Suchergebnisse

Wer sich mit Außenpolitik beschäftigt, muss reisen. Eine Binsenweisheit mit Folgen. Denn wer viel unterwegs ist, ist wenig bei den Wählern vor Ort und mindert seine Wahlchancen. Wie kann es dennoch gelingen, außenpolitischen Nachwuchs zu gewinnen? Zunächst einmal, indem wir Außenpolitik eine höheren Stellenwert in der Tagespolitik verschaffen. (IP)

This paper analyzes the use of new environmental policy instruments (NEPIs) and instrument mixes in government forest initiatives (GFIs), in Bavaria. It traces research questions on the repertoire of instruments applied and if an application of NEPIs leads to improving program effectiveness and legitimacy. In accordance with recent literature it assumes that GFIs, being developed and implemented for a long time in Bavaria, will make use of an instrument mix, including modern policy instruments ; and that the use of such a mix of instruments would lead to improved effectiveness and legitimacy. The empirical paper aims to test these currently dominant theoretical thoughts and to contribute to further theoretical discussion with new empirical data, but it does not suggest a new theory. The primary data-basis for the analysis is qualitative interviews with 175 people from 16 GFIs, the selection of interviewees being based on social network analysis. The analysis uses an instrument typology as an analytical reference point and reveals that GFIs used a broad variety of instruments, both, traditional and new ones, to support and facilitate a range of activities in priority areas of forest landscapes, as expected. Some traditional instruments were modified for the use in GFIs only, other instruments were newly created for the purpose of GFIs, e.g., voluntary agreements between government forest administrations (AELFs) and private forest owners (PFOs). This supports assumptions from the theory that the most common forms of instrument integration would be layering and fusion. The paper also analyzes if the use of a mix of instruments by GFIs led to improving effectiveness and legitimacy, thereby contributing to a relevant question in the literature, because developing more complex policy instruments (NEPIs), is considered to help to avoid many problems of more traditional instruments in environmental governance. The analysis uses a set of theoretical elements, attributed to the use of NEPIs or modern instrument mixes, and compares these with actual empirical observations, to answer the question, if modern instrument approaches can lead to an improved program effectiveness and legitimacy. The paper concludes that the application of a modern mix of instruments did lead to an increase of short-term effectiveness, especially in road construction or improvement, but not to a noteworthy increase of long-term effectiveness, especially regarding forest conversion to increase forests&rsquo ; climate resiliency, despite the application of nudging &lsquo ; in the forests&rsquo ; . Instead, nudging in the forests can result in increased conflicts and non-action, in some cases. Hence, the empirical evidence presented in this paper, does not (fully) support the assumption that a modern instrument mix would lead to improvements in effectiveness and legitimacy. It remains to be seen, if, in the longer-term, the improved road access would actually lead to more climate resilient forests ; or what role natural hazards will play in this regard. Maybe, a more flexible design of the voluntary agreements and of eligibility criteria of funding schemes, could increase the share of forest owners, willing to participate and could enable processes of civic-knowledge integration and the development of more innovative, alterative-based, local solutions. Considering the strong, recent public engagement in climate change topics, this could be an opportunity to better integrate civil society to GFIs or to new forms of initiatives. A better integration of owners and society could also improve the legitimacy of GFIs, which is thwarted by the marginal participation of individual PFOs.

