Suchergebnisse

The Kurdish population in South-Eastern Turkey has been heavily subject to a widespread policy of state-sponsored and state-performed violence, with the predominant strategy being that of enforced disappearances. Those targeted by state agents as enemies and subsequently forcibly disappeared tend to be predominantly male, while their wives and mothers are left behind, often tortured, harassed and threatened, however rarely kidnapped. This international crime distorts traditional family roles and relations and leaves women in a particularly vulnerable position due to the gender-biased realities which isolate men as victims of this particular crime. Remarkably, the struggle to find the remains of the disappeared often becomes the sole priority of these women who therein enter public arenas in search for their loved ones. What this paper wishes to examine is this kind of (assisted) agency of Kurdish wives and mothers of the disappeared, its presentation, interpretation, acceptance by the European Court of Human Rights, and the lessons it transmits about women's experiences of conflict.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIÇalakiyên dayikan li ber Dadgeha Mafên Mirovan a Ewropayê: Hesasiyeta cinsiyetê beramber dayik û jinên kurd di de'wayên bêserûşûnkirinan deGelê kurd ê başûr-rojhilatê Tirkiyeyê bi giranî ketiye ber pêleke siyaseta şideta bi piştgirî û kiryara dewletê, ku tê de stratejiya serekî bêserûşûnkirinên bi darê zorê bûye. Ewên wek dijmin dibine armanca bikerên dewletê û paşê jî bi zorî têne bêserûşûnkirin bi piranî mêr in, û jin û dayikên wan ên mayî gelek caran tûşî şkenceyê dibin û dikevine ber gefan lê kêm caran têne revandin. Ev tawana navneteweyî rol e têkiliyên edetî yên nav malbatê têk dibe û jinan di nav rewşeke pir nazik de dihêle ji ber rastiyên di lehyê cinsê mêran de ku mêran wek tenya mexdûrên vê tawanê didine xuyakirinê. Girîng e bê dîtin ku têkoşîna peydakirina bermayên bêserûşûnkiriyan gelek caran dibe tenya xem û pêşaniya van jinên ku bi vî rengî têne nav meydanên giştî li pey hezkiriyên xwe. Ev meqale berê xwe dide lêkolîna vê cureyê bikeriya (arîkarîkirî) ya jin û dayikên kurd ên bêserûşûnkiriyan, li temsîl, şirove û wergirtina wan ji aliyê Dadgeha Ewropayê bo Mafên Mirovan, û dersên ku ew li ser tecrubeyên jinan ên derheq şer û dubendiyan de vediguhêzin.ABSTRACT IN SORANIÇalakwanîy dayikan le berdem Dadgay Mafî Mirovî Ewrupî da: Hestewerîy cenderîy le hember dayikanî û jinanî kurd le naw keysgelî şwênbizirkirdinî be zor daDanîştuwanî kurdî başurî rojhellatî Turkiya gelêk be dijwarî kirawnete amancî tundûtîjîy ke le layen dewlletewe parey bo dabîn dekirêt û le layen dewlletîşewe encam dedirêt. Stratîjîy serekîy ew tundûtîjîyeş brîtiye le şwênbizirkirdinî be zor. Ew kesaney ke le layen ecêntekanî debinewe weku dujmin dekrêne amanc û dwatirîş be zor şwênbizir dekrên zorbeyan nêrînen, le katêk da ke hawser û daykanyan piştgwê dexirên, gelêk caran eşkence dedrên, sûkayetîyan pê dekirêt û herreşeyan lê dekirêt, bellam kemcar derrifênrên. Em tawane cîhanîye roll û peywendîye nerîtîyekanî naw xêzan têkdedat û jinan dexate ḧalletêkî fre naskewe, eweyş be hoy ew rasteqîne pêşbirryarîye cenderîyaneweye ke piyawan weku qurbanîyanî em tawane taybete dadebirrên. Ewey serincrrakêşe eweye ke xebat bo dozînewey şwênbizirkrawan xallî le pêşîneye bo ew jinaney ke le pênawî dozînewey xoşewîstekanyan da dêne naw erêna giştiyekanewe. Ewey ke em meqaleye deyewêt be taqî katewe ke bikerîy (yarîkirawekanî) jinanî û daykanî be şwênbizirkirawanî kurd çonahî le layen dadgay Ewrûpîy Mafekanî Mirovewe nîşan dedirên, lêk dedirênewe û qibûll dekirên û herweha ew wananey derbarey ezmûnî jinan le buwarî şerr da ke pexşyan dekat.

This study investigates the following questions: How do microcredit programs contribute to the formation of social capital, poverty alleviation, and empowerment of women in market rationality? What particular kinds of norms and values do microcredit programs nurture through the operation and management of credit? How do microcredit programs maximize the recovery of loans from the poor clients? How and under what contexts do rural women get involved in microcredit programs, and how do they negotiate the changes to traditions and values in coping with these interventions? Following the ethnographic research approach, this study explores these fundamental questions by employing in-depth interviews, case studies, and direct observations as data collection tools. The Foucaultian notions of disciplinary technologies (Foucault, 1977a) and governmentality (1991) have been applied as a theoretical framework to analyze the policies and strategies of microcredit programs of Grameen Bank and BRAC—two leading NGOs in Bangladesh—against the background of neoliberalism. This study reveals that Grameen Bank and BRAC offer credit by getting poor client women to form self-selected groups, which is a governmental strategy to reduce the transaction cost. Moreover, microcredit programs have reinforced the existing social relationships and utilized the social capital generated by the poor women themselves in order to check the moral hazards of the clients. The loan delivery and operational mechanism appears to have reinforced the existing social inequality along class and gendered lines rather than bridging the gap through the productive management of credit. It is also evident that microcredit programs have disciplined poor clients through the imposition of stringent rules and regulations, which subordinate them to the NGO mandates – in which processes groups, deposit books, and permanent residents act as surveillance for the timely repayment of loan from the poor clients. It also indicates that discipline is more effective on women than men, given the social and cultural contexts of the poor women in rural Bangladesh. Microcredit has even reached untapped rural areas, where NGOs have come to compete between themselves with their 'home service' loan, hoping to cash-in on the poverty of poor women. Thus, the commercialization of microcredit programs reflects the stark reality of the social context in rural Bangladesh due to longstanding poverty and a lack of organizations offering financial services to the poor without the so-called collateral free concept. As a result, the commercial nature of the programs has failed to function as an effective empowering mechanism for women, and has also failed to challenge the patriarchal social structure. Furthermore, microcredit programs appear to have no significant effect in elevating women's social, economic and political agency to a level that could be effective for improving the intra-household gender relations and raising their status in the community and in broader society. Rather, the conjugal bliss has turned into conflicting relations due to repayment pressure. Moreover, most of the women belonging to different income groups are found to have not used credit money in productive activities. Therefore, misallocation of credit appears to have been detrimental to the alleviation of poverty of the clients. The only positive effects have been found in the smoothing of consumption for some groups in the upper- and middle- income poor. Credit is found to have been effective in addition to the existing asset base as well as investing credit in income generation projects. It is therefore debt-burden and risk that binds the clients into a vicious loan-and-repayment cycle rather than alleviating their poverty. However, microcredit has been a political strategy of neoliberal governmentality that subordinates poor women into NGO discipline and fosters the global agenda of neoliberalism at the grassroots level in Bangladesh by ensnaring poor women into formal credit practices through their entry into financial market.

