Suchergebnisse

"The rule of law has been celebrated as 'an unqualified human good, ' yet there is considerable disagreement about what the ideal of the rule of law requires. When people clamor for the preservation or extension of the rule of law, are they advocating a substantive conception of the rule of law respecting private property and promoting liberty, a formal conception emphasizing an 'inner morality of law, ' or a procedural conception stressing the right to be heard by an impartial tribunal and to make arguments about what the law is? When are exertions of executive power 'outside the law' justified on the ground that they may be necessary to maintain or restore the conditions for the rule of law in emergency circumstances, such as defending against terrorist attacks? In Getting to the Rule of Law a group of contributors from a variety of disciplines address many of the theoretical legal, political, and moral issues raised by such questions and examine practical applications 'on the ground' in the United States and around the world. This timely, interdisciplinary volume examines the ideal of the rule of law, questions when, if ever, executive power 'outside the law' is justified to maintain or restore the rule of law, and explores the prospects for and perils of building the rule of law after military interventions."--Publisher's description

The rule of law has been celebrated as "an unqualified human good" and promoted around the world to secure economic development and political freedom. Yet there is considerable disagreement about just what the ideal of the rule of law requires. When people clamor for the preservation or extension of the rule of law, are they advocating a substantive conception of the rule of law respecting private property and promoting liberty, a formal conception emphasizing an "inner morality of law," or a procedural conception stressing the right to be heard by an impartial tribunal and

La tesi affronta il tema della Quarta Rivoluzione Industriale da una duplice prospettiva: essendo il frutto dell'esperienza di ricerca applicata condotta nell'ambito del dottorato "Eureka", tende a realizzare una sintesi della ricerca puramente empirica e del dato reale, tratto dall'esperienza del lavoro svolto in una piccola impresa delle campagne marchigiane e dall'apprezzamento di ogni relativa difficoltà della stessa nella persecuzione della propria rivoluzione tecnologica. La struttura della ricerca si articola a cominciare dalla ricognizione del fenomeno europeo della Quarta Rivoluzione Industriale e si sviluppa attraverso l'analisi della produzione normativa e delle misure adottate dal governo italiano per la diffusione dell'Industria 4.0, ai fini dell'introduzione delle stesse nella gestione dello sviluppo tecnologico aziendale. Il secondo capitolo osserva l'effetto che la tecnologia esercita sulle attività quotidiane, trattandosi di una trasformazione che sottopone al proprio impatto le forme originarie della vita: il rapporto tra uomo e donna, il procreare, la paternità e la figliolanza, l'esperienza della malattia e della cura, il nesso del proprio corpo con il proprio spirito. La ricerca giunge, quindi, a sostenere la necessarietà dell'etica e della filosofia quali fattori ad alto potenziale trasformativo, imprescindibili nei percorsi educativi e nelle relazioni industriali, valorizzando il contributo che la tecnologia apporta, nel contesto sociale e produttivo, attraverso l'intelaiatura di connessioni, quando ispirata da valori etici e concepita per la tutela e la promozione dei diritti fondamentali dell'uomo. Si intende proporre un concetto di Rivoluzione Tecnologica che possa svilupparsi in funzione ed a salvaguardia delle più antiche necessità umane, evidenziando tre ambiti di leva: ricollegare le persone alla natura, ristrutturare le istituzioni e ripensare a come la conoscenza viene creata e utilizzata nel perseguimento della sostenibilità. Affrontare l'insostenibilità richiede che le società gestiscano in maniera sistemica le dimensioni biofisiche, sociali, economiche, legali ed etiche interagenti e la filosofia è chiamata a trovare un modo per pensare il proprio tempo sapendo, da un lato, contaminarsi umilmente con nuovi saperi, dall'altro, mantenere la propria vocazione di sapere che investe con sguardo critico l'esistente. Invero, il lavoro si sta ridefinendo in una nuova cornice, quella della responsabilità, della professionalità, dell'apprendimento costante, passando attraverso la valorizzazione dei tratti più virtuosi delle caratteristiche umane: la creatività, l'autonomia, l'empatia, la capacità di negoziazione e di interrelazione con gli altri. Il lavoro supera la dicotomia storica tra attività manuale e intellettuale e si spinge in direzione della valorizzazione della libertà intesa come riconquista dello spazio propriamente dedicato alle attività umane, alla riconnessione con l'interiorità e con la Natura. Posto che le istituzioni sono simultaneamente sia strutture oggettive esterne, sia sorgenti soggettive delle azioni umane, queste offrono un legame tra l'ideale e il reale, tra il modello e la realtà. Attori e strutture istituzionali, benché distinti, sono connessi in un circolo di interazione e interdipendenza reciproca. Una sintesi possibile risiede quindi nella necessità, da parte delle istituzioni, di insistere sulla convergenza di saperi umanistici e conoscenze scientifiche, nell'educare ingegneri filosofi e tecnici sensibili alle domande di senso e non solo all' efficienza e alla produttività. Lavorando sulla formazione di persone consapevoli della "utilità dell'inutile", insistendo sull'etica votata ad ispirare le azioni individuali, è possibile promuovere un dialogo onesto fra scienziati, imprenditori, politici e filosofi, rispettando la diversità di opinione ed integrando vicendevolmente le rispettive vedute. Il richiamo alla filosofia, all'etica, al "prendersi cura", è un rimando ad un concetto antico ed ancestrale, che chiede di vivere con equilibrio la nostra natura più profonda di esseri umani immersi in un ambiente digitale. ; The thesis deals with the topic of the Fourth Industrial Revolution from a double perspective: being the result of the applied research experience in the context of the "Eureka" doctorate, it tends to achieve a synthesis between purely empirical research and real data, taken from the experience of the work carried out in a small firm in the Marche countryside and from the appreciation of every difficulty in the persecution of its technological revolution. The research structure is articulated starting from an examination of the European