Suchergebnisse

This thesis entitled "The statute of limitations on demand via personal shares in the Peruvian Civil Procedure Code" addresses the issue regarding the feasibility of suing statute of limitations in the process of demand for personal actions, even though the Peruvian legal system states that should be sued in danger of contradiction. The main objectives of this research are intended to describe the positions in the teaching pro and con regarding the possible exercise of the statute of limitations in course of action on the personal actions, as well as iindicar what the position of judges Superior Court of Justice of La Libertad on the possible exercise of the statute of limitations in course of action on the personal actions, and finally examining comparative law and the exercise of the statute of limitations is regulated course of action in the actions personal The arrival hypothesis is that if it is possible to sue statute of limitations in the process of demand for personal actions, even though Peruvian law provides that should be sued in danger of contradiction, because if it is true the national legislature only regulates the filing of the statute of limitations and exceptions, such regulation in no way constitutes a ban, to get to arrive at this hypothesis we used the hermeneutic, analytical and synthetic methods also was used as investigation techniques, technical survey, reaching determine how much the doctrine, comparative law and the judges of the magistrates courts, Civil courts and Civil Chambers of the Superior Court of Justice of La Libertad, have a largely positive attitude to the possibility that the statute of limitations also you can raise in the process of personal actions, making it clear that it would be imperative the need for the incorporation of a legislative amendment that covers such a possibility. ; La presente tesis titulada: "La prescripción extintiva en vía de demanda en las acciones personales en el Código Procesal Civil Peruano" aborda la problemática entorno a la posibilidad de demandar prescripción extintiva en las acciones personales, a pesar de que el ordenamiento jurídico peruano establece que sólo puede interponerse en vía de contradicción. Los principales objetivos de esta investigación, se orientaron a describir las posturas en la doctrina a favor y en contra respecto al posible el ejercicio de la prescripción extintiva en vía de demanda en las acciones personales, así como a indicar cuál es la postura de los magistrados de la Corte Superior de Justicia de La Libertad respecto al posible el ejercicio de la prescripción extintiva en vía de acción en las acciones personales, para finalmente examinar como en la legislación comparada se regula el ejercicio de la prescripción extintiva en vía de acción en las acciones personales La hipótesis arribada consiste en que si es posible demandar prescripción extintiva en vía de demanda de acciones personales, a pesar de que el ordenamiento jurídico peruano establece que debería demandarse en vía de contradicción, pues si bien es cierto el legislador nacional sólo regula la interposición de la prescripción extintiva como excepción, dicha regulación de ningún modo constituye una prohibición, para llegar a arribar a esta hipótesis se han utilizado los métodos hermenéutico, analítico y de síntesis, asimismo se empleó como técnicas de investigación, la técnica de la encuesta, llegándose a determinar que tanto la doctrina, la legislación comparada y los magistrados de los Juzgados de Paz Letrados, Juzgados Civiles y de las Salas Civiles de la Corte Superior de Justicia de La Libertad, tienen una postura mayoritariamente favorable a la posibilidad de que la prescripción extintiva también se pueda plantear en vía de las acciones personales, dejando claro que sería imperioso la necesidad de la incorporación de una modificación legislativa que ampare dicha posibilidad. ; Tesis

In the administrative lawsuit, time must reconcile the rights of justiciable and the principle of legal security. The comparative analysis of the French rights and the French-speaking country of Africa, following the example of Cameroon and of Gabon, gives the opportunity to observe the various facets of the time seized by the right in administrative dispute. In France, indeed, the temporal framework of the lawsuit is not exclusively defined by the legislator, it is also the work of jurisprudence and even of justiciable, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, this time is identified according to an approach at the same time quantitative, qualitative and of the economic situation. Thus, in theory, in the French administrative dispute, time appears in a flexible or malleable form. In the African rights, on the other hand, the temporal framework of the administrative lawsuit is more regulated, i.e. a time prescribes in advance by the texts, which is expressed with the requirement, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, one even observes a primarily quantitative approach from the point of view of his determination. Under these conditions, it appears, in theory, like a rigid time, a solidified time, contrary to a time chosen as it is the case in French right. This dynamic, or flexible approach, of time observed in French right is, in spite of the risk of extension of the time of the procedures which it can cause, advantageous with the justiciable ones. It is undoubtedly the reflection of a French administrative law which evolved to the protection of the citizens, contrary to the rigid form of time, observed in the African legislations which, making the good share with the principle of legal security to the detriment of the rights of justiciable, is the expression of an administrative law primarily turned towards the effectiveness of the administrative action. ; L'étude comparée des droits français et des pays d'Afrique francophone, à l'instar du Cameroun et du Gabon, permet de mettre en évidence les diverses approches du temps saisi par le droit en contentieux administratif. Elle permet de comprendre les implications des approches du temps sur la conciliation entre les droits des justiciables et le principe de sécurité juridique à travers le temps dans le procès administratif. L'analyse montre qu'en France, le cadre temporel du procès administratif n'est pas exclusivement défini par le législateur ; il est aussi l'œuvre de la jurisprudence et même des justiciables, d'une part, et, d'autre part, ce temps est identifié selon une forme à la fois quantitative, qualitative et conjoncturelle. Cela traduit l'évolution de l'office du juge administratif français. Ainsi, de manière générale, dans le contentieux administratif français, l'approche du temps est une approche qu'il convient de qualifier de souple, de flexible ou malléable. Dans les législations d'Afrique francophone, en revanche, le cadre temporel du procès administratif est essentiellement réglementé. Il traduit un droit administratif dont les sources sont principalement textuelles. Il s'agit donc d'un temps prescrit à l'avance par les textes. Ce temps s'exprime à l'impératif, d'une part, et, d'autre part, on observe aussi une forme essentiellement quantitative du temps du point de vue de sa détermination même. Dans ces conditions, cette approche du temps est celle qu'on pourrait qualifier de rigide, d'un temps figé, contrairement à un temps choisi comme c'est le cas en droit français. L'approche dynamique ou flexible du temps, observée en droit français, est, malgré le risque de rallongement du temps des procédures qu'elle peut occasionner, plus profitable aux justiciables et plus équilibrée pour assurer la place du temps dans le procès. Elle traduit un droit administratif français qui, avec l'évolution de l'office du juge administratif, la confiance faite au juge, a évolué vers la protection des citoyens ; contrairement à la forme rigide du temps, observée dans les législations africaines francophones qui, faisant la part belle au principe de sécurité juridique, donc moins favorable aux justiciables, est l'expression d'un droit administratif essentiellement tourné vers l'efficacité de l'action administrative ou encore la préservation du principe de sécurité juridique.