Purpose– This investigation is guided by the following research questions: employing Hart and Milstein's (2003) Sustainable Value Framework as analytic tool, what is the extent of the integration of sustainability focused strategies by Asian-based companies in their corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives? How can the ethics of responsibility of Hans Jonas help rethink the current understanding and doing of CSR in Asia towards achieving a truly responsible and sustainable corporate identity?Design/methodology/approach– This research uses Centering Resonance Analysis (CRA), which is a relatively sophisticated form of content analysis methodology suitable for studying formal written communication such as the published CSR reports. To accomplish the complex task of CRA, the Crawdad Text Analysis System 1.2 is used. The Crawdad Text Analysis Software is an analytical software package developed specifically to perform CRA.Findings– Using the Hart and Milstein Sustainable Value Framework as a diagnostic tool, the empirical findings reveal that Asian-based companies' CSR projects exhibit a very low degree of integration of sustainability strategies. This paper proposes a theoretical process model that explains the planned development of CSR initiatives – through a CSR tract elucidated as corporate sustainability and responsibility – a holistic management approach aimed at providing impetus for companies in Asia to pursue the goal of becoming responsible and sustainable companies. It reconciles the concepts of CSR and corporate sustainability using Hans Jonas' ethics of responsibility as the philosophical footing.Research limitations/implications– The primary objective of this study, therefore, is to examine how companies located in Asia embrace sustainability in their CSR engagement. It stems back to the fundamental question, "How do companies in Asia manage their CSR" – i.e. as a strategic response to changing circumstances and new corporate challenges? This question drives this study's search for empirically based conclusions on current CSR program thrusts and the advancement of sustainability strategies of firms operating in Asia.Practical implications– Building upon the empirical results gained from the above objective is the equally important goal of the study to advance Hans Jonas' ethics of responsibility as a basis for a blueprint to a revitalized view of CSR amongst Asian firms in their pursuit to become responsible and sustainable corporations. The integration of philosophical theory adds foundational depth to the study.Social implications– Building upon the empirical results gained from the above objective is the equally important goal of the study to advance Hans Jonas' ethics of responsibility as a basis for a blueprint to a revitalized view of CSR among Asian firms in their pursuit to become responsible and sustainable corporations. The integration of philosophical theory adds foundational depth to the study.Originality/value– This multidisciplinary study seeks to contribute to CSR literature in two ways. First, it highlights the significance of the need for empirical descriptions of firm-level CSR structures and practices that may give a more thorough account of the overall quality of business involvement of Asian-based firms on sustainability issues. Second, this investigation underscores the need for conceptual robustness to guide CSR initiatives undertaken by firms within a sustainability paradigm. A grounded theoretical model is henceforth presented in this paper to enrich the discussion on the strategic management of ecological responsibility through a holistic approach to CSR.

Purpose– For decades, numerous mechanisms have been adopted to accelerate the progression of women in decision-making levels, and many organizations have developed programs to promote gender mainstreaming. In practice however, literature has shown that experience in gender mainstreaming faces many important challenges and under-representation persists at higher organizational levels. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– This research brings together the results of two case studies on gender equality in the higher echelons of public and private sector organisations in Canada (Québec) and Morocco. Based on the analytical framework used as a theoretical basis for the analysis of change and resistance to gender mainstreaming, the data were revisited to explore common trends and patterns, despite the differences in context.Findings– The analysis shows that common factors support and limit women's progress in organizations. Equity initiatives are limited to the technical agenda and scant effort goes to managing political and cultural dimensions. The study shows that those dimensions play a central role in the production of gender inequality and that actions and measures targeting political and cultural dimensions must be prioritized.Originality/value– An improved conceptual framework is proposed for practical interventions and theory building. The new matrix feeds into the reflection for a new learning approach for organizations who want to achieve gender mainstreaming, to better identify the dimensions that should be addressed or to assess the measures taken and their impact and also offers a basis for new studies and research to test the matrix, its usefulness for theory building for intervention.

In Brazil, the United States, and the South American Subsystem: Regional Politics and the Absent Empire, Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira challenges several typical assumptions on U.S.-Latin American relations, beginning by questioning the very usefulness of the concept of Latin America for the field of international relations. Instead of concentrating upon the instances when the United States pursued imperial policies in Latin America, this study seeks to explain the instances when it did not. Teixeira accomplishes this by shifting the focus of the research from the United States to Brazil and the regional dynamics of South America. Brazil, the United States, and the South American Subsystem is a unique investigation of how Brazil has been a status quo power in the region, increasing the benefits of limited U.S. involvement in South American affairs.

"North Korea and Myanmar (Burma) are Asia's most mysterious, tragic stories. They were the region's most militarized and repressed societies, sitting out the greatest wealth creation project in the history of the world, one that created a belt of middle classes, comfort and security from Singapore to Japan. They were self-isolating and under sanctions by the international community"--

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters -- Labor leader at large -- Randolph speaks his mind, 1919-1967 -- Randolph's views on politics in the United States -- The March on Washington movement and the Fair Employment Practice Committee -- Making and witnessing history in the civil rights movement -- Randolph, war, and the fight to desegregate the United States military -- A. Philip Randolph on international affairs

The mounting call by Zionists and neoconservatives to deter Iran from pursuing nuclear capacity may lead to U.S. air strikes. Author asserts a tacit alliance between Israel and the U.S. however Iran's 2003 agreement with Britain, France and Germany to allow unannounced inspections of its nuclear sites by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) may prevent a U.S. attack.

