In Brazil, some aspects of the urban reality are not in the official maps. Those aspects are either informal urban elements, built without conventional parameters, or exclusive and exclusionary elements build by a privileged part of society, such as in gated communities. Informal or not, a significant part of these elements does not hold building permits. Furthermore, they are difficult to be represented in maps. The disconnection between the formal and the informal city results in a considerable amount of information that is not represented in official cartography. Thus, the lack of representation of certain urban elements in maps and urban plans is also a socio-spatial segregation symptom. One of the most representative features of Brazilian socio-spatial segregation is the so-called macro urban segregation, in which the higher-class neighborhoods are concentrated in some specific regions, completely separated from the poor communities (VILLAÇA, 2000). This fact explains the reason why the informal settlement areas, like slums, are excluded from many urban zoning plans and formal cartographic representations. In addition to the irregular settlements, the urban landscape is endowed with smaller scale elements that also generate social exclusion and interfere in the urban and public space, both in material and immaterial ways. Immaterial aspects, such as civility, democracy, and the use of space, are difficult and complex to represent in maps. In turn, the material aspects that cause segregation are not in the maps either. Among the urban reality aspects that are difficult to be mapped, defensive architecture, also named hostile architecture, is the focus of the research work presented here. We consider defensive architecture any construction or object used to control or segregate the urban space, especially the common public space, defining who is allowed to use or access certain areas. Therefore, the elements deployed for this purpose are present in the urban landscape in different forms: protective iron grids, gates, metal spikes, sprinklers, thorn bushes or any other material strategy to control the space. All these strategies are related to the physical and social segregation of the territory and they assured the use of public space only by some selected groups of people. Nevertheless, the traditional mapping does not follow the fast spread of defensive strategies, making difficult their monitoring and the understanding of their effect on the city. As already mentioned, the architectural elements responsible for exclusionary practices are not registered neither in building permits nor urban plans. Consequently, they are not in any official mapping. Considering that official cartography depicts and represents established policies for the territory occupation – the retrenchment and control to the access and the rights to the territory do not occur only on international borders, the discussion about territorialization, also, implicates excluding or including people within particular boundaries, such as within urban spaces (PETER VANDERGEEST and NANCY LEE PELUSO, 1995). Motivated by these issues, this research is oriented by how cartography can operate as a spatial analysis instrument to understand the hostile architecture consequences in the public space. Once traditional mapping practices do not include informal elements, such as defensive architecture, our research hypothesis is that the study, classification, and mapping of these elements require diverse arrangements, besides the official ways of representation, such as collaborative mapping and in situ data surveying. The work is in progress and it started in 2017, with the study on the advance of defensive elements over Curitiba city landscape. Curitiba is a municipality in the south of Brazil. In this study, a small area in the city center was defined, and the defensive elements were inventoried and mapped. The region chosen for data surveying was the Sete de Setembro Avenue which has a particular architectural type: public galleries – originally projected to assure the pedestrians a safe walk and to extend sidewalks and public space as well. However, currently, the galleries host many forms of hostile architecture, especially large flowerpots and iron gates that completely close the covered sidewalk. The initial research work results stimulated us to propose a research project about exclusionary architecture and authoritarianism in the center city of Curitiba. Therefore, in 2018, the fieldwork was redone more systematically. At that point, we designed and generated a group of maps. The purpose of this work is to act as a pilot for a larger analysis, throughout the extended center of the city. The design and generation of the maps were developed by the theory of thematic mapping. We firstly defined the map users and their needs. Based on the users' needs and the spatial analysis they will perform when the maps are ready, we established which urban features would be depicted on the maps. Knowing the urban features to be mapped we could determine the maps' scales, thus, the level of map generalization. The next step was to defined the features classification. In the end, we developed the cartographic language to design the maps' symbols, and we built the maps. As some results, we understand that the main user of those maps is the researcher responsible for the study "Architecture of exclusion and authoritarianism: control of the use of public space in the city center of Curitiba." The main objective of the research is to evaluate how design, architecture and urban planning contribute to the conformation of exclusionary public spaces in the center of Curitiba. Thus, a GIS software helped to evaluate the positioning of hostile elements, and it allowed understanding which places are most prone to be modified with exclusionary architecture. The GIS also helps in achieving some specific objectives, such as identifying where the current legal structure influences on the landscape and on the limitation of public space use; verifying how the advance of private spaces over common use spaces, such as residential or commercial buildings, and galleries contribute to the quality of the public space; inventorying elements of hostile architecture (pines on benches, flowerpots on facades, railings) under the galleries of the avenue; and classifying the elements and the degree of restriction they exert under the public space. In order to improve the analysis and data mapping, two groups of hostile architecture classes were defined. The first refers to the type of hostile element, based on the 2017 survey: (1) blockages or private appropriations of public space, private appropriations of covered walks, with tables and chairs used in a restricted and commercial way, as an extension of commercial establishments; (2) hostile furniture, urban furniture placed in front of commercial establishments and residential condominiums (waste bins, bicycle racks, plants pots, skewers and sprinklers); and (3) the gates or grids, which close the galleries partially or totally. The second group os classes is related to the exclusion level that each element provokes: high, medium or low. As a result of the map design, four maps were created. The thematic maps titles are "covered galleries location", "defensive equipment location", "hostile and defensive equipment", and "degree of exclusion". As an in-progress study, the pilot project described here is fruitful with regards to the possibility of its application in wider study areas, such as entire neighbourhoods. Among the processes that most aided in the studies, the possibility of easy inclusion of points in virtual platforms, like MyMaps or OpenStreetMap was the most productive. This has motivated the creation of collaborative maps (still in development), which enables any person to insert points on them. We also consider that the collaborative process brings benefits not only to facilitate the mapping of elements of exclusion, but to involve the academic community in the research and, at the same time, to raise questions about the process of construction of public space. Furthermore, the official mapping is tied to some agendas, despite the new tools available to democratize cartography. Thus, collaborative mapping is a form of enabling collective construction of a database, besides allowing the integration of several media (text, video, images and audios) with the traditional mapping.
This research aims to develop a theory about how interior spaces have been shaped by the furniture in them, focusing on domestic interiors published in the magazine Domus during Gio Ponti's second tenure as editor in chief (1948-1978). During this period, the magazine's discourse focused on the concept of arredamento: the act of building a living space using furniture. The verb "to furnish" refers both to selecting furniture and to designing the relationship between the pieces. The Italian scene is particularly fruitful in this respect due to the growth of industrial production and the media during the post-war period, along with economic, cultural and social changes which shaped the arredamento culture. The framework of this research is limited to the years of Gio Ponti's second tenure as director of the magazine, since it coincides with the most productive period in the development of industry, design and the theoretical field. Domus magazine published the domestic interiors of paradigmatic works in the history of architecture in addition to exuberant, modest, innovative, traditional or vulgar interiors which have value only in and of themselves. In a conscious way, Ponti occupied this editorial and disciplinary niche in order to use it as a unifying and central axis within the discourse on the house. Dealing with the work of a magazine director and editor who classified, selected and organized his examples allows for filtering the material through a single perspective; this outlook is highly relevant in the context of this study. Ponti selected all the domestic interiors that are included in this work, but the immediacy of the magazine's production did not provide for a comprehensive and global vision of the published material that would allow for laying out trajectories to serve as the foundation for building a discourse on the domestic interior. What are the qualities of the domestic interior published by Domus? What are the tools we need to define it? What theoretical contribution does the magazine make on the subject? And what are the mechanisms used to shape domestic interior space during the second half of the twentieth century? The material in this work is organized into five categories. They are all defined as those categories which included the largest number of examples and the most radical ones from among the published proposals; all together, when they are compiled, they create a continuous narrative sequence, without interferences from the body of the study. The first chapter, "Covers", investigates the treatment of surfaces in domestic interiors, beginning with the most superficial of surface treatments, the thinnest graphic treatment, and spanning all the way to dressed surfaces that begin to differentiate themselves, redefining the limits of the space. The chapter called "Dissonant objects" focuses on domestic interiors where objects enter into tension with the space that contains them, either through stylistic, scalar or figurative dissonance, or through how they are perceived. Objects maintain a sufficiently autonomous position in the space that contains them, enabling them to construct meaning all by themselves. The third chapter focuses on the figures who appear in Domus, artists who use domestic space as the first field for experimenting with a way of life, a philosophical position or a political stance, or a collector where the objects speak for him. The fourth chapter focuses on the "White and transparent" domestic interiors published by Domus, which were designed like advertisements or images. The image informs the architectural space and constructs a new reality: a printed reality. In the final chapter, furniture is no longer measured in contrast with the architectural space, since the latter does not define it or promote it. With the disappearance of architectural space, it is furniture that defines domestic space, becoming the medium that establishes a stable state of balance with the natural environment ; Esta investigación elabora una teoría sobre las formas que el espacio interior toma a través del mobiliario que lo construye, centrándose en los interiores domésticos difundidos por la revista Domus durante la segunda etapa de dirección (1948-1978) de Gio Ponti. Durante este período, la revista se estructura en torno al arredamento, el acto de amueblar, de disponer y construir el espacio habitable con muebles según un gusto o estilo. Amueblar se refiere tanto a disponer tos muebles como a diseñar la relación que existe entre ellos. El panorama italiano es especialmente fructífero debido al crecimiento de la producción industrial y los medios de comunicación en la posguerra, junto con los cambios económicos, culturales y sociales que dieron forma a la cultura del arredamento. El marco del trabajo se limita a los años en los que Gio Ponti fue, por segunda vez, director de la revista, pues coincide con el periodo más fructífero en el desarrollo de la industria, el diseño y el campo teórico. La revista Domus publicó tanto interiores domésticos de obras paradigmáticas de la historia de la arquitectura como interiores exuberantes, modestos, innovadores, tradicionales o vulgares que solo tienen valor por sí mismos. De un modo consciente, Ponti ocupó esta grieta editorial y disciplinar para utilizarla como aglutinador y eje principal de un discurso en tomo a la casa. Abordar la obra de un director y un editor que clasifica, selecciona y organiza los ejemplos permite filtrar el material a través de una única mirada; esta mirada tiene una gran relevancia para el marco de este estudio. Ponti seleccionó los interiores domésticos que conformarán este trabajo, pero la inmediatez de la producción de la revista no ha permitido una visión global y conjunta del material publicado para poder trazar trayectorias alrededor de las cuales construir un discurso sobre el interior doméstico. ¿Cómo es el interior doméstico que divulga Domus?, ¿cuáles son los instrumentos necesarios para definirlo?, ¿cuál es la aportación teórica de la revista sobre el tema?, y ¿cuáles son los mecanismos a través de los cuales se conforma el espacio interior doméstico en la segunda mitad del siglo XX? El material de este trabajo se organiza en cinco categorías. Todas ellas se definen por ser las que agrupan una mayor cantidad ejemplos y una mayor radicalidad de las propuestas publicadas,- y que, al agruparse y acumularse, conforman una secuencia narrativa continua y sin interferencias del cuerpo del estudio. En el primer capítulo, "Fundas", se investiga el tratamiento de la superficie en el interior doméstico, empezando por el tratamiento más superficial de la superficie, el de menor grosor, el grafismo, hasta conformarse en superficies vestidas que comienzan a separarse y redefinen los límites del espacio. En el capítulo "Objetos disonantes" se estudian aquellos interiores domésticos en los que los objetos tensionan el espacio que los contiene, bien sea por una disonancia estilística, escalar o figurativa, o bien por cómo son percibidos. Los objetos mantienen una posición lo suficientemente autónoma en el espacio que los contiene corno para construir un significado por sí mismos. El capitulo tercero se centra en los personajes que aparecen en Domus, artistas que utilizan el espacio doméstico como primer campo de experimentación de una forma de vida, un posicionamiento filosófico o una postura politica, o un coleccionista donde los objetos hablan por él. El capítulo cuarto se centra en los interiores domésticos "Blancos y transparentes", publicados en Domus que fueron diseñados como si fueran anuncios o imágenes. La imagen informa el espacio arquitectónico y construye una nueva realidad: la realidad impresa. ; Postprint (published version)
This research aims to develop a theory about how interior spaces have been shaped by the furniture in them, focusing on domestic interiors published in the magazine Domus during Gio Ponti's second tenure as editor in chief (1948-1978). During this period, the magazine's discourse focused on the concept of arredamento: the act of building a living space using furniture. The verb "to furnish" refers both to selecting furniture and to designing the relationship between the pieces. The Italian scene is particularly fruitful in this respect due to the growth of industrial production and the media during the post-war period, along with economic, cultural and social changes which shaped the arredamento culture. The framework of this research is limited to the years of Gio Ponti's second tenure as director of the magazine, since it coincides with the most productive period in the development of industry, design and the theoretical field. Domus magazine published the domestic interiors of paradigmatic works in the history of architecture in addition to exuberant, modest, innovative, traditional or vulgar interiors which have value only in and of themselves. In a conscious way, Ponti occupied this editorial and disciplinary niche in order to use it as a unifying and central axis within the discourse on the house. Dealing with the work of a magazine director and editor who classified, selected and organized his examples allows for filtering the material through a single perspective; this outlook is highly relevant in the context of this study. Ponti selected all the domestic interiors that are included in this work, but the immediacy of the magazine's production did not provide for a comprehensive and global vision of the published material that would allow for laying out trajectories to serve as the foundation for building a discourse on the domestic interior. What are the qualities of the domestic interior published by Domus? What are the tools we need to define it? What theoretical contribution does the magazine make on the subject? And what are the mechanisms used to shape domestic interior space during the second half of the twentieth century? The material in this work is organized into five categories. They are all defined as those categories which included the largest number of examples and the most radical ones from among the published proposals; all together, when they are compiled, they create a continuous narrative sequence, without interferences from the body of the study. The first chapter, "Covers", investigates the treatment of surfaces in domestic interiors, beginning with the most superficial of surface treatments, the thinnest graphic treatment, and spanning all the way to dressed surfaces that begin to differentiate themselves, redefining the limits of the space. The chapter called "Dissonant objects" focuses on domestic interiors where objects enter into tension with the space that contains them, either through stylistic, scalar or figurative dissonance, or through how they are perceived. Objects maintain a sufficiently autonomous position in the space that contains them, enabling them to construct meaning all by themselves. The third chapter focuses on the figures who appear in Domus, artists who use domestic space as the first field for experimenting with a way of life, a philosophical position or a political stance, or a collector where the objects speak for him. The fourth chapter focuses on the "White and transparent" domestic interiors published by Domus, which were designed like advertisements or images. The image informs the architectural space and constructs a new reality: a printed reality. In the final chapter, furniture is no longer measured in contrast with the architectural space, since the latter does not define it or promote it. With the disappearance of architectural space, it is furniture that defines domestic space, becoming the medium that establishes a stable state of balance with the natural environment ; Esta investigación elabora una teoría sobre las formas que el espacio interior toma a través del mobiliario que lo construye, centrándose en los interiores domésticos difundidos por la revista Domus durante la segunda etapa de dirección (1948-1978) de Gio Ponti. Durante este período, la revista se estructura en torno al arredamento, el acto de amueblar, de disponer y construir el espacio habitable con muebles según un gusto o estilo. Amueblar se refiere tanto a disponer tos muebles como a diseñar la relación que existe entre ellos. El panorama italiano es especialmente fructífero debido al crecimiento de la producción industrial y los medios de comunicación en la posguerra, junto con los cambios económicos, culturales y sociales que dieron forma a la cultura del arredamento. El marco del trabajo se limita a los años en los que Gio Ponti fue, por segunda vez, director de la revista, pues coincide con el periodo más fructífero en el desarrollo de la industria, el diseño y el campo teórico. La revista Domus publicó tanto interiores domésticos de obras paradigmáticas de la historia de la arquitectura como interiores exuberantes, modestos, innovadores, tradicionales o vulgares que solo tienen valor por sí mismos. De un modo consciente, Ponti ocupó esta grieta editorial y disciplinar para utilizarla como aglutinador y eje principal de un discurso en tomo a la casa. Abordar la obra de un director y un editor que clasifica, selecciona y organiza los ejemplos permite filtrar el material a través de una única mirada; esta mirada tiene una gran relevancia para el marco de este estudio. Ponti seleccionó los interiores domésticos que conformarán este trabajo, pero la inmediatez de la producción de la revista no ha permitido una visión global y conjunta del material publicado para poder trazar trayectorias alrededor de las cuales construir un discurso sobre el interior doméstico. ¿Cómo es el interior doméstico que divulga Domus?, ¿cuáles son los instrumentos necesarios para definirlo?, ¿cuál es la aportación teórica de la revista sobre el tema?, y ¿cuáles son los mecanismos a través de los cuales se conforma el espacio interior doméstico en la segunda mitad del siglo XX? El material de este trabajo se organiza en cinco categorías. Todas ellas se definen por ser las que agrupan una mayor cantidad ejemplos y una mayor radicalidad de las propuestas publicadas,- y que, al agruparse y acumularse, conforman una secuencia narrativa continua y sin interferencias del cuerpo del estudio. En el primer capítulo, "Fundas", se investiga el tratamiento de la superficie en el interior doméstico, empezando por el tratamiento más superficial de la superficie, el de menor grosor, el grafismo, hasta conformarse en superficies vestidas que comienzan a separarse y redefinen los límites del espacio. En el capítulo "Objetos disonantes" se estudian aquellos interiores domésticos en los que los objetos tensionan el espacio que los contiene, bien sea por una disonancia estilística, escalar o figurativa, o bien por cómo son percibidos. Los objetos mantienen una posición lo suficientemente autónoma en el espacio que los contiene corno para construir un significado por sí mismos. El capitulo tercero se centra en los personajes que aparecen en Domus, artistas que utilizan el espacio doméstico como primer campo de experimentación de una forma de vida, un posicionamiento filosófico o una postura politica, o un coleccionista donde los objetos hablan por él. El capítulo cuarto se centra en los interiores domésticos "Blancos y transparentes", publicados en Domus que fueron diseñados como si fueran anuncios o imágenes. La imagen informa el espacio arquitectónico y construye una nueva realidad: la realidad impresa. ; Postprint (published version)
