Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена выявлению причин провала украинизации Кубани в условиях Гражданской войны и НЭПа (1918-1929 гг.). Определяются основные трактовки идентичности населения Кубани в современной российской и украинской историографии. Выявлены социальные условия преобладания русской идентичности на дореволюционной Кубани. Аргументируется на ос нове парадигмы конструктивизма искусственный характер украинизации, ее неприятие в общественном мнении и несоответствие императиву социокультурной интеграции советского общества. Казачество Кубани в 1918-1929 гг. обладало сложносоставной этносословной иден тичностью. Постепенно набирала силу добровольная ассимиляция украинцев русскими, вопреки курсу на «украинизацию» в 1923-1932 гг. Обособленность казачества от «иногородних» и городского русского населения поддерживалась в большей мере на стратификационной, сословной основе, а также в силу памяти о дореволюционном привилегированном положении. Можно выделить ряд специфических черт восточнославянской этничности: отсутствие жесткой привязки этнической идентичности к диалекту, традиционной культуре; тесная связь с территориальной локализацией; укрепление этнической идентичности в случае ее «привязки» к социально-профессиональному статусу, большая значимость последнего по сравнению с родным диалектом и культурой. Это обусловлено приспособлением к разнообразным и изменчивым условиям жизни, нестабильности политической и социально экономической жизни. Большое влияние на этническую идентичность восточных славян оказывает система образования, книжное дело, СМИ, а также высокий уровень вовлеченности в формирование и развитие современного общества и культуры. ; The author discusses the reasons for failure of Ukrainization in Kuban during the Civil War and the New Economic Policy (1918–1929), defines interpretations of the Kuban ethnic identity in contemporary Russian and Ukrainian historiographies and reveals the social conditions for prevalence of the Russian identity in pre-revolutionary Kuban. The artificial nature of Ukrainization, rejection of it by the Kuban population, and its nonconformance with the imperative of socio-cultural integration into the Soviet society are reasoned on the basis of constructivist paradigm. In 1918–1929 the Kuban Cossacks had a complex ethnic-caste identity which could not be properly revealed by methods of analysis existed at that time. Voluntary assimilation of Ukrainians by Russians gradually gained ground, contrary to the authorities' course to Ukrainization in 1923–1932. Detachment of the Cossacks from «out-of-town» people and urban Russian population was based on their stratified caste society and on historical memory of their pre revolutionary privileged position. The author has identified a number of features of the East Slavic ethnicity as exemplified by the Ukrainians of Kuban: lack of a rigid binding of ethnic identity with the corresponding dialect and traditional culture (they preserved the sense of belonging to the East Slavic people); close ties of identity with territorial localization; strengthening of ethnic self -awareness in case of its «binding» with social and occupational status, and higher importance of the latter compared to native dialect and culture. These features have been developed as adaptation to volatile living conditions and instability of political, social and economic life in Kuban. Education system, literature, mass media, as well as high level of people involvement into the formation and development of modern society and culture exert a great deal of influence on the ethnic identity of Kubans.

Numerous metallic bridges can be found in the French railway heritage. Since a majority of these structures was built during the second half of the 19th century, they have been in service for over a hundred years and need an adapted maintenance policy.These doctoral thesis, done in collaboration with SNCF Réseau, improves the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of hot riveted assemblies under monotonic and cyclic loadings. An experimental strategy was proposed and carried out in order to identify the failure mechanisms of riveted assemblies. First, the studied material, a puddled iron, was obtained from recovered elements from the bridge over the Adour river in Bayonne (1864-2013). Mechanical testing and characterisation was performed under monotonic and cyclic loadings. Puddled iron's brittle, anisotropic and scattered behaviour was observed and analysed. In-house software applications were developed in order to study this kind of material. Additionally, hot riveted specimens (constructional details) were designed, manufactured and tested under monotonic and cyclic loadings. A precise working (and failure) scenario of the double shear mono-rivet assembly was identified. The influence of the material's behaviour, stress concentrators, shearing of the rivet and clamping force of the rivet were studied. The results obtained during these research works, compared to the ones found in academic literature as well as construction norms for metallic structures, showed the importance and complementarity of a multi-scale approach (material behaviour and local study of assemblies) in order to understand and assess the behaviour of ancient riveted structures. ; Le patrimoine ferroviaire français comporte de nombreux ponts métalliques, principalement construits au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle. Ces ouvrages d'art sont donc en service depuis plus d'un siècle et nécessitent une politique de maintenance adaptée. En collaboration avec SNCF Réseau, cette thèse de doctorat apporte des éléments de compréhension sur le comportement mécanique des assemblages rivetés à chaud sous sollicitations monotones et cycliques. Une stratégie expérimentale a été mise en oeuvre afin d'identifier les mécanismes de ruine des assemblages rivetés. Dans un premier temps, le matériau objet de cette étude, un fer puddlé, a été extrait d'éléments provenant du pont sur l'Adour à Bayonne (1864-2013). Ce matériau a été notamment caractérisé sous chargements monotones et cycliques ; sa fragilité, son anisotropie et son comportement dispersif ont été mis en évidence et analysés. Des outils numériques ont été développés pour l'étude microscopique de cette famille de matériaux. Des éprouvettes rivetées de type détail constructif ont par la suite été conçues, fabriquées et testées sous chargements monotones et cycliques. Un scénario précis du fonctionnement et de ruine d'un assemblage mono-rivet en double recouvrement a pu être identifié. Pour cela, les influences des caractéristiques matériau, des concentrations de contraintes, du cisaillement du rivet et de l'effort de serrage ont été étudiées. Les résultats de ce travail, comparés à ceux de la littérature et aux standards de dimensionnement des structures métalliques, montrent la complémentarité d'une étude à plusieurs échelles (comportement matériau et étude locale du fonctionnement des assemblages) dans le but de comprendre et estimer le comportement des structures rivetées anciennes.