[spa] La presente tesis aborda el tema de la identidad femenina y las relaciones de poder que la determinan en los relatos de Luisa Valenzuela. Se analizan dos grupos de relatos de la autora que subvierten los modelos dominantes y opresivos de la feminidad. El primer grupo abarca las reescrituras de los cuentos de hadas, mientras el segundo trata la construcción de la feminidad en el ambiente de la última dictadura militar argentina. Los dos grupos de relatos presentan una suerte de crítica respecto a la formación discursiva de la mujer como sujeto. La tesis presenta en los capítulos introductorios varios problemas teóricos que se reflejan en la obra ensayística y narrativa de Valenzuela. Se analizan las relaciones entre el posmodernismo, el posestructuralismo y el feminismo, especialmente en lo que concierne al problema del sujeto femenino. También se presentan las teorías de Luce Irigaray y Hélène Cixous sobre la escritura femenina que guardan muchas similitudes con las de Valenzuela. Estas autoras realizan ante todo el análisis deconstructivo del discurso psicoanalítico sobre la sexualidad femenina y la señalan como el lugar de la represión discursiva falocéntrica, pero también como el instrumento de la conquista de la libertad. Las dos teorizan sobre un lenguaje femenino, a veces fundándose en ciertas ideas esencialistas sobre la identidad femenina. El concepto clave en la poética de Valenzuela es el de "escribir con el cuerpo". Valenzuela se reafirma en la existencia de una escritura específicamente femenina, que tiene su origen en una sexualidad y experiencia históricas únicas de la mujer. Escribir con el cuerpo significa oponerse a la unión del logos con la cultura falocéntrica, hablar desde una posición de marginalización de las mujeres en la cultura y la sociedad patriarcales. Los cuentos de hadas de Perrault y de los hermanos Grimm representan un tipo de discurso marcadamente falocéntrico y las reescrituras de la autora sirven para deconstruir la arbitrariedad sociocultural que está en base de los textos que pretenden presentarse como transcendentales y cercanos a la mitología, el folklore y los contenidos universales de la psique humana. Se trata de la crítica de los modos más sutiles de la normativización del sujeto femenino a través de las ideas de la belleza, la virtud, la humildad y la pasividad de las heroínas, en contraste con las brujas y las madrastras. Las rescrituras de Valenzuela devuelven la voz narrativa a las heroínas y subvierten las dicotomías entre las construcciones normativas y estigmatizadas de la feminidad. Los relatos que tratan la vida de las mujeres bajo la dictadura militar argentina comparten algunas características importantes con las reescrituras de los cuentos de hadas, pero también presentan diferencias importantes que exigen otro tipo de análisis y una contextualización sociohistórica adicional. El libro de Diane Taylor, Disappearing Acts: Spectacles of Gender and Nationalism in Argentina's "Dirty War", analiza las estrategias discursivas y performativas de la propaganda oficial del régimen dictatorial a partir de las ideas posestructuralistas y proporciona instrumentos críticos muy importantes para acercarse a este grupo de relatos. Taylor demuestra de qué manera los discursos y las prácticas autoritarias militares participaron en la construcción simbólica de la feminidad. El "relato maestro" de la dictadura argentina exhibe características más siniestras que los cuentos de hadas, puesto que presenta a las mujeres no sumisas como un Otro deshumanizado, lo que justifica los castigos más brutales. Los dos grupos de relatos analizados en la tesis expanden la idea de la identidad femenina más allá de su construcción dominante. La liberación femenina se persigue principalmente a través de la reapropiación del lenguaje; las heroínas toman la voz narrativa para oponerse a las narraciones canónicas que crean y oprimen a los sujetos femeninos. Valenzuela no propone ningún modelo hegemónico de la feminidad, más bien quiere ampliar el horizonte de las posibilidades para la mujer a través de la subversión de los discursos y las estructuras sociales dominantes. ; [eng] This thesis attempts to analyze from a feminist perspective the concept of female identity and the depiction of power relations in selected stories of the Argentinian writer Luisa Valenzuela. The study aims to show in which ways the author subverts oppressive models of femininity created in canonical fairy tales which she is rewriting, as well as the manner in which some of her stories denounce the construction of femininity during the last Argentinian dictatorship. In her essays, Luisa Valenzuela has developed a theory about the specificity of women's writing and the role of a woman in subversion of existing social, cultural and political orders. I tried to establish a theoretical framework about female identity with regard to poststructuralist theories of the subject and their relations to feminism. I also presented the ideas of French feminists, Luce Irigaray and Helene Cixous, about women's writing and female desire which bear a strong resemblance to the ideas developed by Valenzuela. Moving between poststructuralism and essentialism, Valenzuela's poetics and politics propose the idea of a woman as a privileged subject of social change, deriving the strength from her historical oppression. She is thus able to reinvent her identity in a freer manner than a man, and even able to access the obscure knowledge, suppressed by the dominant, falogocentric culture. In her rewritings of fairy tales, Valenzuela tries to subvert the traditional discourse about femininity. The tales of Perrault and Grimm created the normative model of femininity, in accordance with the social conception of appropriate women's behavior of their time. As such, this literary tradition is reflecting and further establishing the patriarchal oppression of women. The traditional heroines of fairy tales have no voice of their own, are submissive, passive and obedient, their primary ambition being to get married. The narrative voice is omniscient, and the very specific, falocentric view is presented as a universal, objective truth. Valenzuela's rewritings give voice back to women, subvert the dichotomies between normative and stigmatized constructions of femininity, and give agency and autonomy to the heroines who take charge of their destinies. Valenzuela also subverts dominant discourses of femininity in her stories about the ultimate Argentinian dictatorship. The grand narrative of the dictatorial regime constructs femininity as fragile and submissive. These stories describe physical abuse in conjunction with symbolic acts of gendered oppression and as such exhibit more obvious modes of control of women and their bodies and identities, but also denounce the more subtle, discursive and performative ways by which the regime enforces femininity to their political enemies as a means of degrading them. The question of female sexuality and of writing with the body obtains special meaning in this sociohistorical context. The bodies that write are to be interpreted as tortured, abused and stigmatized bodies and are conceptualized as parts of discursive and performative reality rather than natural bodies who try to subvert the system by their connection with mythical or ahistorical essence. The two groups of stories analyzed in the thesis subvert the dominant, falogocentric discourses of femininity and expand the idea of a female identity beyond its canonical production. The main proposition of Valenzuela's stories is reappropriation of female language, primarily by giving the narrative voice to the heroines who challenge the traditional and dominant narratives by which the female subjects are constructed and subjugated. She does not aim to create any hegemonic model of femininity but rather to question the existing social structures and discourses which stand on a woman's way to liberation.