The exemplum is a privileged target for the cultural study of the medieval society. If the research regarding the content of those edifying anecdotes is already well advanced, the analysis of the real audiences and concrete uses of the exempla remained yet to be undertaken. Because the expansion and characterization of this typology is directly linked with the emergence of the collections of exempla, our investigation was based on this kind of works. To succeed with this project, we used the information existing in the manuscripts copies and in medieval booklists. With these two kinds of sources, we analysed books as physical objects (cover, writing, etc.), vehicles of culture (versions, surrounding works, etc.) and historical witness (purchase, legacies, etc.). The thesis focused on the following central questions: how did books of exempla diffused in time and space? Which works achieved success? Who were the owners of these books? How did they read and use them? In the first part of our analysis, the theoretical one, historiographical and historical definitions of the exemplum and the collections of exempla have been clarified. This was indispensable because a large part of the scientific literature, especially in France, only considered the exemplum as a kind of story, which appeared in the twelfth century and was used by preachers in sermons to illustrate a salutary message. By saying so, they neglected the persuasive nature of the exemplum, confining it to a literary genre. In reality, the exemplum should be primarily considered as a rhetorical argument based on a deed or a word that happened in the past. Nevertheless, its persuasive power, which comes from its visual imagery, is especially effective when the case is told in the form of a story. This phenomenon is currently studied in the storytelling management, which uses stories to improve communication. In sum, the exemplum is an argument stemming from reality in the form of a story. The history of the exemplum does not start with the mendicant orders, but within democracy and the rhetoric schools of Athena and later in Rome. With the emergence of Christianity, church fathers use it to fight against heretics and monks to share the spiritual experience of elders to novices. A pro domo use of the exempla appears with the creation of the new religious orders, first Cluny, then the Cistercians and finally the mendicants. The latter put exempla in theirs sermons to attract the attention of their audience, though not only. They use them in conversations, lectiones and also in didactic and moral treatises. This was no novelty: previous writers such as John of Salisbury in his Polycraticus uses it abundantly. If the years 1250-1350 are the magnificent era of the exemplum, since the second half of the 14th century, we can notice a decline of the exemplum, which becomes either an illustration, an allegory, or an open, facetious, entertaining or devote story. As far as the books of exempla are concerned, for a long time scholars did not try to define them precisely. They looked at these collections only for the stories they contained. To their minds, an exempla collection was simply a book in which there were exempla. To make a necessary distinction between very differing books of exempla, we need to precise: a) the proportion of exempla; b) if the exempla are used by the authors as arguments or offered to the readers for rhetorical purposes; c) if there is an organizational system. Those questions successively allow distinguishing books of exempla from books with exempla, exempla treaties from exempla collections and exempla repositories. Nonetheless, due to the fact that exemplum is not a genre but a function, it is very hard to define a clear corpus. The first important book of exempla comes from Roman Antiquity. The Facta et dicta memorabilia of Valerius Maximus was used as a text book for students in rhetoric. With the flourishing of monasticism, exempla collections of the Vitae patrum spread all over the Christian world, diffusing the good examples of the desert Fathers. In the beginning of the second millennium, religious orders continued this practice, but with the new will of putting their respective orders forward. The first alphabetical repositories of exempla appear at the end of the 13th century due to the necessity of preaching and of tidying up growing knowledge. However, alongside the existence of these collections of exempla made for preaching purposes, there are many others books and treaties of exempla, whose function is either to instruct, or to give the rules of social morality, or simply to edify readers. The second part of the thesis puts the stress on the concrete diffusion and uses of the exempla collections. The investigation on the manuscript copies shows, inter alia, an increase in their number during the centuries (13 times more in the 15th than in the 13th century), the predominant place of the German area, especially in the 15th century, and the growing importance of the treatises of exempla, taking advantage on the repertories. With regards to the incunabula, we count 172 Latin and 74 vernacular editions of exempla collections before 1500. This mainly concerns repositories for the former when the latter contains almost exclusively treaties. The production of this edition starts in the years 1470, culminates in the years 1480 and declines at the end of the century. Geographically, we notice the same importance of the German speaking area, especially in the city of Strasbourg. At the second place we find Italy, which produces mainly antique exempla collections. For the manuscript copies as for the incunabula editions, we have to keep in mind that it exists huge differences of success between books of exempla. The last chapter focuses on the diffusion and uses of the books of exempla written by the Dominicans, the biggest producer of such collections. We also see big discrepancies of success, owners and uses. For example, the Gerard of Frachet's Vitas fratrum were mainly read in continental Europe by Dominicans and Canons regular to keep conventual order and morality, while the John Herolt's Promptuarium exemplorum was used by different orders and persons in the German world for pastoral purposes and John of Bromyard's Summa praedicantium was located in England in highly intellectual institutions, such as universities and big Benedictine monasteries. A collection of exempla can also have different readers and uses. Thomas of Cantimpre's Bonum universale de apibus, written for conventual purposes, was also used either as a repertory of exempla for preaching or as a treaty of social morality. John of Cessoles' Liber de moribus was not only read by preachers and pastors but also by lay people as spiritual lecture. Across the study of the different exempla collections, we notice many German 15th century manuscripts exclusively elaborated for pastoral uses. In these Priesterhandbücher we can find, next to exempla collections, sermons, artes predicandi, treaties on the Mass, explanation of the sacraments, the Ten Commandments and Credo. Unlike a common vision of exempla collections produced and used within the preaching, this global study shows, on the one hand, the great diversity of production environments and aims intended by exempla compilers, as well as, on the second hand, an equally important variety concerning diffusion and real uses of such works. Added to the thesis, there is an appendix of more than 300 pages presenting 68 Latin books of exempla, in which the characteristics of the work are exposed, the objectives of use pursued by the author, and the modalities of diffusion (including the list of manuscripts, medieval mentions, translations and editions). ; (DOCFILO02) -- FUNDP, 2013
The exemplum is a privileged target for the cultural study of the medieval society. If the research regarding the content of those edifying anecdotes is already well advanced, the analysis of the real audiences and concrete uses of the exempla remained yet to be undertaken. Because the expansion and characterization of this typology is directly linked with the emergence of the collections of exempla, our investigation was based on this kind of works. To succeed with this project, we used the information existing in the manuscripts copies and in medieval booklists. With these two kinds of sources, we analysed books as physical objects (cover, writing, etc.), vehicles of culture (versions, surrounding works, etc.) and historical witness (purchase, legacies, etc.). The thesis focused on the following central questions: how did books of exempla diffused in time and space? Which works achieved success? Who were the owners of these books? How did they read and use them? In the first part of our analysis, the theoretical one, historiographical and historical definitions of the exemplum and the collections of exempla have been clarified. This was indispensable because a large part of the scientific literature, especially in France, only considered the exemplum as a kind of story, which appeared in the twelfth century and was used by preachers in sermons to illustrate a salutary message. By saying so, they neglected the persuasive nature of the exemplum, confining it to a literary genre. In reality, the exemplum should be primarily considered as a rhetorical argument based on a deed or a word that happened in the past. Nevertheless, its persuasive power, which comes from its visual imagery, is especially effective when the case is told in the form of a story. This phenomenon is currently studied in the storytelling management, which uses stories to improve communication. In sum, the exemplum is an argument stemming from reality in the form of a story. The history of the exemplum does not start with the mendicant orders, but within democracy and the rhetoric schools of Athena and later in Rome. With the emergence of Christianity, church fathers use it to fight against heretics and monks to share the spiritual experience of elders to novices. A pro domo use of the exempla appears with the creation of the new religious orders, first Cluny, then the Cistercians and finally the mendicants. The latter put exempla in theirs sermons to attract the attention of their audience, though not only. They use them in conversations, lectiones and also in didactic and moral treatises. This was no novelty: previous writers such as John of Salisbury in his Polycraticus uses it abundantly. If the years 1250-1350 are the magnificent era of the exemplum, since the second half of the 14th century, we can notice a decline of the exemplum, which becomes either an illustration, an allegory, or an open, facetious, entertaining or devote story. As far as the books of exempla are concerned, for a long time scholars did not try to define them precisely. They looked at these collections only for the stories they contained. To their minds, an exempla collection was simply a book in which there were exempla. To make a necessary distinction between very differing books of exempla, we need to precise: a) the proportion of exempla; b) if the exempla are used by the authors as arguments or offered to the readers for rhetorical purposes; c) if there is an organizational system. Those questions successively allow distinguishing books of exempla from books with exempla, exempla treaties from exempla collections and exempla repositories. Nonetheless, due to the fact that exemplum is not a genre but a function, it is very hard to define a clear corpus. The first important book of exempla comes from Roman Antiquity. The Facta et dicta memorabilia of Valerius Maximus was used as a text book for students in rhetoric. With the flourishing of monasticism, exempla collections of the Vitae patrum spread all over the Christian world, diffusing the good examples of the desert Fathers. In the beginning of the second millennium, religious orders continued this practice, but with the new will of putting their respective orders forward. The first alphabetical repositories of exempla appear at the end of the 13th century due to the necessity of preaching and of tidying up growing knowledge. However, alongside the existence of these collections of exempla made for preaching purposes, there are many others books and treaties of exempla, whose function is either to instruct, or to give the rules of social morality, or simply to edify readers. The second part of the thesis puts the stress on the concrete diffusion and uses of the exempla collections. The investigation on the manuscript copies shows, inter alia, an increase in their number during the centuries (13 times more in the 15th than in the 13th century), the predominant place of the German area, especially in the 15th century, and the growing importance of the treatises of exempla, taking advantage on the repertories. With regards to the incunabula, we count 172 Latin and 74 vernacular editions of exempla collections before 1500. This mainly concerns repositories for the former when the latter contains almost exclusively treaties. The production of this edition starts in the years 1470, culminates in the years 1480 and declines at the end of the century. Geographically, we notice the same importance of the German speaking area, especially in the city of Strasbourg. At the second place we find Italy, which produces mainly antique exempla collections. For the manuscript copies as for the incunabula editions, we have to keep in mind that it exists huge differences of success between books of exempla. The last chapter focuses on the diffusion and uses of the books of exempla written by the Dominicans, the biggest producer of such collections. We also see big discrepancies of success, owners and uses. For example, the Gerard of Frachet's Vitas fratrum were mainly read in continental Europe by Dominicans and Canons regular to keep conventual order and morality, while the John Herolt's Promptuarium exemplorum was used by different orders and persons in the German world for pastoral purposes and John of Bromyard's Summa praedicantium was located in England in highly intellectual institutions, such as universities and big Benedictine monasteries. A collection of exempla can also have different readers and uses. Thomas of Cantimpre's Bonum universale de apibus, written for conventual purposes, was also used either as a repertory of exempla for preaching or as a treaty of social morality. John of Cessoles' Liber de moribus was not only read by preachers and pastors but also by lay people as spiritual lecture. Across the study of the different exempla collections, we notice many German 15th century manuscripts exclusively elaborated for pastoral uses. In these Priesterhandbücher we can find, next to exempla collections, sermons, artes predicandi, treaties on the Mass, explanation of the sacraments, the Ten Commandments and Credo. Unlike a common vision of exempla collections produced and used within the preaching, this global study shows, on the one hand, the great diversity of production environments and aims intended by exempla compilers, as well as, on the second hand, an equally important variety concerning diffusion and real uses of such works. Added to the thesis, there is an appendix of more than 300 pages presenting 68 Latin books of exempla, in which the characteristics of the work are exposed, the objectives of use pursued by the author, and the modalities of diffusion (including the list of manuscripts, medieval mentions, translations and editions). ; (DOCFILO02) -- FUNDP, 2013
The exemplum is a privileged target for the cultural study of the medieval society. If the research regarding the content of those edifying anecdotes is already well advanced, the analysis of the real audiences and concrete uses of the exempla remained yet to be undertaken. Because the expansion and characterization of this typology is directly linked with the emergence of the collections of exempla, our investigation was based on this kind of works. To succeed with this project, we used the information existing in the manuscripts copies and in medieval booklists. With these two kinds of sources, we analysed books as physical objects (cover, writing, etc.), vehicles of culture (versions, surrounding works, etc.) and historical witness (purchase, legacies, etc.). The thesis focused on the following central questions: how did books of exempla diffused in time and space? Which works achieved success? Who were the owners of these books? How did they read and use them? In the first part of our analysis, the theoretical one, historiographical and historical definitions of the exemplum and the collections of exempla have been clarified. This was indispensable because a large part of the scientific literature, especially in France, only considered the exemplum as a kind of story, which appeared in the twelfth century and was used by preachers in sermons to illustrate a salutary message. By saying so, they neglected the persuasive nature of the exemplum, confining it to a literary genre. In reality, the exemplum should be primarily considered as a rhetorical argument based on a deed or a word that happened in the past. Nevertheless, its persuasive power, which comes from its visual imagery, is especially effective when the case is told in the form of a story. This phenomenon is currently studied in the storytelling management, which uses stories to improve communication. In sum, the exemplum is an argument stemming from reality in the form of a story. The history of the exemplum does not start with the mendicant orders, but within democracy and the rhetoric schools of Athena and later in Rome. With the emergence of Christianity, church fathers use it to fight against heretics and monks to share the spiritual experience of elders to novices. A pro domo use of the exempla appears with the creation of the new religious orders, first Cluny, then the Cistercians and finally the mendicants. The latter put exempla in theirs sermons to attract the attention of their audience, though not only. They use them in conversations, lectiones and also in didactic and moral treatises. This was no novelty: previous writers such as John of Salisbury in his Polycraticus uses it abundantly. If the years 1250-1350 are the magnificent era of the exemplum, since the second half of the 14th century, we can notice a decline of the exemplum, which becomes either an illustration, an allegory, or an open, facetious, entertaining or devote story. As far as the books of exempla are concerned, for a long time scholars did not try to define them precisely. They looked at these collections only for the stories they contained. To their minds, an exempla collection was simply a book in which there were exempla. To make a necessary distinction between very differing books of exempla, we need to precise: a) the proportion of exempla; b) if the exempla are used by the authors as arguments or offered to the readers for rhetorical purposes; c) if there is an organizational system. Those questions successively allow distinguishing books of exempla from books with exempla, exempla treaties from exempla collections and exempla repositories. Nonetheless, due to the fact that exemplum is not a genre but a function, it is very hard to define a clear corpus. The first important book of exempla comes from Roman Antiquity. The Facta et dicta memorabilia of Valerius Maximus was used as a text book for students in rhetoric. With the flourishing of monasticism, exempla collections of the Vitae patrum spread all over the Christian world, diffusing the good examples of the desert Fathers. In the beginning of the second millennium, religious orders continued this practice, but with the new will of putting their respective orders forward. The first alphabetical repositories of exempla appear at the end of the 13th century due to the necessity of preaching and of tidying up growing knowledge. However, alongside the existence of these collections of exempla made for preaching purposes, there are many others books and treaties of exempla, whose function is either to instruct, or to give the rules of social morality, or simply to edify readers. The second part of the thesis puts the stress on the concrete diffusion and uses of the exempla collections. The investigation on the manuscript copies shows, inter alia, an increase in their number during the centuries (13 times more in the 15th than in the 13th century), the predominant place of the German area, especially in the 15th century, and the growing importance of the treatises of exempla, taking advantage on the repertories. With regards to the incunabula, we count 172 Latin and 74 vernacular editions of exempla collections before 1500. This mainly concerns repositories for the former when the latter contains almost exclusively treaties. The production of this edition starts in the years 1470, culminates in the years 1480 and declines at the end of the century. Geographically, we notice the same importance of the German speaking area, especially in the city of Strasbourg. At the second place we find Italy, which produces mainly antique exempla collections. For the manuscript copies as for the incunabula editions, we have to keep in mind that it exists huge differences of success between books of exempla. The last chapter focuses on the diffusion and uses of the books of exempla written by the Dominicans, the biggest producer of such collections. We also see big discrepancies of success, owners and uses. For example, the Gerard of Frachet's Vitas fratrum were mainly read in continental Europe by Dominicans and Canons regular to keep conventual order and morality, while the John Herolt's Promptuarium exemplorum was used by different orders and persons in the German world for pastoral purposes and John of Bromyard's Summa praedicantium was located in England in highly intellectual institutions, such as universities and big Benedictine monasteries. A collection of exempla can also have different readers and uses. Thomas of Cantimpre's Bonum universale de apibus, written for conventual purposes, was also used either as a repertory of exempla for preaching or as a treaty of social morality. John of Cessoles' Liber de moribus was not only read by preachers and pastors but also by lay people as spiritual lecture. Across the study of the different exempla collections, we notice many German 15th century manuscripts exclusively elaborated for pastoral uses. In these Priesterhandbücher we can find, next to exempla collections, sermons, artes predicandi, treaties on the Mass, explanation of the sacraments, the Ten Commandments and Credo. Unlike a common vision of exempla collections produced and used within the preaching, this global study shows, on the one hand, the great diversity of production environments and aims intended by exempla compilers, as well as, on the second hand, an equally important variety concerning diffusion and real uses of such works. Added to the thesis, there is an appendix of more than 300 pages presenting 68 Latin books of exempla, in which the characteristics of the work are exposed, the objectives of use pursued by the author, and the modalities of diffusion (including the list of manuscripts, medieval mentions, translations and editions). ; (DOCFILO02) -- FUNDP, 2013
[spa] La presente tesis doctoral se inscribe en la valoración del pensamiento de Otloh de San Emeramo, siglo XI. Un autor poco estudiado en el entorno de la Filosofía del Medioevo. A nuestro estudio lo hemos dividido en cuatro partes. En la primera desarrollamos el entorno histórico señalando las características políticas, monacales, clericales, con las que Otloh convivió en un conflictivo Año Mil y que posibilitaron el surgimiento de una teología y de una cultura monástica afincada en la reforma benedictina. El estudio de este contexto nos proporcionó los elementos simbólicos que habrían regido las prácticas sociales. Unas prácticas que no se agotaron en su realización material sino que produjeron otredades tanto beneficiosas como negativas para el espíritu inquieto del monje. Otloh refiere la vida monacal y marginal en sus narraciones, aportando con su escritura hagiográfica, que enlaza con su función de historiador, un relato pormenorizado de la vida en el claustro y en el siglo que enriquece su dote filosófica. Una segunda parte en la que tratamos específicamente de Otloh: su vida, su obra y las características particulares que supo darles. De esta aproximación a su persona surge nuestra interpretación de los supuestos intelectuales en los que se basa, haciendo hincapié, entre otros autores, en Lucano, el poeta que tanto le perturbó. Para ello intentamos instalarnos en su posible clave de lector. A partir de aquí desarrollamos el parágrafo que titulamos «Derrotero de su conversión», un espacio laberíntico en conflictos e indecisiones determinado por las visiones, las lecturas y las mudas imposiciones y el «temor de Dios», cerrando esta segunda parte con sus antecedentes filosóficos. En la tercera parte, expusimos el tema que da título a la presente tesis: «Duda y dialéctica». Para ello, comenzamos analizando el aspecto ético derivado de la conversión y de sus temores, para pasar a considerar la simonía como una acción que condujo a Otloh a la negación de la utilización de la dialéctica en casos bien explícitos. Además señalamos cómo esa situación provocó una querella entre dialécticos y antidialécticos; en ella la posición de nuestro monje benedictino es ambigua a simple vista pero bien definida en sus detalles. Concluimos con una visión semántica y semiótica acerca de lo que Otloh entendía por Artes Liberales, Filosofía y Teología en sus interrelaciones. La cuarta parte la dedicamos por entero a la duda, en todos los aspectos que hemos podido considerar que ella se presenta en la obra y en el espíritu de Otloh, la epistemología que de ella surge. La imposibilidad de dejar de dudar aparece como fuente epistémico-gnoseológica, de esta manera, el mundo es visto por los hombres y en especial por los monjes como un universo de «lenguaje» en su tarea de acceder al desciframiento de lo «simbólico». La imagen aparece como reflejo de la realidad, mediatizada por la regla religiosa que le provoca, al monje, una particular visión de sí mismo en relación con los diferentes mundos. Concluimos esta cuarta y última parte exponiendo la propuesta de solución que Otloh encuentra al problema fe-razón. Finalizamos la tesis mencionando en qué basamos la originalidad de su pensamiento y las futuras líneas investigativas que de este estudio se derivan. La conclusión ha querido señalar la contribución del monje al desarrollo de la cultura occidental a través de su esfuerzo en recuperar la fortaleza y responsabilidad individual para la toma de decisiones y el doble «uso» que hace Otloh de los poetas y filósofos. Ellos le permiten ver la heteronomía, los convencionalismos, la contingencia; en definitiva, la desigualdad. De esta manera nuestro estudio rescata a un pensador que en medio de contradicciones considera a la dialéctica como la ciencia más importante del trivium. ; [eng] This doctoral thesis is an evaluation of the thought of Otloh of Saint Emeram (XIth century) an author little studied in the context of Medieval Philosophy. The presentation is divided in four parts. (1) In the first part we present the historic background, underlining the various contexts political, monastic, clerical in which Otloh moved in a somewhat conflict-ridden year 1,000 and which made possible the growth of a theology and a monastic culture based on the Benedictine reform. The study of this context gives us the symbolic elements which will have guided the social practices which were not restricted to their physical expression, but which generated other takes on reality both beneficial and negative on the restless spirit of this monk. Otloh refers to monastic life in his hagiographic writings in his role as a historian, giving us a detailed vision of life in the cloister and in the century which feed his philosophical outlook. (2) The second part deals specifically with Otloh: his life, his work and the particular characteristics he gave to them. This understanding of his personality is the basis of our interpretation of his intellectual background, especially re his use, among other authors, of the poet Lucan, the use of whose work seriously perturbed him. For that reason we try to put ourselves in his possible frame of mind as he read him. From there we develop the section we have called "The Way of Conversion" a labyrinth of conflicts and indecisions marked by visions, readings, mental restrictions and the "fear of God" as laid down in the Rule of St. Benedict. This we reconstruct from what he tells us in his writings, using as a guideline his work "De suis tentationibus". We close this second part considering his philosophical background. (3) In the third part we present the theme which gives title to this thesis "Doubt and Dialectic". For that, we begin by analysing the ethical aspect arising from his conversion and fears, to pass then to consider simony as an activity which leads Otloh to deny dialectics in quite specific circumstances. In addition we show how this situation provoked a struggle between "dialectics" & "antidialectics". In this, the position of our Benedictine monk is at first sight ambiguous, but actually quite clear in its details. We conclude with a presentation both semantic and semiotic of what Otloh understood as Liberal Arts, Philosophy and Theology. (4) This fourth part concentrates entirely on "Doubt" in all the aspects which we have been able to consider as presented in the works of Otloh. That includes the interaction with his illness, the epistemology that arises therefrom. The impossibility to stop doubting functions as an epistemo-gnoseologic mechanism. In this way, the world is seen by men and especially by the monks as a universe of "languages" and we use the plural because many come to the surface in the attempt to decipher the "symbolic". The image appears as a reflection of reality, mediated by the religious Rule which gives the monk a specific view of himself in relation to the different worlds. We conclude this fourth and final section outlining the solution Otloh proposes for the faith-reason problem. Conclusion: We finish this thesis by noting the originality of his thought and the lines of future investigation sparked off by this study. Our conclusion has tried to point out the contribution of Otloh to the development of Western culture via his efforts to recover individual strength and responsability in decision-making, and the double "use" which Otloh makes of poets and philosophers. These allow him to see the heteronomy, the cliché, the contingency: in other words the inequality. In this way, our study brings to light a thinker who, in the midst of contradictions, judges dialectic as the most important science of the trivium.
