. The agent-based simulations conducted in this thesis address the special challenges of climate and price variability in the context of small-scale and subsistence agriculture by capturing non-separable production and consumption decisions, as well as the role of livestock for consumption smoothing. To ensure the reliability and usefulness of results, the model was validated with reference to land-use and overall poverty levels based on observed survey values. In particular, the study used disaggregated socio-economic, price, climate and crop yield data to quantify the impacts of climate and price variability on food security and poverty at the household level. Furthermore, the study explicitly captured crop-livestock interactions and the "recursive" nature of livestock keeping when examining the effects of climate and price variability. The thesis additionally examined how specific adaptation strategies and policy interventions, especially those related to the promotion of credit, improved seed varieties, fertilizer subsidy and off-farm employment, affect the distribution of household food security and poverty outcomes. In addition to impacts on household food security and poverty, the study further considered indirect impacts through changes in the price of agricultural inputs and livestock holding. In terms of coping strategies, the simulation results in this thesis show that the effects of climate and price variability on consumption are considerable, but smaller for those households with relatively large livestock endowments. In addition, the study also found that farm households with a large plantation area of eucalyptus were able to cope with the effects of variability. Therefore, our results suggest that self-coping strategies are important but not sufficient and should be complemented with appropriate policy interventions. In terms of policy interventions, the study found that policy intervention through the expansion of credit and fertilizer subsidy along with innovation through the promotion of new crop varieties that are resilient and adapted to local conditions are the most effective adaptation options for the case of Ethiopia. In addition, the simulation results underscore that adaptation strategies composed of a portfolio of actions (such as credit and fertilizer subsidy along with new technologies) are more effective compared to a single policy intervention. For Ghana, the study suggests that if expansion of production credit is complimented by irrigation, it can provide a way to achieve food security under climate and price variability. In order to design a best-fit intervention instead of a 'one size fits all' approach, it is important to capture the distribution of effects across locations as well as households. The great strength of this study is its agent-based nature, which enables exploration of how effects are distributed across farm households. The simulation results clearly show that poor farms are vulnerable to climate and price variability, under which they suffer food insecurity, while a small group of wealthy farms are better off due to higher prices achieved when selling crops. The result from this thesis further underscores the need for improving adaptive capacity, as a large proportion of farm households are unable to shield themselves against the impacts of price and climate variability. In what follows, the study further applied standard micro-econometric techniques to examine the role of social capital and informal social networks on consumption insurance and adoption of risk mitigating land management practices. In particular, the thesis provides evidence of the effects of different dimensions of social capital on the adoption of soil and water conservation practices across households holding different levels of risk-aversion. The results of the study underscore that social capital plays a significant role in enhancing the adoption of improved farmland management practices and suggests that the effect of social capital across households with heterogeneous risk taking behaviour is different. Finally, by combining household panel data, weather data, self-reported health shocks and detailed social capital information, the last section is able to analyze how social capital buffers some of the implications of weather shocks.

<h4 class="text-primary">Resumen</h4><p style="text-align: justify;">El presente artículo consistió en la construcción de una vivienda solar pasivo a base de propiedades termofísicas (Conductividad térmica, calor específico, difusividad térmica y inercia térmica) y desarrollar una evaluación experimental del rendimiento térmico aportado por los elementos constructivos, en una comunidad rural Colloco - Ilave, provisto de adecuado aislamiento térmico en la envolvente (doble pared de adobe, en el cielo raso: paja­carrizo-yeso y en el piso: tierra apisonada-cama de piedra-plástico-paja y totora), ubicación, la orientación y un sistema de acumulación de energía adecuadamente diseñada a base a encapsulado de piedras andesitas porosas y de totora. La distribución de energía calorífica almacenada fue primordial al ambiente dormitorio que esto permite el aprovechamiento de la energía solar para lograr que la temperatura al interior de la vivienda sea más confortable. Se realizó el análisis del comportamiento térmico de la vivienda construida y la vivienda rural típica, para lo cual se tomaron los datos meteorológicos de la zona (temperatura, humedad relativa, velocidad del viento y radiación solar), también se registraron la temperatura y humedad relativa del aire en el ambiente interior y exterior de las viviendas desde 19 de junio al 02 de julio del 2013. Obteniéndose en la vivienda construida las temperaturas máximas y mínimas de 15.85ºC y 11.88ºC respectivamente. Según la evaluación de la vivienda construida se aprecia un incremento de temperatura mínimo de 6.26°C, respecto a la vivienda típica. Para validar estos resultados experimentales, se ha utilizado el programa de simulación térmica EnergyPlus para los datos meteorológicos de la zona (3 868 msnm), comprobándose por el método correlativo, el factor de correlación fue r=0.92575. Este incremento de la temperatura en el interior de la vivienda construida contribuye alcanzar un confort térmico, permitiendo una condición de vida saludable para el poblador rural.