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Part I. The Structure of Professional Sports -- Chapter 1.Cooperation Amidst Competition: The Nature of Sport Leagues / Nathaniel Sampson and Gerard C.S. Mildner ; Why League Cooperation Is Necessary ; Downside of Cooperation ; Organized Baseball: Evolution of a Cartel ; Antitrust Law Interpretations and Baseball ; Antitrust and Other Leagues: Are All Sports Equal? ; Effect of Public Policy on the Balance of Power ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 2. Beyond the Major Leagues: Lessons from the Organization of International Sports / Gerard C.S. Mildner ; Organization of Soccer, the World Sport ; Women's Soccer: The Trial of a Single-Entity League ; Rugby: The Contest over Professionalism, Nations, and Clubs ; Cricket: The Broadcaster's Leagues ; Lessons for American Sports ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 3. Why Professional Athletes Make So Much Money / Zenon X. Zygmont ; The NHL's Missing Season ; Wage Determination in Professional Sports ; Free Agency ; Evaluating Player Productivity ; Is it Possible to Pay too Much? ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Part II. Professional Sports, Cities, and Public Finance -- Chapter 4. Economic Impact of Sport Stadiums, Teams and Events / Charles A. Santo ; Public Cost of Big-Time Sports ; Economic Magnitude of Sports in Perspective ; Promoting Sport Investment Through Economic Impact Analysis ; Sources of Exaggeration in Economic Impact Analysis ; Ex Post Facto Empirical Evaluations ; Policy Implications on Predicted Economic Impacts ; Conclusion -- Chapter 5. Cities, Stadiums, and Subsidies: Why Cities Spend So Much on Sports / Charles A. Santo ; Evolution of Major League Sport Facility Development ; Political Economy of Sport Facility Development ; Importance of Consumption Benefits ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 6. Community Ownership of Professional Sport Teams and the Role of Social Entrepreneurship / Dorothy Norris-Tirrell and Susan Tomlinson Schmidt ; Identifying Community Ownership Alternatives ; Using the Nonprofit-Charitable Purpose Structure: The Memphis Redbirds Baseball ; Foundation ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Part III. Amateur Athletics, Participation, and Public Health -- Chapter 7. Influences of Urban Form on Physical Activity / Jennifer Dill and Lynn Weigand ; Importance and Decline of Physical Activity in the United States ; How Urban Growth Has Made Us Less Active ; Public Policies to Increase Physical Activity ; Do These Strategies Work? ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 8. MLB's Mixed Messages: African American Participation in Baseball / David C. Ogden ; Myth and Semiotics ; Analyzing MLB's Messages ; Moving from Political Speech to Myth ; Challenging Myth ; Policy Implications for Myth Making ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 9.Contradictions and Conflicts: Ethical Dilemmas Inherent in Big-Time College Sports / Richard Southall, Mark S. Nagel, John Amis,and Crystal Southall ; College Sports Today ; National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ; Corporatization in College Sports ; Institutional Logics ; Case Study: 2006 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament Broadcasts ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 10. Sport, Doping, and Public Policy / Bryan E. Denham ; Mediated Doping Representations and the Formation of Public Policy ; Sporting Competition and the Formation of Regulatory Bodies ; Media Representations, Government Hearings, and Public Policy in the 21st Century ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Part IV. Sports and Globalization -- Chapter 11. Political Economy of the Olympic Games / Gregory Andranovich, Matthew J. Burbank, and Charles H. Heying ; Globalization, the New Economy, and Political Economy ; Political Economy and the Olympic Games ; Los Angeles: The Market Matters Most ; Atlanta: The State Matters Most ; Mexico City: Civil Society Matters Most ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 12. American Baseball and the Global Labor Market: Resistance and Hegemony in the Caribbean / Charles A. Santo ; Globalization of American Professional Baseball ; Shared History and Parallel Development of Caribbean Baseball ; Dominican Dependency, Underdevelopment, and Exploitation ; Cuban Nationalism and Resistance ; Movement Along the Spectrum ; Future Trends ; Conclusion -- Chapter 13. Expanding Global Consumer Market for American Sports: The World Baseball Classic / Mark S. Nagel, Matt T. Brown, Dan A. Rascher, and Chad D. McEvoy ; Baseball's Worldwide Development ; The Consumption of MLB in the United States ; The Creation of the World Baseball Classic ; World Baseball Classic Revenue Sources ; Future Trends ; Conclusion.

On July 31, 2018, Buenos Aires's subway system was overtaken by a public intervention under the name "Operación Araña," co-organized by Ni Una Menos — a feminist social movement focused on gender violence —, the Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe, and Free Abortion, unionized metro workers, and more than seventy organizations, with the overall intention of affirming women's autonomy and calling attention to several social issues with direct impact on their lives. This study weaves a series of reflections on some of the specific features of the Operación Araña intervention that can shed light on how and why the new feminist wave in Argentina has gained such momentum while gauging its impact on redefining what we understand as activism. Drawing from Judith Butler's notions on the performative political potential of the assembly (Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly, 2015), this article unveils the various forms of embodied resistance staged in the public space by this new surge of activists, popularly called the "green tide" after the color identifying the Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe, and Free Abortion. In claiming a unique and radical performative space wherein to exercise agency and display new forms of organization, the green tide also has by the same token laid claim to a reconfigured public space conducive to new forms of sociality and the preservation of all lives. ; El 31 de julio de 2018, el subte de Buenos Aires fue tomado por una intervención pública bajo el nombre de "Operación Araña", coorganizada por Ni Una Menos — un movimiento social feminista enfocado en la violencia de género — la Campaña por el Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito, miembros del sindicato del metro y más de setenta organizaciones, con la intención de afirmar la autonomía de las mujeres y hacer visible una serie de cuestiones sociales con impacto directo en sus vidas. Este ensayo entreteje un conjunto de reflexiones sobre algunos de los rasgos específicos de la intervención que pueden iluminar cómo y por qué esta nueva marea feminista ha conseguido tanto ímpetu mientras redefine lo que entendemos por activismo. Inspirado en las nociones de Judith Butler sobre el potencial político performativo de la asamblea (Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly, 2015), este ensayo revela las distintas formas de resistencia encarnada en los cuerpos de esta nueva ola de activistas que ocuparon el espacio público, la así llamada "marea verde" por el color que identifica a la Campaña por el Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito. Al reclamar un espacio performativo único y radical en el que para ejercer la agencia y desplegar nuevas formas de organización, la "marea verde" ha conseguido reclamar al mismo tiempo una reconfiguración del espacio público que conduzca a nuevas formas de sociabilidad y a la preservación de todas las vidas. ; No 31 de julho de 2018, o metrô de Buenos Aires foi tomado pela intervenção performática Operación Araña, organizada pelo movimento social feminista focado na violência de género Ni una Menos, uma campanha pelo aborto legal, livre e gratuito por membros do sindicato do metrô, e mais de 70 organizações, com os intuitos de garantir a autonomia das mulheres e tornar visíveis questões sociais que têm impacto direto sobre suas vidas. O ensaio entrelaça um conjunto de reflexões acerca de algumas das características da intervenção a fim de esclarecer como e por que essa nova onda feminista tem alcançado grande ímpeto a ponto de redefinir o próprio conceito de ativismo. Inspirado nas noções de Judith Butler sobre o potencial político performativo da assembleia (Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly, 2015), o ensaio expõe as diferentes formas de resistência encarnadas nos corpos dessa nova onda de ativistas que ocuparam o espaço público. Ao reclamar um espaço radical performativo no qual podem exercer agência e desenvolver novas formas de organização, a maré verde tem conseguido exigir uma reconfiguração do espaço público capaz de levar a novas formas de sociabilidade e à preservação de todas as vidas.