Материал представляет собой размышление над книгами известного отечественного философа В.А. Кутырёва, в том числе над последней изданной работой «Последнее целование. Человек как традиция» (СПб., 2015). Нижегородский профессор автор ряда трудов, посвящённых критическому разбору современного инновационизма. Он пытается привлечь внимание к мировоззренческим аспектам информационного прогресса. Эти исследования направлены против движения человечества к вырождению, отказу от жизни и культуры в пользу техники и виртуализма. В рецензии даётся критический разбор философской традиции, которая завершилась в наши дни забвением бытия, руинизацией жизни и гуманизма. Автор использует методологические принципы философской антропологии, которые позволяют обосновать понятие «человеческой природы», бытийственных аспектов жизни. Он рассматривает традицию как проявление универсалий бытия. Материал направлен против господствующего в современном общественном сознании безоглядного прогрессизма, инновационизма. Ставится вопрос о более скрупулёзной и глубокой философской рефлексии, которая позволила бы оценить возможные риски при осуществляющейся трансгрессии общества. Дана высокая оценка традициям, которые в известном смысле можно называть универсалиями. Отвергаются попытки современных исследователей отказаться от понятия «человеческой природы», от размывания идентичности. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the works written by a professor of the University of Nizhny Novgorod Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kutyrev, including his new book «The last kissing. Man as a tradition» (SPb., 2015). His studies are directed against the movement of humanity to degeneration as rejection of real life and culture in favor of technology and virtualization. The review gives critical scrutiny of the philosophical tradition which at the present ended in contempt for the being, the ruining of life and humanism. Concurrently, the limited nature of this viewpoint can be observed. The author reflects on the tremendous changes of the outside world, assuming they require the extreme mobilization of philosophical reflection. The belief that IT in the course of development can eliminate human difficulties and vices is subjected to criticism. V. A. Kutyrev insists on the fact that the mechanism of identity is a basis of any human-related reasoning. Self-identity cannot be pieced together with innovations only, as had argued in due time P. Ricoeur. It is tradition that preserves «humane». However, if we set aside the past, the basic, there is no point in discoursing upon hereafter. Tradition can be treated in different ways. Some people propose to alleviate from the ship of present a burden of tenacious ethnicity, traditions, isolation and narrow-mindedness. Yet others think differently. Others, as noted in the article, presume that critique of archaistic society as the one suffering from narrow-mindedness and patriarchal character is unjustified. The French philosopher G. Bataille proclaimed sacredness the major achievement of traditional society. He noted that the real world complies with the innermost order only exteriorly. Innermost means intimate, secret. Bataille spoke in support of a revival of sacredness. He saw in it the salvation of mankind. For many years he was in search of sacred knowledge, which would change the face of sociology or political economy. V. A. Kutyrev proved the philosophy of tradition to be a historical form of an identity, bearing the tension of existence and changes. And while it bears this tension, it exists. The author pays attention to the transformation of identity nowadays. Hybridism is a new motto. Girls often want to be boys, boys to be girls. White wish to be black, black dream of becoming white. Elderly want to get back their youth. Aborigines try on the roles of the European. The European voluntarily rush for the shacks. The most important thing is not to be frozen in the past life, the past role, the past self-identity. Parents are labeled oddly with «the first» and «the second» parent. The main thing is to escape a clear sex identity. Blurring the gender identity aimed at the elimination of gender certainty. Cultural and domestic signals are added to the armory. Woman shave her head, man puts on her dresses along with army boots. That indicates a mockery of the traditional assumptions about identity. The whole process of identity construction is transformed. We live in an era of constructivism mania. Transformations, modifications touch everything. We have not yet managed to understand the mysteries of protein life form, as we hasten to hatch out. We are ready to set our minds to a cosmic mood. We wonder why nature was so tolerant towards the evident mistakes of evolution. It won't be like that anymore. We endured puberty and now sank into an abyss of constructivism. V. A. Kutyrev thinks the main fault lies with the philosophers. Enthusiasts of the incredible changes in the historical destiny of mankind make philosophy seem like a useless expendable material in this situation. Every philosophical idea echoes differently in the philosophical space. But there is no sense in examining different concepts as the reason for the exposure. The «New philosophers» of France not so long ago accused classical philosophy followers to play the mischief with modern history. Even before Karl Popper traced the cradle of totalitarian ideas in the social thoughts of Plato. The topic of «Übermensch» in Nietzsche's reflection was interpreted as the precursor of fascism. Ideological demarcation in philosophy certainly requires establishing responsibility of thinkers for revelations they give to people. Nevertheless, is it fare to blame Kant for the discovery of transcendental thinking, which led philosophy astray from the verified root of seeking thought? Would modern philosophy be that rich, if it were not for Kant? How did it come in domestic literature to impute almost criminal intentions to classical scholars? Let us take for instance E. Husserl. He created the concept of lifeworld, some kind of a correlate of human experience in everyday reality. This idea enabled us to return to analyze the primary forms of everyday reliability. V. A. Kutyrev elaborates the concept of co-evolution of the natural and the artificial worlds, stresses the need of resisting to the discredit of existence and the tendencies of substituting ontology with «nihilitology», propose the idea of uniting philosophy and religion in order to protect humanism from scientific mind. He states that the intensification of antagonism between natural and artificial and the creation of «post-human» reality have caused the global crisis. Only our ability to restrain the expansion of technology and preserve the niche of natural existence will help us to avert the catastrophe. Emphasizing the major accomplishments of V. A. Kutyrev in criticizing the destructive tendencies of modern civilization, author draws attention to the philosopher's polemical costs and the specific weaknesses of his philosophical standpoint.
Criterio Libre magazine has played an important role in promoting scientific dissemination as a fundamental mechanism in the transformation processes of our Latin American nations towards better formed societies, with a healthy balance between the necessary growth of the production of tangible and intangible goods and a more fair distribution of wealth, for the benefit of all its populations, which seek to eradicate poverty, which is the greatest scourge that humanity has not yet been able to overcome. Therefore, we rely on criteria of the development of science that contribute to these ideals, choosing then the best articles, subjected to rigorous evaluation processes by recognized national and international researchers, who have also contributed to raise the scientific quality of them through his thoughtful observations and also to develop scientific thinking and the use of the best style for their communication, enriching the social scientific thought in our nations. We can summarize these principles as follows: the development of science and technology as an expression of given sociocultural and valorative systems, the development of science at the service of productive transformation for the benefit of society, the awareness of the role of science and technology in the definition of power relations at the national and international levels and its insertion in development policies, the use of science and technological innovation as instruments of autonomy, openness to novel approaches in the consolidation of social science, the freedom of critical thinking at all levels of scientific knowledge management, among others. In this sense, we have tried to strengthen the analysis and critical development of economic, administrative, financial and accounting sciences, opening a space for the discussion and development of the epistemology of these social sciences, which increasingly becomes the central axis of our magazine. The present edition of Criterio Libre includes two articles that enrich this epistemological discussion: in the first one the researcher José J. Ortiz B. poses a dilemma that accompanies the development of accounting science, "The crisis of accounting representation: problems of science social or power politics?", which seeks to clarify the factors that originate the problem of accounting representation from a reflection on the theoretical foundations that support this important topic and the empirical references that show this problem, factors that have been seen as an epistemic obstacle in the consolidation of this young science and to which the author intends to contribute in his epistemological clarification and in the proposal of alternative solutions, which he proposes for discussion to the scientific community with an interdisciplinary approach and from the paradigm of complexity. In the second article, Professor Jean Paul Sarrazin poses an interesting dissertation on "Religion: do we know what we are talking about? Examination on the feasibility of an analytical category for the social sciences". The objective of this review was to find an analytical category that is precise, clear and sufficiently broad to study empirically the vast range of sociocultural phenomena that can be or have been considered as "religious". It concludes that in spite of the absence of a unified analytical category, some of the most prominent elements in the different definitions can constitute, by themselves, useful analytical categories for empirical research. It can be deduced that this section has been faithful to the principles that we exposed at the beginning of this editorial and that we hope will continue to become an open forum for the scientific development of our disciplines. A second section, devoted to accounting and finance, defines topics that have become of substantial interest due to the strong theoretical development that these disciplines have reached, arriving to a phase in which the disputes of the paradigms that support different approaches have been decanted, and it is in this field where contributions arise that consolidate important theoretical schemes or that, on the other hand, discard hypotheses that allow debugging systems that, in the manner of the layers of an onion, are grouped by levels, which contributes to the consolidation of the social sciences. In this section we find two important articles oriented under this philosophy: the first one analyzes the effects on the accounting information of public companies in the Colombian electricity sector of the implementation of Resolution 743 of 2013 regarding the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for some public companies. This topic is one of the applications of the important advances in the development of accounting theory for the financial economy, which in spite of this does not manage to establish solid roots for the conditions of the developing countries, as this article proves that the transformations assumed are the result of a change in the organizational economic model, where, rather than attending to the international regulation model, it responds to a process of concentration of strategic assets by actors that have the ability to capture regulation, demonstrating that the interdisciplinary approach is a fertile ground to explain in a better way the reality of these countries in the globalizing environment that characterizes the current economy of these countries. The second article, about the "Impact of self-financing on the innovation of micro, small and medium-sized Colombian companies," allows us to delve into an aspect that has not been explicitly studied and that is located at the frontiers of knowledge between economics, finance and the administration, especially directed at an important sector of the economy of the developing countries, that of the MSME companies, which despite their great contributions to the economic well-being of the population, occupying 80% of it in these countries, no intellectual effort has been devoted by our researchers, wasting a space of potential development of autonomy that will clear the way for the true socioeconomic development of our region. The descriptive results show that Colombian MSMEs use their own resources as a priority for their investments, and inferential results obtained through linear regressions indicate that internal financing has a positive and significant influence on their overall innovation, as well as on their products/services, productive processes and management. This is a variable of fundamental importance to be involved in the development policies for the Latin American industry and that very little is taken into consideration until now, in what has been called the Orange economy, which countries like Colombia want to promote. The reality is that internal or own resources are still the main source of funding for the investment projects of these companies, and while this is consistent with the postulates of the theory of financial hierarchy, everything seems to indicate that the reasons for this are mainly the barriers they encounter to access the external financial market. The next section, dedicated to economic discipline, shows us an important article focused on the analysis of the relationship between "Good governance and effectiveness of development aid", a topic of high relevance for our economies. The article aims to deepen the origin and changes experienced by the notion of good governance; analyzes the constituents and determinants of it, as well as its relationship with close concepts such as institutional quality, and above all, the ideas and evidence created on the relationship between good governance and the effectiveness of development aid. Finally, it concludes that there is no general consensus that aid has been effective in promoting economic growth, and there are both supporters and opponents of this idea. Reflectively, it paves the way for empirically verifying the true effects of economic aid and the conditions under which better results would be possible for the benefit of large masses of the population. This edition closes with two sections: the first one, traditional on topics of administration as a discipline that is structurally integrated with the economic, accounting and financial, and where two articles are developed: the first of these is entitled "Co-creation and new challenges of generating value that organizations face". This matter is very topical and marks a trend in modern administrative theory, which is revolving around the new approaches to the generation of value. It is concluded that, in order to generate a sustained value in organizations, the focus of the managers' actions must be the creation of joint value with their clients and not the exclusive goal of increasing the sales of their products or services usually designed internally and closed. The second article, under the title "Model to analyze the incidence of social capital in human development in Bogotá, DC", focuses on identifying whether there is a type of relationship between social capital and human development in the endogenous context of the city of Bogota. For this purpose, it is proposed to conduct a descriptive investigation, based on multiple regression analysis, which facilitates the proposal of a model that determines the level of incidence of social capital in human development, based on the calculation of the Human Development Index and the Index Decomposed social capital in cognitive capital index, ICSC, structural social capital index, ICSE, social representation index of social capital, IRSCS, components of the integral calculation of the social capital index. Based on these calculations, it is verified that the scope and use of social capital are unknown in the city, which generates a society with a high level of atomization and disinterest about the problems of citizenship. Being able to verify these assertions has the utmost importance to adopt policies of social and human development in the D.C., taking into account the different analytical components that were used in the study. In the last section, dedicated to knowledge management, the issue of bullying is analyzed pedagogically by sexual orientation among male students in the environment of secondary education, which seeks to contribute to the prevention of bullying behaviors, due to the effects that this has in the welfare of a population that tends to segregate in an undemocratic manner and that is already part of the educational models that should be oriented towards the formation of values. As pedagogues, we believe that education can and should create environments of respect and appreciation of difference, where everyone can access it, regardless of sexual orientation, gender or other social or cultural constructions. The set of the eight articles that we put at the disposal of the academic community, organized in the sections oriented according to the principles that support the scientific philosophy and the editorial policy of the magazine, is configured in a new effort that we are sure will contribute to the strengthening of the scientific and technological development of our disciplines in an environment that is ours, but that dialogues with the universality of knowledge at a global level, and that progressively will become the great pillars of our human and social development ; La revista Criterio Libre ha venido desempeñando un rol importante en la promoción de la divulgación científica como mecanismo fundamental en los procesos de transformación de nuestras naciones hispanoamericanas hacia sociedades mejor conformadas, con un sano equilibrio entre el necesario crecimiento de la producción de bienes tangibles e intangibles y una más justa distribución de la riqueza, en beneficio de todas sus poblaciones que buscan la erradicación de la pobreza, el mayor flagelo que la humanidad aún no ha podido superar. En ese orden de ideas, nos hemos fundamentado en criterios del desarrollo de la ciencia que contribuyan a esos ideales, seleccionando los mejores artículos, sometidos a procesos rigurosos de evaluación por reconocidos investigadores nacionales e internacionales, quienes también han contribuido a elevar la calidad científica de los mismos con sus atinadas observaciones y también a desarrollar el pensamiento científico y la utilización del mejor estilo para su comunicación, enriqueciendo el pensamiento científico social en nuestras naciones. Dichos principios los podemos sintetizar de la siguiente manera: El desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología como expresión de sistemas valorativos y socioculturales dados, el desarrollo de la ciencia al servicio de la transformación productiva en beneficio de la sociedad, la concientización del papel que tienen la ciencia y la tecnología en la definición de las relaciones de poder en los niveles nacional e internacional y su inserción en las políticas de desarrollo, la utilización de la ciencia y de la innovación tecnológica como instrumentos de autonomía, la apertura a enfoques novedosos en la consolidación de la ciencia social, la libertad del pensamiento crítico en todos los niveles de la gestión del conocimiento científico, entre otros. En tal sentido hemos querido fortalecer el análisis y desarrollo crítico de las ciencias económicas, administrativas, financieras y contables, abriendo un espacio para la discusión y desarrollo de la epistemología de estas ciencias sociales, que cada vez más se convierte en columna vertebral de nuestra revista. En el presente número se incluyen dos artículos que enriquecen dicha discusión epistemológica: en el primero de ellos el investigador José J. Ortiz B. nos plantea un dilema que acompaña el desarrollo de la ciencia contable, "La crisis de la representación contable: ¿problemas de la ciencia social o de la política del poder?", en donde busca dar claridad a los factores que originan la problemática de la representación contable a partir de una reflexión sobre los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan este importante tópico y los referentes empíricos que muestran dicha problemática, factores que necesariamente se han expresado como un obstáculo epistémico en la consolidación de esta joven ciencia y al que el autor pretende aportar tanto en su esclarecimiento epistemológico, como en la propuesta de alternativas de solución, que pone para discusión a la comunidad científica con un enfoque interdisciplinario y desde el paradigma de la complejidad. En el segundo artículo el profesor Jean Paul Sarrazin nos plantea una interesante 18 Universidad Libre disertación alrededor del concepto "Religión: ¿sabemos de lo que estamos hablando? Examen sobre la viabilidad de una categoría analítica para las ciencias sociales". El objetivo de esta revisión fue encontrar una categoría analítica precisa, clara y suficientemente amplia para estudiar empíricamente la vasta gama de fenómenos socioculturales que pueden ser o han sido considerados como "religiosos". Se concluye que a pesar de la ausencia de una categoría analítica unificada algunos de los elementos más destacados en las diferentes definiciones pueden constituir, en sí mismos, categorías analíticas útiles para la investigación empírica. Se puede deducir que esta sección ha sido fiel a los principios que expusimos al comienzo de este editorial y que esperamos se siga convirtiendo en tribuna abierta para el desarrollo científico de nuestras disciplinas. Una segunda sección, dedicada a la