</p><p><strong>PALABRAS CLAVE: </strong>* confort térmico * energía solar * propiedades termofísica * simulación térmica</p><h4 class="text-primary">ABSTRACT</h4><p><strong>CONSTRUCTION OF A SOLAR DWELLING BASED ON THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THERMAL COMFORT - ILAVE, PUNO - PERU»</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The present article consists in the construction of a passive solar house based on the study of thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal inertia). We developed an experimental evaluation of the thermal efficiency contributed by different constructive materials, In the rural community of Colloco - Ilave. Once adequate thermal insulation was provided in the enveloping surface (double wall construction of sun-dried adobe brick, a false ceiling with: straw, bamboo and plaster. In the floor: tamped soil, stone bed, plastic, straw and totora reed). Location and position of the solar home in coordination with an energy accumulation system adequately designed with an encapsulation of porous Andesitic stones and Totora reed. Distribution of the stored thermal energy was directed primarily to the main bedroom, this enabled adequate use of solar energy in order to achieve a comfortable temperature within the dwelling. We analyzed the thermal behavior of both this experimental structure and that of a common rural dwelling; taking the interior and exterior meteorological readings found in the two dwelling types. (temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and solar radiation). Between June 19th and July 2nd, the temperature and relative humidity of the interior of the experimental structure measured a max. of 15.85ºC (60.53ºF) and 11.88ºC (53.384ºF) respectively. According to a general evaluation of the experimental structure, there was a temperature increment of 6.26°C (=¿?ºF) compared to the average temperature of a normal dwelling. In order to confirm these experimental results we used the thermic simulation software EnergyPlus, entering the meteorological data of the area (3,868 meters above sea level=12690.3 ft.) using the correlative method and a correlative factor of r=0.92575. This higher temperature inside of the experimental structure contributes to attaining a thermic comfort allowing for a healthy living condition for the rural inhabitant.</p><p><strong>KEY WORDS: </strong>* thermal comfort * solar energy * thermophysical properties * thermal simulation</p>

The monograph presents directions and trends of real estate management in the rural areas in Poland and in Norway. Changes and transformation of the spatial structure of agricultural farms have been intensively developed since the Polish accession to the European Union. Real estate management in rural areas covers technical, procedural and legal aspects resulting from attempts aiming at solution of current problems. The amending legal regulations and the rules concerning the real estate transactions force the changes of the real estate management in its wide sense. The new trends of management of real estates of the State Treasury and the procedure of privatisation of those lands is a long-term process. Section 1 of the monograph presents the possibilities to perform real estate transactions and the assessment of impacts of activities performed by the State Treasury Real Estate Agency on the real estate market and on the level of transaction prices achieved in the period of 2009 -2013. Purchase of real estate is still of high interest in Poland since those lands are much cheaper than real estates dedicated for building purposes. Modification of consideration of some issues is often forced by the current situation; this may be confirmed by the series of summer floods which occurred in Poland in recent years, or by the necessity to intensify works related with the programme of construction of motorways. As it has been proved by performed research works, the attention should be paid to such phenomena which are important for the specified areas and focused on adaptation to those phenomena instead of consideration of all possible variants of those phenomena. Information concerning the intensity of particular phenomena, complemented by spatial data about their distribution, are the excellent tools which may support decision making processes concerning rural areas. These aspects have been presented in Section 2. Surveying works, which support the process of structural changes in rural areas, concern land consolidation processes. The monograph presents, which types of land consolidation works should be performed in specified conditions in Polish rural areas. Examples of the scope of designed and implemented land consolidation works have been presented in Section 3, which is a compendium of knowledge concerning the land consolidation process. Specifics of land consolidation works in the case of linear or flood protection investments, as well as methods of utilisation and management of flood areas require that activities are undertaken at the physical planning level, as well as that many studies are performed. Land consolidation projects, which concern structural land consolidation, should follow those provisions. In Poland the issue of management within problem areas of agriculture is very important. It is necessary to balance the chances of development of farms within environmentally less favourable areas, which are characterised by the low soil productivity and which are hazarded by degradation. Section 4 of the monograph presents the analysis of criteria, which are applied for delineation of areas, as well as their spatial extension. As a result of land consolidation works management of the agriculture problem areas should emerge from destination of a given area for playing specified functions, as well as it should be compliant with legal regulations. Diversification and complexity of issues which occur within rural areas force the decision makers