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THE ARTICLE EXAMINES THE IN-OFFICE COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGIES OF MODERN PRESIDENTS FROM FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT TO RONALD REAGAN. IN DESCRIBING FOUR DIFFERENT INFORMATION STRATEGIES, AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO INDICATE WHY A PARTICULAR CHIEF EXECUTIVE MIGHT CHOOSE ONE APPROACH OVER ANOTHER. MODERN PRESIDENTS HAVE UTILIZED THREE MANIFEST STRATEGIES IN COMMUNICATING WITH THE PRESS AND THE PUBLIC. A PRESIDENT LIKE JOHN KENNEDY RELIED HEAVILY ON A NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY, WHILE RICHARD NIXON FAVORED A LOCAL COMMUNICATIONS APPROACH. ALL MODERN EXECUTIVES HAVE USED A DIRECT COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY IN CRISIS SITUATIONS TO INFORM THE PUBLIC AND THE PRESS OF THE SITUATIONS AND THEIR POLICIES DURING AN EMERGENCY PERIOD. A FOURTH COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY THAT THE WHITE HOUSE CANNOT CONTROL HAS ALSO OPERATED IN THE MODERN PRESIDENTIAL ERA, AND THIS LATENT STRATEGY HAS EFFECTED LIBERAL, ACTIVE EXECUTIVES AND CONSERVATIVE, PASSIVE PRESIDENTS IN A DIFFERENT WAY.

FOUR NATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES IN SCANDINAVIA ARE REAGARDED AS VERY IMPORTANT GATE-KEEPERS IN THE NEWS FLOW TO THESE COUNTRIES. THEY ARE HERE ANALYZED IN THEIR ROLES AS GATE-KEEPERS. INPUT AND OUTPUT NEWS IS CONTENT ANALYZED AND THE AGENCY JOURNALISTS QUESTIONED. THE EDITORIAL STAFFS SHOW GREAT SIMILARITY IN ASSESSING THE INTERNATIONAL NEWS PRODUCER. THEY ARE MAINLY SATISFIED WITH THE INPUT NEWS.

This study examines how selective exposure and interpersonal political disagreement influence political polarization. Using data sets from two countries, the United States and South Korea, this study investigates the association between individuals' selective exposure and attitude polarization and proposes that disagreement in political discussion networks can be a potential moderating variable attenuating the association between selective exposure and polarization. Results across the two nations confirm that individuals' selective likeminded media use is associated with greater polarized attitudes. Findings further show that encountering dissimilar opinions through interpersonal discussion networks generally weakens the association between selective exposure and political polarization, despite some evidence indicating that disagreement leads to more polarized attitudes rather than attenuating polarization. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Discussion among citizens has long been identified as a necessary condition for a healthy and functioning democracy. This study uses telephone survey data to examine empirically Michael Schudson's assumption that discussion is not singular, but actually a concept involving social conversation and political talk. It operationalizes the concepts of political talk and conversation and examines their implications for indicators of democratic citizenship. Findings show that indeed there is a conceptual distinction between talk and conversation. Hard news media use was more strongly related to political talk than to sociable conversations. Similarly, people who talked about politics more frequently also displayed higher levels of political factual knowledge and political participation. These findings suggest interesting directions for further research about discussion and democracy.

The modes of perception and the social experiences which make the public space are linked between them and are produced by the mediating instances. These instances may adopt the most different natures and features, some of them constitute this public space, some other are moving through it, using it as a vehicle. Presently a great number of these processes of mediation are formed through the mass communication media, and that is why an important number of studies are referring to the existence of a mediated public space. This mediation has some particular and heterogeneous features depending on the type of the subjects and the dynamics mobilized by them. One of these possible mediating processes is analyzed in this text: the expert meditating process developed by NGO's (Non Governmental Organizations of Development) ; Los modos de percepción y las experiencias sociales que configuran el espacio público político están producidos y ligados entre sí a través de instancias de mediación. Estas instancias pueden adoptar naturalezas y características muy diversas, algunas son constitutivas de ese espacio público, otras se movilizan a través de él, utilizándolo como vehículo. Actualmente, muchos de estos procesos de mediación se constituyen a través de los medios de comunicación de masas, por lo que muchos estudios se refieren a la existencia de un espacio público mediatizado. Esta mediatización adquiere características particulares y heterogéneas según el tipo de sujetos y dinámicas que movilice. Una de las mediatizaciones posibles es la que analizaremos en este trabajo: la mediación experta que desarrollan las ONGD (Organizaciones No Gubernamentales de Desarrollo). ; Les modalités de la perception et les expériences sociales que configure l'espace public sont liées entre eux mêmes et sont produits à travers des instances de médiation. Ces instances peuvent adopter les plus divers natures et caractères, quelques unes sont constitutives de cet espace public, d'autres se mobilisent à travers lui, en l'utilisant comme véhicule. Dans l'actualité beaucoup de ces procès de médiation se constituent à travers les média de la communication de masse, c' est pourquoi un nombre important des études font référence à l'existence d'un espace publique médiatisé. Cette médiatisation acquière des caractéristiques particulières et hétérogènes selon le type des sujets et les dynamiques que mobilise. Une de ces médiatisations possibles est analysée dans ce travail: la médiation experte que développent les ONG (organisations non gouvernementales de développement).