contabilidad y las finanzas, define temáticas que se han tornado de interés sustancial dado el fuerte desarrollo teórico que han venido alcanzado esas disciplinas, llegando a una fase en que las disputas de los paradigmas que sustentan diversos enfoques se han venido decantando y es en ese terreno donde florecen aportes que consolidan esquemas teóricos importantes o que, por otro lado, descartan hipótesis que permiten depurar sistemas que, a la manera de las capas de la cebolla, se van agrupando por niveles, lo cual contribuye a la consolidación de las ciencias sociales. En esta sección encontramos dos importantes artículos orientados bajo esa filosofía: el primero de ellos analiza los efectos que sobre la información contable de las empresas públicas del sector eléctrico colombiano tuvo la implementación de la Resolución 743 de 2013, la cual se refiere a la adopción de Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) para algunas empresas públicas, siendo este tópico uno de los aplicativos de los avances importantes del desarrollo de la teoría contable para la economía financierista, que a pesar de ello no logra asentar sólidas raíces para las condiciones de los países en desarrollo, como lo comprueba este artículo que encuentra que las transformaciones asumidas son el resultado de un cambio de modelo económico organizacional, en donde más que atender el modelo de regulación internacional, responde a un proceso de concentración de activos estratégicos por parte de actores que tienen la capacidad de capturar la regulación, demostrando que es el enfoque interdisciplinario un campo fértil para explicar de una mejor manera la realidad de estos países en el entorno globalizador que caracteriza la economía actual de dichos países. El segundo artículo acerca del "Impacto del autofinanciamiento sobre la innovación de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas colombianas", permite profundizar en un aspecto que no ha sido explícitamente estudiado y que se ubica en las fronteras del conocimiento entre la economía, las finanzas y la administración, dirigido especialmente a un sector importante de la economía de los países en desarrollo, el de las empresas Mipymes, que a pesar de sus grandes aportes al bienestar económico de la población al ocupar 80% de la misma en estos países, no se le ha dedicado un esfuerzo intelectual por parte de nuestros investigadores, desaprovechando un espacio de potencial desarrollo de la autonomía que permitirá desbrozar el camino del verdadero desarrollo socioeconómico de nuestra región. Los resultados descriptivos muestran que las Mipymes colombianas utilizan prioritariamente recursos propios para sus inversiones, y los resultados inferenciales obtenidos mediante regresiones lineales señalan que el financiamiento interno influye positiva y significativamente en su innovación global, así como en la de sus productos/servicios, procesos productivos y gestión. Esto es una variable de importancia fundamental para ser involucrada en las políticas de desarrollo para la industria latinoamericana y que muy poco se toma en consideración hasta ahora, en lo que se ha venido denominando la economía naranja, que países como Colombia quieren fomentar. La realidad es que los recursos internos o propios siguen siendo la principal fuente de financiación para los proyectos de inversión de estas empresas y si bien ello es coherente con los postulados de la teoría de la jerarquía financiera, todo parece indicar que las razones de esto son principalmente las barreras que encuentran para acceder al mercado financiero externo. Nuestra siguiente sección, dedicada a la disciplina económica, nos muestra un importante artículo enfocado al análisis de la relación entre "Buen gobierno y eficacia de la ayuda al desarrollo", tema de altísima pertinencia para nuestras economías. El artículo se propone profundizar en el origen y los cambios experimentados por la noción de buen gobierno; analiza los constituyentes y determinantes del mismo, así como su relación con conceptos cercanos como el de calidad institucional, y sobre todo, las ideas y la evidencia creada sobre las relaciones entre el buen gobierno y la efectividad de la ayuda al desarrollo. Finalmente llega a la conclusión de que no existe un consenso general en cuanto a que la ayuda haya sido eficaz para promover el crecimiento económico, y existen tanto defensores como detractores de esta idea. De manera reflexiva deja abierto el camino para verificar empíricamente los verdaderos efectos de la ayuda económica y las condiciones bajo las cuales se harían posibles unos mejores resultados en beneficio de grandes masas de la población. Cerramos este número con dos secciones: la primera, tradicional sobre temas de administración como disciplina que se integra estructuralmente con la económica, la contable y financiera, y donde se desarrollan dos artículos: el primero de estos se titula "La co-creación y los nuevos retos de generación de valor que enfrentan las organizaciones", siendo esta temática de gran actualidad y que marca una tendencia en la moderna teoría administrativa, que está girando sobre los nuevos enfoques de la generación de valor. Se concluye que, para generar un valor sostenido en las organizaciones, el foco de las acciones de los gestores debe ser la creación de valor conjunta con sus clientes y no la exclusiva meta de aumentar las ventas de sus productos o servicios habitualmente diseñados de manera interna y cerrada. El segundo artículo bajo el título "Modelo para analizar la incidencia del capital social en el desarrollo humano en Bogotá, D.C.", se centra en identificar si existe un tipo de relación entre el capital social y el desarrollo humano en el contexto endógeno de la ciudad de Bogotá. Para tal fin, se propone hacer una investigación descriptiva basada en análisis de regresión múltiple que facilita la proposición de un modelo que determina el nivel de incidencia del capital social en el desarrollo humano, partiendo del cálculo del Índice de desarrollo humano y del Índice de capital social descompuesto en índice 20 Universidad Libre de capital cognitivo, ICSC, índice de capital social estructural, ICSE, Índice de representación social del capital social, IRSCS, componentes del cálculo integral del índice de capital social. Con base en esos cálculos se llega a comprobar que en la ciudad se desconocen el alcance y uso del capital social, lo que genera construir una sociedad con alto nivel de atomización y desinterés por los problemas de la ciudadanía. Poder comprobar estos asertos es de suma importancia para adoptar políticas de desarrollo social y humano en el D.C., atendiendo los diferentes componentes analíticos que se utilizaron en el estudio. En la última sección, dedicada a la gestión del conocimiento, se analiza pedagógicamente el tema del bullying por orientación sexual entre estudiantes masculinos en el ambiente de la educación media, que busca contribuir a la prevención de comportamientos de bullying, por los efectos que ello tiene en el bienestar de una población que tiende a segregarse de manera antidemocrática y que ya hace parte de los modelos educativos que deben orientarse a la formación de valores. Como pedagogos, creemos que la educación puede y debe crear ambientes de respeto y valoración de la diferencia, en donde todos puedan acceder a ella, sin importar la orientación sexual, el género u otras construcciones sociales o culturales. El conjunto de los ocho artículos que ponemos a disposición de la comunidad académica, organizados en las secciones orientadas según los principios que fundamentan la filosofía científica y la política editorial de la revista, se configura en un nuevo esfuerzo que estamos seguros contribuirá al fortalecimiento del desarrollo científico y tecnológico de nuestras disciplinas en un entorno que nos es propio, pero que dialoga con la universalidad del conocimiento a nivel global, y que progresivamente se constituirán en los grandes pilares de nuestro desarrollo humano y social. ; La revue Criterio Libre a occupé un important rôle en promouvoir la divulgation scientifique comme mécanisme fondamental dans les procès de transformation de nos nations latino-americaines vers sociétés meilleure conformées, avec un sain équilibre entre la nécessaire croissance de la production de biens tangibles et intangibles et une plus juste distribution de la richesse, au profit de toutes ses populations, que cherchent éradiquer la pauvreté, qu'il est le majeur fléau que l'humanité encore n'a pas pu surpasser. Par l'antérieur, nous basons sur des critères du développement de la science qu'ils contribuent à ces idéals, en choisissant alors les meilleurs articles, soumis à des rigoureux procès d'évaluation par des reconnus chercheurs nationaux et internationaux, qui ont aussi contribué à élever la qualité scientifique des mêmes par leur sages observations et aussi à développer la pensée scientifique et l'utilisation du meilleur style pour sa communication, en enrichissant la pensé scientifique sociale dans nos nations. Nous pouvons résumer dits principes: le développement de la science et la technologie comme expression de systèmes d'évaluation et socio-culturelles donnés, le développement de la science au service de la transformation productive au profit de la société, la prise de conscience du rôle de la science et la technologie dans la définition des relations de pouvoir en les niveaux nationaux et internationaux et son insertion dans les politiques de développement, l›utilisation de la science et de l›innovation technologique comme des instruments d›autonomie, l›ouverture à nouvelles approches dans la consolidation de la science sociale, la liberté de la pensée critique en tous les niveaux de la gestion de la connaissance scientifique, entre autrui. Dans ce sens, nous avons essayé fortifier l'analyse et développement critique des sciences économiques, administratives, financiers et comptables, en ouvrant un espace pour la discussion et développement de l'epistemologie de ces sciences sociales, que de plus en plus se convertit dans l'axe central de notre revue. La présente édition comprend deux articles qu'ils enrichissent dite discussion epistémológique: en le premier d'ils le chercheur José J. Ortiz B. pose un dilemme qu'accompagne le développement de la science comptable, "La crise de la représentation comptable: ¿problèmes de la science sociale ou de la politique du pouvoir?", dans lequel cherche éclaircir les facteurs qu'ils causent la problématique de la représentation comptable à partir d'une réflexion sur les fondements théoriques qu'ils soutiennent cet important question et les référents empiriques qui montrent cette problématique, facteurs qui ont été considérés comme un obstacle épistémique à la consolidation de cette jeune science et aux quels l›auteur entend contribuir dans sa clarification épistémologique et dans la proposition de solutions alternatives qu›il donne à lacommunauté scientifique avec une approche interdisciplinaire et du paradigme de la complexité. Dans le deuxième article, le professeur Jean Paul Sarrazin fait une thèse intéressante sur "Religion: savons-nous de quoi nous parlons? Examen de la faisabilité d›une catégorie analytique pour les sciences sociales". L'objectif de cette revue était de trouver une catégorie analytique précise, claire et suffisamment large pour étudier empiriquement la vaste gamme de phénomènes socio-culturelles qui peuvent être ou ont été considérés comme "religieux". Il conclut qu'en dépit de l›absence d›unecatégorie analytique unifiée, certains éléments les plus saillants des différentes définitions peuvent euxmêmes constituer des catégories analytiques utiles à la recherche empirique. On peut déduire que cette section a été fidèle aux principes que nous avons énoncé au début de cet éditorial et que nous espérons qu'ils continuera à devenir une plateforme ouverte pour le développement scientifique de nos disciplines. Une deuxième section, consacrée à la comptabilité et à la finance, définit les sujets qui sont devenus d›un intérêt substantiel en raison du fort développement théorique que ces disciplines ont atteint, atteignant une phase dans la quelle les différends des paradigmes qui soutiennent diverses approches ont été réglés et c'est dans ce domaine que les contributions surgissent qui consolident des schémas théoriques importants ou qui, d'autrepart, écartent les hypothèses qui permettent des systèmes purifiants qui, à la façon des couches d›oignons, sont regroupés par niveaux, contribuant ainsi à consolider les sciences sociales. Dans cette section, nous trouvons deux articles importants orientés selon cette philosophie: le premier analyse les effets sur l›information comptable des entreprises publiques du secteur de l'électricité colombien de la mise en oeuvre de la résolution 743 de 2013 concernant l'adoption des normes internationales d›information financière (IFRS) pour certaines entreprises publiques. Ce sujet est l›une des applications des avancées importantes dans le développement de la théorie comptable pour l›économie financieriste qui malgré cela ne parvient pas à établir des racines solides pour les conditions des pays en développement, comme enté moigne cet article qui constate que les transformations supposées sont le résultat d›un changement du modèle économique organisationnel, où, plutôt que de s›intéresser au modèle de réglementation internationale, répond à un processus de concentration des actifs stratégiques par des acteurs qui ont la capacité de saisir la réglementation, démontrant que l'approche interdisciplinaire est un terrain fertile pour mieux expliquer la réalité de ces pays dans l'environnement mondialisant qui caractérise l›économie actuelle de ces pays. Le deuxième article, intitulé "Impact de l›autofinancement sur l'innovation dans les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises colombiennes», donne un aperçu d'un aspect qui n›a pas été explicitement étudié et qui se situe aux frontières de la connaissance entre économie, finance et administration, en particulier dans un secteur important de l›économie des pays en développement, celle des MPME, qui malgré leur grande contribution au bien-être économique de la population, occupant 80% de la population de ces pays, n'a pas fait l›effort intellectuel de nos chercheurs, gaspillant un espace de développement potentiel d'autonomie qui ouvrira la voie à un véritable développement socioéconomique de notre région. Les résultats descriptifs montrent que les PMI colombiennes utilisent principalement leurs propres ressources pour leurs investissements, et les résultats inférentiels obtenus par régression linéaire indiquent que le financement interne a une influence positive et significative sur leur innovation globale, ainsi que sur celle de leurs produits/services, processus de production et gestion. Il s›agit d'une variable d›une importance fondamentale à impliquer dans les politiques de développement de l'industrie latino-américaine et que trèspeu de choses sont prises en considération jusqu›à présent, dans cequ›on a appelé l'économie orange, que des pays comme la Colombie veulent promouvoir. En réalité, les ressources internes ou propres restent la principale source de financement des projets d'investissement de ces entreprises et, bien que cela soit conforme aux postulats de la théorie de la hiérarchie financière, tout semble indiquer que les raisons en sont principalement les obstacles qu›elles rencontrent pour accéder au marché financier extérieur. Notre prochaine section, consacrée à ladiscipline économique, nous présente un article important centré sur l'analyse de la relation entre "La bonne gouvernance et l'efficacité de l'aide"; un sujet de la plus haute pertinence pour nos économies. Il analyse les composantes et les déterminants de la bonne gouvernance, ainsi que sa relation avec des concepts étroitement liés tels que la qualité institutionnelle et, surtout, les idées et les preuves créées sur la relation entre bonne gouvernance et efficacité de l'aide au développement. En fin, il conclut qu'il n'y a pas de consensus général sur l'efficacité de l'aide dans la promotion de la croissance économique, et qu'il y a à la fois des défenseurs et des détracteurs de cette idée. D'une manière réfléchie, elle laisse ouverte la voie à la vérification empirique des effets réels de l'aide économique et des conditions dans les quelles de meilleurs résultats seraient possibles pour le bénéfice de larges masses de la population. Nous clôturons ce numéro avec deux sections : la première, traditionnelle sur les thèmes de l›administration en tant que discipline structurellement intégrée à l'économie, la comptabilité et lafinance, et où deux articles sont développés: le premier d'entre eux estintitulé "Co-création et lesnouveaux défis de création de valeur aux quels les organisations font face. Ce sujet est d›actualité et marque une tendance de la théorie administrative moderne, qui s›articule autour de nouvelles approches de la création de valeur. Il est conclu que, pour générer une valeur durable dans lesorganisations, les actions des gestionnaires doivent être axées sur la création de valeur conjointe avec leurs clients et non sur l›objectif exclusif d'augmenter les ventes de leurs produits ou services habituellement conçus en interne et de façon fermée. Le deuxième article, intitulé "Modèle d'analyse de l'incidence du capital social sur le développement humain à Bogotá, D.C.", vise à identifier s›il existe un type de relation entre capital social et développement humain dans le contexte endogène de la ville de Bogotá. Cette fin, il est proposé demener une recherche descriptive, fondée sur une analyse de régression multiple, qui facilite la proposition d'un modèle qui détermine le niveau d'incidence du capital social dans le développement humain, à partir du calcul de l'indice de développement humain et de l'indice de capital social répartis en composantes du calcul intégral de l'indice de capital social, soit l'indice de capital cognitif, l'ICSE, l'indice de capital social structurel, l'ICSC et l'IRSCS, et de l'indice de représentation du capital social. Sur la base de ces calculs, on constate que l'ampleur et l'utilisation du capital social dans la ville sont inconnues, ce qui engendre la construction d'une société avec un haut niveau d'atomisation et un désintérêt pour les problèmes de citoyenneté. Pouvoir vérifier ces affirmations a une importance capitale pour l'adoption de politiques de développement social et humain à Bogotá, D.C., en tenant compte des différentes composantes analytiques qui ont été utilisées dans l'étude. Dans la dernière partie, consacrée à la gestion des connaissances, le sujet des brimades dues à l'orientation sexuelle chez les élèves de sexe masculin estanalysé pédagogiquement dans l'environnement de l'enseignement secondaire, qui cherche à contribuer à la prévention des comportements debrimades, en raison des effets que cela a sur le bien-être d'une population qui tend à se séparer de manière antidémocratique et qui fait déjà partie des modèles éducatifs qui doivent être orientés vers la formation des valeurs. En tant que pédagogues, nous croyons que l'éducation peut et doit créer des environnements de respect et de valorisation de la différence, où chacun peut y accéder, indépendamment de son orientation sexuelle, de son sexe ou d'autres constructions sociales ou culturelles. L'ensemble des huit articles que nous mettons à la disposition de la communauté académique, organisés en sections orientées selon les principes qui sous-tendent la philosophie scientifique et la politique éditoriale de la revue, s'inscrit dans un nouvel effort qui, nous en sommes sûrs, contribuera à renforcer le développement scientifique et technologique de nos disciplines dans un environnement qui nous est propre mais qui dialogue avec l'universalité du savoir à un niveau global et qui deviendra progressivement les grands piliers de notre développement humain et social. ; A revista Critério Livre tem desempenhado um importante papel em promover a divulgação científica como um mecanismo fundamental nos processos de transformação de nossas nações latino-americanas para sociedades melhor formadas, com um equilíbrio saudável entre o necessário crescimento da produção de bens tangíveis e intangíveis e uma mais justa distribuição da riqueza, em benefício de todas as suas populações, que buscam erradicar a pobreza, que é o maior flagelo que a humanidade ainda não conseguiu superar. Pelo exposto, nos baseamos em critérios do desenvolvimento da ciência que contribuam para esses ideais, escolhendo então os melhores artigos, submetidos a rigorosos processos de avaliação por renomados pesquisadores nacionais e internacionais, que também contribuíram para elevar a qualidade científica dos mesmos através de seus atinadas observações,e também a desenvolver o pensamento científico e a utilização do melhorestilo para sua comunicação, enriquecendo o pensamento científico social em nossos países. Podemos resumir esses princípios assim: o desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia como expressão de sistemas valorativos e socioculturais dados, o desenvolvimento da ciência a serviço da transformação produtiva em benefício da sociedade, a conscientização sobre o papel da ciência e da tecnologia na definição das relações de poder nos níveis nacional e internacional e sua inserção nas políticas de desenvolvimento, a utilização da ciência e da inovação tecnológica como instrumentos de autonomia, a abertura a abordagens inovadoras na consolidação da ciencia social, a liberdade do pensamento crítico em todos os níveis da gestão do conhecimento científico, entre outros. Neste sentido, tentamos fortalecer a análise e o desenvolvimento crítico das ciências econômicas, administrativas, financeiras e contábeis, abrindo um espaço para a discussão e desenvolvimento da epistemologia de estas ciências sociais, que cada vez mais torna-se o eixo central de nossa revista. A presente edição inclui dois itens que fazem parte desta discussão epistemológica: no primeiro deles, o pesquisador José J. Ortiz B. planta um dilema que acompanha o desenvolvimento da ciência contábil, "A crise da representação contábil: problemas da ciência social ou política do poder?", em que busca esclarecer os fatores que originam a problemática da representação contábil a partir de uma reflexão sobre os fundamentos teóricos que sustentam este importante tema e os referentes empíricos que mostram esta problemática, fatores que foram vistos como um obstáculo epistémico