In terms of the current economic crisis, domestic economic agents are trying to optimize costs. In the case of small businesses is evident in efforts to reduce non-production costs. In this sense, the costs of organizing controls may seem unnecessary, and expediency attracting experts for financial diagnostics business is not considered. Many modern researchers the problem of increasing the efficiency of local small businesses do not consider the control procedures as a tool of optimization of small businesses. That is why the theme of the research is relevant and has practical significance. This article examines the criteria for the identification of small businesses under national legislation, the role of small enterprises in the national economy of Ukraine, the directions of the state policy in the sphere of small and medium enterprises, including simplification of financial reporting. The article demonstrated the necessity and economic feasibility of control in enterprises, legal requirements and are responsible for that person. Provided concept independent external audit by the law of Ukraine "On Auditing", examples of audit services, cases of mandatory annual audit of financial statements. The research formulated conclusions about the possibility of using independent audit at increased efficiency of different groups' enterprises in small businesses. The article is researched the concept of internal audit, examples of components of the internal control system - environment monitoring and control measures. The article consider the essence of necessity, the role of inventory in the enterprise, cases mandatory, conclusions of the study and directions for further research. ; В условиях существующего экономического кризиса отечественные субъекты хозяйствования стараются оптимизировать расходы. В случае небольших предприятий это проявляется в попытках сократить, прежде всего, непроизводственные расходы. В этом смысле многим предпринимателям расходы на организацию контроля могут показаться излишними, а целесообразность привлечения экспертов для проведения финансовой диагностики бизнеса даже не рассматривается. Многочисленные современные исследователи проблемы повышения эффективности деятельности отечественных малых предприятий также не считают возможным рассматривать контрольные процедуры как средство оптимизации деятельности предприятий малого бизнеса, что делает тему исследования актуальной и имеющей практическую значимость. В работе рассмотрены критерии идентификации субъектов малого предпринимательства по национальному законодательству, роль малых предприятий в национальной экономике Украины, направления государственной политики в сфере развития малого и среднего предпринимательства, в частности, упрощение состава финансовой отчетности. Доказана необходимость и экономическая целесообразность организации контроля на предприятиях, приведены законодательные требования и ответственные за это лица. Представлено понятие независимого внешнего аудита в соответствие с законом Украины «Об аудиторской деятельности», примеры аудиторских услуг, случаи обязательного проведения ежегодного аудита финансовой отчетности. Сформулированы выводы о возможности использования независимого аудита при повышении эффективности деятельности предприятий различных групп в сфере малого бизнеса. Исследовано понятие внутреннего аудита, приведены примеры составляющих системы внутреннего контроля - среды контроля и мероприятий контроля. Рассмотрены сущность, необходимость, роль инвентаризации на предприятии, случаи обязательного ее проведения. По результатам исследования сформулированы выводы. Определены направления дальнейших исследований. ; В умовах існуючої економічної кризи вітчизняні суб'єкти господарювання намагаються оптимізувати витрати. У випадку невеликих підприємств це проявляється у намаганнях скоротити, перш за все, невиробничі витрати. У цьому сенсі багатьом підприємцям витрати на організацію контролю можуть здатися зайвими, а доцільність залучення експертів для проведення фінансової діагностики бізнесу навіть не розглядається. Численні сучасні дослідники проблеми підвищення ефективності діяльності вітчизняних малих підприємств також не вважають за можливе розглядати контрольні процедури як засіб оптимізації діяльності підприємств малого бізнесу, що робить тему дослідження актуальною та такою, що має практичну значущість. У роботі розглянуто критерії ідентифікації суб'єктів малого підприємництва за національним законодавством, роль малих підприємств у національній економіці України, напрями державної політики у сфері розвитку малого і середнього підприємництва, зокрема, спрощення складу фінансової звітності. Доведена необхідність та економічна доцільність організації контролю на підприємствах, наведені законодавчі вимоги та відповідальні за це особи. Надано поняття незалежного зовнішнього аудиту за законом України «Про аудиторську діяльність», приклади аудиторських послуг, випадки обов'язкового проведення щорічного аудиту фінансової звітності. Сформульовані висновки щодо можливості використання незалежного аудиту при підвищені ефективності діяльності підприємств різних груп в сфері малого бізнесу. Досліджено поняття внутрішнього аудиту, наведені приклади складових системи внутрішнього контролю – середовища контролю та заходів контролю. Розглянуто сутність, необхідність, роль інвентаризації на підприємстві, випадки обов'язкового її проведення. Сформульовані висновки за результатами дослідження. Визначені напрями подальших досліджень.

Since a few decades, frequency control technology has been at the heart of modern day electronics due to its huge areaof applications in communication systems, computers, navigation systems or military defense. Frequency controldevices provide high frequency stabilities and spectral purities in the short term domain. However, improvement of theperformance of these devices, in terms of frequency stability, remains a big challenge for researchers. Reducing noise inorder to increase the short term stability and avoid unwanted switching between channels is thus very desirable. It iscommonly admitted that the fundamental limitation to this short-term stability is due to flicker frequency noise in theresonators. In this manuscript, a first chapter recalls some basic facts about acoustic, crystallography and definitions oftime and frequency domain needed to explore ultra-stable resonators and oscillators. The second chapter is devoted to asummary of the literature on flicker frequency noise. Then, the third chapter concerns our studies on Handel's quantum1/f noise model, which although criticized by many, is still the only one that provides an estimation of the flooramplitude of 1/f noise that is not invalidated by experimental data. In the fourth chapter, another approach, based on thefluctuation-dissipation theorem, is used in order to put numerical constraints on a model of 1/f noise caused by aninternal (or structural) dissipation proportional to the amplitude and not to the speed. The last chapter is devoted toexperimental results. An ultra-stable resonator used during this study is described. Phase noise measurements on severalbatches of resonators are given. Measurements of resonator parameters have been done at low temperature in order tocorrelate them with noise results. Another approach with a procedure that use transient pseudo periodic oscillations andput to their limits the capacities of presently available digital oscilloscopes, is presented, in order to assess rapidly thequality of various resonators. Finally, conclusions and perspectives are given. ; Depuis quelques décennies, la technologie de contrôle de la fréquence a été au coeur de l'électronique des tempsmodernes grâce à son vaste domaine d'applications dans les systèmes de communication, les ordinateurs, les systèmesde navigation ou de défense militaire. Les dispositifs temps-fréquence fournissent des stabilités de fréquence et despuretés spectrales élevées dans le domaine de la stabilité court-terme. L'amélioration de la performance de cesdispositifs reste