For the success of sustainable tourism, it is important to know residents' perceptions and attitudes toward tourism under its influences. Relevant research enjoys an enduring popularity in sustainable tourism research. It has long been recognized that tourism has complex impacts in economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects which could greatly influence local residents' life. With its quick development worldwide, tourism has gained recognition more than serving as an economic driver. In many developing countries and regions, tourism has been closely associated with some socio-economic development issues such as quality of life improvement, poverty alleviation and women's empowerment. Hence, research on local residents' perceptions of tourism's effects related with these issues would make some certain contributions to tourism literature of this traditionally important research field. This study was conducted to observe rural residents' perceptions and attitudes toward tourism under special consideration of socio-economic sustainability issues using a case study in China. Information of research interest was collected with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. A questionnaire survey was operated with a sample size of 450 respondents from 10 rural communities in the city of Guilin (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region). Various influences of tourism concerning the local tourism setting were investigated from the perspective of the local residents. Furthermore, the study also tried to theoretically develop and empirically test a set of structural equation models which integrate some development effects of tourism as potential benefits into the residents' perception-attitude models based on social exchange theory. The results of the study show that the increase of residents' perceptions of tourism's beneficiary effects could significantly positively influence their supportive attitudes toward tourism. Additionally, the beneficiary effects perceptions are influenced by various tourism impact perceptions and possibly by some relevant perceptions of facilitating policy implementation. Regarding practical policy and managerial implications, the research results suggest that the interests of local communities should be taken as a priority in government's work. Efforts should be made to realize potential benefits tourism could bring, so as to gain more residents' support to tourism development. Residents still expect that the government could play strong facilitating roles in various aspects in the local tourism development as the public sector. However, what to be noted is that local residents as one of the most important local stakeholders should not be excluded from various tourism benefits which need to be strengthened through political support. The government should play more leading roles in facilitating the realization of more tourism's benefits and gradually enhance local communities' roles in local tourism development through various effective measures. Regarding theoretical implications, the study provides empirical and statistical evidence for the application of social exchange theory as a theoretical framework explaining residents' perceptions and attitudes toward tourism development. It is hoped that the practical policy and managerial implications, as well as the theoretical implications drawn from the current study could help the policy makers, tourism managers and tourism researchers make progress in their work for enhancing sustainable tourism development.

This thesis explores perceptions and preferences on regional action in EU-related frameworks among regional actors in Western Sweden. Building upon the literature on Europeanisation and the Fusion approach, three dimensions of Europeanisation are clarified and explored– download, upload and crossload – and together with a set of five variables that constitute the Micro Fusion Framework; a comprehensive analytical tool is developed. The thesis analyses the intense debate among the members of West Sweden that took place from 2011 to 2013 that focused on how to functionally organise the regional office in Brussels in order to meet future challenges. Surprisingly, the members eventually decided to terminate their cooperation and close the jointly owned office in Brussels in spite of the fact that it has been widely regarded as successful and effective. Diverging perceptions and preferences is understood in terms of three positions on regional action; a download-, upload- and a coherent oriented position. Finally, the thesis presents the empirical findings and discusses in relation to three fusion scenarios, infusion, defusion and clustered fusion. In terms of Micro Fusion Framework, the dynamics shaping why West Sweden was finally regarded as a dysfunctional arena for regional action are explained by a shift of attention and action among regional actors in Western Sweden that led to pressure for further institutional adaptation in order to meet the demand of how 'to get the best out of the EU'. Further, this redefinition of how to handle EU-affairs within the upload-oriented position was accompanied by positive attitudes towards the potential to bypass the state and thereby pursue regional priorities directly in Brussels given the compound nature of the EU. In contrast, those regional actors that are found to be more download-oriented often question the benefits of uploading activities in practice and advocate close relations to the state. A coherent oriented position recognises the importance of activities related to both of the vertical dimensions of Europeanisation. ; I avhandlingen studeras regionala aktörers uppfattningar och attityder till regionalt handlande i EU-relaterade frågor. För att hantera EU-frågor etableras ofta regionala representationskontor i Bryssel. Ett av de största och framgångsrikaste regionala kontoren i Bryssel var West Sweden som representerade västsvenska kommuner och regioners intressen i EU. År 2011 inleds en intern diskussion bland dess medlemmar om hur kontoret bör utvecklas för att möta nya utmaningar i en föränderlig omvärld. Diskussionerna är intensiva, och något överraskande beslutar dess medlemmar att lägga ned verksamheten ett par år senare. I avhandlingen analyseras diskussionen utifrån ett europeiseringsperspektiv. Med hjälp av en analysram som definierar tre dimensioner av europeiseringsprocesser identifieras tre olika positioner i diskussionen; en download-, upload- respektive sammanhållen position. Det kan vara frestande att förstå West Swedens nedläggning som ett uttryck för att subnationella aktörer "drar sig tillbaka" och föredrar aktiviteter inom nationalstatens domäner. Avhandlingen argumenterar för att så är inte fallet. Nedläggningen av West Sweden förstås som en konsekvens av ökade spänningar mellan regionala aktörer som anammar ett download- respektive upload-orienterat förhållningssätt.