na consolidação dessa jovem ciência e o que o autor pretende contribuir para seu esclarecimento epistemológico e a proposta de alternativas de solução, que propõe para discussão com a comunidade científica com uma abordagem interdisciplinar e a partir do paradigma da complexidade. No segundo artigo, o profesor Jean Paul Sarrazin levanta uma interessante dissertação sobre "Religião: nós sabemos do que estamos falando? Análise da viabilidade de uma categoria analítica para as ciências sociais". O objetivo desta revisão foi encontrar uma categoria analítica, precisa, clara e suficientemente ampla para estudar empiricamente a vasta gama de fenômenos sócio-culturais que podem ser ou foram considerados como "religiosos". Conclui que, a pesar da ausência de uma categoria analítica unificada, alguns dos elementos mais destacados nas diferentes definições podem constituir, em si mesmos, categorias analíticas úteis para a investigação empírica. Pode-se deducir que esta seção tem sido fiel aos princípios que expusemos no início deste editorial, e que esperamos que continue transformando em uma tribuna aberta para o desenvolvimento científico de nossas disciplinas. Uma segunda seção, dedicada à contabilidade e as finanças, define temáticas que se tornaram de interesse substancial devido ao forte desenvolvimento teórico que atingiram essas disciplinas, chegando a uma fase em que as disputas dos paradigmas que sustentam várias abordagens foram decantado e é nesse terreno onde surgem contribuições que consolidam os importantes esquemas teóricos ou que, por outro lado, descartam hipótese que permitem depurar sistemas que, à maneira das camadas duma cebola, serão agrupadas por níveis, o que contribui para a consolidação das ciências sociais. Nesta seção encontramos dois importantes artigos orientados sob desta filosofia: o primeiro analisa os efeitos que sobre a informação contabilística das empresas públicas do setor elétrico colombiano teve a implementação da Resolução 743 de 2013, relativa à adopção de Normas Internacionais de Informação Financeira (NIIF) para algumas empresas públicas. Este tópico é um dos aplicativos de importantes avanços do desenvolvimento da teoria contábil para a economia financierista, que apesar disso não consegue establecer sólidas raízes para as condições dos países em desenvolvimento, como o comprova este artigo que encontra que as transformações assumidas são o resultado de uma mudança de modelo econômico, organizacional, onde, mais que atender o modelo de regulação internacional, responde a um processo de concentração de ativos estratégicos por parte de atores que têm a capacidade de capturar a regulação, demonstrando que a abordagem interdisciplinar é um campo fértil para explicar de uma maneira melhor a realidade destes países no ambiente globalizador que caracteriza a economía atual de tais países. O segundo artigo, sobre "o Impacto do autofinanciamento sobre a inovação das micro, pequenas e médias empresas colombianas", permite aprofundar um aspecto que não tem sido explicitamente estudado e que se situa na fronteira entre a economia, as finanças e a administração, dirigido especialmente a um setor importante da economia dos países em desenvolvimento, as empresas Mipymes, que apesar de suas grandes contribuições para o bem-estar económico da população, ao ocupar 80% da mesma em cada um destes países, não lhe foi dedicado um esforço intelectual por parte dos nossos investigadores, desaprovechando um espaço potencial de desenvolvimento da autonomia que permite desbrozar o caminho do verdadeiro desenvolvimento sócio-econômico de nossa região. Os resultados descritivos mostram que as Mipymes colombianas utilizam prioritariamente os recursos próprios para os investimentos, e os resultados inferenciales obtidos através de regressões lineares indicam que o financiamento interno influencia positiva e significativamente na inovação global, assim como a de seus produtos/serviços, processos produtivos e de gestão. Esta é uma variável de importância fundamental para ser envolvida nas políticas de desenvolvimento para a indústria latino-americana e que muito pouco se leva em consideração até agora, no que se tem denominado a economía laranja, que países como a Colômbia querem promover. A realidade é que os recursos internos ou próprios continuam sendo a principal fonte de financiamento para os projectos de investimento destas empresas, e se bem que isso é coerente com os postulados da teoria da hierarquia financeira, tudo parece indicar que as razões são principalmente as barreiras que encontram para acessar o mercado financeiro externo. A nossa seguinte secção, dedicada à disciplina económica, mostra-nos um importante artigo focado à análise da relação entre "Bom governo e eficácia da ajuda ao desenvolvimento", tema de altísima pertinência para as nossas economias. O artigo propõe-se aprofundar na origem e as mudanças experimentadas pela noção de bom governo; analisa os constituintes e determinantes do mesmo, bem como a sua relação com conceitos próximos como a qualidade institucional, e sobretudo, as ideias e a evidência criada sobre as relações entre o bom governo e a efetividade da ajuda ao desenvolvimento. Finalmente chega à conclusão de que não existe um consenso geral quanto a que a ajuda seja eficaz para promover o crescimento económico, e existem tanto defensores como detratores desta ideia. De maneira reflexiva deixa aberto o caminho para verificar empiricamente os verdadeiros efeitos da ajuda económica e as condições baixo as quais seriam possíveis uns melhores resultados em benefício de grandes massas da população. Fechamos esta edição com duas secções: a primeira, tradicional sobre temas de administração como disciplina que se integra estruturalmente com a económica, a contável e financeira, e onde se desenvolvem dois artigos: o primeiro destes se titula "A co-criação e os novos reptos de geração de valor que enfrentam as organizações". Esta temática é de grande atualidade e marca uma tendência na moderna teoria administrativa, que está a girar sobre as novas focagens da geração de valor. Conclui-se que, para gerar um valor sustentado nas organizações, o foco das ações dos gestores deve ser a criação de valor conjunta com os seus clientes e não a exclusiva meta de aumentar as vendas dos seus produtos ou serviços habitualmente desenhados de maneira interna e fechada. O segundo artigo, baixo o título "Modelo para analisar a incidência do capital social no desenvolvimento humano em Bogotá, D.C.", centra-se em identificar se existe um tipo de relação entre o capital social e o desenvolvimento humano no contexto endógeno da cidade de Bogotá. Para tal fim, propõe-se fazer uma investigação descritiva, baseada em análise de regressão múltipla, que facilita a proposição de um modelo que determina o nível de incidência do capital social no desenvolvimento humano, partindo do cálculo do Índice de desenvolvimento humano e do Índice de capital social decomposto em índice de capital cognitivo, ICSC, índice de capital social estrutural, ICSE, Índice de representação social do capital social, IRSCS, componentes do cálculo integral do índice de capital social. Com base nesses cálculos chega-se a comprovar que na cidade se desconhecem o alcance e o uso do capital social, o que gera construir uma sociedade com alto nível de atomização e desinteresse pelos problemas da cidadania. Poder comprovar estes asertos é de soma importância para adotar políticas de desenvolvimento social e humano no D.C., atendendo os diferentes componentes analíticos que se utilizaram no estudo. Na última secção, dedicada à gestão do conhecimento, analisa-se pedagógicamente o tema do bullying por orientação sexual entre estudantes masculinos no ambiente da educação média, que procura contribuir à prevenção de comportamentos de bullying, pelos efeitos que isso tem no bem-estar de uma população que tende a segregarse de maneira antidemocrática e que já faz parte dos modelos educativos que devem orientar à formação de valores. Como pedagogos, achamos que a educação pode e deve criar ambientes de respeito e valoração da diferença, em onde todos possam aceder a ela, sem importar a orientação sexual, o género ou outras construções sociais ou culturais. O conjunto dos oito artigos que pomos ao dispor da comunidade académica, organizados nas secções orientadas segundo os princípios que fundamentam a filosofia científica e a política editorial da revista, se configura em um novo esforço que estamos seguros contribuirá ao fortalecimiento do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico das nossas disciplinas em um meio que nos é próprio, mas que dialoga com a universalidade do conhecimento a nível global, e que progressivamente constituir-se-ão nos grandes pilares do nosso desenvolvimento humano e social.
Criterio Libre magazine has played an important role in promoting scientific dissemination as a fundamental mechanism in the transformation processes of our Latin American nations towards better formed societies, with a healthy balance between the necessary growth of the production of tangible and intangible goods and a more fair distribution of wealth, for the benefit of all its populations, which seek to eradicate poverty, which is the greatest scourge that humanity has not yet been able to overcome. Therefore, we rely on criteria of the development of science that contribute to these ideals, choosing then the best articles, subjected to rigorous evaluation processes by recognized national and international researchers, who have also contributed to raise the scientific quality of them through his thoughtful observations and also to develop scientific thinking and the use of the best style for their communication, enriching the social scientific thought in our nations. We can summarize these principles as follows: the development of science and technology as an expression of given sociocultural and valorative systems, the development of science at the service of productive transformation for the benefit of society, the awareness of the role of science and technology in the definition of power relations at the national and international levels and its insertion in development policies, the use of science and technological innovation as instruments of autonomy, openness to novel approaches in the consolidation of social science, the freedom of critical thinking at all levels of scientific knowledge management, among others. In this sense, we have tried to strengthen the analysis and critical development of economic, administrative, financial and accounting sciences, opening a space for the discussion and development of the epistemology of these social sciences, which increasingly becomes the central axis of our magazine. The present edition of Criterio Libre includes two articles that enrich this epistemological discussion: in the first one the researcher José J. Ortiz B. poses a dilemma that accompanies the development of accounting science, "The crisis of accounting representation: problems of science social or power politics?", which seeks to clarify the factors that originate the problem of accounting representation from a reflection on the theoretical foundations that support this important topic and the empirical references that show this problem, factors that have been seen as an epistemic obstacle in the consolidation of this young science and to which the author intends to contribute in his epistemological clarification and in the proposal of alternative solutions, which he proposes for discussion to the scientific community with an interdisciplinary approach and from the paradigm of complexity. In the second article, Professor Jean Paul Sarrazin poses an interesting dissertation on "Religion: do we know what we are talking about? Examination on the feasibility of an analytical category for the social sciences". The objective of this review was to find an analytical category that is precise, clear and sufficiently broad to study empirically the vast range of sociocultural phenomena that can be or have been considered as "religious". It concludes that in spite of the absence of a unified analytical category, some of the most prominent elements in the different definitions can constitute, by themselves, useful analytical categories for empirical research. It can be deduced that this section has been faithful to the principles that we exposed at the beginning of this editorial and that we hope will continue to become an open forum for the scientific development of our disciplines. A second section, devoted to accounting and finance, defines topics that have become of substantial interest due to the strong theoretical development that these disciplines have reached, arriving to a phase in which the disputes of the paradigms that support different approaches have been decanted, and it is in this field where contributions arise that consolidate important theoretical schemes or that, on the other hand, discard hypotheses that allow debugging systems that, in the manner of the layers of an onion, are grouped by levels, which contributes to the consolidation of the social sciences. In this section we find two important articles oriented under this philosophy: the first one analyzes the effects on the accounting information of public companies in the Colombian electricity sector of the implementation of Resolution 743 of 2013 regarding the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for some public companies. This topic is one of the applications of the important advances in the development of accounting theory for the financial economy, which in spite of this does not manage to establish solid roots for the conditions of the developing countries, as this article proves that the transformations assumed are the result of a change in the organizational economic model, where, rather than attending to the international regulation model, it responds to a process of concentration of strategic assets by actors that have the ability to capture regulation, demonstrating that the interdisciplinary approach is a fertile ground to explain in a better way the reality of these countries in the globalizing environment that characterizes the current economy of these countries. The second article, about the "Impact of self-financing on the innovation of micro, small and medium-sized Colombian companies," allows us to delve into an aspect that has not been explicitly studied and that is located at the frontiers of knowledge between economics, finance and the administration, especially directed at an important sector of the economy of the developing countries, that of the MSME companies, which despite their great contributions to the economic well-being of the population, occupying 80% of it in these countries, no intellectual effort has been devoted by our researchers, wasting a space of potential development of autonomy that will clear the way for the true socioeconomic development of our region. The descriptive results show that Colombian MSMEs use their own resources as a priority for their investments, and inferential results obtained through linear regressions indicate that internal financing has a positive and significant influence on their overall innovation, as well as on their products/services, productive processes and management. This is a variable of fundamental importance to be involved in the development policies for the Latin American industry and that very little is taken into consideration until now, in what has been called the Orange economy, which countries like Colombia want to promote. The reality is that internal or own resources are still the main source of funding for the investment projects of these companies, and while this is consistent with the postulates of the theory of financial hierarchy, everything seems to indicate that the reasons for this are mainly the barriers they encounter to access the external financial market. The next section, dedicated to economic discipline, shows us an important article focused on the analysis of the relationship between "Good governance and effectiveness of development aid", a topic of high relevance for our economies. The article aims to deepen the origin and changes experienced by the notion of good governance; analyzes the constituents and determinants of it, as well as its relationship with close concepts such as institutional quality, and above all, the ideas and evidence created on the relationship between good governance and the effectiveness of development aid. Finally, it concludes that there is no general consensus that aid has been effective in promoting economic growth, and there are both supporters and opponents of this idea. Reflectively, it paves the way for empirically verifying the true effects of economic aid and the conditions under which better results would be possible for the benefit of large masses of the population. This edition closes with two sections: the first one, traditional on topics of administration as a discipline that is structurally integrated with the economic, accounting and financial, and where two articles are developed: the first of these is entitled "Co-creation and new challenges of generating value that organizations face". This matter is very topical and marks a trend in modern administrative theory, which is revolving around the new approaches to the generation of value. It is concluded that, in order to generate a sustained value in organizations, the focus of the managers' actions must be the creation of joint value with their clients and not the exclusive goal of increasing the sales of their products or services usually designed internally and closed. The second article, under the title "Model to analyze the incidence of social capital in human development in Bogotá, DC", focuses on identifying whether there is a type of relationship between social capital and human development in the endogenous context of the city of Bogota. For this purpose, it is proposed to conduct a descriptive investigation, based on multiple regression analysis, which facilitates the proposal of a model that determines the level of incidence of social capital in human development, based on the calculation of the Human Development Index and the Index Decomposed social capital in cognitive capital index, ICSC, structural social capital index, ICSE, social representation index of social capital, IRSCS, components of the integral calculation of the social capital index. Based on these calculations, it is verified that the scope and use of social capital are unknown in the city, which generates a society with a high level of atomization and disinterest about the problems of citizenship. Being able to verify these assertions has the utmost importance to adopt policies of social and human development in the D.C., taking into account the different analytical components that were used in the study. In the last section, dedicated to knowledge management, the issue of bullying is analyzed pedagogically by sexual orientation among male students in the environment of secondary education, which seeks to contribute to the prevention of bullying behaviors, due to the effects that this has in the welfare of a population that tends to segregate in an undemocratic manner and that is already part of the educational models that should be oriented towards the formation of values. As pedagogues, we believe that education can and should create environments of respect and appreciation of difference, where everyone can access it, regardless of sexual orientation, gender or other social or cultural constructions. The set of the eight articles that we put at the disposal of the academic community, organized in the sections oriented according to the principles that support the scientific philosophy and the editorial policy of the magazine, is configured in a new effort that we are sure will contribute to the strengthening of the scientific and technological development of our disciplines in an environment that is ours, but that dialogues with the universality of knowledge at a global level, and that progressively will become the great pillars of our human and social development ; La revista Criterio Libre ha venido desempeñando un rol importante en la promoción de la divulgación científica como mecanismo fundamental en los procesos de transformación de nuestras naciones hispanoamericanas hacia sociedades mejor conformadas, con un sano equilibrio entre el necesario crecimiento de la producción de bienes tangibles e intangibles y una más justa distribución de la riqueza, en beneficio de todas sus poblaciones que buscan la erradicación de la pobreza, el mayor flagelo que la humanidad aún no ha podido superar. En ese orden de ideas, nos hemos fundamentado en criterios del desarrollo de la ciencia que contribuyan a esos ideales, seleccionando los mejores artículos, sometidos a procesos rigurosos de evaluación por reconocidos investigadores nacionales e internacionales, quienes también han contribuido a elevar la calidad científica de los mismos con sus atinadas observaciones y también a desarrollar el pensamiento científico y la utilización del mejor estilo para su comunicación, enriqueciendo el pensamiento científico social en nuestras naciones. Dichos principios los podemos sintetizar de la siguiente manera: El desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología como expresión de sistemas valorativos y socioculturales dados, el desarrollo de la ciencia al servicio de la transformación productiva en beneficio de la sociedad, la concientización del papel que tienen la ciencia y la tecnología en la definición de las relaciones de poder en los niveles nacional e internacional y su inserción en las políticas de desarrollo, la utilización de la ciencia y de la innovación tecnológica como instrumentos de autonomía, la apertura a enfoques novedosos en la consolidación de la ciencia social, la libertad del pensamiento crítico en todos los niveles de la gestión del conocimiento científico, entre otros. En tal sentido hemos querido fortalecer el análisis y desarrollo crítico de las ciencias económicas, administrativas, financieras y contables, abriendo un espacio para la discusión y desarrollo de la epistemología de estas ciencias sociales, que cada vez más se convierte en columna vertebral de nuestra revista. En el presente número se incluyen dos artículos que enriquecen dicha discusión epistemológica: en el primero de ellos el investigador José J. Ortiz B. nos plantea un dilema que acompaña el desarrollo de la ciencia contable, "La crisis de la