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PEBRUARY, 1901 ooTheoo ettysbiir Mercury CONTENTS The Flight of the Birds 239 The Taking of a United States Census 240 Pan-American Sports 243 A College Romance 244 The Treatment of the Skeptic 246 A Glimpse of Byron 248 Giving 254 Exchanges 255 Editor's Desk 258 The Past Our Present Pilot 259 A Financier (Continued) 263 A Twilight Reverie 266 "Taps" 266 An Era of Progress 268 G'BURG C. LIB. pUPLICATE FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. For Fine. Printing go to Tk Jo Eo Wile ftkilm Staff CARLISLE ST. GETTYSBURG, PA. C. B. Kitzmiller Dealer In Hats, Caps, Boots and Douglas Shoes GETTYSBURG, PA. R. M. Elliott Dealer in Hats, Caps, Shoes and. Gents' Furnishing Goods Corner Center Square and Carlisle Street GETTYSBURG, PA. EDGAR S. MARTIN, ^CIGARS AND SMOKERS' ARTICLES Chambersburs St., Gettysburg Leadership IN THE CLOTHING and MEN'S FURNISHING Business It is strictly here—everybody knows it. Testimony? The stock itself. The pen suffi-ciently nimble to tell all the good points of our ::::::: PALL AND WINTER. SUITS AND OVERCOATS has not been found. We will keep you dressed right up-to-date if you buy your Clothing and Furnishings here. : : : : STINE McPherson Block. No. II BALTIMORE STREET THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. The Literary Journal of Pennsylvania College. Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter% VOL. IX. GETTYSBURG. PA., FEBRUARY, 1901. No. 8. THE FLIGHT OF THE BIRDS. MARGARET (HIMES) SEEBACH. Not one by one on lonely wing, They seek afar a sunny clime, When winds a chill from ice-fields bring The sombre Autumn-time; But when the cold rain comes to beat On tattered nest and drooping feather, They rise in rushing flocks, to greet The South-land all together. Not one by one, as single souls, We seek thy sunshine, Land of Light, When o'er our love-lit sky uprolls The first black shade of flight. When Pain comes whispering, " Rise and go I I bring the heart's bleak winter weather," Our pilgrim souls clasp hands, and so We journey home together I 240 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE TAKING OF A UNITED STATES CENSUS. C. W. WEISER, '01. HPHE book-agent or peddler may meet with a door slammed in * his face, a couple of cross dogs let loose, or an angry and citrous tongue set wagging ; he may even meet with the toe of a boot, or some missile hurled violently at him—poor man ! But the enumerator who is discreet and courteous has none of these weapons of local warfare to fear. His way is paved by the an-nouncement in the local papers of his coming. All the cross dogs seem to be away on a visit, or else tied. The people greet you with, " I knew you'd be along ; I saw it in the paper.'' He, unlike the wretched book-agent, starts out knowing that he is going to succeed. He is not asking the people, in an indirect way, for dollars ; all he wants is their census. "Well, you hain't a going to get any of my senses," replied one woman. The census enumerator learns lessons and acquires experience which could be obtained in no other way. He comes in contact with all sorts and condition^ of men. Some of his experiences with these people are indelibly fixed in his memory. Many of them, indeed, are pleasant, and some of them ridiculously humor-ous ; while some of the scenes and tales of woe which incidentally come to his knowledge are pitiable in the extreme. It is our purpose to relate some of these experiences in the active service. In town the work was pleasant, and progressed rapidly, until I came to the manufacturing establishments, where it went slow. It was necessary to make a complete inventory of the books and property, which took much time. The proprietors, however, acted in a very courteous manner. In the country the work was more troublesome, owing to the distance between the different farms, and the rough roads I had to travel over. It was not an unusual occurrence to be seen pushing a wheel up a hilly road, which was almost too rough even for a buggy. The farmers were usually to be found in a back field at their corn. This meant a long tramp, and some-times several hours spent standing out under a scorching hot sun filling out the Agricultural report, for no one kept a book ac-count. But this was amply atoned for by a cordial invitation to a farmer's dinner. The required statistics were freely given, except in the case THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 2A\ of a few illiterate people, who thought that this was only a scheme for increasing taxation. I met one man only who was unreason-able. Him, no