The objectives of copyright law are dual, i.e., to protect the interests of copyright holders and to promote affordable access to works. The regime of fair use is an important mechanism to achieve the balance of the two aspects. The fair use regime in Chinese copyright law is a closed model and some of the provisions are rigid, which cannot meet the demand of the society. The draft of the third copyright law revision proposes a catch-all clause which would change the regime from being closed to open. However, it fails to provide a clear criterion which can ensure the certainty of law. By contrast, Chinese courts show their flexibility in recognizing fair use and the remedies thereafter, especially in recognizing new circumstances of fair use beyond the law. This phenomenon, however, has not received the attention it deserves as it has great significance for copyright law overall. The literature in both Chinese and English on this phenomenon is quite limited. On the basis of a comprehensive review of the cases regarding fair use recognition, this thesis finds that in spite of the closed model and rigid provisions in legislation, the Chinese judiciary has applied existing provisions in a flexible manner. The flexibility is reflected in three aspects: the courts make expansionary or restricted interpretations according to practical needs; they determine new situations of fair use beyond the statute on various grounds, including the US-style four-factor analysis, objectives of the copyright law, principles of the civil law and customary practices; when deciding remedies and compensations, judges take account of various considerations to achieve a balance of interests, which also brings a certain degree of flexibility. The contrast between rigidity of legislation and flexibility in judicial practices is remarkable as well as puzzling. This thesis tries to explain this phenomenon in the context of the legislative history of Chinese copyright law and judicial tradition. It is argued that the hybrid characteristic of copyright law provides the ideological foundation of flexible application in trials, and the pragmatic judicial tradition provides the institutional conditions. The flexible practices are not occasional acts of individual judges, but reasonable collective choices of the judiciary system to achieve copyright objectives in the digital economy, i.e., the balance of interests of copyright holders and the public. These practices, however, have caused concerns due to the illegitimacy of judges' discretion and uncertainty of the law. As a response, this thesis recommends a catch-all clause to clarify the open status of the fair use regime in Chinese Copyright Law during its third revision. It suggests that, in order to achieve the balance of flexibility and legal certainty, the following changes should be considered: (1) adding a general fair use clause which contains specific factors for judges' consideration; (2) providing the flexibility for the use of the work of others for creation; and (3) adding mature categories of fair use which are summarized from the judicial experiences to the list of permissible acts. ; published_or_final_version ; Law ; Master ; Doctor of Legal Studies

Трилогия о российской провинции Б. Акунина («Пелагия и белый бульдог», «Пелагия и черный монах», «Пелагия и красный петух») рассмотрена в следующих аспектах. Во-первых, показано, как интертекстуальная игра, столь свойственная всему творчеству писателя, в тексте трилогии подвергается операции «обнажения приема». Прямоговорение Б. Акунина в заключительном романе трилогии становится окончательным он не только интерпретирует известные идеи отечественных писателей и гуманистов XIX века, но называет источники. Во-вторых, исследована жанровая трансформация романов, составляющих единый текст «Провинціального детектива». В романах «Пелагия и белый бульдог» и «Пелагия и черный монах» очевидна апелляция к водевилю и мистической мелодраме, в «Пелагии и красном петухе» жанровой доминантой становится трагифарс, что обусловлено приобретающим все большую глубину конфликтом истинной веры и веры огосударствленной. О сложной жанровой игре свидетельствует набор приемов, используемых автором в этих текстах. Наконец, проанализирован традиционный для писателя иронический модус нарратива. С одной стороны, это привычная для читателей ситуативная и языковая игра, с другой непростая система пародий как на претексты, так и на традиционные жанры масскульта и элитарной литературы. Сложность авторской стратегии связана с тем, что в «Провинціальном детективе» Б. Акунин подспудно начинает разговор, который будет продолжен в текстах отнюдь не детективного свойства (в романе «Аристоном» и проекте «История Российского государства»). Государственнополитическая установка на доминантную концепцию единоверия, в которую волей истории были вовлечены народы разных вероисповеданий, оказалась роковой для России. ; The article deals with the study of Boris Akunin's trilogy on the issue of Russian province (Pelagia and the White Bulldog, Pelagia and the Black Monk, Pelagia and the Red Rooster) in the following aspects. Firstly, it is shown how the intertextual game, so typical of all Akunin's works, undergoes the "device exposure" throughout the text of trilogy. B. Akunin's "forward-speaking" in the final novel of trilogy becomes irrevocable: he both interprets the well-known ideas of national writers and humanists of the nineteenth century and names sources. Secondly, the genre transformation of the novels that comprise a single text of Province detective is studied. In Pelagia and the White Bulldog and Pelagia and the Black Monk, the allusion to vaudeville and mystical melodrama becomes obvious, whereas the genre dominant of Pelagia and the Red Rooster turns into the tragic farce due to the growing depth of the conflict between true faith and ideological belief. The complex genre combination is demonstrated through a set of techniques used in these texts. Moreover, Boris Akunin's traditional ironic mode of narration is also analysed. On the one hand, it is a situational language game, familiar to the readers; on the other hand, it is a complicated system of parodies both on pretext and on traditional genres of mass culture and élite literature. The complexity of the author's strategy is revealed through the work Province detective. B. Akunin implicitly begins a conversation that will be continued in the texts of non-detective genres (in the novel "Aristonom" and in the project "History of the Russian state"). The state political orientation toward one dominant monotheistic concept, which involved by virtue of the history people of different faith, turned out to be fatal for Russia.