Objective To identify the genetic determinants of fracture risk and assess the role of 15 clinical risk factors on osteoporotic fracture risk. DESIGN Meta-analysis of genome wide association studies (GWAS) and a two-sample mendelian randomisation approach. Setting 25 cohorts from Europe, United States, east Asia, and Australia with genome wide genotyping and fracture data. Participants A discovery set of 37 857 fracture cases and 227 116 controls; with replication in up to 147 200 fracture cases and 150 085 controls. Fracture cases were defined as individuals (>18 years old) who had fractures at any skeletal site confirmed by medical, radiological, or questionnaire reports. Instrumental variable analyses were performed to estimate effects of 15 selected clinical risk factors for fracture in a twosample mendelian randomisation framework, using the largest previously published GWAS meta-analysis of each risk factor. Results Of 15 fracture associated loci identified, all were also associated with bone mineral density and mapped to genes clustering in pathways known to be critical to bone biology (eg, SOST, WNT16, and ESR1) or novel pathways (FAM210A, GRB10, and ETS2). Mendelian randomisation analyses showed a clear effect of bone mineral density on fracture risk. One standard deviation decrease in genetically determined bone mineral density of the femoral neck was associated with a 55% increase in fracture risk (odds ratio 1.55 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.63; P=1.5×10?68). Hand grip strength was inversely associated with fracture risk, but this result was not significant after multiple testing correction. The remaining clinical risk factors (including vitamin D levels) showed no evidence for an effect on fracture. Con clusions This large scale GWAS meta-analysis for fracture identified 15 genetic determinants of fracture, all of which also influenced bone mineral density. Among the clinical risk factors for fracture assessed, only bone mineral density showed a major causal effect on fracture. Genetic predisposition to lower levels of vitamin D and estimated calcium intake from dairy sources were not associated with fracture risk. ; Funding: This research and the Genetic Factors for Osteoporosis (GEFOS) consortium have been funded by the European Commission (HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS). AGES: NIH contract N01- AG-12100 and NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). Icelandic Heart Association. Anglo-Australasian Osteoporosis Genetics Consortium (AOGC): National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (grant reference 511132). Australian Cancer Research Foundation and Rebecca Cooper Foundation (Australia). National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Career Development Award (569807). Medical Research Council New Investigator Award (MRC G0800582). Health Research Council of New Zealand. Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and Roche. National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, MBF Living Well foundation, the Ernst Heine Family Foundation and from untied educational grants from Amgen, Eli Lilly International, GE-Lunar, Merck Australia, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis Australia and Servier. Medical Research Council UK and Arthritis Research UK. The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the Geelong Region Medical Research Foundation, and the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (project grant 628582). Action Research UK. DME is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT130101709). This work was supported by a Medical Research Council programme grant (MC_UU_12013/4). B-Vitamins for the PRevention Of Osteoporotic Fractures (BPROOF) study: supported and funded so far by The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant 6130.0031), The Hague; unrestricted grant from NZO (Dutch Dairy Association), Zoetermeer; Orthica, Almere; Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing (NCHA) Leiden/Rotterdam; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project KB-15-004-003), The Hague; Wageningen University, Wageningen; VUmc, Amsterdam; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS): National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants U01HL080295, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, and R01HL130114 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from the National Institute on Ageing (NIA). Genotyping supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR000124, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center (DRC) grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. deCODE Genetics. EPIC-Norfolk: Medical Research Council G9321536 and G9800062, MAFF AN0523, EU FP5 (QLK6-CT-2002-02629), Food Standards Agency N05046, GEFOS EU FP7 Integrated Project Grant Reference: 201865, The UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Grant to Cambridge contributed to the costs of genotyping. Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu (EGCUT): This study was supported by EU H2020 grants 692145, 676550, 654248, Estonian Research Council Grant IUT20-60, NIASC and EIT—Health and EU through the European Regional Development Fund (project No 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012 GENTRANSMED). Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF): Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Erasmus University Medical Centre, the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB1 and CMSB2) of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI). Framingham Osteoporosis Study (FOS): National Institute for Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and National Institute on Ageing (R01 AR41398; DPK and R01 AR 050066; DK National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix for genotyping services (N02-HL-6-4278). The Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinan Study (GOOD): Swedish Research Council (K2010-54X-09894-19-3, 2006-3832 and K2010-52X-20229-05-3), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, Lundberg Foundation, Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Västra Götaland Foundation, Göteborg Medical Society, Novo Nordisk Foundation, and European Commission grant HEALTH-F2-2008- 201865-GEFOS. Health Aging and Body Composition Study (HealthABC): the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Health (NIH), National Institute on Ageing. US National Institute of Ageing (NIA) contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103, and N01AG62106. NIA grant 1R01AG032098. The Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). National Institutes of Health contract number HHSN268200782096C. Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study (HKOS): Hong Kong Research Grant Council (HKU 768610M); Bone Health Fund of HKU Foundation; KC Wong Education Foundation; Small Project Funding (201007176237); Matching Grant, Committee on research and conference (CRCG) Grant and Osteoporosis and Endocrine Research Fund; and the Genomics Strategic Research Theme of the University of Hong Kong. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The following institutes provide support: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institute on Ageing (NIA), National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), and National Institute of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AR45580, U01 AR45614, U01 AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01 AR45654, U01 AR45583, U01 AG18197, U01-AG027810, and UL1 RR024140. Prospective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk (PROSPER): European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No HEALTH-F2-2009-223004 PHASE. Rotterdam study I, Rotterdam study II, Rotterdam study III: Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) Investments (No 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012); Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2); Netherlands Genomics Initiative/Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (050-060-810); German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology under grants #01 AK 803 A-H and # 01 IG 07015 G. the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development ZonMw VIDI 016.136.367 (funding FR, CM-G, KT). Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF): supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The National Institute on Ageing (NIA) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) provides support under the following grant numbers: R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, R01 AG027576, and R01 AG026720. TwinsUK1, TwinsUK2: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (grant to Guys' and St Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London); Chronic Disease Research Foundation; Wellcome Trust; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Fonds de la Recherche en Santé Québec, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, and Ministère du Développement économique, de l'Innovation et de l'Exportation du Quebec. UK Biobank: This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application No 12703). Access to the UK Biobank study data was funded by a University of Queensland Early Career Researcher Grant (2014002959). Access to the UK Biobank study data was funded by University of Queensland Early Career Researcher Grant (2014002959) and University of Western Australia-University of Queensland Bilateral Research Collaboration Award (2014001711). NMW is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (APP1104818). Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS): HL 043851 and HL69757 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and CA 047988 from the National Cancer Institute, the Donald W Reynolds Foundation, and the Fondation Leducq Amgen. Women's Health Initiative (WHI) program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts N01WH22110, 24152, 32100-2, 32105-6, 32108-9, 32111-13, 32115, 32118-32119, 32122, 42107-26, 42129-32, and 44221. Young Finns study (YFS): has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284 (TL), 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi); the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere, Turku and Kuopio University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; and Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association; and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS). Barcelona cohort osteoporosis (BARCOS): Red de Envejecimiento y fragilidad RETICEF, CIBERER, Instituto Carlos III. Fondos FEDER. Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PI13/00116). Spanish MINECO (SAF2014-56562-R), Catalan Government (2014SGR932). Austrios-A, Austrios-B: was supported by BioPersMed (COMET K project 825329), and the Competence Center CBmed (COMET K1 centre 844609), funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT) and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour/ the Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth (BMWA/BMWFJ) and the Styrian Business Promotion Agency (SFG). Cantabria-Camargo study (Cabrio-C), Cantabria osteoporosis case-control study (Cabrio-CC): Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias Grants PI 06/34,PI09/539, PI12/615 and PI15/521 (that could be cofunded by European Union-FEDER funds). Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study (CAIFOS): Healthway Health Promotion Foundation of Western Australia, Australasian Menopause Society and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant (254627, 303169 and 572604). Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos): was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) (grant No MOP111103). JBR and JAM are funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Fonds du Recherche Québec Santé, and Jewish General Hospital. Edinburgh Osteoporosis Study (EDOS): was supported by a grant from Arthritis Research UK (grant number 15389). European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS): EU Biomed 1 (BMHICT920182, CIPDCT925012, ERBC1PDCT 940229, ERBC1PDCT930105), Medical Research Council G9321536 and G9800062, Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Initiative 1995, MAFF AN0523,EU FP5 (QLK6-CT-2002-02629), Food Standards Agency N05046, GEFOS EU FP7 Integrated Project Grant Reference: 201865. The UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Grant to Cambridge contributed to the costs of genotyping. Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GEOS): Canadian Institutes for health research operating grant funding reference #86748. Genetic analysis of osteoporosis in Greece (GROS): University of Athens, Greece (Kapodistrias 2009). Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS): supported by Medical Research Council UK; Arthritis Research UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Musculoskeletal BRU Oxford; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nutrition BRC Southampton. Hong Kong: The projects have been supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust, VC discretionary fund of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Research Grants Council Earmarked Grant CUHK4101/02M. Korean osteoporosis study in Asan Medical Center (KorAMC): a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (project No HI14C2258); a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (project No HI15C0377). Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA): largely supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long term Care. MINOS study was supported by a grant from the Merck-Sharp-Dohme Chibret company. Malta osteoporotic fracture study (MOFS): financial support was received from the European Union Strategic Educational Pathways Scholarhip scheme (STEPS). The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Sweden: financial support was received from the Swedish Research Council (K2010- 54X-09894-19-3, 2006-3832), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, Lundberg Foundation, Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Västra Götaland Foundation, Göteborg Medical Society, Novo Nordisk foundation, and European Commission grant HEALTH-F2-2008- 201865-GEFOS. Odense androgen study (OAS): World Anti-Doping Agency, Danish Ministry of Culture, Institute of Clinical Research of the University of Southern Denmark. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Slovenia (Slo-preval): was created as part of projects financially supported by the Slovenian research agency: P3-298 Geni, Hormoni in osebnostne spremembe pri hormonskih motnjah; Z1-3238: Genski in okoljski dejavniki tveganja za razvoj motnje pri remodellaciji kosti; J2-3314 Genetski faktorji in hormoni pri presnovnih boleznih; and J3-2330 Genetski dejavniki pri osteoporozi. TWINGENE: supported in part by the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E9/11); the National Science Foundation (EArly Concept Grants for Exploratory Research: "Workshop for the Formation of a Social Science Genetic Association Consortium," SES-1064089) as supplemented by the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Office of Behavioural and Social Sciences Research; and the National Institute on Ageing/NIH through Grants P01-AG005842, P01-AG005842-20S2, P30-AG012810, and T32-AG000186-23 to the National Bureau of Economic Research. The Swedish Twin Registry is supported by the Swedish Department of Higher Education, European Commission European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE: 7th Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/Grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413; and GenomEUtwin: 5th Framework program "Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources" Grant QLG2-CT-2002-01254); NIH (DK U01-066134); Swedish Research Council (M-2005-1112 and 2009-2298); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (ICA08-0047); Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation; and Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. The Umeå Fracture and Osteoporosis Study (UFO) is supported by the Swedish Research Council (K20006- 72X-20155013), Swedish Sports Research Council (87/06), Swedish Society of Medicine, Kempe-Foundation (JCK-1021), and by grants from the Medical Faculty of Umeå University (ALFVLL:968:22-2005, ALFVL:-937-2006, ALFVLL:223:11-2007, ALFVLL:78151-2009) and county council of Västerbotten (SpjutspetsanslagVLL:159:33-2007). GRW and JHDB were funded by the Wellcome Trust (Strategic Award grant No 101123; Joint Investigator Award No 110141; project grant No 094134). DPK was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases R01 AR041398. The funding agencies had no role in the study design, analysis, or interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang perlindungan anak berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Anak di daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya. Secara aktual perlindungan anak di daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya dapat dikatakan sangat memprihatinkan. Hal tersebut dapat dikatakan demikian karena masih terdapatnya anak-anak yang menjadi penjual koran di perempatan lampu merah Kecamatan Sungai Raya Kabupaten Kubu Raya yang secara teoritis dapat tergolong anak terlantar dan tereksploitasi secara ekonomi, dan tidak ada pergerakan yang signifikan dari pemerintah daerah dalam menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut. Dengan demikian dapatlah disimpulkan bahwa Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Anak ini tidak berjalan dengan baik. Diketahui bahwa penyelenggaraan perlindungan anak di daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya dilakukan sesuai dengan apa yang diatur kedalam Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Anak, yaitu menjalin kerjasama dengan cara berkoordinasi dengan instansi lainnya dalam penyelenggaraan perlindungan anak, sesuai dengan bentuk penanganan kasus anak. Tentunya dalam hal ini terdapat faktor-faktor yang menghambat terealisasinya Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Anak, dan faktor tersebut ialah, kurangnya fasilitas sarana dan prasarana, serta tenaga ahli yang dimiliki oleh instansi terkait dalam penyelenggaraan perlindungan anak di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, kurangnya dana operasional yang dimiliki oleh instansi terkait dalam penyelenggaraan perlindungan anak di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, serta kurangnya pengetahuan hukum yang dapat menimbulkan rasa kesadaran hukum yang dimiliki oleh para pihak terkait yang diatur dalam Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Anak. Dalam hal penyelenggaraan perlindungan anak di daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya, pemerintah daerah setempat telah berupaya dengan membentuk instansi penyelenggara perlindungan anak yaitu Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan, Perlindungan Anak, Pengendalian Penduduk Dan Keluarga Berencana (DP3KB) Kabupaten Kubu Raya, dan Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah (KPAID) Kabupaten Kubu Raya, dan membuat Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Anak, serta bekerja sama dengan semua pihak melalui gugus tugas Kabupaten Layak Anak dan semua pihak terkait untuk bersama-sama menangani permasalahan hak anak sesuai dengan tugas dan fungsinya.Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Anak, Berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah. ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses child protection based on Kubu Raya District Regulation No. 1 of 2016 concerning Child Protection in the Kubu Raya District. Actual protection of children in the Kubu Raya district can be very alarming. It can be said that because there are still children who are sellers of newspapers in the red light intersection of Sungai Raya Subdistrict, Kubu Raya District, which theoretically can be classified as abandoned and economically exploited children, and there is no significant movement from local governments in overcoming these problems . Thus it can be concluded that the Regional Regulation of Kubu Raya Regency Number 1 of 2016 concerning Child Protection is not going well. It is known that the implementation of child protection in Kubu Raya Regency is carried out in accordance with what is regulated in the Kubu Raya District Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Child Protection, namely cooperating by coordinating with other agencies in the implementation of child protection, in accordance with the form of handling child cases . Of course, in this case there are factors that hinder the realization of the Regional Regulation of Kubu Raya District Number 1 of 2016 concerning Child Protection, and these factors are, the lack of facilities and infrastructure, as well as experts possessed by relevant agencies in the implementation of child protection in Kubu Regency. Raya, the lack of operational funds owned by the relevant agencies in the implementation of child protection in Kubu Raya District, as well as a lack of legal knowledge that can lead to a sense of legal awareness held by related parties stipulated in Kubu Raya District Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Child Protection . In terms of organizing child protection in Kubu Raya District, the local government has attempted to establish child protection agencies namely the Women's Empowerment Agency, Child Protection, Kubu Raya Regency Population and Family Planning (DP3KB) Control, and Regional Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAID ) Kubu Raya Regency, and made the Kubu Raya District Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Child Protection, as well as cooperating with all parties through the Eligible District Task Force and all relevant parties to jointly address the issue of children's rights in accordance with their duties and functions.Keywords: Child Protection, Based on Regional Regulations.

Introducción: El artículo presentado forma parte de un estudio más amplio sobre el trabajo en prostitución por mujeres migrantes extranjeras en la provincia de Almería, España. El objetivo particular del artículo es analizar los diferentes discursos de las personas trabajadoras sexuales, que encuentran en esta actividad una estrategia económica frente a la crisis y un medio para alcanzar sus objetivos migratorios, a pesar de las desigualdades sociales que enfrentan.Método: La investigación de carácter etnográfico, se desarrolló en diferentes escenarios de desempeño de la industria sexual (clubes, pisos privados, bares, asentamientos de migrantes y prostitución de calle), entre 2009 y 2012 en el marco del programa de "Reducción de Daños y Promoción de la Salud" de la organización no gubernamental Médicos del Mundo (MDM). Los instrumentos de investigación han sido las entrevistas estandarizada y en profundidad, a las trabajadoras sexuales y la observación en escenarios de la industria sexual, dentro la provincia de Almería.Resultados: La industria sexual en la provincia de Almería la dinamizan mujeres, varones, y transexuales de diversos orígenes -África, Europa y Latinoamérica; siendo mayor la representación del colectivo femenino, el cual acumula una serie de desigualdades sociales que dificultan la inserción laboral en otros sectores productivos de la provincia. Enfrentadas a las duras circunstancias personales y sociales, en las cuales trascurren sus trayectorias migratorias, tengan o no permiso de residencia y trabajo, emplearse en la industria del sexo, dentro de la provincia, constituye también una estrategia de supervivencia para algunas mujeres migrantes extranjeras que no encuentran otra fuente de empleo.Discusión o Conclusión: El estado alegal de la prostitución en algunos países de la Unión Europea, incluyendo España, fomenta la explotación laboral y agudiza la vulnerabilidad de este colectivo. La prostitución no está prohibida ni reconocida como trabajo, por lo tanto, los derechos sociales y laborales de las personas trabajadoras del sexo no son reconocidos, lo que tiene consecuencias directas en otros factores de vulnerabilidad, tales como: la estigmatización, el acoso policial y el aislamiento social. Ocuparse en la industria del sexo: ¿Una estrategia de supervivencia frente a la crisis? Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios, ISSN: 2173-1950, 2016, Vol.6 (2), pp. 269-291. - 271 - Las trabajadoras sexuales son mujeres con capacidad de agencia, con capacidad de transformación, aunque encorsetadas por el estigma social que las margina y excluye. Introduction: The paper presented is part of a larger study on work in prostitution by foreign migrant women in the province of Almeria, Spain. The main objective of this article is to analyze the different discourses of individuals engaged in sex work who use this activity, as an economic strategy and an alternative against financial crisis and means to achieve their immigration goals, despite the social inequalities they face.Method: Ethnographic research, developed in different stages and at different settings where the individuals working on the sex industry perform (clubs, private homes, bars, settlement of migrants and street prostitution), between 2009 and 2012 under the program "Harm Reduction and Health Promotion "of the Non-Governmental Office Doctors of the World. The research instruments were the in-depth and standardized interview with individuals working on the sex industry and observation of different sex industry scenarios within the province of Almeria.Results: The dynamics of the sex industry in the province of Almeria is comprised by women, men, and transgender people from diverse backgrounds-Africa, Europe, and Latin America; however, the greater representation still comes from women's collective, this group accrues a range of social inequalities that hinder employment in other productive sectors of the province. Challenged by the harsh personal and social circumstances in which their migratory paths elapse, with or without residence and or work permits and being employed in the sex industry in the province, also constitutes a survival strategy for some foreign migrant women who have no other source of employment. Alexandra Mª Ríos Marín - 272 - Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios, ISSN: 2173-1950, 2016, Vol.6 (2), pp. 269-291.Discussion or Conclusion: The lawless state of prostitution in some countries of the European Union, including Spain, promotes labor exploitation and increases the vulnerability of this group. Prostitution is not prohibited or recognized as work, therefore, social and labor rights of people working on the sex industry are not recognized, which has direct consequences for other vulnerabilities, such as stigmatization, police harassment, and social isolation. Sex workers are women capable of agency, with processing capacity, though corseted by the social stigma that marginalized and excluded them.