Au début de l'année 2012, la réunion à Londres « S'unir pour combattre les maladies négligées tropicales » organisée en soutien à la « Feuille de route 2020 » de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) pour les maladies négligées a rassemblé un nombre sans précédent d'acteurs, comprenant des partenariats public-privé développant des outils de santé, des gouvernements des pays endémiques et de pays développés, des bailleurs de fonds, des ONG, des organisations de santé mondiale, et des entreprises pharmaceutiques qui se sont engagées à partager leurs bibliothèques de composés et leurs connaissances avec les développeurs de médicaments, ceci pour favoriser l'innovation dans le domaine des maladies dites négligées des pays en développement. Cette expression d'ouverture dans la recherche-développement du domaine pharmaceutique marque un jalon dans la longue marche entreprise il y a plus de vingt ans vers une reconnaissance au niveau mondial des besoins spécifiquesen santé publique concernant les maladies touchant de façon disproportionnée ou uniquement les pays en développement. Les marchés ne répondent pas à ces attentes de produits particuliers (médicaments, vaccins, tests rapides…) car les droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) n'offrent pas dans ce cas des incitations lucratives, du fait du très faible pouvoir d'achat des populations endémiques. Les recherches financées sur fonds publics sont quant à elles guidées principalement par les besoins de santé des pays riches.A la fin du 20ème siècle, porteur de puissantes avancées scientifiques et technologiques, un constat s'imposait : celles-ci n'ont pas bénéficié en terme d'innovation à la mise au point de nouveaux traitements pour les maladies des plus pauvres et, en dépit d'un engagement sans défaillance de nombreux chercheurs scientifiques, une crise chronique de la recherche-développement (RD) pour ces maladies négligées (MN) s'est installée. Sur le plan mondial, pas plus de 10 % des dépenses consenties pour la recherche médicale sont affectés aux maladies qui représentent 90 % de la charge mondiale de morbidité (le déséquilibre « 10/90 »). Et les maladies tropicales négligées y occupent une place infime, moins de 1 % a été dépensé dans le développement de nouveaux traitements pour cette catégorie. Aussi sur la période 1975-1999, seuls 13 médicaments sur les 1400 nouveaux médicaments développés dans le monde ont-ils été destinés aux maladies tropicales négligées, et ils sont tous les produits, au moins partiellement, de la recherche publique. La dernière décennie du 20ème siècle a vu se déployer l'idée que les besoins essentiels de santé despopulations de l'ensemble de la planète (global health) priment sur les intérêts des nations particulières, et que la recherche doit être relancée pour développer des outils répondant aux besoins spécifiques des pays en développement, dont l'état de santé est désormais appréhendé par lesorganisations internationales – mais dans des approches internes distinctes – à la fois comme condition et critère du développement économique. Le rapport de la Banque Mondiale en 1993 « Investing in Health », celui de l'OMS en 1996 « Investing in Health Research and Development », notamment, ont argumenté la nécessité d'accroître les investissements de RD pour la santé dans les pays du Sud, qui seraient soutenus par des financements internationaux, des supports techniques, et des partenariats. Mais si la question de la recherche-développement pour la santé des populations les plus démunies relève désormais de discussions au niveau mondial entre instances d'une gouvernance diversifiée, pour autant un cadre global de régulation n'est pas établi : son inscription dans l'agenda politique international sera lente et elle ne se fera pas sans heurts, en raison des divergences de points de vue entre les nombreux et divers protagonistes et des rapports de force dans leurs négociations. Ce processus d'institutionnalisation sera retracé dans un autre papier de recherche.