Цели статьи обсудить актуальную проблему законодательного закрепления широкого спектра социально-педагогических услуг 134 Преодоление разрыва между социально-педагогической практикой и законом и продемонстрировать значимость решения этой проблемы и важность профессиональной деятельности социальных педагогов для построения социального государства и благополучного общества. В числе методов исследования теоретический анализ философской, педагогической литературы, диссертационных исследований, анализ законодательных и нормативных актов; системный анализ практической деятельности социальных педагогов разных специализаций. Результат. Раскрыта специфика работы социального педагога. Указаны недостатки существующих нормативных положений, регулирующих эту деятельность. Обоснована необходимость укрепления законодательной базы для широкого спектра социально-педагогических услуг в качестве важнейшей меры социальной политики государства, направленной на поддержку детства и института семьи. Научная новизна исследования заключается в постановке проблемы, суть которой заключается в существующем сегодня разрыве между социально-педагогической практикой и законом; в формулировании ключевой идеи стратегических преобразований в области социальной политики российского государства, которая видится авторам в создании системы юридически гарантированных социально-педагогических услуг населению для гуманизации общества, его дальнейшего устойчивого развития, качественного воспитания нового поколения, преодоления детского и семейного неблагополучия. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в том, что его результаты могут быть использованы для разработки законодательных и нормативных актов федерального и регионального уровней, касающихся образования, воспитания, вопросов защиты прав детей и семьи. Материалы статьи могут быть полезны также при подготовке профессионального стандарта социального педагога, в практической деятельности региональных отделений Союза социальных педагогов и социальных работников России, других общественных организаций социальной направленности. ; The aim of the study is to discuss an urgent problem of legislative consolidation of wide spectrum for socio-pedagogical services; to demonstrate to reveal the importance of the problem decision and significance of professional work of social teachers for construction of the social state and a safe society. Methods. The research methods involve theoretical analysis of philosophical and pedagogical literature, dissertations, analysis of legislative and normative acts, system-oriented analysis of practical work of social teachers of various specializations. Results. Specifics of social teacher's work are disclosed. Lacks of the existing standard positions regulating this activity are specified. Necessity of legislative base strengthening for a wide spectrum of socially-pedagogical services as the major measure of social policy of the state directed on support of the childhood and institute of a family is proved. Scientific novelty. The research states the problem that underlines the existing disconnection between socio-pedagogical practice and law; in formulation of a key idea of the strategic reformation in the field of the state social policy which is seen in creation of some system of guaranteed socio-pedagogical services for children and families, for other population categories that will harmonize the state social policy, as well as promote children and youth social education, overcoming family and children ill-being. Practical significance. The research findings can be used while designing legislative and regulatory acts of federal and regional levels concerning children and families protection rights, education, upbringing; developing Professional standard of social teachers by the Union of Social Teachers and Social Workers of regional divisions, and other institutions of social orientations.