representación contable: ¿problemas de la ciencia social o de la política del poder?", en donde busca dar claridad a los factores que originan la problemática de la representación contable a partir de una reflexión sobre los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan este importante tópico y los referentes empíricos que muestran dicha problemática, factores que necesariamente se han expresado como un obstáculo epistémico en la consolidación de esta joven ciencia y al que el autor pretende aportar tanto en su esclarecimiento epistemológico, como en la propuesta de alternativas de solución, que pone para discusión a la comunidad científica con un enfoque interdisciplinario y desde el paradigma de la complejidad. En el segundo artículo el profesor Jean Paul Sarrazin nos plantea una interesante 18 Universidad Libre disertación alrededor del concepto "Religión: ¿sabemos de lo que estamos hablando? Examen sobre la viabilidad de una categoría analítica para las ciencias sociales". El objetivo de esta revisión fue encontrar una categoría analítica precisa, clara y suficientemente amplia para estudiar empíricamente la vasta gama de fenómenos socioculturales que pueden ser o han sido considerados como "religiosos". Se concluye que a pesar de la ausencia de una categoría analítica unificada algunos de los elementos más destacados en las diferentes definiciones pueden constituir, en sí mismos, categorías analíticas útiles para la investigación empírica. Se puede deducir que esta sección ha sido fiel a los principios que expusimos al comienzo de este editorial y que esperamos se siga convirtiendo en tribuna abierta para el desarrollo científico de nuestras disciplinas. Una segunda sección, dedicada a la contabilidad y las finanzas, define temáticas que se han tornado de interés sustancial dado el fuerte desarrollo teórico que han venido alcanzado esas disciplinas, llegando a una fase en que las disputas de los paradigmas que sustentan diversos enfoques se han venido decantando y es en ese terreno donde florecen aportes que consolidan esquemas teóricos importantes o que, por otro lado, descartan hipótesis que permiten depurar sistemas que, a la manera de las capas de la cebolla, se van agrupando por niveles, lo cual contribuye a la consolidación de las ciencias sociales. En esta sección encontramos dos importantes artículos orientados bajo esa filosofía: el primero de ellos analiza los efectos que sobre la información contable de las empresas públicas del sector eléctrico colombiano tuvo la implementación de la Resolución 743 de 2013, la cual se refiere a la adopción de Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) para algunas empresas públicas, siendo este tópico uno de los aplicativos de los avances importantes del desarrollo de la teoría contable para la economía financierista, que a pesar de ello no logra asentar sólidas raíces para las condiciones de los países en desarrollo, como lo comprueba este artículo que encuentra que las transformaciones asumidas son el resultado de un cambio de modelo económico organizacional, en donde más que atender el modelo de regulación internacional, responde a un proceso de concentración de activos estratégicos por parte de actores que tienen la capacidad de capturar la regulación, demostrando que es el enfoque interdisciplinario un campo fértil para explicar de una mejor manera la realidad de estos países en el entorno globalizador que caracteriza la economía actual de dichos países. El segundo artículo acerca del "Impacto del autofinanciamiento sobre la innovación de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas colombianas", permite profundizar en un aspecto que no ha sido explícitamente estudiado y que se ubica en las fronteras del conocimiento entre la economía, las finanzas y la administración, dirigido especialmente a un sector importante de la economía de los países en desarrollo, el de las empresas Mipymes, que a pesar de sus grandes aportes al bienestar económico de la población al ocupar 80% de la misma en estos países, no se le ha dedicado un esfuerzo intelectual por parte de nuestros investigadores, desaprovechando un espacio de potencial desarrollo de la autonomía que permitirá desbrozar el camino del verdadero desarrollo socioeconómico de nuestra región. Los resultados descriptivos muestran que las Mipymes colombianas utilizan prioritariamente recursos propios para sus inversiones, y los resultados inferenciales obtenidos mediante regresiones lineales señalan que el financiamiento interno influye positiva y significativamente en su innovación global, así como en la de sus productos/servicios, procesos productivos y gestión. Esto es una variable de importancia fundamental para ser involucrada en las políticas de desarrollo para la industria latinoamericana y que muy poco se toma en consideración hasta ahora, en lo que se ha venido denominando la economía naranja, que países como Colombia quieren fomentar. La realidad es que los recursos internos o propios siguen siendo la principal fuente de financiación para los proyectos de inversión de estas empresas y si bien ello es coherente con los postulados de la teoría de la jerarquía financiera, todo parece indicar que las razones de esto son principalmente las barreras que encuentran para acceder al mercado financiero externo. Nuestra siguiente sección, dedicada a la disciplina económica, nos muestra un importante artículo enfocado al análisis de la relación entre "Buen gobierno y eficacia de la ayuda al desarrollo", tema de altísima pertinencia para nuestras economías. El artículo se propone profundizar en el origen y los cambios experimentados por la noción de buen gobierno; analiza los constituyentes y determinantes del mismo, así como su relación con conceptos cercanos como el de calidad institucional, y sobre todo, las ideas y la evidencia creada sobre las relaciones entre el buen gobierno y la efectividad de la ayuda al desarrollo. Finalmente llega a la conclusión de que no existe un consenso general en cuanto a que la ayuda haya sido eficaz para promover el crecimiento económico, y existen tanto defensores como detractores de esta idea. De manera reflexiva deja abierto el camino para verificar empíricamente los verdaderos efectos de la ayuda económica y las condiciones bajo las cuales se harían posibles unos mejores resultados en beneficio de grandes masas de la población. Cerramos este número con dos secciones: la primera, tradicional sobre temas de administración como disciplina que se integra estructuralmente con la económica, la contable y financiera, y donde se desarrollan dos artículos: el primero de estos se titula "La co-creación y los nuevos retos de generación de valor que enfrentan las organizaciones", siendo esta temática de gran actualidad y que marca una tendencia en la moderna teoría administrativa, que está girando sobre los nuevos enfoques de la generación de valor. Se concluye que, para generar un valor sostenido en las organizaciones, el foco de las acciones de los gestores debe ser la creación de valor conjunta con sus clientes y no la exclusiva meta de aumentar las ventas de sus productos o servicios habitualmente diseñados de manera interna y cerrada. El segundo artículo bajo el título "Modelo para analizar la incidencia del capital social en el desarrollo humano en Bogotá, D.C.", se centra en identificar si existe un tipo de relación entre el capital social y el desarrollo humano en el contexto endógeno de la ciudad de Bogotá. Para tal fin, se propone hacer una investigación descriptiva basada en análisis de regresión múltiple que facilita la proposición de un modelo que determina el nivel de incidencia del capital social en el desarrollo humano, partiendo del cálculo del Índice de desarrollo humano y del Índice de capital social descompuesto en índice 20 Universidad Libre de capital cognitivo, ICSC, índice de capital social estructural, ICSE, Índice de representación social del capital social, IRSCS, componentes del cálculo integral del índice de capital social. Con base en esos cálculos se llega a comprobar que en la ciudad se desconocen el alcance y uso del capital social, lo que genera construir una sociedad con alto nivel de atomización y desinterés por los problemas de la ciudadanía. Poder comprobar estos asertos es de suma importancia para adoptar políticas de desarrollo social y humano en el D.C., atendiendo los diferentes componentes analíticos que se utilizaron en el estudio. En la última sección, dedicada a la gestión del conocimiento, se analiza pedagógicamente el tema del bullying por orientación sexual entre estudiantes masculinos en el ambiente de la educación media, que busca contribuir a la prevención de comportamientos de bullying, por los efectos que ello tiene en el bienestar de una población que tiende a segregarse de manera antidemocrática y que ya hace parte de los modelos educativos que deben orientarse a la formación de valores. Como pedagogos, creemos que la educación puede y debe crear ambientes de respeto y valoración de la diferencia, en donde todos puedan acceder a ella, sin importar la orientación sexual, el género u otras construcciones sociales o culturales. El conjunto de los ocho artículos que ponemos a disposición de la comunidad académica, organizados en las secciones orientadas según los principios que fundamentan la filosofía científica y la política editorial de la revista, se configura en un nuevo esfuerzo que estamos seguros contribuirá al fortalecimiento del desarrollo científico y tecnológico de nuestras disciplinas en un entorno que nos es propio, pero que dialoga con la universalidad del conocimiento a nivel global, y que progresivamente se constituirán en los grandes pilares de nuestro desarrollo humano y social. ; La revue Criterio Libre a occupé un important rôle en promouvoir la divulgation scientifique comme mécanisme fondamental dans les procès de transformation de nos nations latino-americaines vers sociétés meilleure conformées, avec un sain équilibre entre la nécessaire croissance de la production de biens tangibles et intangibles et une plus juste distribution de la richesse, au profit de toutes ses populations, que cherchent éradiquer la pauvreté, qu'il est le majeur fléau que l'humanité encore n'a pas pu surpasser. Par l'antérieur, nous basons sur des critères du développement de la science qu'ils contribuent à ces idéals, en choisissant alors les meilleurs articles, soumis à des rigoureux procès d'évaluation par des reconnus chercheurs nationaux et internationaux, qui ont aussi contribué à élever la qualité scientifique des mêmes par leur sages observations et aussi à développer la pensée scientifique et l'utilisation du meilleur style pour sa communication, en enrichissant la pensé scientifique sociale dans nos nations. Nous pouvons résumer dits principes: le développement de la science et la technologie comme expression de systèmes d'évaluation et socio-culturelles donnés, le développement de la science au service de la transformation productive au profit de la société, la prise de conscience du rôle de la science et la technologie dans la définition des relations de pouvoir en les niveaux nationaux et internationaux et son insertion dans les politiques de développement, l›utilisation de la science et de l›innovation technologique comme des instruments d›autonomie, l›ouverture à nouvelles approches dans la consolidation de la science sociale, la liberté de la pensée critique en tous les niveaux de la gestion de la connaissance scientifique, entre autrui. Dans ce sens, nous avons essayé fortifier l'analyse et développement critique des sciences économiques, administratives, financiers et comptables, en ouvrant un espace pour la discussion et développement de l'epistemologie de ces sciences sociales, que de plus en plus se convertit dans l'axe central de notre revue. La présente édition comprend deux articles qu'ils enrichissent dite discussion epistémológique: en le premier d'ils le chercheur José J. Ortiz B. pose un dilemme qu'accompagne le développement de la science comptable, "La crise de la représentation comptable: ¿problèmes de la science sociale ou de la politique du pouvoir?", dans lequel cherche éclaircir les facteurs qu'ils causent la problématique de la représentation comptable à partir d'une réflexion sur les fondements théoriques qu'ils soutiennent cet important question et les référents empiriques qui montrent cette problématique, facteurs qui ont été considérés comme un obstacle épistémique à la consolidation de cette jeune science et aux quels l›auteur entend contribuir dans sa clarification épistémologique et dans la proposition de solutions alternatives qu›il donne à lacommunauté scientifique avec une approche interdisciplinaire et du paradigme de la complexité. Dans le deuxième article, le professeur Jean Paul Sarrazin fait une thèse intéressante sur "Religion: savons-nous de quoi nous parlons? Examen de la faisabilité d›une catégorie analytique pour les sciences sociales". L'objectif de cette revue était de trouver une catégorie analytique précise, claire et suffisamment large pour étudier empiriquement la vaste gamme de phénomènes socio-culturelles qui peuvent être ou ont été considérés comme "religieux". Il conclut qu'en dépit de l›absence d›unecatégorie analytique unifiée, certains éléments les plus saillants des différentes définitions peuvent euxmêmes constituer des catégories analytiques utiles à la recherche empirique. On peut déduire que cette section a été fidèle aux principes que nous avons énoncé au début de cet éditorial et que nous espérons qu'ils continuera à devenir une plateforme ouverte pour le développement scientifique de nos disciplines. Une deuxième section, consacrée à la comptabilité et à la finance, définit les sujets qui sont devenus d›un intérêt substantiel en raison du fort développement théorique que ces disciplines ont atteint, atteignant une phase dans la quelle les différends des paradigmes qui soutiennent diverses approches ont été réglés et c'est dans ce domaine que les contributions surgissent qui consolident des schémas théoriques importants ou qui, d'autrepart, écartent les hypothèses qui permettent des systèmes purifiants qui, à la façon des couches d›oignons, sont regroupés par niveaux, contribuant ainsi à consolider les sciences sociales. Dans cette section, nous trouvons deux articles importants orientés selon cette philosophie: le premier analyse les effets sur l›information comptable des entreprises publiques du secteur de l'électricité colombien de la mise en oeuvre de la résolution 743 de 2013 concernant l'adoption des normes internationales d›information financière (IFRS) pour certaines entreprises publiques. Ce sujet est l›une des applications des avancées importantes dans le développement de la théorie comptable pour l›économie financieriste qui malgré cela ne parvient pas à établir des racines solides pour les conditions des pays en développement, comme enté moigne cet article qui constate que les transformations supposées sont le résultat d›un changement du modèle économique organisationnel, où, plutôt que de s›intéresser au modèle de réglementation internationale, répond à un processus de concentration des actifs stratégiques par des acteurs qui ont la capacité de saisir la réglementation, démontrant que l'approche interdisciplinaire est un terrain fertile pour mieux expliquer la réalité de ces pays dans l'environnement mondialisant qui caractérise l›économie actuelle de ces pays. Le deuxième article, intitulé "Impact de l›autofinancement sur l'innovation dans les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises colombiennes», donne un aperçu d'un aspect qui n›a pas été explicitement étudié et qui se situe aux frontières de la connaissance entre économie, finance et administration, en particulier dans un secteur important de l›économie des pays en développement, celle des MPME, qui malgré leur grande contribution au bien-être économique de la population, occupant 80% de la population de ces pays, n'a pas fait l›effort intellectuel de nos chercheurs, gaspillant un espace de développement potentiel d'autonomie qui ouvrira la voie à un véritable développement socioéconomique de notre région. Les résultats descriptifs montrent que les PMI colombiennes utilisent principalement leurs propres ressources pour leurs investissements, et les résultats inférentiels obtenus par régression linéaire indiquent que le financement interne a une influence positive et significative sur leur innovation globale, ainsi que sur celle de leurs produits/services, processus de production et gestion. Il s›agit d'une variable d›une importance fondamentale à impliquer dans les politiques de développement de l'industrie latino-américaine et que trèspeu de choses sont prises en considération jusqu›à présent, dans cequ›on a appelé l'économie orange, que des pays comme la Colombie veulent promouvoir. En réalité, les ressources internes ou propres restent la principale source de financement des projets d'investissement de ces entreprises et, bien que cela soit conforme aux postulats de la théorie de la hiérarchie financière, tout semble indiquer que les raisons en sont principalement les obstacles qu›elles rencontrent pour accéder au marché financier extérieur. Notre prochaine section, consacrée à ladiscipline économique, nous présente un article important centré sur l'analyse de la relation entre "La bonne gouvernance et l'efficacité de l'aide"; un sujet de la plus haute pertinence pour nos économies. Il analyse les composantes et les déterminants de la bonne gouvernance, ainsi que sa relation avec des concepts étroitement liés tels que la qualité institutionnelle et, surtout, les idées et les preuves créées sur la relation entre bonne gouvernance et efficacité de l'aide au développement. En fin, il conclut qu'il n'y a pas de consensus général sur l'efficacité de l'aide dans la promotion de la croissance économique, et qu'il y a à la fois des défenseurs et des détracteurs de cette idée. D'une manière réfléchie, elle laisse ouverte la voie à la vérification empirique des effets réels de l'aide économique et des conditions dans les quelles de meilleurs résultats seraient possibles pour le bénéfice de larges masses de la population. Nous clôturons ce numéro avec deux sections : la première, traditionnelle sur les thèmes de l›administration en tant que discipline structurellement intégrée à l'économie, la comptabilité et lafinance, et où deux articles sont développés: le premier d'entre eux estintitulé "Co-création et lesnouveaux défis de création de valeur aux quels les organisations font face. Ce sujet est d›actualité et marque une tendance de la théorie administrative moderne, qui s›articule autour de nouvelles approches de la création de valeur. Il est conclu que, pour générer une valeur durable dans lesorganisations, les actions des gestionnaires doivent être axées sur la création de valeur conjointe avec leurs clients et non sur l›objectif exclusif d'augmenter les ventes de leurs produits ou services habituellement conçus en interne et de façon fermée. Le deuxième article, intitulé "Modèle d'analyse de l'incidence du capital social sur le développement humain à Bogotá, D.C.", vise à identifier s›il existe un type de relation entre capital social et développement humain dans le contexte endogène de la ville de Bogotá. Cette fin, il est proposé demener une recherche descriptive, fondée sur une analyse de régression multiple, qui facilite la proposition d'un modèle qui détermine le niveau d'incidence du capital social dans le développement humain, à partir du calcul de l'indice de développement humain et de l'indice de capital social répartis en composantes du calcul intégral de l'indice de capital social, soit l'indice de capital cognitif, l'ICSE, l'indice de capital social structurel, l'ICSC et l'IRSCS, et de l'indice de représentation du capital social. Sur la base de ces calculs, on constate que l'ampleur et l'utilisation du capital social dans la ville sont inconnues, ce qui engendre la construction d'une société avec un haut niveau d'atomisation et un désintérêt pour les problèmes de citoyenneté. Pouvoir vérifier ces affirmations a une importance capitale pour l'adoption de politiques de développement social et humain à Bogotá, D.C., en tenant compte des différentes composantes analytiques qui ont été utilisées dans l'étude. Dans la dernière partie, consacrée à la gestion des connaissances, le sujet des brimades dues à l'orientation sexuelle chez les élèves de sexe masculin estanalysé pédagogiquement dans l'environnement de l'enseignement secondaire, qui cherche à contribuer à la prévention des comportements debrimades, en raison des effets que cela a sur le bien-être d'une population qui tend à se séparer de manière antidémocratique et qui fait déjà partie des modèles éducatifs qui doivent être orientés vers la formation des valeurs. En tant que pédagogues, nous croyons que l'éducation peut et doit créer des environnements de respect et de valorisation de la différence, où chacun peut y accéder, indépendamment de son orientation sexuelle, de son sexe ou d'autres constructions sociales ou culturelles. L'ensemble des huit articles que nous mettons à la disposition de la communauté académique, organisés en sections orientées selon les principes qui sous-tendent la philosophie scientifique et la politique éditoriale de la revue, s'inscrit dans un nouvel effort qui, nous en sommes sûrs, contribuera à renforcer le développement scientifique et technologique de nos disciplines dans un environnement qui nous est propre mais qui dialogue avec l'universalité du savoir à un niveau global et qui deviendra progressivement les grands piliers de notre développement humain et social. ; A revista Critério Livre tem desempenhado um importante papel em promover a divulgação científica como um mecanismo fundamental nos processos de transformação de nossas nações latino-americanas para sociedades melhor formadas, com um equilíbrio saudável entre o necessário crescimento da produção de bens tangíveis e intangíveis e uma mais justa distribuição da riqueza, em benefício de todas as suas populações, que buscam erradicar a pobreza, que é o maior flagelo que a humanidade ainda não conseguiu superar. Pelo exposto, nos baseamos em critérios do desenvolvimento da ciência que contribuam para esses ideais, escolhendo então os melhores artigos, submetidos a rigorosos processos de avaliação por renomados pesquisadores nacionais e internacionais, que também contribuíram para elevar a qualidade científica dos mesmos através de seus atinadas observações,e também