un grand défi pour les chercheurs. La réduction du bruit afin d'augmenter cette stabilité court-terme etd'éviter les commutations non souhaitées entre les canaux est donc très souhaitable. Il est communément admis que lalimitation fondamentale à cette stabilité court-terme est due au bruit flicker de fréquence des résonateurs. Dans cemanuscrit, un premier chapitre rappelle quelques faits de base sur l'acoustique, la cristallographie et les définitions dudomaine temps-fréquence nécessaires à l'étude des résonateurs et oscillateurs ultra-stables. Le deuxième chapitre estconsacré à un résumé de la littérature sur le bruit de fréquence en 1/f. Ensuite, le troisième chapitre concerne nos étudessur le modèle quantique de bruit en 1/f du Pr. Handel, qui, bien que critiqué par beaucoup, est encore le seul qui fournitune estimation de l'amplitude de plancher de bruit en 1/f et qui n'est pas infirmé par les données expérimentales. Dans lequatrième chapitre, une autre approche, basée sur le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation, est utilisée afin de mettre descontraintes numériques sur un modèle de bruit en 1/f causé par une dissipation interne (ou de structure) proportionnelleà l'amplitude, et non à la vitesse. Le dernier chapitre est consacré aux résultats expérimentaux. Le design et lesparamètres du résonateur ultra-stable utilisé lors de cette étude sont décrits. Les mesures de bruit de phase sur plusieurslots de résonateurs sont données. Les mesures des paramètres de résonateur ont été effectuées à basse température afinde les corréler avec les résultats de bruit. Afin d'évaluer rapidement la qualité des différents résonateurs, une autreapproche dans le domaine temporel a été testée. Elle utilise des oscillations pseudo-périodiques transitoires mettant lesoscilloscopes numériques actuellement disponibles à leurs limites de capacité. Enfin, les conclusions et perspectivessont présentées.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Prävalenzanalyse des Down Syndroms in einem deutschen populationsbasierten Fehlbildungsregister (Fehlbildungsmonitoring Sachsen-Anhalt). Erstmalig für Deutschland werden dabei auch die Einflüsse der Pränataldiagnostik und des mütterlichen Alters, einzeln sowie kombiniert, genauer betrachtet.Anhand der Daten vom Fehlbildungsmonitoring Sachsen-Anhalt (1995-2010), des statistischen Bundesamtes (1990-2010), des statistischen Landesamtes Sachsen-Anhalt (1995-2010) sowie der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1999-2009) und Sachsen-Anhalt (2005-2009) wurden Prävalenzen des Down Syndroms, maternale Altersstrukturen in Deutschland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Sachsen-Anhalt, Inanspruchnahme verschiedener Formen pränataler Diagnostik und die Einflüsse des mütterlichen Alters sowie einer pränatalen Diagnose auf den Ausgang der Schwangerschaft untersucht. Im Fehlbildungsmonitoring Sachsen-Anhalt ist das mütterliche Alter in 95,5% der Fälle (386 von 404) angeben, für 9,7% der Fälle (39 von 404) fehlen Angaben zur pränatalen Diagnostik. Die Daten des statistischen Bundesamtes zum mütterlichen Alter sind, bis auf 213 Fälle mit unbekanntem Alter bis 1998, vollständig (99,9%). Wie erwartet zeigte sich ein Anstieg des mütterlichen Durchschnittsalters in Deutschland von 28,1 Jahren (1990) auf 30,5 Jahre (2010) mit einem Anstieg des Anteils der Mütter ab 35 Jahren um 14% (1990: 9,9%, 2010: 23,9%). Dies ließ sich, in geringerem Ausmaß, auch in den beiden Bundesländern Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Sachsen-Anhalt nachweisen. Damit einhergehend stieg die erwartete Prävalenz des Down Syndroms auf Lebendgeborene von 1:762 (1995) auf 1:543 (2010). Dies findet sich auch in der Prävalenz des Down Syndroms auf Geborene mit einem Anstieg von 1:591 (1995-1998) auf 1:581 (2007-2010). Gleichzeitig sank jedoch die Prävalenz des Down Syndroms auf Lebendgeborene von 1:1134 (1995-1998) auf 1:1338 (2007-2010). Analog internationaler Angaben entschieden sich 90,9% der Schwangeren gegen ein Kind mit Down Syndrom, wenn es pränatal bekannt war. 79,8% der Lebendgeborenen mit Down Syndrom waren pränatal unbekannt. Allerdings zeigte sich in den letzten Jahren, dass sich Frauen, vor allem Schwangere ab 35 Jahre, zunehmend bewusst für ein Kind mit Down Syndrom entscheiden (1995-1998: 3,9%; 2007-2010: 10,5%). Es zeigte sich eine Zunahme der Inanspruchnahme invasiver pränataler Diagnostik in der Normalbevölkerung und in der Gruppe Schwangerer mit Feten mit Down Syndrom, hier vor allem jene, welche jünger als 35 Jahre alt waren. Einschränkend ist zu sagen, dass es sich bei den verwendeten Daten zur Pränataldiagnostik, um sehr spezielle Daten handelt. So sind die Daten der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Sachsen-Anhalt nur abrechenbare Fälle zu Lasten der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen und jene Fälle des Fehlbildungsmonitoring Sachsen-Anhalt ausschließlich Frauen, deren Feten eine Pathologie aufwiesen. Des Weiteren erfolgt die Meldung im Fehlbildungsmonitoring Sachsen-Anhalt freiwillig und die Erfassungsbögen sind den aktuellen Entwicklungen des pränatalen Screenings nicht angepasst. Der angestrebte Vergleich der beiden Bundesländer Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Sachsen-Anhalt gestaltete sich aufgrund verschiedener dezentraler Erfassungsinstrumente und Weitergabepolitik als schwierig und nicht voll umsetzbar. Die Prävalenz des Down Syndroms stieg bezogen auf die Geborenen leicht an, bezogen auf die Lebendgeborenen sank sie jedoch. Dies konnte man mithilfe der Fehlbildungsmonitoring Sachsen-Anhalt gut analysieren. Lider ist eine solche Fehlbildungserfassung in Deutschland nur gering, regional und auf freiwilliger Basis verbreitet. Die vermutete Ursache der Prävalenzentwicklung in mütterlichem Alter und Pränataldiagnostik konnte bedingt gefunden werden, da die erhobenen Daten zur Inanspruchnahme der Pränataldiagnostik aufgrund ihrer Selektivität als Annäherung an die Realität zu betrachten sind. Zur genaueren Bearbeitung dieser Fragestellungen wäre es notwendig eine größere repräsentative Population unter Miteinbeziehung regionaler, wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Aspekte zu untersuchen. ; This paper is set in the background of increased maternal age during birth, and the recent huge development in antenatal diagnosis during the last few years. The study describes the trends of live birth and the birth prevalence of Down's syndrome, the usage of antenatal diagnosis and its influence on the pregnancy outcome, in the Federal State Saxony-Anhalt from 1995 to 2010.s From 1995 to 2010 all reported births of foetuses with Down's syndrome recorded in the Malformation Monitoring Centre Saxony-Anhalt, antenatal diagnosis usage of these women, the antenatal knowledge of the diagnosis, and its influences in young women and women over 35 years were separately analysed to show the trend in Down's syndrome prevalence. Over the entire period the prevalence of Down's syndrome was 16.7 in 10,000 births. The prevalence of Down's syndrome live births fell by 17% whereas the prevalence of births increased by 2% from 1995-1998 to 2007-2010. Nevertheless 37% of all foetuses with Down's syndrome were not detected although the usage of antenatal diagnosis increased, especially in women younger than 35 years. 91% of the pregnancies with affected foetuses were subsequently abortions. However, during the last few years, there was an increase of live births of affected foetuses which were known during the antenatal period. In Saxony-Anhalt the increase of the prevalence Down's syndrome as a result of increased maternal age is small. However, the influence of developmental antenatal diagnosis is shown by a decrease of live births with Down's syndrome. The detection rate of antenatal diagnosis and the willingness to pay for this procedure, seems to rise in all ages of women. Any special significance concerning the social attitude towards children with Down's syndrome and antenatal diagnosis, were not part of this analysis.

