Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Penology as a science of government The emergence of scientific knowledge at the end of the XIXth century accompanies the political decision and asserts the fragile balance of the Republican state. In the penal field, "La Société Générale des prisons" (General Society of Prisons) (1877) following the Royal Society of prisons (1819), gets interested by the prison, and by the penal reform which was strongly bound(connected) to the social question. Based on its journal, on the international conferences, the dynamism of her active socially reforming members, the SGP builds an expert knowledge, the penology. In this paper, we shall focus on to the reforming origins of a prison science, to the vectors which have built and conveyed this expert knowledge, as well as to its practices and to their impacts. The penal science will be particularly fruitful in producing a strong penal and criminal policy, and will become a knowledge which builds politics, a science of government. ; L'émergence de savoirs scientifiques à la fin du XIXe siècle accompagne la décision politique et affirme l'équilibre fragile de l'État républicain. Dans le domaine pénal, la Société générale des prisons (1877) à la suite de la Société royale des prisons (1819), s'intéresse à la prison, à la réforme pénale fortement liée à la question sociale. Appuyée sur sa revue, les congrès internationaux, le dynamisme de ses membres réformateurs sociaux actifs, la SGP construit un savoir expert, " la science pénitentiaire ". Dans cet article, nous nous attacherons aux origines réformatrices d'une science pénitentiaire, aux vecteurs de la construction et de la circulation de ce savoir expert, ainsi qu'à ses usages et effets. La science pénitentiaire sera particulièrement féconde dans la production d'une politique pénale forte, et va devenir un savoir qui fonde le politique, une science de gouvernement.

International audience ; Penology as a science of government The emergence of scientific knowledge at the end of the XIXth century accompanies the political decision and asserts the fragile balance of the Republican state. In the penal field, "La Société Générale des prisons" (General Society of Prisons) (1877) following the Royal Society of prisons (1819), gets interested by the prison, and by the penal reform which was strongly bound(connected) to the social question. Based on its journal, on the international conferences, the dynamism of her active socially reforming members, the SGP builds an expert knowledge, the penology. In this paper, we shall focus on to the reforming origins of a prison science, to the vectors which have built and conveyed this expert knowledge, as well as to its practices and to their impacts. The penal science will be particularly fruitful in producing a strong penal and criminal policy, and will become a knowledge which builds politics, a science of government. ; L'émergence de savoirs scientifiques à la fin du XIXe siècle accompagne la décision politique et affirme l'équilibre fragile de l'État républicain. Dans le domaine pénal, la Société générale des prisons (1877) à la suite de la Société royale des prisons (1819), s'intéresse à la prison, à la réforme pénale fortement liée à la question sociale. Appuyée sur sa revue, les congrès internationaux, le dynamisme de ses membres réformateurs sociaux actifs, la SGP construit un savoir expert, " la science pénitentiaire ". Dans cet article, nous nous attacherons aux origines réformatrices d'une science pénitentiaire, aux vecteurs de la construction et de la circulation de ce savoir expert, ainsi qu'à ses usages et effets. La science pénitentiaire sera particulièrement féconde dans la production d'une politique pénale forte, et va devenir un savoir qui fonde le politique, une science de gouvernement.

This paper reviews the literature on reference pricing (RP) in pharmaceutical markets. The RP strategy for cost containment of expenditure on drugs is analyzed as part of the procurement mechanism. We review the existing literature and the state-of-the-art regarding RP by focusing on its economic effects. In particular, we consider: (1) the institutional context and problem-related factors which appear to underline the need to implement an RP strategy; i.e., its nature, characteristics and the sort of health care problems commonly addressed; (2) how RP operates in practice; that is, how third party-payers (the insurers/buyers) have established the RP systems existing on the international scene (i.e., information methods, monitoring procedures and legislative provisions); (3) the range of effects resulting from particular RP strategies (including effects on choice of appropriate pharmaceuticals, insurer savings, total drug expenditures, prices of referenced and non-referenced products and dynamic efficiency; (4) the market failures which an RP policy is supposed to address and the main advantages and drawbacks which emerge from an analysis of its effects. Results suggest that RP systems achieve better their postulated goals (1) if cost inflation in pharmaceuticals is due to high prices rather than to the excess of prescription rates, (2) when the larger is the existing difference in prices among equivalent drugs, and (3) more important is the actual market for generics.

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Pros and cons of establishing a national institute for research in the social sciences, separate from the National Center for Scientific Research; 8 articles.

Assessing the properties of research designs before implementing them can be tricky for even the most seasoned researchers. This book provides a powerful framework - Model, Inquiry, Data Strategy, and Answer Strategy, or MIDA - for describing any empirical research design in the social sciences. MIDA enables you to characterize the key analytic features of observational and experimental designs, qualitative and quantitative designs, and descriptive and causal designs. An accompanying algorithm lets you declare designs in the MIDA framework, diagnose properties such as bias and precision, and redesign features like sampling, assignment, measurement, and estimation procedures. Research Design in the Social Sciences is an essential tool kit for the entire life of a research project, from planning and realization of design to the integration of your results into the scientific literature.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part I. Conceptual context of sustainability -- Chapter 2. From economic welfare through a broader wellbeing to sustainability -- Chapter 3. Delimitating sustainability and its dimensions -- Part II. Towards the measurement of sustainability -- Chapter 4. An in-depth exploration of the three sustainability dimensions based on the SDGs -- Chapter 5. What features should a sound index system have? -- Chapter 6. A case study of the Sustainable Society Index (SSI) -- Part III. Mapping sustainability measurement -- Chapter 7. Methodology -- Chapter 8. Results of the mapping exercise -- Part IV. Challenges ahead -- Chapter 9. Quality assessment of the existing sustainability measurement systems -- Chapter 10. Conclusion.

The paper examines a polemic that rose after the publishing of Vytautas Kubilius' book 20th Century Literature in 1995: the main topics, forms, and development; the positions and professional, institutional, and generation dependence of its participants, their arguments and rhetoric. The number and fervour of reviews was evidence of the importance and influence attached to Kubilius' work, but at the same time it highlighted different approaches to literature (an artistic composition or a social phenomenon performing aesthetic, social and political functions), its historic process (homogeneous or multiplex), expectations of literary studies (uncompromisingly objective or subjective, Soviet vs Western, with priorities given to aesthetics or attention to social functions). The polemic displayed a particular sensitivity to various interpretations of Lithuanian literature of the Soviet period and the problematic place of the post-Soviet critic. The paper also considers the way the history of literature written by Kubilius could be read and interpreted after a decade of its publications, especially the possibility of a different estimation of his attention to historical contexts and ideological aspects in the perspective of contemporary literary studies.

The paper examines a polemic that rose after the publishing of Vytautas Kubilius' book 20th Century Literature in 1995: the main topics, forms, and development; the positions and professional, institutional, and generation dependence of its participants, their arguments and rhetoric. The number and fervour of reviews was evidence of the importance and influence attached to Kubilius' work, but at the same time it highlighted different approaches to literature (an artistic composition or a social phenomenon performing aesthetic, social and political functions), its historic process (homogeneous or multiplex), expectations of literary studies (uncompromisingly objective or subjective, Soviet vs Western, with priorities given to aesthetics or attention to social functions). The polemic displayed a particular sensitivity to various interpretations of Lithuanian literature of the Soviet period and the problematic place of the post-Soviet critic. The paper also considers the way the history of literature written by Kubilius could be read and interpreted after a decade of its publications, especially the possibility of a different estimation of his attention to historical contexts and ideological aspects in the perspective of contemporary literary studies.