Цель исследования, в рамках которого подготовлена настоящая публикация, описать организацию политического словаря в газете. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тематической спецификой печатных СМИ: газеты остаются важнейшей средой, где циркулируют политические тексты не только отражения политических событий, но часто и инструменты политики. Исследовательский подход определяется исходным корпусом текстов и преимущественно опирается на квантитативные процедуры. Эмпирической основой исследования послужили подборки газеты «Таймс» за 1995 г. и «Гардиан» (2000, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2015 гг.). Для каждого из годовых комплектов был составлен частотный словарь и сформирован политический подкорпус, состоящий из рубрик, непосредственно относящихся к политике, учитывались и функциональные пометы при именах авторов. Выводится формула определения ключевых слов газетного дискурса определенного периода. Наиболее устойчивые единицы из политического словаря газеты (частотные во всех годовых подборках) относятся к ядру политического словаря газеты. Семантически и грамматически от группы ключевых слов, которые составляют ядро политического словаря, не отличаются слова, встретившиеся в четырех и пяти подкорпусах, которые включаются в центр политического лексикона. Остальная часть подмножества ключевых слов относится к периферии политического языка. Приводится тематическая группировка ключевых слов политического языка газеты (связанные с правительством, идеологические абстракции, касающиеся выборов и процедуры голосования, относящиеся к социальной политике, элементы словаря экономической политики). ; The purpose of this research is to describe the political vocabulary of a newspaper. The topicality of the research is determined by the specificity of the print mass media: the newspapers remain the most important environment where political texts circulate, which are not only the reflection of political events but the tools of politics as well. The scientific approach applied in this research is determined by the corpus of texts and is based primarily on the quantitative procedures. The newspapers "The Times" published in 1995 and "The Guardian" (2000, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2015) are the empirical basis of the research. The frequency vocabulary and the political sub-corpus were made, which contained the headings connected with politics, functional marks of the authors' names were taken into account as well. The formula of determining the keywords of the newspaper discourse of the certain period is offered. The most stable units of the political vocabulary of a newspaper (frequent in all the newspapers) refer to the nucleus of the political vocabulary of a newspaper. The words used in four or five sub-corpora, included in the centre of political lexicon, do not differ semantically or grammatically from the keywords from the nucleus of the political vocabulary. The rest of the keywords refer to the periphery of the political vocabulary of a newspaper. The keywords of the political vocabulary of a newspaper are divided into several groups (connected with the government, ideological abstracts, connected with the elections and votes, concerned with the social politics, elements of the economic policy).