Interim measures are procedural means that allow persons or States to have their rights preserved when a case is pending. Application of these measures especially in environmental cases is very important. In many of these cases (e.g. cases dealing with territorial planning, IPPC permits, environmental impact assessment, etc.) the claims deal with the protection of environment or its components (water, air, soil, etc.) as well as with the protection of public interest. Legal regulation of application of interim measures provided by Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings is not optimal. That is why the first part of the article is dedicated to the analysis of the possibilities and problems of application of interim measures in the administrative proceedings in Lithuania, paying special attention to environmental cases. The second part of the article reflects the findings of a workshop of the Association of European Administrative Judges on "Interim relief in environmental matters" held in Vilnius on 22 September 2011. It briefly describes various national rules on interim relief procedures, especially in the German and the French legislation, with an assessment from the German point of view. This part of the article focuses on provisional legal protection where a permit is challenged by a third party whose rights are allegedly afflicted. In such a constellation the rights of the plaintiff compete with the rights of the operator. The article concludes that, when deciding on the necessity of interim measures, it is vital to ensure the balance of interests: both by ensuring effective access to justice and by protecting the respondent and the third party (in environmental cases - usually the operator) from the violation of their rights and the damage caused by the abuse of the right to request interim measures. In such cases short time limits for procedural steps both of the parties and the court are not advisable and a prima facie prognosis on the outcome in the main proceedings meets the interests of the parties. ; Reikalavimo užtikrinimo priemonės (arba laikinosios apsaugos priemonės) yra procedūrinės priemonės, leidžiančios užtikrinti tinkamą asmenų ar valstybių teisių bei interesų apsaugą, dar neišnagrinėjus bylos iš esmės. Šių priemonių taikymas ypač reikšmingas bylose, susijusiose su aplinkos apsauga, nes daugelyje tokių bylų (pavyzdžiui, bylose, susijusiose su teritorijų planavimu, taršos integruotos prevencijos ir kontrolės leidimais, planuojamos ūkinės veiklos poveikio aplinkai vertinimu ir t. t.) paliečiami aplinkos ar atskirų jos komponentų (oro, vandens, dirvožemio, augalijos ir pan.) apsaugos klausimai, taip pat dažnai ginami viešieji interesai. Reikalavimo užtikrinimo priemonių taikymo teisinis reguliavimas, įtvirtintas šiuo metu galiojančioje Lietuvos Respublikos administracinių bylų teisenos įstatymo redakcijoje, nėra optimalus. Būtent dėl to pirmoji straipsnio dalis skiriama reikalavimo užtikrinimo priemonių taikymo Lietuvos administraciniame procese galimybių ir problemų analizei, didesnį dėmesį skiriant su aplinkos apsauga susijusioms byloms bei jų specifikai. Antroji straipsnio dalis skirta Europos administracinių teismų teisėjų asociacijos Aplinkos darbo grupės organizuoto teorinio-praktinios eminaro "Laikinosios apsaugos priemonės aplinkos apsaugos srityje" (įvykusio2011 m. rugsėjo 22 d.Vilniuje) rezultatams ir išvadoms atskleisti. Joje trumpai apžvelgiama nacionalinė įvairių valstybių praktika, taikant laikinąsias apsaugos priemones, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant Vokietijos ir Prancūzijos teisiniam reguliavimui. Straipsnyje atlikto tyrimo pagrindu galima daryti išvadą, kad, sprendžiant būtinumo taikyti laikinąsias apsaugos priemones klausimą, ypač svarbu yra užtikrinti teisingą interesų pusiausvyrą: tiek garantuojant efektyvų teisės kreiptis į teismus įgyvendinimą, tiek užtikrinant, kad nebus pažeistos atsakovo ir trečiųjų asmenų teisės, kad laikinųjų apsaugos priemonių taikymas nesukels žalos, didesnės negu ta, kuri būtų, jei laikinosios apsaugos priemonės nebūtų taikomos, taip pat kad nebus piktnaudžiaujama teise reikalauti taikyti šias priemones. Šiuo aspektu reikėtų akcentuoti, kad teisiniame reguliavime neturėtų būti nustatyti trumpi terminai teismo procesinių veiksmų atlikimui, priimant sprendimą dėl laikinųjų apsaugos priemonių taikymo. Be to, reikalinga koreguoti dabar galiojantį teisinį reguliavimą, kad teismui būtų įmanoma įvertinti preliminarius galimus pagrindinės bylos rezultatus bei nustatyti, ar nėra piktnaudžiaujama teise taikyti šias priemones.

This study analyzes the possible intended and unintended impact of statewide exit exams as a governance tool used by education authorities. In a descriptive case study based on quantitative empirical research, three German states (Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia) with differing exit exam traditions (statewide versus school-based) are compared. Consistent with other recent research findings, the potential influences of statewide exit exams on teaching and learning processes can be detected for mathematics, but not for German or biology. In particular, these influences show in the fact that teachers whose students have to take a statewide exit exam are less responsive to students' interests regarding the choice of topics in the classroom, perceive a tendency to narrow the delivered curriculum and increase cooperation with other teachers. In addition, both teachers and students feel a higher pressure to perform and perceive their roles to be different −they see themselves as allies preparing for an externally set exam. Teachers also tend to feel "de-professionalized". In those areas where statewide exams do seem to affect schooling, most of the results are consistent with what was intended by the authorities when they introduced the exams, and there are only few unintended side-effects. From a governance perspective, however, a general capacity of statewide exit exams to move schooling in a desired direction remains rather doubtful, particularly considering the fact that the exam procedures that have recently been implemented in the German states are very heterogeneous and only partly standardized. ; Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio que investigó el impacto de los sistemas de examen de salida de tres estados en la enseñanza y aprendizaje en las escuelas que preparan para la universidad. Este trabajo compara un estado con un sistema de examen tradicional más centralizado, un estado más descentralizado y un estado que recientemente cambio a pruebas más centralizada. El Abitur alemán es una prueba cognitiva muy compleja, en gran medida no esta estandarizada de acuerdo con las normas de los exámenes internacionales. Por otra parte, las diferencias de rendimiento en las pruebas de evaluación de estados con diferentes sistemas fueron significativas sólo en el área de alfabetización matemática. Por lo tanto, las preguntas y los criterios de nota regulados de manera central, a diferencia de las pruebas que son diseñadas localmente y controladas de forma centralizada, tienen poca influencia en las áreas curriculares con "cánones" múltiples, pero parecen tener un impacto ligeramente mayor en matemáticas. En este contexto, y tomando una perspectiva más internacional, se concluye que un sistema general de pruebas sin consecuencias severas puede ser el primer paso para mantener flexibilidad local que sirva a los intereses de los alumnos, rigor académico y una buena dosis de motivación. ; Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo que investigou o impacto dos sistemas de exame de saída de três estados sobre o ensino e a aprendizagem nas escolas que preparam para a universidade. O estudo compara um estado com um sistema de exame tradicionalmente mais centralizado, um estado que é mais descentralizado e um estado que mudou recentemente para testes mais centralizados. O Abitur alemão é um exame cognitivo bastante complexo que não é, em grande parte, padronizado de acordo com os padrões dos exames internacionais. Além disso, as diferenças de desempenho na avaliação dos exames estaduais com regimes diferentes só foram significativas na área de alfabetização matemática. Portanto, as perguntas e os critérios de nota regulados centralmente, ao contrário dos testes que são localmente concebidos e monitorados centralmente, fazem pouca diferença em áreas curriculares com múltiplos "cânones", mas parecem ter um impacto ligeiramente mais significativo em matemática. Neste contexto, e tendo uma perspectiva mais internacional, concluímos que um sistema geral de testes sem consequências muito severas pode ser o primeiro passo para manter a flexibilidade local que serve aos interesses dos alunos, o rigor acadêmico e uma boa dose de motivação.