to specify areas where land consolidation works will be performed. Section 5 describes the methodology of specification of urgency to commence land consolidation and exchange using the example of cadastral districts in one of the administrative units (powiats) in Poland. The last section presents solutions applied in real estate management in rural areas, which are performed in Norway. Organisational structures of the norwegian "consolidation courts" (Jordskifteretten) - the units which are responsible, among others, for implementation of many procedures of real estate management - have been discussed. Particular attention has been paid to detailed presentation of the way of organisation of the court and its obligations in the field of implementation of real estate procedures. Solutions which have been developed and are currently applied in the Norwegian legislation have been explained and justified. The presented monograph discusses only some aspects related to real estate management issues in rural areas with consideration of the works of surveyors. The multi-issue nature of the monograph stresses the difficulties which are faced by surveyors in the course of implementation of land consolidation works, which must be accepted by the society, efficient and which must protect the natural environment. ; Elżbieta Jasińska

The monograph presents directions and trends of real estate management in the rural areas in Poland and in Norway. Changes and transformation of the spatial structure of agricultural farms have been intensively developed since the Polish accession to the European Union. Real estate management in rural areas covers technical, procedural and legal aspects resulting from attempts aiming at solution of current problems. The amending legal regulations and the rules concerning the real estate transactions force the changes of the real estate management in its wide sense. The new trends of management of real estates of the State Treasury and the procedure of privatisation of those lands is a long-term process. Section 1 of the monograph presents the possibilities to perform real estate transactions and the assessment of impacts of activities performed by the State Treasury Real Estate Agency on the real estate market and on the level of transaction prices achieved in the period of 2009 -2013. Purchase of real estate is still of high interest in Poland since those lands are much cheaper than real estates dedicated for building purposes. Modification of consideration of some issues is often forced by the current situation; this may be confirmed by the series of summer floods which occurred in Poland in recent years, or by the necessity to intensify works related with the programme of construction of motorways. As it has been proved by performed research works, the attention should be paid to such phenomena which are important for the specified areas and focused on adaptation to those phenomena instead of consideration of all possible variants of those phenomena. Information concerning the intensity of particular phenomena, complemented by spatial data about their distribution, are the excellent tools which may support decision making processes concerning rural areas. These aspects have been presented in Section 2. Surveying works, which support the process of structural changes in rural areas, concern land consolidation processes. The monograph presents, which types of land consolidation works should be performed in specified conditions in Polish rural areas. Examples of the scope of designed and implemented land consolidation works have been presented in Section 3, which is a compendium of knowledge concerning the land consolidation process. Specifics of land consolidation works in the case of linear or flood protection investments, as well as methods of utilisation and management of flood areas require that activities are undertaken at the physical planning level, as well as that many studies are performed. Land consolidation projects, which concern structural land consolidation, should follow those provisions. In Poland the issue of management within problem areas of agriculture is very important. It is necessary to balance the chances of development of farms within environmentally less favourable areas, which are characterised by the low soil productivity and which are hazarded by degradation. Section 4 of the monograph presents the analysis of criteria, which are applied for delineation of areas, as well as their spatial extension. As a result of land consolidation works management of the agriculture problem areas should emerge from destination of a given area for playing specified functions, as well as it should be compliant with legal regulations. Diversification and complexity of issues which occur within rural areas force the decision makers to specify areas where land consolidation works will be performed. Section 5 describes the methodology of specification of urgency to commence land consolidation and exchange using the example of cadastral districts in one of the administrative units (powiats) in Poland. The last section presents solutions applied in real estate management in rural areas, which are performed in Norway. Organisational structures of the norwegian "consolidation courts" (Jordskifteretten) - the units which are responsible, among others, for implementation of many procedures of real estate management - have been discussed. Particular attention has been paid to detailed presentation of the way of organisation of the court and its obligations in the field of implementation of real estate procedures. Solutions which have been developed and are currently applied in the Norwegian legislation have been explained and justified. The presented monograph discusses only some aspects related to real estate management issues in rural areas with consideration of the works of surveyors. The multi-issue nature of the monograph stresses the difficulties which are faced by surveyors in the course of implementation of land consolidation works, which must be accepted by the society, efficient and which must protect the natural environment. ; Edward Preweda