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface to the English Edition -- Foreword to the Italian Edition -- Introduction -- Ways to Read this Book -- Art System (Kunstsystem) -- Asymmetrization (Asymmetrisierung) -- Attribution (Zurechnung) -- Autopoiesis -- Code -- Communication (Kommunikation) -- Complexity (Komplexität) -- Conflict (Konflikt) -- Constructivism (Konstruktivismus) -- Differentiation (Differenzierung/Ausdifferenzierung) -- Differentiation of Society (Differenzierung der Gesellschaft) -- Dissemination Media (Verbreitungsmedien) -- Double Contingency (Doppelte Kontingenz) -- Economic System (Wirtschaftssystem) -- Education System (Erziehungssystem) -- Event (Ereignis) -- Evolution -- Expectations (Erwartungen) -- Functional Analysis (Funktionale Analyse) -- Identity/Difference (Identität/Differenz) -- Inclusion/Exclusion (Inklusion/Exklusion) -- Information -- Interaction (Interaktion) -- Interpenetration and Structural Coupling (Interpenetration und strukturelle Kopplung) -- Language (Sprache) -- Legal System (Rechtssystem) -- Love (Liebe) -- Mass media (Massenmedien) -- Meaning (Sinn) -- Meaning Dimensions (Sinndimensionen) -- Medical System (Krankensystem) -- Medium/Form -- Morality (Moral) -- Negation -- Operation/Observation (Operation/Beobachtung) -- Organization (Organisation) -- Paradox (Paradoxie) -- Political System (Politisches System) -- Power (Macht) -- Process (Prozess) -- Program (Programm) -- Property/Money (Eigentum/Geld) -- Protest -- Psychic Systems (Psychische Systeme) -- Rationality (Rationalität) -- Redundancy/Variety (Redundanz/Varietät) -- Re-entry -- Religious System (Religionssystem) -- Risk/Danger (Risiko/Gefahr) -- Scientific System (Wissenschaftssystem) -- Self-description (Selbstbeschreibung) -- Self-Reference (Selbstreferenz) -- Semantics (Semantik) -- Social System (Soziales System) -- Society (Gesellschaft) -- Sociological Enlightenment (Soziologische Aufklärung) -- Structure (Struktur) -- Symbolically Generalized Media (Symbolisch generalisierte Kommunikationsmedien) -- System/Environment (System/Umwelt) -- System of Families (System der Familien) -- Time (Zeit) -- Truth (Wahrheit) -- Values (Werte) -- World (Welt) -- World Society (Weltgesellschaft) -- List of Luhmann's works

This fascinating book presents the first cultural history and anthropology of the face across centuries, continents, and media. Ranging from funerary masks and masks in drama to the figural work of contemporary artists including Cindy Sherman and Nam June Paik, renowned art historian Hans Belting emphasizes that while the face plays a critical role in human communication, it defies attempts at visual representation. Belting divides his book into three parts: faces as masks of the self, portraiture as a constantly evolving mask in Western culture, and the fate of the face in the age of mass media. Referencing a vast array of sources, Belting's insights draw on art history, philosophy, theories of visual culture, and cognitive science. He demonstrates that Western efforts to portray the face have repeatedly failed, even with the developments of new media such as photography and film, which promise ever-greater degrees of verisimilitude. In spite of sitting at the heart of human expression, the face resists possession, and creative endeavors to capture it inevitably result in masks--hollow signifiers of the humanity they're meant to embody. From creations by Van Eyck and August Sander to works by Francis Bacon, Ingmar Bergman, and Chuck Close, "Face and Mask" takes a remarkable look at how, through the centuries, the physical visage has inspired and evaded artistic interpretation.

Celebrating social cognition and communication / Jennifer Monahan and David R. Roskos-Ewoldsen -- Message production -- Cognitive models of message production / John O. Greene and Angela R. Graves -- Communication : a goal-directed, plan-guided process / Chuck Berger -- Interaction goals and message production : conceptual and methodological developments / Steven R. Wilson and Hairong Feng -- Arguments / Dale Hample -- Interpersonal communication -- Cognitive foundations of communication in close relationships / Denise Haunani Solomon and Jennifer A. Theiss -- Attributions and interpersonal communication : out of our heads and into behavior / Valerie Manusov -- Shared cognition and communication within group decision-making and negotiation / Michael E. Roloff and Lyn M. Van Swol -- Social cognition in family communication / Ascan Koerner -- Social cognition under the influence : drinking while communicating / Pamela J. Lannutti and Jennifer Monahan -- Mass media -- Social cognition and cultivation / L.J. Shrum -- Media and racism / Mary Beth Oliver, Srividya Ramasubramanian and Jinhee Kim -- News and politics / William P. Eveland, Jr. and Mihye Seo -- Comprehension of media stories / Beverly Roskos-Ewoldsen, David R. Roskos-Ewoldsen, Moonhee Yang, and Mina Lee -- Social influence -- Attitude accessibility : theory, methods, and future directions / Laura Arpan, Nancy Rhodes, and David R. Roskos-Ewoldsen -- Emotion and persuasion : a social cognitive perspective / Robin Nabi -- Compliance gaining / Janet R. Meyer -- Dual process models of persuasion / Mark Hamilton