The article deals with the criteria upon which the powers of the Seimas (the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania) and the Government are delimited in the constitutional jurisprudence of Lithuania. It analyses how the Constitutional Court construes the principle of separation of powers as entrenched in the Constitution and evaluates the meaning of the provision of the Constitution that corresponding 'relations are regulated by law'. If the Constitution provides that certain relations are regulated by means of a law, such relations may be regulated only by means of a legal act, which takes the form of a law, and it is, therefore, not permissible to regulate such relations by Government resolutions or other acts of the executive. The most important elements of legal relations must be regulated (established) by means of a law, whereas Government resolutions might establish the procedure for the implementation of such laws. Rulings of the Constitutional Court reveal that once the powers of a specific branch of state power have been directly established in the Constitution, an institution of state power may not assume the said powers from another state institution. It may not transfer or waive them; and such powers may not be amended or limited by means of a law. The question remains, whether the provision of the Law on the Diplomatic Service whereby the candidacy of a diplomatic representative must be reviewed by the Seimas Committee on Foreign Affairs in advance is not in conflict with the Constitution. In the opinion of the author, this provision of the law may also be interpreted as meaning that as long as this has not been done, the Government may not submit a candidacy for a diplomatic representative to the President of the Republic, and the President of the Republic may not appoint this person as a diplomatic representative. Thus, the actions of the Government, as well as those of the President, would be constrained depending on whether the Seimas Committee on Foreign Affairs has reviewed the candidacy of the diplomatic representative in advance. Since, under the Constitution, the President of the Republic is to appoint and dismiss diplomatic representatives of the Republic of Lithuania upon submission by the Government, it is assumed that the said provision of the Law on the Diplomatic Service permits an institution which is not provided for in the Constitution - the Seimas Committee on Foreign Affairs - to interfere with the powers of the Government and the President of the Republic when appointing diplomatic representatives. This is not in line with the Constitution. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama, kokiais kriterijais remiantis Lietuvos konstitucinėje jurisprudencijoje yra atskiriami Seimo ir Vyriausybės įgaliojimai. Parodoma, kaip Konstitucinis Teismas aiškina Konstitucijoje įtvirtintą valstybės valdžių padalijimo principą. Atskleidžiama, ką reiškia Konstitucijos nuostata, jog atitinkamus "santykius reguliuoja įstatymas". Teigiama, kad jeigu Konstitucijoje nustatyta, jog tam tikrus santykius reguliuoja įstatymas, tai tokie santykiai gali būti reguliuojami tik tokiu teisės aktu, kuris turi būtent įstatymo formą, kad tokių santykių negalima reguliuoti Vyriausybės nutarimais arba kitais vykdomosios valdžios aktais. Tokiu atveju įstatymu turi būti reguliuojami (nustatomi) visi svarbiausi teisinių santykių elementai, o Vyriausybės nutarimais gali būti nustatoma įstatymų įgyvendinimo tvarka. Remiantis Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimais parodoma, jog Konstitucijoje tiesiogiai nustačius konkrečios valstybės valdžios institucijos įgaliojimus, viena valstybės valdžios institucija negali iš kitos perimti tokių įgaliojimų, jų perduoti arba atsisakyti, tokie įgaliojimai negali būti pakeisti ar apriboti įstatymu. Keliamas diskusinis klausimas, ar Diplomatinės tarnybos įstatymo nuostata, jog diplomatinio atstovo kandidatūra turi būti iš anksto apsvarstyta Seimo užsienio reikalų komitete, neprieštarauja Konstitucijai. Ši įstatymo nuostata, autoriaus nuomone, gali būti aiškinama ir kaip reiškianti, kad tol, kol tai nepadaryta, Vyriausybė negali teikti diplomatinio atstovo kandidatūros Respublikos Prezidentui, o Respublikos Prezidentas negali asmens paskirti diplomatiniu atstovu. Taigi Vyriausybės, taip pat ir Respublikos Prezidento veiksmus lemtų inter alia tai, ar Seimo užsienio reikalų komitetas iš anksto apsvarstė diplomatinio atstovo kandidatūrą. Kadangi pagal Konstituciją diplomatinius atstovus skiria ir atleidžia Respublikos Prezidentas Vyriausybės teikimu, daroma prielaida, kad nurodyta Diplomatinės tarnybos įstatymo nuostata leidžia Konstitucijoje nenumatytai institucijai – Seimo užsienio reikalų komitetui – įsiterpti į Vyriausybės ir Respublikos Prezidento įgaliojimus skiriant diplomatinius atstovus. Teigiama, kad Konstitucija tai draudžia.

Problem setting. Under the conditions of the intense labour market and fierce competition, talented and highly productive workers, who can learn quickly and adapt to rapid changes in the environment, and possess a range of unique skills, knowledge and competence in a particular field are particularly valuable. It was these employees who led the emergence of the new term "war for talent", which initiated the formation of a whole direction in approaches to personnel management, namely talent management. Because of this, there is a necessity for a deeper understanding of the essence of the talent and the talented employee, as well as the identification of the talent management process as a separate area not only in the business sphere but also the formation of the concept of talent management for its practical application in public authorities. Recent research and publications analysis testified that an important role in the study of the talent management system in general and, in particular, in Ukraine, is played by an analysis of the world experience in this field since there are very few own developments and works. The fundamental bases of talent management are embedded and developed in the research and scientific works of well-known practitioners and researchers, such as M. Armstrong, J. Billberry, L. Jeffrey, S. Zelinskyi, E. Michaels and H. Hendfield-Jones, A. Robertson and G. Abby and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Concerning Ukraine, it should be noted that due to the outdated personnel management system existing in domestic organizations, especially in the public sector, this topic is not yet mature enough for a deep study, which, in turn, determines the necessity to research the theoretical aspects of the concept of talent management and to generalize the factors that stipulate the need to implement these processes in Ukraine. Paper main body. Today, more and more companies are realizing the necessity to reorient HR management to the concept of managing talented employees. Talent is the set of human abilities, inherent in his/her giftedness, skills, knowledge, experience, intelligence, prudence, character and energy, as well as the ability to learn and grow. Talent management is a purposeful activity aimed at creating a system of recruitment, development, use and retention of talented employees capable of achieving the best results in the work.With the adoption of up-to-date and topical regulations on personnel management in public authorities in Ukraine, there will be very specific chances to create a truly professional, qualified, stable and politically neutral state apparatus.In this regard, in recent years, there has arisen a necessity in strengthening the strategic role of HRM services in the public administration system, focusing them on organizational and analytical work in personnel management, planning the career of civil servants, forecasting staff development and providing training opportunities.The public authorities of Ukraine do not currently have a system and strategic foundations for talent management.In this context, it is important to talk not only about structural changes but about deep transformation, about values and principles of work of a civil servant, about the introduction of effective methods of motivation and complex approach to assessing personnel activity through the usage of quantitative and qualitative methods of assessment at all levels in the system of public authorities.The introduction of modern practices and technologies of personnel management in the system of public authorities, as well as the creation of separate structural units for the talent management, will improve the personnel management system at public service, ensure an objective process of recruitment and service career, and also strengthen the professional level and its competitiveness in the labour market.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Basing on the above mentioned, it can be noted that the issues outlined in our study require elaboration and solution at the scientific, theoretical and applied levels, and special attention has to be paid to the unification of the conceptual-categorial system, which is necessary for the harmonization of the processes of forming an effective model of talent management in the public authorities of Ukraine. ; Розглянуто сучасний стан системи управління талантами в органах публічної влади. Доведено необхідність інституалізації управління талантами в організаційній структурі державних органів. Здійснено аналіз основних стадій управління талантами та обґрунтовано необхідність запровадження практики з управління талантами та включення їх до процедур пошуку, залучення, адаптації, навчання, оцінювання та винагородження персоналу. Визначено перспективні напрями реалізації концепції управління талантами в органах публічної влади України.