Esta tesis doctoral presenta los resultados de la investigación realizada por la autora sobre desarrollo sostenible, grandes proyectos de minería de oro y derechos humanos en países en desarrollo como Brasil y Colombia. En este trabajo doctoral fueron seleccionados dos grandes proyectos de minería aurífera, uno en Brasil y el otro en Colombia, ambos ejecutados por la misma empresa minera en contextos geográficos y condiciones ambientales similares. El objetivo fue realizar un estudio comparativo de las diferentes legislaciones ambientales y mineras, las instituciones, las políticas nacionales y la protección de los derechos humanos de las comunidades impactadas por los proyectos mineros en cada país. La metodología utilizada para esta investigación doctoral, en primer lugar, consistió en la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias, a través de la literatura disponible en español, portugués e inglés sobre los grandes ejes temáticos del estudio. En segundo lugar, se utilizó la metodología de derecho comparado para el análisis de las legislaciones de Brasil y Colombia y finalmente, se realizaron visitas de campo a cada uno de los proyectos seleccionados y se trabajó con autoridades ambientales nacionales. Algunas conclusiones de la investigación señalaron que para garantizar la efectividad del derecho ambiental, el desarrollo sostenible y los derechos humanos en grandes proyectos mineros se requiere: •Fortalecer las legislaciones y las instituciones mineras y ambientales y en particular el proceso de licenciamiento ambiental. •Fortalecer la capacidad del Ministerio Público y de los jueces involucrados que deciden casos ambientales. •Reconocer el rol fundamental de los derechos procedimentales ambientales para resolver conflictos socioambientales, esto es, el empoderamiento de las comunidades con información de calidad y mecanismos de participación y justicia ambiental efectiva para la adecuada protección de derechos colectivos. •Incorporar el enfoque de derechos humanos en la gestión ambiental. ; This doctoral dissertation presents the results of the research I have done in sustainable development, Large Scale Gold Mining projects and Human Rights in developing countries like Brazil and Colombia. I have selected two gold mines as study cases, one in each country, both executed by the same mining company in similar geographical and environmental conditions. The aim was to make a comparative study of the different environmental and mining legislations, institutions, national politics and human rights protection of the communities impacted by the mining projects in each country. The methodology consists in reviewing the literature available in Spanish, English and Portuguese, doing fieldwork in each of the selected mines, to comparate environmental and mining law in Brazil and Colombia and work with national authorities. Some of the research conclusions to guarantee the effectiveness of environmental law and sustainable development in mining projects indicate the need to: •Strengthen the national environmental legislation and legal institutions. •Strengthen the capacity of public prosecutors and judges to decide on environmental cases. •Recognize the key role of the procedural environmental rights to resolve environmental and social conflicts: The empowerment of communities with quality information, effective participation mechanisms and environmental justice for the adequate protection of collective rights. •Incorporate the rights-based approaches in environmental management. ; COLCIENCIAS

Violent conflict is common among the poorest countries and clearly one of the most important barriers to growth, destroying physical, human, and social capital, often in the long run. At the same time, it is a development `trap' that is not easy to escape from as poverty has also been found to be one of the most important determinants of civil war. With increasing data availability and quality, the analysis of conflict has moved from the macro to the micro level, offering a promising way forward. This dissertation contributes to this developing, quantitative literature on the causes and consequences of violent political behaviour at the micro level. The first essay analyses the impact of regional oil resources on political groups being active in these areas. Namely, it is interested in these groups' strategic decision to remain peaceful, resort to terrorism or initiate a civil war. Employing multinomial logit models and data for the Middle East and North Africa, we find that the existence of mineral resources does not affect the choice to resort to terrorist means. Yet, insurgencies become significantly more likely where a group has the prospect of controlling revenues from oil extraction. This effect can be mitigated by political participation, thus increasing the access to revenues by peaceful means. Contrary, proven desire for autonomy or the support by a foreign state make (secessionist) conflicts more probable. The second essay carries out an evaluation of the Ugandan refugee legislation regarding its aim to increase economic activity around refugee settlements and to improve access to public infrastructure for the national population. Furthermore, the perceptions of the host population are taken into account. We compare areas hosting refugees with the ones that do not in a difference-in-differences framework and with an instrumental variable approach. We find that Ugandans living close to refugee settlements are better off in terms of consumption and access to public services, especially primary schooling. However, these improvements in objective measures are not reflected in subjective indicators. The third essay looks at two dynamics that have influenced female labour force participation in Vietnam during the 20th century: the Vietnam War and the socialist political system. Using three waves of censuses, we estimate the determinants of a woman's choice to enter the labour market. In order to differentiate the effects of war for women directly affected by it from women only reaching working age after its end, we also carry out a cohort analysis. We find a significant and positive impact of conflict intensity on the probability to work for women of working age during the Vietnam War. For younger generations the effect is still positive but smaller and less robust. In contrast, living in the North and thus having been exposed to socialism for a longer period of time substantially increases the likelihood of a woman working. In each of the three chapters, the focus lies on the sub-national level in order to draw a nuanced picture of the contexts studied. Each essay finishes with individual policy recommendations and suggestions for further research in the field.