Introducción: El artículo presentado forma parte de un estudio más amplio sobre el trabajo en prostitución por mujeres migrantes extranjeras en la provincia de Almería, España. El objetivo particular del artículo es analizar los diferentes discursos de las personas trabajadoras sexuales, que encuentran en esta actividad una estrategia económica frente a la crisis y un medio para alcanzar sus objetivos migratorios, a pesar de las desigualdades sociales que enfrentan.Método: La investigación de carácter etnográfico, se desarrolló en diferentes escenarios de desempeño de la industria sexual (clubes, pisos privados, bares, asentamientos de migrantes y prostitución de calle), entre 2009 y 2012 en el marco del programa de "Reducción de Daños y Promoción de la Salud" de la organización no gubernamental Médicos del Mundo (MDM). Los instrumentos de investigación han sido las entrevistas estandarizada y en profundidad, a las trabajadoras sexuales y la observación en escenarios de la industria sexual, dentro la provincia de Almería.Resultados: La industria sexual en la provincia de Almería la dinamizan mujeres, varones, y transexuales de diversos orígenes -África, Europa y Latinoamérica; siendo mayor la representación del colectivo femenino, el cual acumula una serie de desigualdades sociales que dificultan la inserción laboral en otros sectores productivos de la provincia. Enfrentadas a las duras circunstancias personales y sociales, en las cuales trascurren sus trayectorias migratorias, tengan o no permiso de residencia y trabajo, emplearse en la industria del sexo, dentro de la provincia, constituye también una estrategia de supervivencia para algunas mujeres migrantes extranjeras que no encuentran otra fuente de empleo.Discusión o Conclusión: El estado alegal de la prostitución en algunos países de la Unión Europea, incluyendo España, fomenta la explotación laboral y agudiza la vulnerabilidad de este colectivo. La prostitución no está prohibida ni reconocida como trabajo, por lo tanto, los derechos sociales y laborales de las personas trabajadoras del sexo no son reconocidos, lo que tiene consecuencias directas en otros factores de vulnerabilidad, tales como: la estigmatización, el acoso policial y el aislamiento social. Ocuparse en la industria del sexo: ¿Una estrategia de supervivencia frente a la crisis? Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios, ISSN: 2173-1950, 2016, Vol.6 (2), pp. 269-291. - 271 - Las trabajadoras sexuales son mujeres con capacidad de agencia, con capacidad de transformación, aunque encorsetadas por el estigma social que las margina y excluye. Introduction: The paper presented is part of a larger study on work in prostitution by foreign migrant women in the province of Almeria, Spain. The main objective of this article is to analyze the different discourses of individuals engaged in sex work who use this activity, as an economic strategy and an alternative against financial crisis and means to achieve their immigration goals, despite the social inequalities they face.Method: Ethnographic research, developed in different stages and at different settings where the individuals working on the sex industry perform (clubs, private homes, bars, settlement of migrants and street prostitution), between 2009 and 2012 under the program "Harm Reduction and Health Promotion "of the Non-Governmental Office Doctors of the World. The research instruments were the in-depth and standardized interview with individuals working on the sex industry and observation of different sex industry scenarios within the province of Almeria.Results: The dynamics of the sex industry in the province of Almeria is comprised by women, men, and transgender people from diverse backgrounds-Africa, Europe, and Latin America; however, the greater representation still comes from women's collective, this group accrues a range of social inequalities that hinder employment in other productive sectors of the province. Challenged by the harsh personal and social circumstances in which their migratory paths elapse, with or without residence and or work permits and being employed in the sex industry in the province, also constitutes a survival strategy for some foreign migrant women who have no other source of employment. Alexandra Mª Ríos Marín - 272 - Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios, ISSN: 2173-1950, 2016, Vol.6 (2), pp. 269-291.Discussion or Conclusion: The lawless state of prostitution in some countries of the European Union, including Spain, promotes labor exploitation and increases the vulnerability of this group. Prostitution is not prohibited or recognized as work, therefore, social and labor rights of people working on the sex industry are not recognized, which has direct consequences for other vulnerabilities, such as stigmatization, police harassment, and social isolation. Sex workers are women capable of agency, with processing capacity, though corseted by the social stigma that marginalized and excluded them.

Eine junge Frau – Hülya – kam als 17jährige auf der Suche nach einem besseren Leben aus der Türkei nach Deutschland; als 31jährige blickt sie zurück. Ihre biographische Fragestellung richtet sich auf ihre Erfahrungen, die sie im Hinblick auf die harten und unmenschlichen Bedingungen der Kontraktarbeit kommentiert. Gleichzeitig verhält sie sich kritisch gegenüber der Alltagsmeinung, dass Leidensprozesse und soziale Probleme die hauptsächlichen Folgen der Arbeitsmigration seien. In unserer analytischen Fragestellung diskutieren wir, wie wir das Interview mit Hülya, ihre Erzählung und Kommentare interpretierten, gerade auch in Bezug auf Alltagsmeinungen, die unkritisch in sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen übernommen werden. Wir suchen nach Begriffen, mit denen Handlungsfähigkeit und Leidensprozesse in biographischen Erzählungen analysiert werden können, ohne eines über das andere zu stellen. Wir beziehen uns auf eine weitere Fallanalyse und das Konzept der "Doppelperspektivität", um zu beschreiben, wie beides, Leidenserfahrungen und auch die Entfaltung eigener Möglichkeiten in biographischen Such- und Reflexionsprozessen bearbeitet werden.