Problem setting. Under the conditions of the intense labour market and fierce competition, talented and highly productive workers, who can learn quickly and adapt to rapid changes in the environment, and possess a range of unique skills, knowledge and competence in a particular field are particularly valuable. It was these employees who led the emergence of the new term "war for talent", which initiated the formation of a whole direction in approaches to personnel management, namely talent management. Because of this, there is a necessity for a deeper understanding of the essence of the talent and the talented employee, as well as the identification of the talent management process as a separate area not only in the business sphere but also the formation of the concept of talent management for its practical application in public authorities. Recent research and publications analysis testified that an important role in the study of the talent management system in general and, in particular, in Ukraine, is played by an analysis of the world experience in this field since there are very few own developments and works. The fundamental bases of talent management are embedded and developed in the research and scientific works of well-known practitioners and researchers, such as M. Armstrong, J. Billberry, L. Jeffrey, S. Zelinskyi, E. Michaels and H. Hendfield-Jones, A. Robertson and G. Abby and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Concerning Ukraine, it should be noted that due to the outdated personnel management system existing in domestic organizations, especially in the public sector, this topic is not yet mature enough for a deep study, which, in turn, determines the necessity to research the theoretical aspects of the concept of talent management and to generalize the factors that stipulate the need to implement these processes in Ukraine. Paper main body. Today, more and more companies are realizing the necessity to reorient HR management to the concept of managing talented employees. Talent is the set of human abilities, inherent in his/her giftedness, skills, knowledge, experience, intelligence, prudence, character and energy, as well as the ability to learn and grow. Talent management is a purposeful activity aimed at creating a system of recruitment, development, use and retention of talented employees capable of achieving the best results in the work.With the adoption of up-to-date and topical regulations on personnel management in public authorities in Ukraine, there will be very specific chances to create a truly professional, qualified, stable and politically neutral state apparatus.In this regard, in recent years, there has arisen a necessity in strengthening the strategic role of HRM services in the public administration system, focusing them on organizational and analytical work in personnel management, planning the career of civil servants, forecasting staff development and providing training opportunities.The public authorities of Ukraine do not currently have a system and strategic foundations for talent management.In this context, it is important to talk not only about structural changes but about deep transformation, about values and principles of work of a civil servant, about the introduction of effective methods of motivation and complex approach to assessing personnel activity through the usage of quantitative and qualitative methods of assessment at all levels in the system of public authorities.The introduction of modern practices and technologies of personnel management in the system of public authorities, as well as the creation of separate structural units for the talent management, will improve the personnel management system at public service, ensure an objective process of recruitment and service career, and also strengthen the professional level and its competitiveness in the labour market.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Basing on the above mentioned, it can be noted that the issues outlined in our study require elaboration and solution at the scientific, theoretical and applied levels, and special attention has to be paid to the unification of the conceptual-categorial system, which is necessary for the harmonization of the processes of forming an effective model of talent management in the public authorities of Ukraine. ; Розглянуто сучасний стан системи управління талантами в органах публічної влади. Доведено необхідність інституалізації управління талантами в організаційній структурі державних органів. Здійснено аналіз основних стадій управління талантами та обґрунтовано необхідність запровадження практики з управління талантами та включення їх до процедур пошуку, залучення, адаптації, навчання, оцінювання та винагородження персоналу. Визначено перспективні напрями реалізації концепції управління талантами в органах публічної влади України.

My dissertation constitutes a contribution to the study of religion and political economy. It consists of four essays. My first essay argues that religious norms matter for the economic nature and modernization of political regimes. Religion is defined as a commitment device between the leader and his selectorate. More collectivist religions require a higher level of public goods provision by the government. In the collectivism-individualism continuum, Islam is treated as the most collectivist and Protestantism as the most individualist religion, while Judaism is denoted as the median religion. Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism are located in intermediate points between Judaism and Islam or Protestantism respectively. In the analysis of dominant religions in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, this ordered sequence of demands for public goods is defined by the structure of the Eastern Orthodox, Jewish and Muslim collectives: the monastery, the kibbutz, and the tariqa. Popular demand for public goods is shaped by religious norms. Leaders consider those in order to decide the intensity and nature of modernization. Regime transition occurs when the leader is not able to meet popular demand for public goods. Contrary to conventional wisdom, modernization does not reduce the influence of religious norms on public goods distribution and can facilitate transition both to democracy and dictatorship. In my second essay, I analyze the effects of religious identity on attitudes toward political centralization. I define religious identity as personal identification with distinct religious traditions and collective ideas regarding the provision of local public goods. In individualist religions such as Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, local public goods are defined as contracts between individuals and local government (contractual public goods). In societies where such religions dominate, we should expect to see negative effects of religious identity on evaluation of central government, because local governments providing such local public goods are more accountable to citizens and in this sense more consistent with individualist ideals. In collectivist religions such as Islam and Eastern Orthodoxy, on the other hand, local public goods are defined as welfare guarantees directed to citizens by the local government (hierarchical public goods). In societies where such religions dominate, we should expect to see positive effects of religious identity on evaluation of central government, since local administrations that are strongly accountable to the central government are best able to make good on such guarantees. Judaism combines elements from both collectivist and individualist religions. In Israeli Jewish society, where public goods are treated both as contractual and hierarchical, we should expect to see both negative and positive effects of religious identity on evaluations of central government. I test these predictions using survey data from Russia and Israel newly gathered for this project. Consistent with the theory's predictions, I find that in Russian Orthodoxy, Sunni Islam and Arab Christianity (Greek Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism), religious identity is positively associated with evaluations of central government. Similarly, in Judaism I find that religious identity as personal identification matters negatively and as collective ideas positively for evaluations of central government. My third essay examines experimentally the effects of collectivism on public goods contributions by regional bureaucrats in Tomsk and Novosibirsk, Russia. I expand the standard public goods experiment with three treatments, which I define as degrees of Orthodox collectivist enforcement: 1. Solidarity, 2. Obedience, and 3. Universal discipline. I argue for an Eastern Orthodox rationality in the Russian bureaucracy that prioritizes collective welfare over individual profit. Russian Orthodox collectivism is implemented through Bayesian and universal disciplinary monitoring such that hierarchical revelation of individual contributions and enforcement of collective punishment occur. Contrary to conventional wisdom about free-riding in administrative institutions, higher ranks in Russian Orthodox bureaucracies are associated with higher levels of contributions and enforcement. En lieu of conclusions, in my fourth essay, I discuss the political and economic incentives that led to the emergence, peak and contraction of Kulturkampf in the Catholic lands of Prussia between 1871 and 1878. I argue that Bismarck's Kulturkampf reveals the fallacies of secularism as a series of enforced state policies: 1. De facto dominance of religious majority over religious minorities that are in much higher need to preserve their public and social status, 2. Transformation of clergymen into bureaucratic experts. The distinction between collectivism and individualism can be validated through the degree of restrictions imposed on religious institutions and their presence in the public sphere. Secularism is not devoid of religion, as it consistently advocates bureaucratic expertise and thus transition to more individualist forms of government.