Under the global climate of educational reform, teachers are generally viewed with high expectation as change agents. However, there is less attention to contextual challenges teachers confront in the process of responding to education reform. This thesis reports on a study on teacher autonomy in response to College English (CE) curriculum reform in mainland China which emphasizes learner autonomy as a major curriculum goal. The research questions are: (1) How is teacher autonomy manifested in their conceptualization of learner autonomy? (2) How is teacher autonomy manifested in their response to perceived external constraints against learner autonomy? Tensions between accountability and responsibility are identified as a major issue in research on teacher autonomy. An alternative argument of harmonization between tensions is stated hypothetically. Based on a critical review of five main perspectives on teacher autonomy, i.e. behavioral, cognitive, contextual, political and psychological, theoretical gaps are identified with the proposal of a holistic perspective for investigation of the multiple dimensions of teacher autonomy. With critical synthesis of theoretical perspectives, and drawing on UNESCO's four pillars of education and traditional Chinese philosophies, a preliminary conceptual framework is proposed for the launch of the study. Three CE teachers were purposefully selected as research participants. Through analysis of interviews, class observations and documents, the data went through rounds of reduction process to derive themes that reveal patterns of teacher autonomy. Data analysis went through five stages, i.e. chronological data documentation, theme-based analysis within cases, cross-case analysis for parallel themes, cross-case analysis for developmental patterns and cross-chapter analysis for thesis construction. This study contributes to research on teacher autonomy contextually and theoretically. It depicts CE teachers' responses to contextual challenges, and discovers the dominant discourses which shape their responses to the curriculum reform. Primarily, a discourse of a hierarchical order of a one-way assessment system is identified, with a flow from course reviewers to teachers, from teachers to students. Another dominant discourse in CE curriculum reform is an emphasis on teaching techniques which hinder teachers from exploring deeper questions of 'what', 'why' and 'who'. A third dominant discourse is on performativity, which carries a constraining force against teacher autonomy as CE teachers are held accountable for conflicts among stereotyped curricular expectation, examination scores, students' evaluation and publication requirements. Theoretically, this study discovers three levels of teacher autonomy manifested in conceptualization and facilitation of learner autonomy. Teacher autonomy, according to this study, is not a static tension between the push for administrative accountability and the pull of educational responsibility, as suggested by much of the literature. Rather, it is an ongoing approximation to professional maturity. Another theoretical contribution of this study is a holistic perspective of teacher autonomy. It discovers a process of harmonizing accountability and responsibility through cultivation of the less visible inner self, which is just as important as the more visible outer self. Teacher autonomy is thus conceptualized as teachers' inner freedom to take responsibility to turn external constraints into learning opportunities, hence building a harmonious relationship between the self and the environment. ; published_or_final_version ; Education ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Предмет. В статье рассматриваются новации имущественного налогообложения, реализуемые Правительством РФ в последние годы, проблемы и перспективные направления его развития. Основное внимание уделено классификации имущества для целей налогообложения. Тема. Для правильного методического обеспечения имущественного налогообложения необходима полная и понятная для участников налоговых правоотношений классификация имущественных объектов, единого варианта которой пока нет, что подтверждает актуальность выбранной темы. Цели. Проанализировать действующую систему имущественного налогообложения в России, обозначить проблемные вопросы и разработать пути их решения. Задачи. Разработка авторских вариантов классификации имущества для целей налогообложения и комплекса предложений по улучшению действующей системы законодательства в области имущественного налогообложения в России. Методы исследования. На основе глубокого изучения законодательства и специальной литературы авторами проведен комплексный теоретический анализ текущей ситуации в имущественном налогообложении. Кроме того, в статье широко применяются дедуктивные и индуктивные методы исследования. Результаты. Предложены два авторских варианта классификации имущества, которые можно применять как по отдельности, так и вместе, для улучшения методического обеспечения в данной области, а также рекомендовано внесение соответствующих изменений в законодательство в целях устранения концептуальных ошибок и двусмысленных формулировок. Область применения результатов. Разработанные авторами варианты классификации имущества могут использоваться как налогоплательщиками, так и налоговыми органами в процессе определения элементов налогообложения по имущественным налогам, а внесение изменений в соответствующие нормативно-правовые акты, на взгляд авторов, необходимо для совершенствования законодательной базы имущественного налогообложения в России. Выводы. Классификация имущества в настоящее время напрямую влияет на элементы налогообложения по имущественным налогам и в связи с этим приобретает все большую важность, поэтому авторами были предложены два варианта собственной разработки. Ошибки и размытые формулировки в нормативно-правовых актах сдерживают развитие самой системы имущественного налогообложения в России, поэтому определенные изменения в законодательстве необходимы, а их авторское видение представлено в статье. ; Importance The article deals with innovations in property taxation that have been implemented by the Russian government in recent years, and problems and perspectives for this area development. Special focus is on property classification for taxation purposes. Adequate methodological support for property taxation necessitates a comprehensive and clear classification of property items for all participants of tax relationships. Nowadays, a uniform classification is not available yet, and this confirms the relevance of the subject. Objectives We aim at developing a unique property classification for taxation purposes and a set of measures to improve the effective legal framework for property taxation in Russia. Methods Based on the in-depth study of legislation and special literature, we performed a complex theoretical analysis of the current situation in property taxation. In addition, we widely used deductive and inductive methods of research. Results We offer two variants of property classification that may be applied in combination and separately and help improve the methodological support in this area. Furthermore, we recommend amendments to the legislation to eliminate concept-based errors and ambiguous wording. These classifications may be helpful for both taxpayers and tax authorities in the process of identifying the elements of property taxation. Conclusions and Relevance The existing errors in laws and regulations hinder the development of the Russian property taxation system, therefore, certain amendments to the legislation are crucial, and we present our vision of the changes.

