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This essay is an abridged and substantially revised translation of an article originally written in German to familiarize a German audience with the development of and the theoretical debates within U.S. women's history. As such, it does not proclaim to suggest new directions for research or to offer new conceptual models, but rather hopes to be useful as a survey of the many paradigms and perspectives employed by United States women's historians over the past approximately three decades. By taking as its leitmotif the notion of "difference," it traces the changing subjects of feminist history and argues that a diversity of approaches and topics is a strength in U.S. women's history.

'Delbruck's Modern Military History' edited by Arden Bucholz is reviewed. Delbruck's Modern Military History edited by Arden Bucholz is reviewed.

'Women Warriors: A History' by David E. Jones is reviewed. Women Warriors: A History by David E. Jones is reviewed.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Presidential Representation in the 1780s -- 2. Jefferson's Federalists, Jackson's Whigs, and Lincoln's Democrats -- 3. The Progressives and Presidential Representation -- 4. The National Security Constitution and Presidential Representation at Midcentury -- 5. Reformed Democrats and Unitarian Republicans -- Conclusion: Law and Opinion -- Notes -- Index -- Back Cover.

The extraction of zinc from ores began late in history, mainly because of the fact that it tended to evaporate when smelting in the open was attempted. It was only when closed stills began to be used for liquor distillation that the same method could be adopted for zinc. This technique began to be used in China and India in medieval times, the major zinc mine in India being at Jāwar in Mewar, Rajasthan. These mines remained in operation till at least well into the seventeenth century, when zinc imports from China apparently made zinc extraction at Jāwar unprofitable and the mines closed down. The famous Bidri ware datable to the eighteenth century seems to have depended for its zinc on China.

This volume examines the roots of pragmatist imagination and traces the influence of American pragmatism in diverse areas of politics, law, sociology, political science, and transitional studies.

To understand Iraq, Charles Tripp's history is the book to read. Since its first appearance in 2000, it has become a classic in the field of Middle East studies, read and admired by students, soldiers, policymakers and journalists. The book is now updated to include the recent American invasion, the fall and capture of Saddam Hussein and the subsequent descent into civil strife. What is clear is that much that has happened since 2003 was foreshadowed in the account found in this book. Tripp's thesis is that the history of Iraq throughout the twentieth-century has made it what it is today, but also provides alternative futures. Unless this is properly understood, many of the themes explored in this book - patron-client relations, organized violence, sectarian, ethnic and tribal difference - will continue to exert a hold over the future of Iraq as they did over its past.

Bibliographical foot-notes. ; The significance of the frontier in American history.--The first official frontier of the Massachusetts bay.--The old West.--The Middle west.--The Ohio valley in American history.--The significance of the Mississippi valley in American history.--The problem of the West.--Dominant forces in western life.--Contributions of the West to American democracy.--Pioneer ideals and the state university.--The West and American ideals.--Social forces in American history.--Middle western pioneer democracy. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The history, size and status of each of Australia's 12 public wood collections, or 'xylaria', are reviewed in light of the uncertain future of most of them. Their history is traced from the colonial era to the present. Australian colonies sent wood samples to Britain and international exhibitions from early in the nineteenth century to promote their timber exports. In the 1880s Queensland and New South Wales started the first two scientific reference collections of wood, other states followed, and in the 1920s the Commonwealth started two large national collections. The collections were used to develop classification systems for identifying samples of wood in the absence of botanical specimens. There are currently 12 collections held by public institutions, of which the largest, with 47 000 specimens, is held by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Their expansion was followed by gradual retractions of government funding, staff and interest over the last 30 years. Ten of the 12 collections are now considered to be secure, six are in institutions that can conserve them, and only two are in use. Consolidation of the national collections under a professional curator is needed.