phenomenon of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and develops through the analysis of the legislative production and the measures adopted by the Italian government for the diffusion of Industry 4.0, with the purpose of introducing them into the corporate technological development. The second chapter observes the effect that technology has on daily activities, since it is a transformation that affects the original forms of life under its impact: the relationship between man and woman, procreation, fatherhood and sonship, the experience of disease and treatment, the connection of one's body with one's spirit. The research therefore comes to underline the need of ethics and philosophy as factors with a high transformative potential, essentials in educational paths and industrial relations, by enhancing the contribution that technology brings, in the social and productive context, through the framework of connections, when inspired by ethical values and conceived for the protection and promotion of fundamental human rights. The research intends to propose a concept of Technological Revolution that might rise in the serve and for the safety of the most ancient human needs, highlighting three areas of leverage: reconnecting people to nature, restructuring institutions and rethinking how knowledge is created and used in the pursuit of sustainability. Tackling unsustainability requires societies to systemically manage the interacting biophysical, social, economic, legal and ethical dimensions and philosophy is called upon to find a way to think critically about the contemporaneity, on the one hand, humbly contaminating itself with new knowledge and, on the other hand, to maintain its vocation of knowledge that invests the existing with critical eye. Indeed, work is being redefined in a new framework, that of responsibility, professionalism, constant learning, through the enhancement of the most virtuous traits of human characteristics: creativity, autonomy, empathy, the ability to negotiation and interrelation with others. The work overcomes the historical dichotomy between manual and intellectual activity and goes in the direction of the enhancement of freedom as the reconquest of the space properly dedicated to human activities, to reconnecting with interiority and with Nature. Given that institutions are simultaneously both external objective structures and subjective sources of human actions, these offer a link between the ideal and the real, between the model and reality. Actors and institutional structures, although distinct, are connected in a circle of mutual interaction and interdependence. A possible synthesis therefore lies in the institutions insisting on the convergence of humanistic and scientific knowledge, educating philosophers and technical engineers that are sensitive to questions of meaning and not only to efficiency and productivity. By working on training people aware of the "usefulness of the useless", insisting on ethics aimed at inspiring individual actions, it is possible to promote an honest dialogue between scientists, entrepreneurs, politicians and philosophers, respecting the diversity of opinion and mutually integrating their respective views. The reference to philosophy, ethics, "taking care", is a reference to an ancient and ancestral concept, which asks us to live in balance our deepest nature as human beings immersed in a digital environment.

"The study of affect has become a dynamic field spanning a range of disciplines from psychology over neuroscience to philosophy and cultural studies. Little attention however has been payed to material culture. This book presents an innovative set of ethnographies of the affective relations between people and things. It tackles the sensual experiences of materiality, through taste, sounds, smells and touch that are hard to verbalize or represent in images. Evocative situations are detailed, like for instance the packing of a suitcase at the splitting of a marriage; how people in the besieged Sarajevo were both helped and humiliated by the aid received from abroad; how the parting of objects after the parents' death may result in siblings never talking to one another again. These ethnographies from Scandinavia, the Balkans and the US, focus on what affects do in everyday life rather than what they are. The volume is also provided with chapters that put the studies of affects in ethnology and anthropology in a wider scholarly frame and discuss theories and methods applied in the book.
Sensitive Objects in the first place addresses scholars and students in Ethnology, Anthropology, Sociology and Cultural Studies, as well as other readers interested in affects and emotions, material culture, tourism, innovations, and post-socialism. - I dagens forskning har det uppstått ett dynamiskt fält där så vitt skilda vetenskaper som filosofi och neurovetenskap, psykologi och filmvetenskap börjat föra dialoger med varandra. Det handlar då om affekters inverkan på liv och handling. Mycket av den forskningen har än så länge rört sig på ett principiellt plan. Med den här boken ger sig etnologer och antropologer i kast med det konkreta – tingen och de olika affektiva kopplingar som uppstår mellan människor och den omgivande materiella kulturen. Mängder av kunskap förmedlas via sinnena – smaken, ljuden, lukten och beröringen som är svåra att verbalisera eller förmedla via bilder eller symboler. I Sensitive Objects finns förtätade etnografiska beskrivningar av situationer som t ex hur den kappsäck som en uppriven hustru, en deporterad, – eller varför inte en vanlig resenär – packas full av såväl hopp som förtvivlan; hur ett arvskifte ger ting från föräldrahemmet ett affektionsvärde som kan få syskon och efterlevande att kapa alla band och hellre gå till domstol än börja samtala; eller hur de belägrade invånarna i staden Sarajevo under kriget fick paket med mat och förnödenheter som inte bara lindrade utsattheten utan också ökade känslan av förnedring och vanmakt. I dessa och ytterligare typfall analyseras användbarheten av ett affektivt perspektiv vid förståelsen av relationen mellan människor och tingen omkring dem. Etnografin i boken tar läsaren med till olika delar av Skandinavien, till ett oroligt Balkan och en resa genom södra USA. I tre av bidragen diskuteras också hur affektstudier kan komma till praktisk användning i tillämpade innovationsstudier. Boken inleds med en utförlig diskussion där de affektiva perspektiven sätts in i en etnologisk och antropologisk kontext. Särskilt utrymme ägnas här de metodologiska och teoretiska utmaningar som detta öppnar för.