a desenvolver o pensamento científico e a utilização do melhorestilo para sua comunicação, enriquecendo o pensamento científico social em nossos países. Podemos resumir esses princípios assim: o desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia como expressão de sistemas valorativos e socioculturais dados, o desenvolvimento da ciência a serviço da transformação produtiva em benefício da sociedade, a conscientização sobre o papel da ciência e da tecnologia na definição das relações de poder nos níveis nacional e internacional e sua inserção nas políticas de desenvolvimento, a utilização da ciência e da inovação tecnológica como instrumentos de autonomia, a abertura a abordagens inovadoras na consolidação da ciencia social, a liberdade do pensamento crítico em todos os níveis da gestão do conhecimento científico, entre outros. Neste sentido, tentamos fortalecer a análise e o desenvolvimento crítico das ciências econômicas, administrativas, financeiras e contábeis, abrindo um espaço para a discussão e desenvolvimento da epistemologia de estas ciências sociais, que cada vez mais torna-se o eixo central de nossa revista. A presente edição inclui dois itens que fazem parte desta discussão epistemológica: no primeiro deles, o pesquisador José J. Ortiz B. planta um dilema que acompanha o desenvolvimento da ciência contábil, "A crise da representação contábil: problemas da ciência social ou política do poder?", em que busca esclarecer os fatores que originam a problemática da representação contábil a partir de uma reflexão sobre os fundamentos teóricos que sustentam este importante tema e os referentes empíricos que mostram esta problemática, fatores que foram vistos como um obstáculo epistémico na consolidação dessa jovem ciência e o que o autor pretende contribuir para seu esclarecimento epistemológico e a proposta de alternativas de solução, que propõe para discussão com a comunidade científica com uma abordagem interdisciplinar e a partir do paradigma da complexidade. No segundo artigo, o profesor Jean Paul Sarrazin levanta uma interessante dissertação sobre "Religião: nós sabemos do que estamos falando? Análise da viabilidade de uma categoria analítica para as ciências sociais". O objetivo desta revisão foi encontrar uma categoria analítica, precisa, clara e suficientemente ampla para estudar empiricamente a vasta gama de fenômenos sócio-culturais que podem ser ou foram considerados como "religiosos". Conclui que, a pesar da ausência de uma categoria analítica unificada, alguns dos elementos mais destacados nas diferentes definições podem constituir, em si mesmos, categorias analíticas úteis para a investigação empírica. Pode-se deducir que esta seção tem sido fiel aos princípios que expusemos no início deste editorial, e que esperamos que continue transformando em uma tribuna aberta para o desenvolvimento científico de nossas disciplinas. Uma segunda seção, dedicada à contabilidade e as finanças, define temáticas que se tornaram de interesse substancial devido ao forte desenvolvimento teórico que atingiram essas disciplinas, chegando a uma fase em que as disputas dos paradigmas que sustentam várias abordagens foram decantado e é nesse terreno onde surgem contribuições que consolidam os importantes esquemas teóricos ou que, por outro lado, descartam hipótese que permitem depurar sistemas que, à maneira das camadas duma cebola, serão agrupadas por níveis, o que contribui para a consolidação das ciências sociais. Nesta seção encontramos dois importantes artigos orientados sob desta filosofia: o primeiro analisa os efeitos que sobre a informação contabilística das empresas públicas do setor elétrico colombiano teve a implementação da Resolução 743 de 2013, relativa à adopção de Normas Internacionais de Informação Financeira (NIIF) para algumas empresas públicas. Este tópico é um dos aplicativos de importantes avanços do desenvolvimento da teoria contábil para a economia financierista, que apesar disso não consegue establecer sólidas raízes para as condições dos países em desenvolvimento, como o comprova este artigo que encontra que as transformações assumidas são o resultado de uma mudança de modelo econômico, organizacional, onde, mais que atender o modelo de regulação internacional, responde a um processo de concentração de ativos estratégicos por parte de atores que têm a capacidade de capturar a regulação, demonstrando que a abordagem interdisciplinar é um campo fértil para explicar de uma maneira melhor a realidade destes países no ambiente globalizador que caracteriza a economía atual de tais países. O segundo artigo, sobre "o Impacto do autofinanciamento sobre a inovação das micro, pequenas e médias empresas colombianas", permite aprofundar um aspecto que não tem sido explicitamente estudado e que se situa na fronteira entre a economia, as finanças e a administração, dirigido especialmente a um setor importante da economia dos países em desenvolvimento, as empresas Mipymes, que apesar de suas grandes contribuições para o bem-estar económico da população, ao ocupar 80% da mesma em cada um destes países, não lhe foi dedicado um esforço intelectual por parte dos nossos investigadores, desaprovechando um espaço potencial de desenvolvimento da autonomia que permite desbrozar o caminho do verdadeiro desenvolvimento sócio-econômico de nossa região. Os resultados descritivos mostram que as Mipymes colombianas utilizam prioritariamente os recursos próprios para os investimentos, e os resultados inferenciales obtidos através de regressões lineares indicam que o financiamento interno influencia positiva e significativamente na inovação global, assim como a de seus produtos/serviços, processos produtivos e de gestão. Esta é uma variável de importância fundamental para ser envolvida nas políticas de desenvolvimento para a indústria latino-americana e que muito pouco se leva em consideração até agora, no que se tem denominado a economía laranja, que países como a Colômbia querem promover. A realidade é que os recursos internos ou próprios continuam sendo a principal fonte de financiamento para os projectos de investimento destas empresas, e se bem que isso é coerente com os postulados da teoria da hierarquia financeira, tudo parece indicar que as razões são principalmente as barreiras que encontram para acessar o mercado financeiro externo. A nossa seguinte secção, dedicada à disciplina económica, mostra-nos um importante artigo focado à análise da relação entre "Bom governo e eficácia da ajuda ao desenvolvimento", tema de altísima pertinência para as nossas economias. O artigo propõe-se aprofundar na origem e as mudanças experimentadas pela noção de bom governo; analisa os constituintes e determinantes do mesmo, bem como a sua relação com conceitos próximos como a qualidade institucional, e sobretudo, as ideias e a evidência criada sobre as relações entre o bom governo e a efetividade da ajuda ao desenvolvimento. Finalmente chega à conclusão de que não existe um consenso geral quanto a que a ajuda seja eficaz para promover o crescimento económico, e existem tanto defensores como detratores desta ideia. De maneira reflexiva deixa aberto o caminho para verificar empiricamente os verdadeiros efeitos da ajuda económica e as condições baixo as quais seriam possíveis uns melhores resultados em benefício de grandes massas da população. Fechamos esta edição com duas secções: a primeira, tradicional sobre temas de administração como disciplina que se integra estruturalmente com a económica, a contável e financeira, e onde se desenvolvem dois artigos: o primeiro destes se titula "A co-criação e os novos reptos de geração de valor que enfrentam as organizações". Esta temática é de grande atualidade e marca uma tendência na moderna teoria administrativa, que está a girar sobre as novas focagens da geração de valor. Conclui-se que, para gerar um valor sustentado nas organizações, o foco das ações dos gestores deve ser a criação de valor conjunta com os seus clientes e não a exclusiva meta de aumentar as vendas dos seus produtos ou serviços habitualmente desenhados de maneira interna e fechada. O segundo artigo, baixo o título "Modelo para analisar a incidência do capital social no desenvolvimento humano em Bogotá, D.C.", centra-se em identificar se existe um tipo de relação entre o capital social e o desenvolvimento humano no contexto endógeno da cidade de Bogotá. Para tal fim, propõe-se fazer uma investigação descritiva, baseada em análise de regressão múltipla, que facilita a proposição de um modelo que determina o nível de incidência do capital social no desenvolvimento humano, partindo do cálculo do Índice de desenvolvimento humano e do Índice de capital social decomposto em índice de capital cognitivo, ICSC, índice de capital social estrutural, ICSE, Índice de representação social do capital social, IRSCS, componentes do cálculo integral do índice de capital social. Com base nesses cálculos chega-se a comprovar que na cidade se desconhecem o alcance e o uso do capital social, o que gera construir uma sociedade com alto nível de atomização e desinteresse pelos problemas da cidadania. Poder comprovar estes asertos é de soma importância para adotar políticas de desenvolvimento social e humano no D.C., atendendo os diferentes componentes analíticos que se utilizaram no estudo. Na última secção, dedicada à gestão do conhecimento, analisa-se pedagógicamente o tema do bullying por orientação sexual entre estudantes masculinos no ambiente da educação média, que procura contribuir à prevenção de comportamentos de bullying, pelos efeitos que isso tem no bem-estar de uma população que tende a segregarse de maneira antidemocrática e que já faz parte dos modelos educativos que devem orientar à formação de valores. Como pedagogos, achamos que a educação pode e deve criar ambientes de respeito e valoração da diferença, em onde todos possam aceder a ela, sem importar a orientação sexual, o género ou outras construções sociais ou culturais. O conjunto dos oito artigos que pomos ao dispor da comunidade académica, organizados nas secções orientadas segundo os princípios que fundamentam a filosofia científica e a política editorial da revista, se configura em um novo esforço que estamos seguros contribuirá ao fortalecimiento do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico das nossas disciplinas em um meio que nos é próprio, mas que dialoga com a universalidade do conhecimento a nível global, e que progressivamente constituir-se-ão nos grandes pilares do nosso desenvolvimento humano e social.
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The physical and psychological toll of war is immense, and for women and girls, the impact is compounded by the gender inequalities that already exist in society. The October 7th massacre by Hamas claimed more than 1400 lives and saw the abduction of over 200 people, many of whom were women and children. There were reports of rape by Hamas fighters, and in one verified video, a young German-Israeli woman is paraded naked and unconscious through the streets by a group of men in the back of a pickup truck.The subsequent Israeli bombardment of Gaza has displaced nearly half a million Palestinian women and girls and left more than 18,000 people injured, according to Palestinian officials; of those killed and injured, 62% are women and children. UN Women reports approximately 50,000 pregnant women in Gaza are without access to essential health services and 5,522 women are expected to give birth this month, all in the absence of adequate medical facilities. The war has left thousands of Palestinian children fatherless, propelling many women into the role of breadwinner—a position that comes with its own set of challenges in a society with a 19% female labor force participation rate, among the world's lowest. The loss of a father can be especially detrimental for young girls, as financial strain may push them into early marriages. According to the Global Partnership for Education, girls in conflict zones are 2.5 times more likely to be out of school than boys and are less likely to return after a ceasefire.The physical and psychological toll of war is immense, and for women and girls, the impact is compounded by the gender inequalities that already exist in society. Here are the voices of young Palestinian and Israeli women on the ground about what life is like today, trying to retain their humanity against the backdrop of ceaseless violence. The names of the women I spoke with have been changed to protect their safety.We moved to a place in the south, but honestly, nowhere is safe. I'm freaking out. It's f*cking crazy. We can't sleep, we can't eat. We've lost friends, relatives, and neighbors. I'm still in shock about everything. We only get one meal a day, and we can use the bathroom once. There are approximately 30 people in here. We considered going to an UNRWA school, but they just bombed it. Nowhere is safe, literally. I'm worried about my married sisters and my niece. We lost contact with them. I'm trying to survive. - Lina, a 24-year-old Palestinian Muslim woman in Gaza.I just slept a full night for the first time this week, and I started eating again. It's absolute horror. I don't have any more to say about it other than we are all grieving, shocked, mourning--Jews and Palestinians. Our ancestral traumas are all heightened. I have friends in Gaza who lost family, and I'm trying to be there for them while also somehow praying for the end of this military revenge. I have Israeli friends who have lost half their family and are still waiting to hear from their loved ones held hostage. It's all so sick how we have all been used as pawns in this global imperialistic war.Please be gentle with all of us. I keep on believing in God through these times. To me, right now, God is the transmutation of fear, anger, and thirst for revenge into love, and remembrance of humanity. I believe our thoughts have power and that prayer is powerful. My ask of my people is to really pray--to transform our inner hatreds into desires for peace. We can't control everything, but we can tend to our minds and our inner worlds which ultimately shape our external reality.- Nadia, a 31-year-old Arab Israeli woman born and raised in Jerusalem. Social media is definitely doing more harm than good. Each individual's algorithm is feeding them more and more content to support what they believe in. That means, someone who feels slightly towards something will feel very strongly about it after 15 minutes of browsing on Instagram or TikTok. Content on social media is also not verified, which means sharing distortions of the truth or misinformation is easy and damaging. Social media has become a platform for fighting, and it's leading to real-life violence, when really, people should be coming together, looking at the whole picture, and trying to stand up for humanity on both sides. - Noa, a 27-year-old Jewish woman in Israel.This has become dark and twisted. If you actually want to be human and focus on the fact that people are dying on both sides, you'll be attacked by both sides. It seems like there's no space for being human anymore. The other absurd phenomenon is the virtual war taking place in parallel with the actual war, where the winner appears to be the one with the most child casualties. We are seeing a lot of lies being spread, but we can't open our mouths. We can't say anything. It has become a vicious war in and of itself, and it's dehumanizing the tragedy on the ground. There has been some violence in the West Bank, but it's mostly under control. People are not doing well mentally or emotionally; they are spiraling. Many of them are now thinking that death is better than living here. Today, I just spent the day in bed. You know when you feel heartbroken and numb at the same time? The more people I see die in Gaza, the more I wonder, "When will this nightmare end?" - Rania, a Palestinian Christian woman in the West Bank.
Introduction. According to the concept of lifelong learning, vocational education system should cover all age categories of working population, including people of the so-called "silver age" (people of the third age). However, in reality, the proportion of citizens over 45 years involved in continuing vocational training is very small, as the current system does not meet their specific needs. Meanwhile, for many representatives of this social community, the continuation of education, the renewal of knowledge, the acquisition of new qualifications or specialties are now becoming a chance to promote an individual's employability over a lifetime in a rapidly changing labour market and an unstable "life market". The aim of the article is to identify the opportunities and barriers to the inclusion of "silver age" people in the practice of vocational education, taking into account the positions of all key actors – the senior generation of Russians, the state, employers and educational organisations.Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the methodological framework of three theories: continuous education, third age, social community. The empirical material was collected through the following methods: the analysis of educational and demographic statistics (2015–2018); the analysis of the content of recruitment agencies' websites and media publications devoted to the problems of the "silver" labour market; the secondary analysis of sociological data; the survey ofSverdlovsk region residents aged over 45 years old in February – March 2019.Results and scientific novelty. The structure and a number of qualitative characteristics of Russians of the elder generation are clarified. The authors give the definition of the concept of social community of "silver age" people ("third age" people), including the group of pre-pensioners. A new interpretation of this category of citizens allowed the authors to reevaluate the old options and to identify the new options for vocational training for "silver age" people. The problems and trends revealed in the course of the survey in this professional training niche of a particular Russian region were focused on the all-Russian situation. Critical differences between the requests for "silver" vocational education from older people, state, educational organisations and employers are identified. The contradictions and necessity of purposeful formation of educational needs and strategies of people of the "third age" are demonstrated. The state and prospects of development of various types and forms of "silver" professional education are described; the conditions of its transformation into a resource of active ageing are formulated.Practical significance. The urgency and relevance of adjusting the content and specific tasks of educational policy of the state aimed at the older generation of citizens have been scientifically proved. It is planned to create and improve training programmes for older people, implemented by various educational structures. Such programmes and research findings can serve as a basis for developing human resources strategies for older people both in government and commercial organisations. ; Введение. Согласно концепции обучения, через всю жизнь система профессионального образования должна охватывать все возрастные категории трудоспособного населения, в том числе людей так называемого «серебряного возраста». Однако на деле доля граждан старше 45 лет, вовлеченных в непрерывную профессиональную подготовку, весьма невелика, поскольку существующая система не соответствует их специфическим запросам. Между тем для многих представителей данной социальной общности продолжение обучения, обновление знаний, обретение новой квалификации или специальности сегодня становятся шансами сохранения себя на быстро меняющемся рынке труда и нестабильном «рынке жизни». Цель предпринятого авторами статьи исследования заключается в выявлении возможностей и барьеров получения людьми «серебряного возраста» профессионального образования с учетом позиций всех его ключевых акторов – старшего поколения россиян, государства, работодателей и образовательных организаций. Методология и методика. Работа базировалось на методологической рамке трех теорий: непрерывного образования, «третьего возраста» и социальной общности. Сбор эмпирического материала происходил путем анализа образовательной и демографической статистики (за 2015–2018 гг.), контента веб-сайтов рекрутинговых агентств и публикаций СМИ, посвященных проблемам «серебряного» рынка труда; вторичного анализа социологических данных, а также с помощью проведенного в феврале – марте2019 г. опроса жителей Свердловской области в возрасте 45+.Результаты и научная новизна. Уточнены структура и ряд качественных характеристик россиян старшего поколения. Дана авторская трактовка понятия «общность людей "серебряного возраста"» (иначе – «третьего возраста»), которая расширяет его границы, не замыкаясь только на предпенсионном и пенсионном периодах жизни. Новая интерпретация рассматриваемой категории граждан позволила переосмыслить старые и обозначить новые варианты их профобучения. Вскрытые в ходе опроса проблемы и тенденции в этой нише профессиональной подготовки конкретного российского региона спроецированы на общероссийскую ситуацию. Обнаружены критические расхождения между интересами и потребностями в «серебряном» образовании государства, учебных учреждений, работодателей и самих представителей старшего поколения. Показаны противоречивость и необходимость целенаправленного формирования образовательных потребностей и стратегий людей «третьего возраста». Описаны состояние и перспективы развития различных видов и форм «серебряного» профобразования; сформулированы условия его превращения в ресурс активного долголетия. Практическая значимость. Научно доказаны насущность и актуальность корректировки содержания и конкретных задач образовательной политики государства, ориентированных на старшее поколение граждан. Намечены направления создания и совершенствования предназначенных для них программ профессиональной подготовки, реализуемых различными образовательными структурами. Подобные программы и сделанные авторами исследования выводы могут служить основой для разработки кадровых стратегий в отношении возрастных сотрудников как в государственных, так и в коммерческих организациях. ; The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 19–011–00096 "Education as a Resource for the Preservation and Development of People of the Third Age". ; Статья подготовлена при поддержке РФФИ, проект № 19–011–00096 «Образование как ресурс сохранения и развития социальной общности людей "третьего возраста"».