The starting point and the reason for this study have been co-operation. Consequently, the purpose have been to give an accurate picture of the worlds of social work and youth work. This was done by describing and comparing them through purpose, values, target, goals, methods, and means as well as of the image of human, the educational objectives, and professionality. Hence, the goal of the study is to create coherent entity in which the differences and the similarities are represented in a way which facilitates to look the other party as well as self-image in respect to that other party on novel eyes. Arising out of this it is possible to become aware of those premise and alternatives there are for co-operation, to see the opportunities in the other party. The method of this study was to compare social work and youth work through defined characters and to see what differences and similarities there are between these two. Four main differences were found between social work and youth work. First, the starting point in social work was poverty and distress whereas that in youth work was idleness and leisure time education. Second, social work is oriented towards the problems and youth work towards leisure time. Third, the target in social work is the poor and all those who need help. The target in youth work has always been all kinds of young. Last, according to the determined criteria, it is possible to say that youth work don't have the status of profession whereas social work do have, even though it is weak. The main similarities were found from six aspects. First, their purpose is to adapt a person to the society and to develop the person's skills to master his life. Second, as the values they share individuality, acceptance as well as rights and responsibility of a person. Third, they both are working for the benefit of a person. They believe in human and in the possibilities in human. Fourth, as educational objectives they share the ideas of personal development, knowledge as a mean of personal growth, rewarding experiences, and co-operation. Fifth, their task is to secure and to create the premise and the possibilities for individual's growth. Sixth, they share the diversity of work methods. ; 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. THE BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH 7 2.1. The Departure of the Study 7 2.2. The Research problem 8 2.3. Previous Studies Between Social Work and Youth Work 9 3. THE WORLDS OF SOCIAL WORK AND YOUTH WORK 11 3.1. An Overview to History of Social Work and Youth Work 11 3.2. The Picture Defined by the Literature 17 3.3. The Limitations of the Legislation 27 3.4. The Image of Human and the Educational Objectives in Social Work and in Youth Work 34 3.5. Professionality in Social Work and in Youth Work 40 3.6. The Differences and the Similarities Between Social Work and Youth Work 44 4. THE EMPIRICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY 46 4.1. The Research Material 46 4.2. Handling of the Research Material 49 4.3. The Interpretation of the Research Material and Reporting 51 5. YOUTH WORK AS PART OF SOCIAL WELFARE 53 5.1. The Implementation and the Goals of the Restructury 53 5.1.1. The Free Municipality Experiment and the Result Management 53 5.1.2. The Project of the Development in Administration and Services 55 5.1.3. The Arguments of Youth Work´s transfer to the Social Sector 56 5.2. Thoughts of Another Possibility 58 6. SOCIAL WORK AND YOUTH WORK IN HÄMEENLINNA BETWEEN 1989 – 1993 60 7. THE RESULTS OF THE INTERVIEW STUDY 66 7.1. Defining Social Work and Youth Work 66 7.1.1. The Arguments About the Work Content 66 7.1.2. The Arguments of the Work Methods 68 7.1.3. The Arguments According to the Target Group 69 7.1.4. The Arguments Connected to the Profession 70 7.2. The Description of the Restructury 71 7.2.1. The Background and the Goals of the Restructury 72 7.2.2. About the Effects of the Restructury 76 7.3. The Picture of Co-operation 80 8. CONCLUSIONS 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. 97 APPENDIX 2. 98 APPENDIX 3. 99 APPENDIX 4. 100 APPENDIX 5. 102

The Regional History Project conducted six interviews with UCSC Chancellor Robert B. Stevens during June and July, 1991. Stevens was appointed the campus's fifth chancellor by UC President David P. Gardner in July 1987, and served until July 1991. He was the second UCSC chancellor (following Chancellor Emeritus Robert L. Sinsheimer) recruited from a private institution. Stevens was born in England in 1933 and first came to the United States when he was 23. He was educated at Oxford University (B.A., M.A., B.C.L., and D.C.L.) and at Yale University (L.L.M.) and became an American citizen in 1971. An English barrister, Stevens has strong research interests in legal history and education in the United States and England. He served as chairman of the Research Advisory Committee of the American Bar Foundation, has written a half dozen books on legal history and social legislation, and numerous papers on American legal scholarship and comparative Anglo-American legal history. Prior to his appointment at UCSC he served for almost a decade as president of Haverford College from 1978 until 1987. From 1959 to 1976 he was a professor of law at Yale University. He served as provost and as professor of law and history at Tulane University from 1976 to 1978. He also taught at Oxford University, the London School of Economics, Stanford University, and the University of East Africa. Stevens begins his narrative by describing the circumstances surrounding his appointment, and his reasons for joining a public institution. His commitment to access-- that students from diverse ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds have an opportunity to attend a UC campus-- and to the undergraduate college system which characterizes this campus, were major motives in his decision to become chancellor. In these interviews he comments on the major policy areas which he addressed during his tenure, provides a critique of the institution as he found it, and explains the numerous changes he initiated. He describes the context for the strained nature of town-gown relations he faced upon his arrival and his efforts to establish a more harmonious relationship between the University and the city of Santa Cruz. His dilemma was to meet the obligations of the UC system in providing education for its students, while mitigating the impacts-- most notably, traffic congestion and housing-- which the growing campus student population had on the city. He describes the negotiations between city and campus officials which resulted in limiting the rate of growth and the size of the campus to 15,000 students, a precedent-setting agreement for a UC campus. He also discusses in detail the history of the Long Range Development Plan and the Report to the Committee on the Year 2005. Stevens speaks about the steps he took to decentralize the campus administration, to reinvigorate and reorganize the workings of the college system, and to establish a comprehensive budget process. These reforms stood the campus in good stead in light of the severe budget cuts which affected UCSC and the entire UC system during the state's recession. He discusses the many issues which engaged him during his tenure, including multiculturalism and the undergraduate curriculum, faculty teaching loads, his evaluation of the various academic disciplines and their faculties, his administrative appointments, and his efforts at fundraising and development. He also describes his relations with students, his thoughts on student activism, the development of the performing arts complex, and how his official social life was an opportunity for outreach to constituencies on the campus and in the community. Stevens recounts how he and his staff followed the campus emergency plan during the Loma Prieta Earthquake of October 17, 1989, when the campus suffered some $7 million dollars in damage, but fortunately no loss of life. When UCLA sent police and medical personnel to assist UCSC, Stevens saw that these resources were directed to the city and county of Santa Cruz in his efforts to be a good neighbor during this devastating period for the community. He described these interviews, held several weeks before he retired from the chancellorship, as a sort of de-briefing opportunity to reflect on his tenure. Stevens was unusually candid in assessing his chancellorship, freely acknowledging what he perceived as several missteps on his part as he came to better understand the culture of UCSC as a public institution.