Den här boken är visserligen ett pionjärarbete i sitt slag inom de nämnda disciplinerna, men vänder sig också till forskare och studenter inom sociologi, kultur- och turismstudier, och naturligtvis till en bredare läsekrets med intresse för studiet av känslor, musik, materiell kultur, innovationer och postsocialism. "

Leaving no one behind in education: A focus on children with disabilities (p.48)
Toyin Janet AderemiBarriers to education exist at multiple levels for children with disabilities, especially in developing or middle-income countries: stigma and discrimination in families, communities and in schools; households living in poverty; lack of assistive devices; lack of teachers' training and preparation; and inaccessible transportation. Inclusive education is a system that includes all learners, welcomes and supports them, irrespective of their identities and abilities. Inclusive education entails not only accessibility of the school but also teachers' preparation, adapted curricula, and participation of the learner to achieve his or her potentials. Furthermore, inclusive education fosters inclusive societies and equity. Children with disabilities have the right to education. This article addresses inclusive education in school, communities, and policy contexts, contending that there is huge need for a multi-sectoral approach.Inclusive and community education for children with disabilities: Tools to combat discrimination and social inequality (p.55)
Patricia Rea ÁngelesThis scientific article addresses the issue of children with disabilities and their inclusion in formal and community education. For many years, children with disabilities have been excluded from educational systems on the grounds of their fragility, creating a spiral of discrimination and social inequality. This article is an attentive call to governments, public policy makers, social leaders, civil society organizations, and other strategic actors to generate models of inclusive education inside and outside the classroom, attached to international law, with a multisectoral and intercultural perspective of gender, community engagement, and generation of an education for life that promotes social cohesion, community participation, and successful and meaningful educational experiences for all children.Leadership, education, and global social impact (p.64)
Esther BenjaminTraditional development often focuses on the economic and social development of nations and their peoples, the implementation of international aid, and development assistance. Conversely, global engagement is focused on equity and rights, as we strive to uphold fairness and justice in our work and actions. Global engagement is about creating opportunities for one another. It is about inclusion. This article, proposes global social impact as "development 2.0." It identifies global engagement and holistic thinking as the basis for establishing new approaches to development that start with the individual, before addressing the interconnectedness of people, organizations, sectors, and programmatic areas.Pensamiento de diseño para la complejidad socioecosistémica (p.71)
Citlalli A. González H.El enfoque de pensamiento de diseño, con una perspectiva centrada en las personas, puede ser una herramienta útil para contribuir a soluciones innovadoras en el marco del compromiso global para el desarrollo y la sustentabilidad. A partir de una lectura reflexiva y critica del enfoque, se identifican algunos retos y oportunidades que permitan un abordaje comprehensivo de las problemáticas sociecológicas. Se sugiere la necesidad de aportar a un cuerpo de conocimientos más robusto, con sustentos teórico-metodológicos y filosófi cos que eviten aplicaciones reduccionistas del pensamiento de diseño. Asimismo, se requiere fortalecer las capacidades en sectores, como la sociedad civil, para adaptar los modelos y herramientas de innovación en contextos diversos y múltiples escalas. La innovación para la sustentabilidad y la equidad requiere de colaboraciones, alianzas y sinergias mejoradas y más amplias, entre actores y campos de conocimiento.

Permasalahan terkait perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja migran bukanlah hal yang baru di Indonesia. Sebagai salah satu negara pengirim pekerja migran terbesar di dunia, Indonesia berusaha meningkatkan upaya perlindungan bagi warga negaranya yang bekerja di luar negeri melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (UUPPMI). UUPPMI menggantikan Undang-Undang Nomor 39 tahun 2004 tenyang Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Luar Negeri yang dirasa hanya fokus pada masalah penempatan, bukan perlindungan. Salah satu perubahan yang paling menonjol dalam UUPPMI adalah munculnya peran yang lebih besar dari pemerintah, yang artinya secara otomatis mengurangi peran swasta dalam mekanisme penempatan dan pelindungan pekerja migran. Dalam UUPPMI, tanggung jawab untuk melindungi pekerja migran diserahkan kepada pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah, dimulai dari sebelum bekerja, selama bekerja, dan setelah bekerja. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji bagaimana UUPPMI mengejawantahkan filosofi perlindungan pekerja migran dalam ketetuan pasal-pasalnya, apakah terdapat perubahan arah yang positif dalam upaya perlindungan pekerja migran di Undang-Undang ini, dan apa sajakah tantangan implementasi yang mungkin terjadi di masa mendatang. ; AbstractProblems of legal protection for migrant workers are not a new issue in Indonesia. As one of the states that send migrant workers massively, Indonesia seeks to increase protection efforts for its citizens who work abroad through the Law Number 18 of 2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (UUPPMI). The UUPPMI replaces the Law Number 39 of 2004 on the Placement and the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, which was criticized since it only focused on the issue of placement without paying attention on the protection. This study used normative method by showing some articles of the UUPPMI and analyzing the suitability of the arrangements to the theories of worker protection. The results indicate that one of the most prominent changes in the UUPPMI is the emergence of a larger role of the government, which means that it automatically reduces the role of private sector in the mechanism of placement and protection of migrant workers. The UUPPMI delegates the responsibility to protect migrant workers to both central and regional governments, starting from before, during, and after worker's work period.Arah Baru Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 dan Tantangan ImplementasinyaAbstrakPermasalahan terkait perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja migran bukanlah hal yang baru di Indonesia. Sebagai salah satu negara pengirim pekerja migran terbesar di dunia, Indonesia berusaha meningkatkan upaya perlindungan bagi warga negaranya yang bekerja di luar negeri melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (UUPPMI). UUPPMI menggantikan Undang-Undang Nomor 39 tahun 2004 tentang Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Luar Negeri yang banyak dikritik karena hanya fokus pada masalah penempatan, bukan perlindungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode normatif, yakni dengan menelah pasal-pasal yang ada dalam UUPPMI, dan menganalisis apakah pengaturan tersebut telah berkesuaian dengan terori-teori tentang perlindungan pekerja yang ada. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa salah satu perubahan yang paling menonjol dalam UUPPMI adalah munculnya peran yang lebih besar dari pemerintah, yang artinya secara otomatis mengurangi peran swasta dalam mekanisme penempatan dan pelindungan pekerja migran. UUPPMI menyerahkan tanggung jawab untuk melindungi pekerja migran kepada pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah, dimulai dari sebelum bekerja, selama bekerja, dan setelah bekerja.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n1.a10

Denne afhandling er indgivet til ph.d. bedømmelse under forskerskolen Viden og Ledelse ved Institut for Ledelse, Politik og Filosofi på Copenhagen Business School. Afhandlingen tager udgangspunkt i danske små og mellemstore virksomheders udfordringer i at tilpasse sig omverdenens uophørlige forandringer. En aktuel udfordring og måde at overleve på for disse virksomheder er at være innovative. Undersøgelser i 2004 pegede på, at cirka 50% af alle danske små og mellemstore virksomheder ikke var innovative. Præcis der udkrystalliserede mit forskningsspørgsmål sig, som er: Hvordan leder man små og mellemstore virksomheder fra at være ikke-innovative til at blive innovative? Organisationsteorien er leveringsdygtig i mange bud på en løsning til dette problem. Gennem litteraturstudier og målrettede udvælgelseskriterier valgte jeg at analysere problemstillingen ud fra 4 organisationsteoretiske perspektiver, nemlig ledelse, HRM, strategi og netværksrelationer. Den forskningsbaserede empiriske undersøgelse af 5 casevirksomheder viste, at en succesfuld transformation handler om at udvikle en ledelse, der skaber gode rammer for at medarbejderne kan lede og udvikle sig selv gennem arbejde med viden og ny indsigt. Det bør støttes af en stram styring på de mål og ressourcer, der er afsat. Det er ligeledes vigtigt, at HRM perspektivet tager udgangspunkt i at se medarbejderne, som nogen der indeholder et stort potentiale som de gerne benytter til at udvikle virksomheden, hvis de bliver motiveret og udfordret. Disse HRM aktiviteter bør ses i tæt sammenhæng med virksomhedens strategi. En strategi, der i øvrigt bør være nedskrevet, fokuseret på innovative tiltag og tydelig kommunikeret ud i organisationen. Endelig bør små og mellemstore virksomheder, der ønsker at transformere sig til en innovativ position være aktive i netværksrelationer med alle typer af relevante interessenter. Mine analyser af de data der relaterer sig forskningsprojektet viste, at 2 af virksomhederne have gennemgået en transformationsproces, der bragte dem fuldbyrdet ind i en ny ligevægtsposition baseret på innovation. 2 virksomheder var tydeligt i gang med en transformation, men var ikke nået til en ny ligevægtssituation i forhold til at innovative. Den sidste virksomhed var opdelt på den måde, at virksomheden var langt fra transformeret i retning af det innovative, hvorimod virksomhedens produktudviklingsafdeling bar tydelig præg af en sådan ligevægt i forhold til den innovative position. I en længere periode anså jeg disse resultater for være noget spredte i den forstand, at der faktisk var en 50-50 fordeling mellem virksomheder der bekræftede mine antagelser, og virksomheder der ikke bekræftede mine antagelser. Jeg var faktisk begyndt at skrive konklusionen, da jeg pludselig så problemstillingen og mine data forene sig på en ny måde. Det var endda en måde, der let og entydigt forklarede situationen i alle 5 casevirksomheder, og som bidrager til ny viden på feltet. Det, der styrer små og mellemstore virksomheders transformation generelt (ikke kun mod innovation), er det som ledelsen og medarbejderne adresserer som virksomhedens hovedproblem. Hvis ledere og medarbejdere anser det at udvikle produkter eller processer som det vigtigste problem, vil det få stor indflydelse på ledelse, HRM, strategi og netværksrelationer, og disse områder vil tilpasse sig og støtte op om skabelsen af en innovativ ligevægtssituation. Hvis ledere og medarbejdere anser optimering af produktionen eller administrationen som det vigtigste problem, så vil det ligeledes få stor indflydelse på ledelse, HRM, strategi og netværksrelationer, som i dette tilfælde vil udvikle sig mod en ikke-innovativ ligevægtssituation.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Misdaad is een van Suid-Afrika se grootste enkele maatskaplike vraagstukke - een wat groot sosiale, ekonomiese, en politieke implikasies inhou. Die Republiek van Suid-Afrika is sover bekend, die land met die hoogste gevangenisbevolking per 100 000 lede van die bevolking ter wereld. As gevolg van die hoe daaglikse gevangenisbevolking verduur ons dikwels heftige kritiek van die Internasionale gemeenskap en loop ons die gevaar om internasionaal verder geisoleer te word as gevolg van die swak beeld wat ons hoe gevangenisbevolking skep. Die doeltreffende hantering van die misdaadvraagstuk is alleen moontlik indien daar samewerking bestaan tussen die staat en die gemeenskap. Ongelukkig het 'n gees van geheimhouding in verband met aspekte van misdaad (byvoorbeeld ons gevangenisadministrasie) bygedra tot 'n onbetrokkenheid van ons gemeenskap by die rehabilitasie van oortreders. Die gees van die moderne rehabilitasie-filosofie le daarin opgesluit dat oortreders (sover prakties moontlik) binne gemeenskapsverband gerehabiliteer moet word, aangesien gevangenisstraf as strafmaatreel in sy doel gefaal het. Die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe tot gevangenisstraf in die meeste Westerse lande is grootliks die resultaat van navorsing oor die effektiwiteit van gevangenisstraf. Die gevangenisowerhede in die lande is in die algemeen ook aktief betrokke by die beplanning van gemeenskapsgerigte rehabilitasieprogramme vir oortreders. Wat Suid-Afrika betref is daar nog feitlik geen navorsing gedoen oor die effektiwiteit van gevangenisstraf nie. Kritiek