Part One. Emerging Media Trends in Theory and Research Chapter 1. Introduction: Connecting CMC and Social Media Research; Jeremy Harris Lipschultz, Karen Freberg, and Regina Luttrell Chapter 2. Social Media Theories; Carolyn A. Lin and David J. Atkin Chapter 3. Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) and Social Media; Nicky Chang Bi and Ruonan Zhang Chapter 4. Unobtrusive Observational Approaches to Studying the Texting Life of Couples: A Case Study of Interpersonal Conflict; Miriam Brinberg, Rachel Reymann Vanderbilt, and Denise Haunani Solomon Chapter 5. How Social Media Serve As a Super Spreader of Misinformation, Disinformation and Conspiracy Theories Regarding Health Crises; Thomas J. Johnson, Ryan Wallace, and Taeyoung Lee Chapter 6. Global Culture, Power and Health Communication: India Fights Corona On the Battlefield of Social Media Platforms; Deepti Ganapathy Chapter 7. The COVID 19 Infodemic: Algorithmic Gatekeeping, Confirmation Bias, and Social Identity; T. Phillip Madison, Kyun David Kim, and William R. Davie Chapter 8. Mourning Using Social Media: The New Frontier for Death Communication; Jensen Moore Chapter 9. Saving Face: Theorizing Arab Women's Emerging Self-(re)presentations on Instagram; Zoe Hurley Chapter 10. Finding Love Online: An Overview and Future Directions for Research on Online Dating; Brianna L. Lane and David J. Roaché Chapter 11. A Textual Analysis of Online Asexual Representation and Visibility on Reddit; Kyle Webster Chapter 12. Gamification, Tinder-effect and Tinder-fatigue: Dating as a CMC Experience; Olga Solovyeva and Alexander V. Laskin Chapter 13. #MoreLatinosInNews: A Call for Representation; Teresa Puente Chapter 14. News Agenda Setting in Social Media Era: Twitter as Alternative News Source for Citizen Journalism; Yousef Aldaihani and Jae-Hwa Shin Chapter 15. QAnon: The Networks of Misinformation and Conspiracy Theories on Social Media; Shugofa Dastgeer and Rashmi Thapaliya Chapter 16. Emerging Trends in Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media in Sport: Theory & Practice; Frauke Hachtmann Part Two. Social Media and CMC Applied Trends Chapter 17. An examination of influencer-brand relationship: Implications and future directions for influencer marketing; Brandi Watkins Chapter 18. Nano- & Micro-Influencers; Arthur D. Soto-Vásquez and Nadia Jimenez Chapter 19. Influencer Marketing and Consumer Well-Being: From Source Characteristics to Social Media Anxiety and Addiction; Juan Mundel, Jing Yang, and Anan Wan Chapter 20. True Biz Deaf: An exploration of how deaf creators use TikTok; Edward H. Bart IV, Arlinda Boland, Summer Shelton, and Teri Del Rosso Chapter 21. Cancel Culture: A career vulture amongst influencers on social media; Tatiana Schwirblat, Karen Freberg, and Laura Freberg Chapter 22. The Transition of 24/7 Trolls, Bullies, and Intimidation Through Social Media; Sabrina Page Chapter 23. Integrating the Barcelona Principles 3.0 Into Online Gaming Brand Ambassadorships; Kristie Byrum Chapter 24. The Evolution of Social Media Management as Professional Practice; Karen Sutherland Chapter 25. Social Media Practices of Independent Sports Podcasters; Matthew P. Taylor Chapter 26. Healthcare and Aging Adults: Building Beneficial Relationships through Social Media; Elise Assaf Chapter 27: Schools' use of social media for multicultural community engagement: A case study of Facebook use by government schools in Australia; Lauren Gorfinkel and Tanya Muscat Part Three. New Communication Technologies, Directions in Theory and Practice Chapter 28. When AI Meets IoT: AioT; Adrienne A. Wallace Chapter 29. Excellence In Digital Storytelling: Exploring How Best Practices Are Embraced By Professional Communicators; Ashika Theyyil Chapter 30. Digital Misinformation & Disinformation: The Global War of Words; Jeongwon Yang and Regina Luttrell Chapter 31. Algorithms, Analytics, and Metrics: Is Audience Interaction Reshaping Algorithmic Gatekeeping in the Marketplace of Attention?; Heidi A. Makady, William R. Davie, and Kenneth A. Fischer Chapter 32. Agency in Computer-Mediated Communication: Bots and U.S. Political Elections; Cameron W. Piercy, Ryan S. Bisel, and Jeffrey W. Treem Chapter 33. A Computational Text Analysis Study on Marijuana Edible Product Use on Twitter; Hyejin Kim, Tao (Tony) Deng, Juan Mundel, and Jennifer Honeycutt Chapter 34. Call and Response: A System for Converting Interactive Data into Money and Sound; Carolyn Malachi Chapter 35. Design Thinking As A Course Design Methodology for Teaching Social Media & Digital Analytics: A Qualitative Exploratory Case Study; Jana Duckett and Janice Smith Chapter 36. Artificial Intelligence in Public Relations: Role and Implication; Alexander Buhmann and Candace White Chapter 37. Is It Broken or Just Bruised? Evaluating AI and Its Ethical Implications Within the PR and Healthcare Industries; Jamie Ward and Alisa Agozzino Chapter 38. Artificial Intelligence and Changing Ethical Landscapes in Social Media and Computer-Mediated Communication: Considering the Role of Communication Professionals; Lukasz Swiatek, Chris Galloway, Marina Vujnovic, and Dean Kruckeberg Chapter 39. Artificial Intelligence: The Dark Side, Ethics, and Implications; Christopher McCollough, Adrienne A. Wallace, and Regina Luttrell Chapter 40. Future Trends of CMC and Social Media Research; Jeremy Harris Lipschultz, Karen Freberg, and Regina Luttrell.

A multitude of research studies have provided an important shift away from classic perspectives of why women are prone to encounter significant hurdles in the advancement of their scientific or academic careers, and why "leaky pipelines" are of the order in many scientific fields (SSH/STEM). Instead of presuming that professional trajectories are shaped purely by "subjective factors" of women that lead to a kind of auto-elimination, by opting for something else rather than a scientific career (maternity, family life, following their spouses to another country for his job, etc.) (Beaufays and Krais, 2005:52/53; Grant et al., 2000), the attention has been drawn to looking at research institutions as gendered organisations (Acker, 1990), that translate the social division of work between the sexes in distinctive ways in the practice of scientific work. We would like to underpin the approach that examining gender in the making can contribute to researching science in the making and questioning the norms of science and scientific careers (from Beaufays and Krais, 2005). We argue that these norms are shaped by discourses (Fairclough, 2009; Kuhn, 2006), in the sense of référentiels (Muller, 2006), that are both constructing and constructed by actors' (both womens' and mens') hierarchical articulation, in a process of sense making (Weick, 1995) and referencing of an array of discursive ressources (Kuhn, 2006) in their everyday professional and personal/family lives, which constitutes an important form of identity work (Antaki & Widdicombe, 1998; Jenkins, 1996; Kuhn, 2006). This sensemaking (Weick, 1995) process, we argue shapes institutional practices and feeds on, as much as from discourses in the different research locales (Pred, 1990; Keenoy & Oswick, 2003) or local orders (Friedberg, 1997). Amongst others, one fundamental issue to be tackled is that there is still prevalent in today's postindustrial society a "myth of separate worlds" (Kanter, 1977), and an out-dated symbolic and pratical persistance of the "bread-winner" and "carer" models (despite important shifts in the dynamics of family roles and constellations), which is also present in the university environment. In the context of a precarity of jobs, of the high demands for a competitive game and an accent upon hyper-productivity, this does not create identitical spatio-temporal agency for researchers (Fusulier & Rio del Carral, 2012). Moroever, the enrolment in "greedy institutions" (Coser, 1974), such as research/academia but also the family, is on voluntary basis (Hermanowicz, 1998; Grant et al., 2000), and the nature of scientific/academic work has its or should be having its own unique mission and orientations (Stengers, 2011), albeit shaped by today's changing public and political discourses (Musselin, 2005). Our hypotheses regarding these enrolments are that there are important tensions as much between a) different discourses of demands from the postdoctoral phase and demands of entering a permanent (tenured) position at a given European university, and b) different discourses of demands in family/private life and demands of the professional scientific/academic career. In this paper, we propose a conceptual approach and an empirical application in the Belgian french-speaking institutional context, that tests these hypotheses and has four aims; A) examining what kind of discursive ressources researchers, in the early stages of their scientific/academic careers (after obtaining PhDs and before obtaining a tenured position), use to articulate their professional and private lives; B) how these actors (both women and men) hierarchically use, negotiate and prioritize an array of discursive ressources (Kuhn, 2006); C) if there are and if yes, what kind of gendered logics and dynamics exist in this identity work and finally D) how does this articulation contribute in shaping today's practice of scientific/academic work and mission of research institutions. Bibliography Acker, J. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, and bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4:139-58. Beaufaÿs, S. et Krais, B. (2005) « Femmes dans les carrières scientifiques en Allemagne : les mécanismes cachés du pouvoir », Travail, genre et sociétés, 2005/2 No 14, p. 49-68 Coser, L. A. (1974) Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment. New York: Free Press. Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language, London: Longman Fusulier, B., Del Rio Carral, M., 2012. Chercheur-e-s sous haute tension !. Presses de l'université de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve. Grant, L., Kennelly, I. And Ward, K.B. (2000) Revisiting the Gender, Marriage, and Parenthood Puzzle in Scientific Careers, Women's Studies Quarterly, 28 (1/2), pp. 62-85 Kanter R.M. (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books, New York. Kuhn, T. (2006). A "demented work ethic" and a "lifestyle firm": Discourse, identity, and workplace time commitments. Organization Studies 27, 1339–1358. Weick, K. (1995) Sensemaking in Organizations. SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, California