El artículo analiza la canción "Managua, Nicaragua", de 1946, escrita originalmente en inglés por los estadounidenses Irving Fields y Albert Gamse. La pieza surge durante la era de la llamada "política de buena vecindad" de los Estados Unidos, que buscó asegurar sus pretensiones imperialistas en Centroamérica apoyándose en las dictaduras de la región, incluyendo la de Anastasio Somoza García en Nicaragua. Esta política exterior tenía un fuerte componente de "diplomacia cultural", como mecanismo de propaganda sobre y para Latinoamérica. La canción aparece también en el marco de los intercambios entre estilos musicales latinoamericanos y estadounidenses, que ha tenido una influencia perdurable en las músicas populares de ambas regiones. Esto favoreció la amplia difusión y el enorme éxito comercial de los que gozaron "Managua, Nicaragua", dentro y fuera de los Estados Unidos. Sirviéndose de la noción de "maquina representacional", el artículo discute los acoplamientos entre política, cultura y mercado en la construcción de un discurso colonial que presenta a Latinoamérica como un territorio conquistable y que justifica el imperialismo estadounidense. El tema musical se inserta en una genealogía de "literaturas imperiales" que construyen a un "otro" subalterno y lo sujetan al discurso del grupo dominante. Esta inserción resulta evidente en las similitudes de la canción con ese corpus respecto a las funciones que cumplen en distintos momentos imperiales: presentar al territorio como atractivo y a la vez atrasado, y revelar sus conflictividades subyacentes. También hay similitudes estilísticas, tales como la confusión geográfica y lingüística, la exageración y la fantasía, y los tópicos estereotipados. This article analyzes the 1946 song "Managua, Nicaragua", originally written in English by the US American artists Irving Fields and Albert Gamse. This tune emerged during the era of the "good neighbor policy", through which the US sought to guarantee its imperialist interests in Central America, by supporting the dictatorial regimes in that region, including that of Anastasio Somoza García in Nicaragua. This foreign policy had a strong component of "cultural diplomacy", as a propaganda strategy about and toward Latin America. The song also appeared in the context of the exchanges between Latin American and US American musical styles, which has had an enduring influence in the popular musics of both of theses regions. This favored the wide diffusion and the huge commercial success achieved by "Managua, Nicaragua", both inside and outside the US. Using the notion of "representational machine", this article discusses the connections between politics, culture and market in the construction of a colonial discourse that presents Latin America as a conquerable territory and justifies US imperialism. This tune is inserted in a genealogy of "imperial literatures" that constitute a subaltern "other" and subjects it to the discourse of the dominant group. This insertion is evident in the similarities between the song and that corpus in relation to their functions in different imperial moments: to present the territory as both attractive and backward, and to reveal its underlying conflicts. There are also stylistic similarities, such as the geographical and linguistic confusion, the use of exaggeration and fantasy, and the stereotypical topics.

Цели статьи обсудить актуальную проблему законодательного закрепления широкого спектра социально-педагогических услуг 134 Преодоление разрыва между социально-педагогической практикой и законом и продемонстрировать значимость решения этой проблемы и важность профессиональной деятельности социальных педагогов для построения социального государства и благополучного общества. В числе методов исследования теоретический анализ философской, педагогической литературы, диссертационных исследований, анализ законодательных и нормативных актов; системный анализ практической деятельности социальных педагогов разных специализаций. Результат. Раскрыта специфика работы социального педагога. Указаны недостатки существующих нормативных положений, регулирующих эту деятельность. Обоснована необходимость укрепления законодательной базы для широкого спектра социально-педагогических услуг в качестве важнейшей меры социальной политики государства, направленной на поддержку детства и института семьи. Научная новизна исследования заключается в постановке проблемы, суть которой заключается в существующем сегодня разрыве между социально-педагогической практикой и законом; в формулировании ключевой идеи стратегических преобразований в области социальной политики российского государства, которая видится авторам в создании системы юридически гарантированных социально-педагогических услуг населению для гуманизации общества, его дальнейшего устойчивого развития, качественного воспитания нового поколения, преодоления детского и семейного неблагополучия. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в том, что его результаты могут быть использованы для разработки законодательных и нормативных актов федерального и регионального уровней, касающихся образования, воспитания, вопросов защиты прав детей и семьи. Материалы статьи могут быть полезны также при подготовке профессионального стандарта социального педагога, в практической деятельности региональных отделений Союза социальных педагогов и социальных работников России, других общественных организаций социальной направленности. ; The aim of the study is to discuss an urgent problem of legislative consolidation of wide spectrum for socio-pedagogical services; to demonstrate to reveal the importance of the problem decision and significance of professional work of social teachers for construction of the social state and a safe society. Methods. The research methods involve theoretical analysis of philosophical and pedagogical literature, dissertations, analysis of legislative and normative acts, system-oriented analysis of practical work of social teachers of various specializations. Results. Specifics of social teacher's work are disclosed. Lacks of the existing standard positions regulating this activity are specified. Necessity of legislative base strengthening for a wide spectrum of socially-pedagogical services as the major measure of social policy of the state directed on support of the childhood and institute of a family is proved. Scientific novelty. The research states the problem that underlines the existing disconnection between socio-pedagogical practice and law; in formulation of a key idea of the strategic reformation in the field of the state social policy which is seen in creation of some system of guaranteed socio-pedagogical services for children and families, for other population categories that will harmonize the state social policy, as well as promote children and youth social education, overcoming family and children ill-being. Practical significance. The research findings can be used while designing legislative and regulatory acts of federal and regional levels concerning children and families protection rights, education, upbringing; developing Professional standard of social teachers by the Union of Social Teachers and Social Workers of regional divisions, and other institutions of social orientations.