Why do societies benefit differently from knowledge? How exactly does social interaction interfere with knowledge acquisition and diffusion? This original Handbook brings together a wide range of differing approaches to shed light on these questions and others relating to the role and relevance of knowledge in economic analysis. By illuminating the philosophical roots of the various notions of knowledge employed by economists, this Handbook helps to disentangle conceptual and typological issues surrounding the debate on knowledge among economists. Wide-ranging in scope, it explores fundamental aspects of the relationship between knowledge and economics – such as the nature of knowledge, knowledge acquisition and knowledge diffusion. This important compendium embraces various fields and traditions of economic analysis and discusses the role of knowledge in 21 papers from outstanding international scholars. Advanced scholars and postgraduate students interested in cross-fertilization between different fields of economic analysis will find this Handbook of considerable importance.

"This edited volume examines the issue of the proliferation of dual-use technology and the efforts of the international community to control these technologies. Efforts to stop the spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) increasingly focus on preventing the proliferation and misuse of dual-use technologies: information, materials and equipment that can be easily applied for peaceful and hostile purposes. The threat of terrorist attacks with nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, in particular, makes it necessary to develop a sustainable non-proliferation policy that effectively hinders the misuse of dual-use technologies. In this book, leading non-proliferation experts from industrialised and developing countries reflect on the political, legal and technical obstacles with an aim to finding a better balance between control and cooperation in dual-use technology transfer regulations. This broad approach makes it possible to compare regimes which may be structurally different but are similar in the way they attempt to regulate dual-use technology transfers by balancing controls and cooperative approaches. This book will be of much interest to students of weapons proliferation, arms control, global governance, international organisations and international security"--

Intro -- Holding UNPOL to Account: Individual Criminal Accountability of United Nations Police Personnel -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Cases -- List of Treaties -- Acronyms -- 1 Introduction -- 1 The Issue -- 2 The Evolution of UN Peace Operations -- 3 The Scope of This Work -- 4 Issues Outside the Scope of This Work -- 5 Structure -- 6 Definitions and Clarifications -- 7 Conclusion -- 2 UN Police in Peace Operations -- 1 The Evolution of the Functions of the UN Police in UN Peace Operations -- 1-1 The Creation of the Institution of the UN Police -- 1-2 Post-cold War -- 1-3 From Monitoring to Reform -- 1-4 Multi-dimensional Policing -- 1-5 Executive Policing -- 1-6 Formed Police Units -- 1-7 A Holistic 'rule of law' Approach -- 2 The Growth in Size of the UN Police -- 3 Ensuring the Deployment of the Required Types of Personnel -- 3-1 Expertise Required of UN Police Officers -- 3-2 Personal Qualities Required -- 3-3 The UN's Efforts in Securing Adherence to the Required Criteria -- 4 Conclusion -- 3 Evidence of the Commission of Crimes by UN Police -- 1 Findings Regarding Particularized Allegations -- Misconduct Entries over Time -- Nature of Alleged Crimes -- Nationality of Suspects -- Prosecution -- 2 Possible Patterns of Criminal Conduct -- 2-1 Evidence of the Scale of Wrongdoing -- 2-2 Nature of Alleged Criminal Offences -- 2-3 Analysis in Relation to the Sending State -- 2-4 Possible Reasons for the Patterns -- 3 Evidence of Prosecution -- 4 Conclusion -- 4 Current UN Machinery for Collecting Information Regarding Alleged Crimes for Domestic Criminal Proceedings -- 1 Benchmarks -- Benchmark 1 -- Benchmark 2 -- Benchmark 3 -- Benchmark 4 -- 2 Evolution of the Approach to, and the Mechanisms for, Dealing with Criminal Misconduct -- 3 Analysis of the Mechanisms' Performance -- Benchmark 1 -- Benchmark 2.

"This book critically examines the process of statebuilding by the EU, focusing on its attempts to build Member States in the Western Balkan region. This book analyses the European Union's policies towards, and the impact they have, upon the states of the Western Balkans, and assesses how these affect the nature of EU foreign policy. To this end, it focuses on the tools and mechanisms that the EU employs in its enlargement policy and examines the new instruments of direct intervention (in Bosnia and Kosovo), political coercion (in the case of Croatia and Serbia in relation to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia), and stricter conditionality in the Western Balkan countries. The book discusses the key aim of this special form of statebuilding, which is to establish functional liberal-democratic states in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia in order for them to join the EU and to cope with the responsibilities and pressures of membership in the future. However, the authors argue that while the EU sees itself as an international actor that promotes and protects liberal-democratic values, norms and principles, its experiences in the Western Balkans demonstrate how the EU