op ons gevangenisstelsel berus dus dikwels op populere opvattings. Die gevangenisowerhede moet dikwels heftige kritiek verduur wat dalk ongegrond mag wees. Sekere strafhervormers het in die verlede ons gevangenisstelsel soms vir politieke gewin aangeval, met die gevolg dat ons gevangenisstelsel al hoe meer geisoleerd begin raak het van die gemeenskap, wat dit veronderstel is om te bedien. Die vraag kan tereg gevra word of ons gevangenisstelsel nie die speelbal is van politici, wat eie gewin nastreef nie. Sekere radikale elemente strewe na die omverwerping van wet en orde, waarvan die gevangenis 'n onontbeerlike deel uitmaak. Daarenteen is dit ongelukkig so dat daar ander politici is, wat leemtes in ons strafregstelsel en gevangenisstelsel wil toesmeer. Die gevolg is dat die noodsaaklikheid van strafhervorming nie behoorlik besef word nie. Strafhervorming is alleenlik moontlik indien leemtes in die Strafregstelsel geidentifiseer word en aan die gemeenskap bekend gestel word, sodat die gemeenskap betrokke kan raak by die proses van strafhervorming. Vonnisse van gemeenskapsdiens, wat impliseer dat oortreders die een of ander vorm van gratis diens tot voordeel van die gemeenskap lewer, is n ideale manier om gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid te bewerkstellig. Hoewel die tipe vonnisse nie ''n kitsoplossing is vir die misdaadvraagstuk nie, kan dit gebruik word om sekere oortreders uit die gevangenis te hou. In die ondersoek poog ondersoeker om 'n beskeie bydrae te lewer tot ons tergende misdaadvraagstuk. Die navorsingsonderwerp handel eerstens oor die beginsels van vonnisoplegging en 'n teoretiese bespreking oor die doel en waarde van gevangenisstraf. Aangesien die primere doel van die studie is om aanbevelings te maak oor gemeenskapsdiensvonnise as 'n alternatief tot gevangenisstraf in Suid-Afrika word in hoofstuk 4 en 5 gepoog om die waarde van gevangenisstraf in Suid-Afrika te evalueer deur middel van teoretiese en praktiese navorsing. Ten einde riglyne te bepaal vir die toepassing van gemeenskapsdiensvonnisse word in hoofstuk 6 en 7 'n bespreking gegee van die toepassing van gemeenskapsdiensvonnisse in Engeland, Wallis en die Verenigde State van Amerika. Een van die belangrikste dele van die studie is hoofstuk 8 waar 'n eksperimentele projek om 'n gemeenskapsdiensstelsel in Kaapstad te loods bespreek word. In die slot hoofstuk word aanbevelings gemaak met betrekking tot die toepassing van gemeenskapsdiensvonnisse in Suid-Afrika.

In Bodies That Matter, renowned theorist and philosopher Judith Butler argues that theories of gender need to return to the most "material" dimension of sex and sexuality: the body. Butler offers a brilliant reworking of the body, examining how the power of heterosexual hegemony forms the "matter" of bodies, sex, and gender.

The radical reassessment of performance conceived by Tatsumi Hijikata calls into question the body informed by dance systems and society. While exploring a wide range of corporealities, Hijikata focused his attention, in particular throughout the 1960s, on the nikutai (carnal body). This specific corporeality is corruptible, pluralistic, metamorphic, ungovernable, intrinsically political and anti-capitalistic. The nikutai permits the performer to access and explore gaps between reality and fiction, to uncover the quality of deformation and malformation inherent within reality, while resisting systems of knowledge and forms of monolithic identity. As Hijikata states, the nikutai is shattered at the moment of birth. Hence, it may be said that disfiguration is at the very root of the carnal body, which oscillates between the rotting corpse and living body. In his 1960s dance aesthetics Hijikata experiments with corporeality by challenging image, reproduction and representation, and dismisses the figurative outcome of the performative act. Central to this enterprise is the corruption of the body and of the standardised body-object relation disciplined by language and quotidian behaviour. In this essay, I examine aspects of Hijikata's artistic strategy to undermine choreographic methodologies and framed corporeality. With reference to James Gibson's theory of affordances I also argue that the challenge in butoh's movement process and corporeal work disrupts affordance. In relation to this alternative economy of movement, and of attention and exhibition, is highlighted the question of how Hijikata, in his earlier experimentations, avoids 'the aesthetic consciousness of those who dance' and switches off the power of gaze. ; The radical reassessment of performance conceived by Tatsumi Hijikata calls into question the body informed by dance systems and society. While exploring a wide range of corporealities, Hijikata focused his attention, in particular throughout the 1960s, on the nikutai (carnal body). This specific ...

La presente ricerca studia la politica culturale del Partito comunista italiano negli anni Sessanta, concentrandosi soprattutto sul periodo in cui questa venne diretta da Rossana Rossanda, tra il dicembre 1962 e il dicembre 1965. La ricerca si compone di quattro capitoli. Nel primo capitolo si opera una complessiva ricostruzione della politica culturale comunista dall'immediato dopoguerra ai traumatici avvenimenti del 1956, individuando i caratteri che strutturarono il particolare rapporto tra Pci, intellettuali e cultura nazionale; nel secondo capitolo si affrontano i problemi dell'azione culturale del partito dal 1956 ai primi anni Sessanta, una fase di profonda trasformazione della società italiana dovuta alla notevole crescita economica e al contestuale cambiamento dei consumi, anche culturali; nel terzo capitolo viene studiata l'attività della Sezione culturale tra gli orientamenti del IX Congresso (gennaio-febbraio 1960) e la preparazione dell'XI Congresso (gennaio 1966), ed è la parte di lavoro che vede protagonista l'azione di Rossanda come dirigente politico-culturale alternativo alla precedente gestione di Mario Alicata; infine, nel capitolo conclusivo si affronta il tema del riassestamento della Sezione culturale dopo la fine della direzione Rossanda (a cui succederà per un breve periodo Paolo Bufalini) e la sconfitta del gruppo legato a Pietro Ingrao all'XI Congresso, di cui la stessa Rossanda era parte. In ragione di tale suddivisione, la prima parte della ricerca si avvale di un'ampia ricognizione bibliografica al fine di ricostruire il dibattito, i problemi e le soluzioni originali che plasmarono un'azione politico-culturale di grande respiro e innovativa tanto rispetto al panorama comunista internazionale quanto riguardo alla cultura nazionale. Tale ricognizione privilegia le