Loginov O. Problematic issues of determining the components of cash security in calculating the pensions of servicemen The article is devoted to one of the important problems that arise in the field of pension provision for servicemen, namely, the issue of determining the components of cash security that are taken into account for the calculation of military pensions. Based on the analysis of the current legislation governing the conditions and procedure of pension provision for servicemen, as well as materials of judicial practice, the author identifies a number of aspects of this problem that may adversely affect the size of their future pension. In particular, the structure of cash security, which is taken into account for the calculation of pensions, is studied and it is concluded that it is different from the structure of cash benefits for the current monthly payment to servicemen for certain elements. It was found out that such elements do not include one-time additional types of cash security. The types of cash security from which the single contribution to the obligatory state social insurance is paid as one of the conditions for the calculation of the pension are investigated. It is concluded that the basis for the calculating of a single contribution is the full cash cover accrued to the serviceman. Particular attention in the article is paid to the definition of additional types of cash benefits that are taken into consideration for the calculation of pensions. It is emphasized that their list is established by resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, as well as departmental regulations. In the article the norm of Law № 2262-XII is analyzed, which defines additional types of cash security from which the pension is calculated. Based on the analysis of case law, the author concluded that the interpretation of this rule is different, which indicates its problematic nature. As a result of the study, important conclusions and proposals were formulated, which are aimed at eliminating the existing shortcomings in the legislation on determining the components of cash benefits for calculating pensions for servicemen. ; Стаття присвячена одній із важливих проблем, що виникають у сфері пенсійного забезпечення військовослужбовців, а саме питанню визначення складових частин грошового забезпечення, яке враховується для обчислення військової пенсії. Автор на основі аналізу чинного законодавства, що регулює умови й порядок пенсійного забезпечення військовослужбовців, а також матеріалів судової практики виокремлює низку аспектів означеної проблеми, які можуть негативно впливати на розмір майбутньої пенсії. Зокрема, досліджується структура грошового забезпечення, що враховується для обчислення пенсії, і робиться висновок, що вона відмінна від структури грошового забезпечення для поточної щомісячної виплати військовослужбовцям за окремими елементами. З'ясовано, що до таких елементів не належать одноразові додаткові види грошового забезпечення. Розглядаються види грошового забезпечення, з яких сплачується єдиний внесок на загальнообов'язкове державне соціальне страхування як одна з умов їх урахування для обчислення пенсії. Робиться висновок, що базою нарахування єдиного внеску є повне нараховане військовослужбовцю грошове забезпечення. Окрему увагу приділено визначенню додаткових видів грошового забезпечення, що враховуються для обчислення пенсії. Підкреслюється, що їх перелік встановлюється постановами Кабінету Міністрів України, а також відомчими нормативно-правовими актами. Аналізується норма Закону № 2262-XII, в якій визначені додаткові види грошового забезпечення, з котрих обчислюється пенсія, а також судова практика, розглядаючи яку, автор звертає увагу на неоднакове тлумачення цієї норми, що вказує на її проблемний характер. У результаті проведеного дослідження сформульовано важливі висновки й пропозиції, які спрямовані на усунення наявних у законодавстві недоліків щодо визначення складових частин грошового забезпечення для обчислення пенсій військовослужбовцям.

Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis terkait dengan pengaturan pembentukan produk hukum daerah tentang peninjauan tarif retribusi. Berdasarkan sudut pandang sudut pandang asas contrarius actus dalam hukum administrasi maka asas ini dapat didefinisikan sebagai kewenangan yang melekat pada badan atau pejabat tata usaha negara untuk menerbitkan keputusan tata usaha negara dapat juga membatalkan putusan tersebut. Asas contrarius actus merupakan tradisi hukum romawi yang memberi wewenang kepada pemerintah untuk menarik kembali keputusan/peraturan yang dibuatnya dengan ketentuan bahwa penarikan keputusan/peraturan tersebut dilakukan oleh lembaga yang membuatnya. Namun ketentuan Pasal 155 ayat (3) UU No. 28 Tahun 2009 mengatur terhadap Penetapan tarif Retribusi dapat ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Kepala Daerah yang semestinya berdasarkan pengaturan Penetapan tarif Retribusi diatur melalui Peraturan Daerah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian normatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik studi dokumen dan teknik wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan berdasarkan tata cara pembentukan undang-undang maka harus berpedoman pada Stufentheory (Hierarki Norma Hukum) sehingga ketentuan Pasal 155 ayat (3) UU No. 28 Tahun 2009 tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan pada UU Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan dengan berpedoman pada asas Lex Superior derogat legi inforiori. Terkait akibat hukum atas penetapan peninjauan tarif retribusi daerah melalui peraturan kepala daerah peninjauan tarif retribusi daerah dalam hal besarnya tarif retribusi yang telah ditetapkan dalam Peraturan Daerah perlu disesuaikan karena biaya penyediaan layanan cukup besar dan/atau besarnya tarif tidak efektif lagi untuk mengendalikan permintaan layanan tersebut harus dilakukan melalui mekanisme perubahan atau pergantian melalui Peraturan Daerah. The purpose of this study was to analyze related to the regulation of the formation of regional legal products regarding the review of retribution rates. Based on the point of view of the contrarius actus principle in administrative law, this principle can be defined as the authority attached to the state administrative body or official to issue state administrative decisions and can also cancel the decision. The principle of contrarius actus is a Roman legal tradition that gives the government the authority to withdraw the decisions/regulations it has made with the stipulation that the withdrawal of the decision/regulation is carried out by the institution that made it. However, the provisions of Article 155 paragraph (3) of Law no. 28 of 2009 stipulates that the levy rate determination can be determined by a regional head regulation which should be based on the levy rate setting regulated through a regional regulation. The research method used is a normative research method. Data collection techniques using document study techniques and interview techniques. The results of the study show that the formation of legislation based on the procedures for the formation of laws must be guided by Stufentheory (Hierarchy of Legal Norms) so that the provisions of Article 155 paragraph (3) of Law no. 28 of 2009 does not conflict with the provisions of the Law on the Formation of Legislation by referring to the principle of Lex Superior derogat legi infooriori. Regarding the legal consequences of determining the review of regional retribution rates through a regional head regulation, the review of regional retribution rates in terms of the amount of levy rates that have been stipulated in the Regional Regulations needs to be adjusted because the cost of providing services is quite large and/or the tariffs are no longer effective in controlling the demand for these services. carried out through the mechanism of change or replacement through Regional Regulations.