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Background: Preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant catch-up growth seem associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases in later life, but individual studies showed conflicting results. Objectives: We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis for 147,252 children of 31 birth cohort studies to determine the associations of birth and infant growth characteristics with the risks of preschool wheezing (1-4 years) and school-age asthma (5-10 years). Methods: First, we performed an adjusted 1-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the combined associations of gestational age, birth weight, and infant weight gain with childhood asthma. Second, we performed an adjusted 2-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the associations of preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) with childhood asthma outcomes. Results: Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were independently associated with higher risks of preschool wheezing and school-age asthma (P < .05). The inverse associations of birth weight with childhood asthma were explained by gestational age at birth. Compared with term-born children with normal infant weight gain, we observed the highest risks of school-age asthma in children born preterm with high infant weight gain (odds ratio [OR], 4.47; 95% CI, 2.58-7.76). Preterm birth was positively associated with an increased risk of preschool wheezing (pooled odds ratio [pOR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.18-1.67) independent of birth weight. Weaker effect estimates were observed for the associations of low birth weight adjusted for gestational age at birth with preschool wheezing (pOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27). Conclusion: Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were associated with childhood asthma outcomes. The associations of lower birth weight with childhood asthma were largely explained by gestational age at birth. ; Per cohort. ABIS: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by JDRF-Wallenberg foundations (K 98-99D-12813-01A), the Swedish Medical Research Council (MFR; Vetenskapsrådet; K99-72X-11242-05A), the Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (Barndiabetesfonden), and the Swedish Diabetes Association, Medical Research Council of South East Sweden (FORSS), Novo Nordisk Foundation, Prevention of Diabetes, and its Complications Strategic Area-LiU. ALSPAC: We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in the study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionist, and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant reference 092731) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. BILD: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Swiss National Science Foundation; the European Respiratory Society (ERS); the Austrian, German and Swiss Paediatric respiratory Society; and the Swiss Governmental Anti-Tobacco Fund. CONER: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Italian ministry of health. COPSAC: COPSAC is funded by private and public research funds listed on www.copsac.com. The Lundbeck Foundation, the Danish Strategic Research Council, the Pharmacy Foundation of 1991, the Augustinus Foundation, the Danish Medical Research Council, and the Danish Pediatric Asthma Centre provided the core support for the COPSAC research center. No pharmaceutical company was involved in the study. The funding agencies did not have any role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, and interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. CZECH: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic (SP/1b3/8/08). DNBC: The Danish National Research Foundation has established the Danish Epidemiology Science Centre that initiated and created the Danish National Birth Cohort. The cohort is furthermore a result of a major grant from this foundation. Additional support for the Danish National Birth Cohort is obtained from the Pharmacy Foundation, the Egmont Foundation, the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, and the Augustinus Foundation. EDEN: We acknowledge all the funding sources for the EDEN study: Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), the French Ministry of Research: IFR program, the INSERM Nutrition Research program, the French Ministry of Health Perinatality Program, the French Agency for Environment security (AFFSET), the French National Institute for Population Health Surveillance (INVS), Paris-Sud University, the French National Institute for Health Education (INPES), Nestlé, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale {MGEN), the French-speaking Association for the Study of Diabetes and Metabolism (Alfediam), and the National Agency for Research (ANR). GASPII: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Italian Ministry of Health, 2001. GECKO Drenthe: The GECKO Drenthe cohort is supported and funded by an unrestricted grant from Hutchison Whampoa, the University of Groningen, and Well Baby Clinic Foundation Icare. GENERATION R: The Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; the Erasmus University Rotterdam; and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development. The researchers are independent from the funders. The study sponsors had no role in study design, data analysis, interpretation of data, or writing of this report. Additional support was available from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (VIDI) and the Dutch Asthma Foundation. GENERATION XXI: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Programa Operacional de Saúde–Saúde XXI, Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III (FEDER), the Northern Regional Administration of Health, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/SAUESA/105033/2008), and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. HUMIS: The research leading to these results has received funding from the Norwegian Research Council under grant agreement 213148 (MILPAAHEL) and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), project Early Nutrition under grant agreement number 289346, and project OBELIX under grant agreement number 22739. INMA: Gipuzkoa/Sabadell/Valencia/Menorca Data used for this research were provided by the INMA–Environment and Childhood Project (www.proyectoinma.org), which is supported in part by funds. This study was funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176 and CB06/02/0041), the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS- PI041436, PI042018, PI06/0867 PI07/0252, PI081151, and PI09/02311,and FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, and 09/02647), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, the Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana, the Department of Health of the Basque Government (2005111093 and 2009111069), the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/004 and DFG08/001), Obra Social Cajastur, Universidad de Oviedo, the EU Commission (QLK4-1999-01422, QLK4-2002-00603 and CONTAMED FP7-ENV-212502), Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (grant number 183/07), and Fundació Roger Torné. ISLE OF WIGHT: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the National Institute of Health, the British Medical Association, and David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre Trustees. KOALA: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from the Netherlands Asthma Foundation (grant nos. 3.2.03.48 and 3.2.07.022). LEICESTER 1990/1998: Data used for this research were provided by the Leicester Cohort Studies, which are supported by funds from Asthma UK (grant no. 07/048), the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 32003B-144068), the Wellcome Trust, and many others. LIFEWAYS: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Health Research Board, Republic of Ireland. MAS: Data for this research question were obtained by the study centre of the cohort study. The Multicentre Allergy Study (1990) was supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under reference numbers 07015633, 07 ALE 27, 01EE9405/5, and 01EE9406.NINFEA: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of Compagnia di SanPaolo Foundation, Piedmont Region, and the Italian Ministry of University and Research. PCB: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from National Institutes of Health grant R01-CA096525 and EU project OBELIX (no. 227391). PIAMA: The PIAMA study has been funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development; the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; the Netherlands Asthma Fund; the Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment; and the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. REPRO PL: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from the National Center for Research and Development, Poland (grant no. PBZ-MEiN-/8/2//2006; contract no. K140/P01/2007/1.3.1.1.) and grant PNRF-218-AI-1/07 from Norway through the Norwegian Financial Mechanism within the Polish-Norwegian Research Fund. RHEA: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of European Commission. SEATON: Data used for this research were provided by the university, which is supported in part by funds from Asthma UK and the Medical Research Council. SWS: The Southampton Women's Survey is supported by grants from the Medical Research Council, the British Heart Foundation, the Food Standards Agency, the British Lung Foundation, Arthritis Research UK, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, the University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, and the Commission of the European Community, specific RTD Programme "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources," within the 7th Framework Programme, research grant no. FP7/2007-13 (Early Nutrition Project). This manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views of the funders and in no way anticipates the future policy in this area. WHISTLER: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from the Netherlands Organization for health Research and Development (ZON-MW), the University Medical Center Utrecht, and an unrestricted research grant from GlaxoSmithKline, The Netherlands