riflessioni coeve al periodo di studio, ovviamente confrontate e problematizzate con la letteratura storiografica più recente e maggiormente distaccata. Nella seconda parte della ricerca, al contrario, i materiali d'indagine insistono sulla documentazione archivistica, soprattutto quella del Pci conservata presso la Fondazione Istituto Gramsci, e in minor parte lo studio dei documenti conservati presso il fondo Rossanda all'Archivio di Stato di Firenze. Documentazione invero di minore interesse per il periodo qui considerato: i documenti collegati all'azione di Rossanda nel partito sono replicati nella documentazione conservata nell'archivio comunista al Gramsci, mentre ciò che di più personale è conservato nell'archivio fiorentino riguarda l'attività giornalistica di Rossanda al manifesto e, più generalmente, epoche successive al contesto qui studiato. Diversi sono gli obiettivi posti e raggiunti dalla ricerca. Su di un piano generale, individuare i caratteri tanto della forza, quanto del successivo indebolimento dell'azione culturale comunista nelle trasformazioni sociali dell'Italia degli anni Sessanta; su di un piano più specifico, comprendere le ragioni della "chiamata a Roma" di Rossanda, una militante e dirigente della Federazione milanese del partito sicuramente ortodossa sul piano politico, ma decisamente aliena agli umori del centro dirigente "romano" sul piano culturale. La formazione banfiana, la direzione intraprendente della Casa della cultura milanese, il rapporto con le filosofie europee e in primo luogo con la fenomenologia e l'esistenzialismo, facevano di Rossanda un profilo critico rispetto allo storicismo gramsciano e togliattiano, al "nazional-popolare" e al meridionalismo di cui si nutriva una parte importante del partito. Eppure la sua promozione è in primo luogo un'operazione voluta da Togliatti, probabilmente con l'intento di arginare la perdita di aderenza tra partito e nuova generazioni, che proprio all'inizio del decennio Sessanta tornavano a mobilitarsi. La morte di Togliatti e la dialettica interna al partito, esacerbata in vista dell'XI Congresso, porteranno infine ad un peggioramento dei rapporti tra Rossanda e il gruppo dirigente, un peggioramento che si concluderà con l'estromissione dalla carica di dirigente culturale avvenuta, in maniera inconsueta, ancor prima della riorganizzazione stabilita in sede congressuale.

Kopi Gunung Catur adalah merek kopi specialty Arabika yang berasal dari Kintamani. Kopi arabika ini memiliki kualitas ekspor. Merek Gunung Catur dibudidayakan oleh kelompok tani bernama Subak Abian Tri Guna Karya. Saat ini, branding memiliki peran penting dalam promosi di pasar internasional. Pemerintah Indonesia mulai membangun nation branding untuk kopi Arabika Indonesia demi menghindari klaim dari negara lain dan memperluas akses pasar. Demikian juga untuk Kopi Gunung Catur, harus ada strategi yang tepat untuk meningkatkan citra kopi ini sehingga akses pasarnya semakin terbuka lebar. Anholt mengatakan ada tiga strategi yang dapat meningkatkan citra produk suatu negara, yaitu kompetensi, kontribusi dan komunikasi. Kopi Gunung Catur yang telah memiliki sertifikat Indikasi Geografis (IG) menunjukkan kemampuan petani di Desa Catur untuk mengolah kopi dengan kualitas yang baik. Karena kopi ini dibudidayakan secara organik, maka membantu meningkatkan citra Indonesia di mata dunia tentang perlindungan lingkungan. Filosofi Tri Hita Karana yang digunakan sebagai landasan pembudidayaannya yang mensinergikan perilaku manusia dan menjaga keseimbangan alam memperkuat citra kopi ini untuk pelestarian alam. Kopi Gunung Catur telah memenuhi strategi kompetensi dan kontribusi. Namun, akses pasar masih dikeluhkan oleh petani dan pengolah kopi Kopi Gunung Catur. Melalui metode deskriptif kualitatif, ditemukan permasalahan bahwa masih kurangnya pengembangan strategi nation branding ketiga, yaitu komunikasi. Strategi komunikasi berkontribusi besar dalam mendukung akses pasar, terutama untuk kegiatan ekspor. Memasuki era industrialisasi 4.0, penguasaan Teknologi Informasi (TI) dan semangat kewirausahaan modern adalah strategi utama untuk mengembangkan kegiatan ekspor. Ini belum dikembangkan secara optimal oleh petani dan pengusaha kopi Gunung Catur. Maka melalui penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa penggunaan teknologi dan semangat kewirausahaan modern (technopreneurship) menjadi basis strategi komunikasi sebagai langkah strategis dalam meningkatkan peluang ekspor bagi produsen Kopi Gunung Catur. ; Kopi Gunung Catur is a brand of specialty Arabica coffee that from Kintamani. This coffee brand has the export quality. This brand is cultivated by the farmer group named Subak Abian Tri Guna Karya. Today, branding has a significant role on the promotion in the international market. The Indonesian government began to build a nation brand for Indonesia Arabica coffee to avoid the claims from other countries and to expand market access. Likewise for Kopi Gunung Catur, there should be a proper strategy to improve the image of this coffee so its market access is increasingly wide open. Anholt said there are three strategies that can improve a country's product image, namely competence, contribution and communication. Kopi Gunung Catur that has been certified by Geographical Indications (IG) shows the ability of the farmers in Catur Village to cultivate coffee with good quality. Because it is cultivated organically, it enhances Indonesia's image worldwide about environmental protection. The philosophy Tri Hita Karana which is used as a cornerstone of its cultivation which synergizes human behavior and maintains the balance of nature strengthens the image of this coffee to the preservation of the nature. Kopi Gunung Catur has fulfilled the competency and contribution strategy. However, market access is still complained by Kopi Gunung Catur's farmers and coffee makers. Through the qualitative descriptive method, it is found that there is still only small effort to develop a third nation branding strategy, namely communication. The communication strategy contributes greatly in supporting the market access, especially for export activities. Entering the industrialization era 4.0, mastering Information Technology (IT) and having the spirit of modern entrepreneurship is the main strategy to develop export activities. This is not optimally boosted by farmers and entrepreneurs of kopi Gunung Catur. So through this research it was found that the use of technology and modern entrepreneurial spirit (technopreneurship) as the communication based strategy became a right step in increasing export opportunities for Kopi Gunung Catur producers.