The role played by the media in conflicts has always been a challenge worldwide. It has always drawn the attention of international organizations, NGOs, experts in peace, conflicts, and promoters of peace media reporting, peace journalism, etc. The impact of media has increased considerably, and researchers have largely confined themselves to exposing the degree and extent of media involvement and influence in conflicts and conflicts resolution. Numerous criticisms have been addressed all over the world on the role played by media in conflicts. The literature on conflicts resolution discloses a dreadful focus on the role of media in the peace process. Most of the existing theories portrays the role of the media as being essential in reporting and generating discourses on conflict. Scholars of the post-election incident quickly conclude that the crisis was greatly rooted in political and ethnic crises. The role of the media in the conflict, as well as its capacity to maintain order, is not satisfactorily tackled. Ivorian media like in Rwanda have been scrutinized at the level of international law as a perpetrator of political violence. However, if media can be a fearful weapon of brutality when it propagates messages of intolerance or misinformation that manipulates behavior, it can also be an instrument of conflicts resolution, when the information it publishes is faithful, unfailing, respects human rights, and represents varying opinions. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the role of media in conflict resolution in Ivory Coast. It has evaluated the role of media in the political subversions of 2002 and 2011 and by these case studies it briefly examined the role of current media practices in West African societies after the turn of the Millennium. The two Ivorian subversions formed an ideal comparative case to identifying recent changes in the role of media for conflict resolution. The study has established the responsibility of the media through the various type of its coverage within the subversions Ivory Coast crises of 2002 and 2011. And it has mostly focused on the specific positive effects of Ivorian media approach in conflicts resolution and has explored both the influence of traditional and social media. This study applies the social responsibility theory of media reporting to explain and develop the conceptual framework. The 2002 and 2011 crises serve as a typical case study of the process from crises to conflict resolution. Therefore, they provide additional elements in order to understand the biggest challenges of media freedom inside of shattered democracies, in which politics, poverty, and ethnic differences can sway the media agenda. Following a participatory research approach, the interviews, observations, and literature review provided a comprehensive range of opinions to interpret such data and the overall social discussion. And according to the findings of the study, there is a broad feeling from interviewees that Ivorian media has failed to condemn violence, xenophobic rhetoric during the 2011 post-election conflict and 2002 civil war. They published a lot of unverified sources of information. Still, the findings did not reveal only negative connotations from media. Positive impacts were also highlighted, stated during the period of conflicts. The findings of the study showed that there were positive aspects from Ivorian media such as fair coverage of political campaigns, preaching tolerance, giving voice to the voiceless, etc. They were blameless and remained neutral. The quality of their articles reflected the reality on the field. The effects of media on these specific political subversions were viewed both in terms of negative repercussions and positive impacts that a reliable, on contributing to conflict resolution by counteracting misperceptions and broadening understanding of grievances and causes of conflict. ; Die Rolle der Medien in Konflikten war schon immer eine Herausforderung für die ganze Welt und hat die Aufmerksamkeit internationaler Organisationen, NROs, Friedens- und Konfliktexperten sowie der Befürworter von Friedensberichterstattung, Friedensjournalismus usw. auf sich gezogen. Der Einfluss der Medien hat beträchtlich zugenommen, und die Forscher haben sich weitgehend darauf beschränkt, den Grad und das Ausmaß der Beteiligung und des Einflusses der Medien an Konflikten und Konfliktlösungen aufzuzeigen. Die Rolle der Medien in Konflikten wurde weltweit vielfach kritisiert. In der Literatur zur Konfliktlösung wird die Rolle der Medien im Friedensprozess erschreckend wenig beachtet. Die meisten der vorhandenen Theorien stellen die Rolle der Medien als wesentlich für die Berichterstattung und die Erzeugung von Diskursen über Konflikte dar. Wissenschaftler, die sich mit den Ereignissen nach den Wahlen befassen, kommen schnell zu dem Schluss, dass die Krise in hohem Maße auf politische und ethnische Krisen zurückzuführen ist. Die Rolle der Medien in dem Konflikt und ihre Fähigkeit, die Ordnung aufrechtzuerhalten, werden nicht zufriedenstellend untersucht. Wie in Ruanda wurden die ivorischen Medien auf der Ebene des internationalen Rechts als Verursacher politischer Gewalt untersucht. Die Medien können eine mächtige Waffe sein, wenn es darum geht, Nachrichten über Intoleranz oder Desinformation zu verbreiten, aber sie können auch ein Instrument zur Konfliktlösung sein, wenn die von ihnen veröffentlichten Informationen zuverlässig sind und unterschiedliche Meinungen wiedergeben. Das Hauptziel der Studie war es, die Rolle der Medien bei der Konfliktlösung in der Elfenbeinküste zu analysieren. Bewertet wurde die Rolle der Medien bei den politischen Umstürzen von 2002. Die beiden ivorischen Umstürze bildeten einen idealen Vergleichsfall, um die jüngsten Veränderungen zu ermitteln. In der Studie wurde die Verantwortung der Medien anhand der verschiedenen Arten ihrer Berichterstattung über die Umstürze in der Elfenbeinküste in den Jahren 2002 und 2011 untersucht. Sie konzentrierte sich vor allem auf die spezifischen positiven Auswirkungen des ivorischen Medienansatzes bei der Konfliktlösung und untersuchte sowohl den Einfluss der traditionellen als auch der sozialen Medien. Diese Studie wendet die Theorie der sozialen Verantwortung der Medienberichterstattung an, um den konzeptionellen Rahmen zu erklären und zu entwickeln. Die Krisen von 2002 und 2011 dienen als typische Fallstudien für den Prozess von der Krise zur Konfliktlösung. Daher liefern sie zusätzliche Elemente, um die größten Herausforderungen der Medienfreiheit in zerrütteten Demokratien zu verstehen, in denen Politik, Armut und ethnische Unterschiede die Medienagenda beeinflussen können. Im Rahmen eines partizipativen Forschungsansatzes lieferten die Interviews, Beobachtungen und die Literaturauswertung ein umfassendes Meinungsspektrum zur Interpretation dieser Daten und der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Diskussion. Den Ergebnissen der Studie zufolge sind die Befragten weitgehend der Meinung, dass die ivorischen Medien es versäumt haben, Gewalt und fremdenfeindliche Rhetorik während des Konflikts nach den Wahlen 2011 und des Bürgerkriegs 2002 zu verurteilen. Sie veröffentlichten viele ungeprüfte Informationsquellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten jedoch nicht nur die negativen Auswirkungen der Medien auf. Es wurden auch positive Auswirkungen hervorgehoben, die während der Zeit der Konflikte festgestellt wurden. Zum Beispiel eine faire Berichterstattung über politische Kampagnen, das Predigen von Toleranz, das Verleihen einer Stimme an die Stimmlosen usw. Sie waren tadellos und blieben neutral. Die Qualität ihrer Artikel spiegelte die Realität vor Ort wider. Die Auswirkungen der Medien auf diese spezifischen politischen Umstürze wurden sowohl im Hinblick auf die negativen Folgen als auch auf die positiven Auswirkungen gesehen, die zuverlässig zur Konfliktlösung beitragen, indem sie falschen Vorstellungen entgegenwirken und das Verständnis für Missstände und Konfliktursachen erweitern.
Problem setting. The formation of the rule of law state and civil society in Ukraine is largely conditioned by the state of political culture, which emerges as an important component of the sociocultural image of the nation and at the same time as a structural element of the political system of the state, which determines the nature of the interaction between the state and citizens, the state and institutions of democracy.Recent research and publications analysis. The study of political culture belongs to the sphere of scientific interests of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. Problems of studying political culture were addressed by such Ukrainian scientists as V. Bebyk, M. Golovaty, L. Gorodenko, M. Dmytrenko, L. Nagorna, V Rebkalo, N. Repina, O. Rudakevich, O. Stehnii, M. Trebin, B. Tsymbalistyi and others. Important contributions to the theoretical development ofpolitical culture ideas have also been made by foreign scholars, including G. Almond, R. Jackman, L. Dittmer, R. Ellis, D. Fuchs, R. Lane, J. Lorenz, I. Lustick, S. Maerz, R. Miller, W. Mishler, M. Neumann, L. Pye, W. Rosenbaum, C. Schneider, R. Tucker, S. Verba, et al.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to study the nature and structure of political culture, to consider the features of its typology.Paper main body. The concept of «political culture» as a subjective dimension of politics was introduced in to scientific circulation only in the XVIII century by German philosopher J. Herder and until the middle of the twentieth century it was view edrather at the level of world-view universalism ratherthaninits specific form sandmanifestations. Through the efforts of G. Almond, S. Verba, L. Pye, D. Kavanagh, and other researchers, the theoretical foundations for considering political culture were developed.In the future, three major theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the essence ofpolitical culture have emerged in political science. The first of these, including the time of its appearance, is an orientation approach that, by its very nature, reduces political culture to the sphere of political consciousness (G. Almond, S. Verba, L. Pye, J. Powell, etc.). But it should be noted that representatives of the orientation approach to the consideration ofpolitical culture leave out of its content elements ofpolitical behavior that have been the subject of special analysis in the writings of a number of scholars (R. Tucker, E. Wind, D. Paul, etc.), who believe that along with the «samples» of political consciousness, political samples must necessarily include «samples» of political behavior. The third theoretical and methodological approach to the analysis of political culture is reflected in the works of such foreign scholars as I. Shapiro, P. Sharan, and others. In these works, political culture is interpreted as a way, style of political activity, as a system of behavioral values, peculiar «spiritual codes» of the behavior of individuals in the political sphere, which testify to the degree of free assimilation of the generally accepted norms andtraditions of public life, to the combination in their daily activities of standard and creative techniques for the exercise of their rights and responsibilities.It should be noted that today the concept of political culture is increasingly enriched by the meanings derived from «culture» as a supernatural reality, which expresses the integrity of life manifestations of society. As a result, political culture acts as a political dimension of the cultural environment, as a characteristic of the consciousness and behavior of individuals and social groups, as an indicator of civilizational development. In this regard, political culture can be interpreted as part of a general culture and inheritance, including a historically formed set ofpolitical knowledge, values, behavior patterns of a social subject (individual, social group, society as a whole) and their implementation in a particular system political relations and political activity. Such an understanding of political culture allows us to distinguish it, according to N. Semke, into three main components: 1) regulatory element (political experience); 2) the value element (political consciousness); 3) behavioral element (models of political behavior).Theoretical and methodological analysis of political culture requires consideration of the typology of this phenomenon. The most popular and scientific application was the classification of political cultures, proposed by G. Almond and S. Verba. The criterion for the typology ofpolitical cultures was the level of «frequency ofdifferent types of cognitive, emotional and evaluative orientations to the political system». On this basis, pure types of political cultures were distinguished: patriarchal, subordinate and participatory.Conclusions of the research. Political culture characterizes the degree and quality of political consciousness and political participation of people in solving state and public affairs, as well as ideological worldview aspects of the spiritual life of society in a specific historical period of its development and existence. ; Статья посвящена анализу понятия «политическая культура». Рассматриваются теоретико-методологические подходы к определению сущности политической культуры. Дается сравнительный анализ концепций политической культуры отечественных и зарубежных ученых. Особое внимание уделяется исследованию типологии политической культуры. Автор подробно рассматривает типы политической культуры классиков политологического сообщества Г. Алмонда и С. Вербы, а также классификации В. Розенбаума, Е. Вятра и ряда других ученых. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу поняття «політична культура». Розглядаються теоретико-методологічні підходи до визначення сутності політичної культури. Наданий порівняльний аналіз концепцій політичної культури вітчизняних і зарубіжних вчених. Особлива увага приділяється дослідженню типології політичної культури. Автор докладно розглядає типи політичної культури класиків політологічного співтовариства Г. Алмонда і С. Верби, а також класифікації У. Розенбаума, Є. Вятра і деяких інших вчених.
Problem setting. The formation of the rule of law state and civil society in Ukraine is largely conditioned by the state of political culture, which emerges as an important component of the sociocultural image of the nation and at the same time as a structural element of the political system of the state, which determines the nature of the interaction between the state and citizens, the state and institutions of democracy.Recent research and publications analysis. The study of political culture belongs to the sphere of scientific interests of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. Problems of studying political culture were addressed by such Ukrainian scientists as V. Bebyk, M. Golovaty, L. Gorodenko, M. Dmytrenko, L. Nagorna, V Rebkalo, N. Repina, O. Rudakevich, O. Stehnii, M. Trebin, B. Tsymbalistyi and others. Important contributions to the theoretical development ofpolitical culture ideas have also been made by foreign scholars, including G. Almond, R. Jackman, L. Dittmer, R. Ellis, D. Fuchs, R. Lane, J. Lorenz, I. Lustick, S. Maerz, R. Miller, W. Mishler, M. Neumann, L. Pye, W. Rosenbaum, C. Schneider, R. Tucker, S. Verba, et al.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to study the nature and structure of political culture, to consider the features of its typology.Paper main body. The concept of «political culture» as a subjective dimension of politics was introduced in to scientific circulation only in the XVIII century by German philosopher J. Herder and until the middle of the twentieth century it was view edrather at the level of world-view universalism ratherthaninits specific form sandmanifestations. Through the efforts of G. Almond, S. Verba, L. Pye, D. Kavanagh, and other researchers, the theoretical foundations for considering political culture were developed.In the future, three major theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the essence ofpolitical culture have emerged in political science. The first of these, including the time of its appearance, is an orientation approach that, by its very nature, reduces political culture to the sphere of political consciousness (G. Almond, S. Verba, L. Pye, J. Powell, etc.). But it should be noted that representatives of the orientation approach to the consideration ofpolitical culture leave out of its content elements ofpolitical behavior that have been the subject of special analysis in the writings of a number of scholars (R. Tucker, E. Wind, D. Paul, etc.), who believe that along with the «samples» of political consciousness, political samples must necessarily include «samples» of political behavior. The third theoretical and methodological approach to the analysis of political culture is reflected in the works of such foreign scholars as I. Shapiro, P. Sharan, and others. In these works, political culture is interpreted as a way, style of political activity, as a system of behavioral values, peculiar «spiritual codes» of the behavior of individuals in the political sphere, which testify to the degree of free assimilation of the generally accepted norms andtraditions of public life, to the combination in their daily activities of standard and creative techniques for the exercise of their rights and responsibilities.It should be noted that today the concept of political culture is increasingly enriched by the meanings derived from «culture» as a supernatural reality, which expresses the integrity of life manifestations of society. As a result, political culture acts as a political dimension of the cultural environment, as a characteristic of the consciousness and behavior of individuals and social groups, as an indicator of civilizational development. In this regard, political culture can be interpreted as part of a general culture and inheritance, including a historically formed set ofpolitical knowledge, values, behavior patterns of a social subject (individual, social group, society as a whole) and their implementation in a particular system political relations and political activity. Such an understanding of political culture allows us to distinguish it, according to N. Semke, into three main components: 1) regulatory element (political experience); 2) the value element (political consciousness); 3) behavioral element (models of political behavior).Theoretical and methodological analysis of political culture requires consideration of the typology of this phenomenon. The most popular and scientific application was the classification of political cultures, proposed by G. Almond and S. Verba. The criterion for the typology ofpolitical cultures was the level of «frequency ofdifferent types of cognitive, emotional and evaluative orientations to the political system». On this basis, pure types of political cultures were distinguished: patriarchal, subordinate and participatory.Conclusions of the research. Political culture characterizes the degree and quality of political consciousness and political participation of people in solving state and public affairs, as well as ideological worldview aspects of the spiritual life of society in a specific historical period of its development and existence. ; Статья посвящена анализу понятия «политическая культура». Рассматриваются теоретико-методологические подходы к определению сущности политической культуры. Дается сравнительный анализ концепций политической культуры отечественных и зарубежных ученых. Особое внимание уделяется исследованию типологии политической культуры. Автор подробно рассматривает типы политической культуры классиков политологического сообщества Г. Алмонда и С. Вербы, а также классификации В. Розенбаума, Е. Вятра и ряда других ученых. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу поняття «політична культура». Розглядаються теоретико-методологічні підходи до визначення сутності політичної культури. Наданий порівняльний аналіз концепцій політичної культури вітчизняних і зарубіжних вчених. Особлива увага приділяється дослідженню типології політичної культури. Автор докладно розглядає типи політичної культури класиків політологічного співтовариства Г. Алмонда і С. Верби, а також класифікації У. Розенбаума, Є. Вятра і деяких інших вчених.