Cover -- Global Political Campaigning -- Contents -- Illustrations -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- Series Foreword -- NOTES -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: The Global Media and Marketing Revolution of Campaigns -- NOTES -- PART I ARE CAMPAIGNS AMERICAN? -- 2 The Worldwide Proliferation of American Campaign Techniques -- CHANNELS AND MODES OF PROLIFERATION -- EXPLORING THE TRANSNATIONAL CONSULTING CONNECTION -- HOW ATTRACTIVE ARE AMERICAN CAMPAIGN TECHNIQUES? -- INTENSITY OF US CONNECTIONS IN DIFFERENT AREAS -- THREE PATHS OF DIFFUSION -- NOTES -- 3 The Modus Operandi of American Overseas Consultants -- EXPLORING ROLE DEFINITIONS OF AMERICAN OVERSEAS CONSULTANTS -- NOTES -- 4 Institutional and Cultural Limits of Americanization -- FACTORS DETERMINING CAMPAIGN PRACTICES -- MEDIA SYSTEM FEATURES SHAPING CAMPAIGN PRACTICES -- CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS OF AMERICANIZATION -- CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS -- AMERICANIZATION AS SEEN BY CAMPAIGN PROFESSIONALS -- NOTES -- PART II THE UNIVERSE OF CAMPAIGN ENVIRONMENTS -- 5 Electoral Law and Party System Features -- CENTRAL FEATURES OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS -- IMPACT OF POLITICAL CULTURE ON CAMPAIGN PRACTICES -- NOTES -- 6 Regulatory Frameworks of Campaigns -- STRICTLY REGULATED CAMPAIGN ENVIRONMENTS -- MODERATELY REGULATED CAMPAIGN ENVIRONMENTS -- MINIMALLY REGULATED CAMPAIGN ENVIRONMENTS -- THE UNITED STATES: STATE REGULATIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND PRIMARIES -- LIMITATION OF THE CAMPAIGN PERIOD -- BAN ON PUBLICATION OF PUBLIC OPINION POLLS -- ELECTION FINANCE AND PUBLIC FUNDING OF CAMPAIGNS -- RESTRICTIONS OF CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES -- NOTES -- 7 Mass Media Infrastructure and Political Information Practices -- TELEVISION PENETRATION -- NEWSPAPER PENETRATION -- TYPES OF BROADCASTING SYSTEMS -- POLITICAL INFORMATION PRACTICES -- NOTES -- 8 Access to Political Television Advertising.

Non-stigmatizing depictions of plus-size lovers of fashion are not easily found in traditional mass media, but in social media, fat fashion enthusiasts can readily be found. The purpose of this study was to investigate the little-studied phenomenon of plus-size YouTube content creators who make videos about fat fashion. To that end, thirteen individuals who wear plus-size women's apparel took part in semi-structured interviews. A major theme found in the data analysis was transgression. Interview participants were staunch advocates of breaking discriminatory, unspoken societal rules that constrained them, especially in relation to dress. Three subthemes were found in relation to transgression: visibility, representation and agency. Embracing visibility, as seen in interviewees' performance of fatness in public and in social media, may help to portray fatness as a human characteristic that is just as 'normal' as thinness. Serving as a positive role model to others was also embraced by participants, who hoped to assist their viewers in dealing with the consequences of living in the fatphobic US culture. The interviewees demonstrated and promoted agency through fashion, in marked contrast to their past experiences of being powerless and disparaged because of their size. Through celebration of mainstream, conforming fashion, the fat fashion vloggers are transgressive by joyfully wearing styles which previously were discouraged or often unavailable for plus-size consumers.

The disruption era creates great opportunities for halal tourism development by using technology to market halal tourism products. As a pilot project for the halal tourism development, Penyengat Island in Riau Island Province faces the challenges in building its image as a leading halal tourism destination. This study aims to analyze the halal tourism marketing, in this case, digital marketing, on Penyengat Island in the disruption era. This research used descriptive qualitative methods through a literature study with data sources derived from related journal articles and other literature. The efforts of halal tourism marketing for Penyengat Island are not implemented digitally. To market tourism of Penyengat Island, the local government and stakeholders use mass media advertising, billboards, annual festivals, and digital channels such as social media, online booking sites, and e-book guides at halaltrip.com. Yet, the media does not inform tourism events or indicate Penyengat Island as a halal tourism destination. It proves that inadequate information about the concept of halal tourism and/or other available information on halal tourism travel guides for Muslim tourists on the digital platforms used. The efforts to promote Penyengat Island as halal tourism using digital channels are the relevant interesting contents in digital marketing channels, the availability of information on the need for halal services, and innovation on tourism attractions.