The objectives of these study is to explore more about Banyumas cultural identity through. Caused by politics and power in the past, some of writings indicated that there were alienation, seclusion towards Banyumas culture due to political objectives created by Keraton elite and Colonial ruler in the past. As many Javanese culture, This view exclude other forms of arts and culture which flourished besides the mainstream culture or in this case high culture as Keraton had. And then labeled those art as folk art, sometimes not representation of Javanese culture or even as included as non art at all. For instance, Prior to Indonesian Independence in 1945, art, culture and symbols represented by keraton in Yogyakarta and Surakarta considered appraised a higher status compared to Banyumas culture and identity. Contradicted with inferior behavior in general, Banyumas attitudes towards Keraton, are resistant, doubt, lowered, and even mocked them. It showed in daily life interactions especially when they dealt with Bandek language, the sublimity in Keraton rituals, art culture and philosophy and also nobility symbols. Banyumas people are commonly proud of their culture and identity but at the same time they feel inferior towards Keraton or Javanese mainstream culture. This study concentrated in inferiority complex phase based on Adler's thesis. Response coming from Banyumas people is often paradoxical with the inferiority as a general. One of its implications was the emergence of new character as compensation. These compensation commonly reflected in two ways, first would be elevate own's status and secondly lowering the others.The common attitudes shown on this compensations for example passionally willingness to be superior, insulting,hostile and indifference. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan telaah lebih dalam mengenai kebudayaan Banyumas. Karena adanya politik dan kekuasaan yang bermain di masa lalu, beberapa tulisan mengindikasikan adanya alienasi, pengasingan terhadap kebudayaan Banyumas yang disebabkan karena tujuan politis yang diciptakan pihak – pihak keraton dan penguasa kolonial. Seperti kebudayaan Jawa yang lain, bentuk kesenian dan kebudayaan yang berkembang selain kebudayaan Keraton Jawa tidak dianggap sebagai perwakilan bentuk kebudayaan Jawa. Setelah itu, ada pemberian cap sebagai kebudayaan rakyat, kebudayaan yang rendah atau bahkan bukan kebudayaan sama sekali. Sebagai contoh, sebelum Kemerdekaan di tahun 1945, seni, budaya dan simbol - symbol yang dikeluarkan keraton Jogjakarta dan Surakarta dianggap memiliki status yang lebih tinggi dibanding identitas dan Kebudayaan yang ada di Banyumas. Berlawanan dengan sikap inferior secara umum, sikap orang Banyumas terhadap Keraton bersifat melawan atau menentang, ragu, merendahkan dan bahkan mengejek. Hal ini terlihat dalam interaksi setiap harinya terutama terkait dengan Bahasa Bandek yang khas digunakan pihak Keraton, Keagungan ritual di dalam keraton, seni budaya, filosofi serta simbol simbol keningratan. Orang Banyumas secara umum merasa bangga atas identitas kebudayaan yang dimilikinya namun di saat yang sama merasa inferior jika dibandingkan dengan kebudayaan Keraton yang dianggap sebagai kebudayaan Jawa yang dikenal secara umum. karena alienasi tersebut, kebudayaan Banyumas menurut Anderson Sutton, mengalami perendahan secara politis dan artistik terhadap Kebudayaan Keraton ""subordinate politically and inferior artistically to the greatcourts"(Sutton, 1986 : 116). Penelitian ini terfokus terhadap inferiority complex yang diambil dari pemikiran Alfred Adler. Karena respons dari masyarakat Banyumas yang seringkali berlawanan dengan sikap inferior secara umum. Salah satu implikasi dari sikap ini adalah compensation atau kemunculan sikap lain (Broh, 1979 : 178). Sikap ataun kompensasi ini umumnya muncul dalam dua sikap, yang pertama adalah dengan menaikkan status yang dimilikinya dan yang kedua merendahkan status yang dimiliki pihak lainnya. Sikap yang umum tercermin dari kompensasi tersebut adalah keinginan yang menggebu untuk unggul, memusuhi, merendahkan, melawan tidak peduli.