This guideline is the result of a systematic literature review using the 'Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation' (GRADE) methodology and a structured consensus conference held on 28 and 29 November 2012, in Berlin. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU-funded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), and the World Allergy Organization (WAO) with the participation of delegates of 21 national and international societies. Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease, presenting with wheals, angioedema, or both. the life-time prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous urticaria and other chronic forms of urticaria do not only cause a decrease in quality of life, but also affect performance at work and school and, as such, are members of the group of severe allergic diseases. This guideline covers the definition and classification of urticaria, taking into account the recent progress in identifying its causes, eliciting factors and pathomechanisms. in addition, it outlines evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). ; Charite, Allergy Ctr Charite, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, D-10117 Berlin, Germany ; Med Univ Graz, Dept Dermatol, Graz, Austria ; Clin San Carlo, Allergy Clin, Paderno Dugnano, MI, Italy ; Univ Southern Denmark, Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol & Allergy Ctr, Odense, Denmark ; Med Univ Silesia, Allergol & Clin Immunol Katowice, Dept Internal Dis, Zabrze, Poland ; Univ Genoa, IRCCS AOU SanMartino, Genoa, Italy ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Clin Immunol & Allergy, São Paulo, Brazil ; Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Hosp Mar Parc Salut Mar, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain ; Dr DY Patil Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Navi Mumbai, India ; Fac Med, Dermatol Clin, Coimbra, Portugal ; Univ Hosp, Coimbra, Portugal ; Guys & St Thomas Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, St Johns Inst Dermatol, London, England ; Ctr Appl Res Allergy Quebec, Quebec City, PQ, Canada ; Hiroshima Univ, Inst Biomed & Hlth Sci, Dept Dermatol, Hiroshima, Japan ; Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Charleston, SC USA ; Hannover Med Sch, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Hannover, Germany ; Pantai Hosp Kuala Lumpur, Dept Paediat, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Univ Hosp Tenon, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Paris, France ; Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA ; Ctr Medicodocente Trinidad, Allergy & Clin Immunol Dept, Caracas, Venezuela ; Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Allergy Unit, Zurich, Switzerland ; Univ Manitoba, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada ; Univ Manitoba, Dept Immunol, Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Dept Dermatol, Mainz, Germany ; Univ Toronto, Div Allergy & Clin Immunol, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Technion, Fac Med, Bnai Zion Med Ctr, Haifa, Israel ; Univ Bari, Dept Biomed Sci & Human Oncol, Unit Dermatol & Venereol, Bari, Italy ; Peking Univ, Hosp 1, Dept Dermatol, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Clin Immunol & Allergy, São Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science

Статья посвящена трем женским образам Беатриче, Лауре, Симонетте. Они неразрывно слиты с Флоренцией и выдающимися создателями универсального мифа о ней Данте, Петраркой, Боттичелли. Для автора «Божественной комедии» его муза недосягаемая мечта, воплощение духовности, для создателя сонетов и канцон его вдохновительница не только возлюбленная, но и символ поэзии, для прославленного придворного художника прототип героинь на его полотнах не столько идеал, сколько прекрасная земная женщина, ни в чем не уступающая богиням. ; The article is a part of the research devoted to the study of personal Florentine myths as they are presented in Russian literature, based on the universal myth of the City of Flowers. Personal myths comprise both the primary motifs of the universal myth, those of stone, garden, flower, colors as well as its secondary ones the motifs of the past, circle and tower. We believe that the universal myth was created by the eminent Florentines by writers, artists, architects, sculptors, political and religious figures and that the Russian authors in addition to mere perception and transfer of this myth to Russian background managed to develop the personal myths of its creators. It is impossible to think of the Florentine myth creators without their muses. In fact, Dante, Petrarch and Botticelli, two famous authors and an outstanding artist, in their creative activity were inspired by Beatrice, Laura, and Simonetta, respectively. The first part of the article deals with Beatrice Portinari (1266-1290), whose name and image were preserved in A. Herzen's letters, in N.A. Nek-rasov's rendering of the short novel by A. Marchenko, in the poems by K. Balmont, N. Gumelev, and O. Mandelstam. For each of these authors as it used to be for Dante, Beatrice was an incarnation of an ideal, of an unattainable dream. Her relationship with the creator of The Divine Comedy had been underlain by a Platonic touch. The second part of the article contains the information on Laura de Noves (1308-1448). The scholars still keep arguing of the reality of her existence. To Petrarch Laura was said to be not only an elevated love but a symbol of poetry, of his poetic glory, his evergreen laurel. It is this image of Laura that appears in F. Veselovsky's article Petrarch in his Poetic Confession 'the Canzoniere' (1453-1476), in the poems by Vyach. Ivanov, in the novel by K.Vaginov The Goat's Song. The third part of the article focuses on Simonetta Vespucci (14531476), a love of Giuliano Medici and a prototype of the renowned and never-fading, as the City of Flowers, canvases by Botticelli The Birth of Venus, Primavera, Magnificat Madonna, etc. Simonetta is mentioned in the poems by Vyach. Ivanov and M. Kuzmin, in E. Rastopchina's short novel Palazzo Forli. She has become a synonym of earthly and yet of a strikingly spiritual and fleeting beauty. Summing it all up we would like to emphasize that Dante's craving for an ideal is closely connected with Beatrice, that Petrarch appreciated his artistic recognition to the extent he appreciated Laura, that Simonetta due to the unsurpassed canvases by Botticelli is an ever-lasting embodiment of femininity.