The aim of this compilation thesis is to explore variations in bilingualism with the help of everyday specific situations at a Spanish-Swedish early childhood institution in Sweden, and by means of a 'material-semiotic theorizing'. This means that material and semiotic elements are treated equally and entwined. Through studying a bilingual preschool practice, theory and politics as three interwoven practices, the thesis produces knowledge on language and literacy as socially and materially divergent, transformative occurrences. The research process is a commitment with Deleuzio-Guattarian philosophy, theory and politics, and is defined as a becoming in and of the three practices (education, theory, politics). Ethical and methodological undertakings are described as results of the interaction of these practices. Processes of data production include a yearlong fieldwork with all year groups (1-5) at a bilingual preschool in Sweden with a Spanish-Swedish language policy. The materials of data (approx. 59 hours of video-recordings and additional field-notes of everyday activities) are extended and developed upon in interaction with theoretical concepts and political concerns in terms of an analytical process that 'puts theory to work'. The results are phrased as three temporal suggestions: 1) Bilingualism is a plural, collectively produced, both transitory and specific phenomenon 2) Bilingualism emerges with different, simultaneous dimensions of language and literacy (language as both code and material intensities) 3) Bilingualism is shared and public but also private and inconclusive. The thesis also shows the interconnectedness and continuity between different constructions of bilingualism (i.e. separate – flexible, public - private) as well as the productivity of the unknown and of what is labelled as (il)literate expertise. The impact that these suggestions may have in working with bilingualism in early childhood education is discussed. At the same time the discussion inspires to thinking towards a minor bilingualism also in more general terms. ; Syftet i denna sammanläggningsavhandling är att utforska variationer i tvåspråkighet med hjälp av alldagligt specifika situationer vid en spansk-svensk förskola i Sverige, samt genom ett 'material-semiotiskt teoretiserande'. Det betyder att materiella och semiotiska aspekter behandlas jämbördigt, sammanlänkat och icke-hierarkiskt. Genom att studera en tvåspråkig förskolepraktik, teori och politik som sammanvävda praktiker producerar avhandlingen kunskap om språk och litteracitet som socialt och materiellt divergenta, transformativa fenomen. Forskningsprocessen är en förlovning med DeleuzioGuattariansk filosofi, teori och politik och definieras som ett tillblivande i och med de tre praktikerna (utbildning, teori, politik). Etiska och metodologiska göranden beskrivs som resultat av interaktionen mellan dessa tre praktiker. Processer av dataproduktion inkluderar ett årslångt fältarbete med alla åldersgrupper (1-5) på en tvåspråkig förskola i Sverige med en spansk-svensk språkpolicy. Datamaterialen (59 timmars videoinspelningar och fältanteckningar från vardagliga aktiviteter) förlängs och utvecklas i avhandlingen i interaktion med teoretiska begrepp och politiska angelägenheter i termer av en analytisk process som 'sätter teori i arbete'. Resultaten formuleras som tre temporära förslag. 1) Tvåspråkighet är ett pluralt, kollektivt producerat, både flyktigt och specifikt fenomen 2) Tvåspråkighet uppträder med olika, samtidiga språkliga dimensioner (språk som både kod och materiella intensiteter) 3) Tvåspråkighet är delat och publikt men också privat och odeciderat. Avhandlingens resultat visar också på länkar och kontinuitet mellan olika konstruktioner av tvåspråkighet (till exempel separat – flexibel, publik – privat) samt produktiviteten i det okända och vad som kan benämnas (il)litterat expertis. Betydelsen som avhandlingens förslag kan ha i arbete med tvåspråkighet i utbildningspraktiker med små barn diskuteras. Samtidigt inspirerar diskussionen till att tänka i riktningar mot en mindre tvåspråkighet också i mer generella termer.

Premessa La tesi Il seminario vescovile tra le due guerre mondiali: Itinerario formativo del chierico Reggiano desidera scoprire le fondamenta del percorso di preparazione dei preti diocesani. La formazione dei presbiteri risulta essere un elemento chiave per definire alcuni fenomeni che hanno guidato la vita della chiesa e della società come descritti di seguito. -La presenza di figure presbiterali come Don Leone Tondelli o Don Augusto Pasi di ampie vedute culturali e metodologiche. Don Leone Tondelli colui che ha contribuito ad introdurre lo studio delle materie esegetiche in seminario attraverso i nuovi strumenti della critica esegetica; Don Augusto Pasi che opera un proficuo dialogo con i non credenti. -La considerazione del presbitero Reggiano da parte della società locale come il Prete di Tutti. Il clero reggiano in modo particolare durante la seconda guerra mondiale svolge la propria missione pastorale per la custodia e per la promozione della giustizia tra tutte le persone. In merito possiamo ricordare Don Angelo Cocconcelli, Don Pasquino Borghi, Don Pigozzi Battista e Don Giuseppe Iemmi. -La presenza di vocazioni presbiterali da famiglie non praticanti. Merita il ricordo la vocazione di Don Sergio Pignedoli futuro Cardinale proveniente da famiglia socialista o del Professor Augusto Pasi proveniente da famiglia comunista. -L'attenzione alle situazioni di emergenza sociale. Un clero che prima e dopo la creazione della Rerum Novarum si trova in prima linea per far fronte alle problematiche sociali. Esemplari i ricordi di: Don Antonio Colli rettore del seminario che per favorire il credito al corporativismo cattolico inaugura il Banco San Prospero; Don Prospero Farioli che inaugura nell'isolato San Rocco un luogo educativo per i giovani e i militari della città. -Una chiesa ricca di diverse spiritualità che fanno riferimento alla tradizione mistica come don Dino Toreggiani e a quella Ignaziana come Don Luigi Galimberti. I fenomeni individuati costituiscono il punto di partenza, per capire la loro origine. I punti di ricerca su cui trovare le radici sono: le direttive della santa sede, i documenti del vescovo, il contesto storico, i regolamenti della vita comunitaria, la spiritualità, lo studio scolastico e lo stile educativo. Il lavoro compiuto sostiene che nella diocesi di Reggio Emilia nel periodo che va dal 1900 al 1945 i seminaristi sono stati formati con una consapevolezza universale. Possiamo definire questa consapevolezza come un rendersi conto che il prete non viene preparato per stare solo in chiesa; ma anche per vivere in una dimensione di comunione con la realtà sociale. LA formazione a partire da quella scolastica preparava il giovane seminarista a rafforzare le proprie capacità intellettuali, per poi un domani da prete poterle concretizzarle nella realtà. Il novello prete ordinato è in grado di saper esplicare la sua funzione sacramentale ma anche di saper svolgere la sua funzione attiva nel contesto sociale. La preparazione del chierico seppur teorica dava le basi per sapersi applicare un domani nella società. La presenza di una realtà sociale statica nel periodo storico analizzato favorisce una maggiore facilità di orientamento e di applicazione. La base intellettuale e spirituale è frutto di una preparazione plurale che permette il confronto fra culture, filosofie e spiritualità diverse. Una formazione che aiuta il seminarista a conoscere il pensiero contemporaneo per poter contestualizzare l'annuncio cristiano in terra reggiana. Tale formazione trova le sue radici nell'enciclica Rerum Novarum e nella riforma degli studi dei seminari operata nel 1908 dal Card Ferrata. Successivamente attraverso il magistero di Pio X trova una sua maggiore radicalità nella tradizione della chiesa. In diocesi tale sistema educativo trova nel Vescovo E. Brettoni un forte sostenitore per rinnovare la società reggiana degenerata in una cultura totalitaria.