amount of explanation would satisfy, until fright-ened into answering by the presentation of my census badge. All in all, the farmers proved themselves to be a well read, intel-ligent, courteous and hospitable people. It was, however, among the poor classes in or along themoun-tain side where one met with the most varied experiences. We came in contact with poverty and illiteracy of the most flagrant kind. The lack of suitable food and clothing was most evident. Some of the narratives were heartrending. I rapped at the closed door of a little shack one June morning, and soon saw the hag-gard and disheveled head of a distracted woman peer through a sidewindow. Soon the bolts were drawn and the door was opened. After I had completed the Population Schedule, and asked for the cause of the death of her child, the poor mother answered in tones of despair that it had frozen to death in bed one cold mid-winter night. Perched in an agony of physical and mental torment, in a lit-tle black hovel, through whose single window peered the dim light, I found a murderess—an ex-penitentiary convict. The look of despair, and fear, and torment, mirgled with every sign of the wildest passion, were sufficient to make one shudder. After a long and lonesome journey on horseback, through the wildest and most picturesque mountains in the state, I arrived one mid-day on the top of a lofty mountain. Far below lay a deep, narrow vale, wooded with the verdant forest. On the op-posite side loomed up lofty crags and peaks, proud sentinels of a scene of native grandeur which few have ever beheld, and which brought tears of rapture to the eye. In all this grand and lonely fastness there were but four families, for two of which I had to make this long trip. They had never been to school. Had no-where to go to church. Creeping in among the bushes I came across some rude hovels, in which dwelt gnome-like creatures, who spoke a dialect scarcely to be understood. The chief object which showed of any com-munication with the outside world, which I saw in one hovel, was a tin cup filled with tobacco standing in the centre of a rough table. Of this both men and women smoked and chewed. I suppose it was their only consolation. When asked the date of 242 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY their birth, the one replied that she was born in "the corn husk-ing time," another in the " huckleberry season." When asked their age, they simply couldn't tell; they hadn't the faintest idea. At another house I rapped at the door. A woman answered, and after I had stated my business she simply turned her back and walked away. I followed her into the house, opened my portfolio, and began work. When I asked the date of her birth she studied awhile and finally drawled out, "Why—m—1749." (She was about thirty years of age.) Another woman said she was born in 1896. One old man replied, " My mommy hut mir net gesat" (His mother hadn't told him). No doubt you will ask whether the condition of these people of the mountains cannot be helped. It cannot, at least in this generation. It has been tried. Some of the children have been brought out to the town schools, and after years of hard toil and unceasing, patient effort 011 the part of the teacher, these chil-dren have gone back as ignorant as when they came. They could not spell d-o-g or c-a-t. When given warm clothing they could not be induced to wear much of it. Habits of thought and neat-ness could not be taught to them. When they spoke to each other it was in such guttural, and so rapid, that no one else could understand. And is it any wonder that these people have become so de-praved and mentally estranged ? Isolated from the world, amidst wild and lone surroundings, they have always lived in the same spot where their ancestors lived for two hundred years back. Under such conditions the natural condition would be for these people to drift back towards a wild and animal state. Thus, coming in contact with the high and the low, the rich and the poor, it will readily be seen what a wide range for the study of humanity the enumerator has. Much of the social and moral condition of our country cannot be conveyed by the great round numbers of a census report. It remains buried in the heart of the enumerator. 'Many a dream has vanished away, Many an ideal turned to clay ; Many a friendship proved untrue— Constant and lasting, Oh, how few !" THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 243 PAN-AMERICAN SPORTS. '"PHE President of the Pan-American Exposition recently appoint- *■ ed a Committee on Sports, as follows: Jesse C. Dann, Chairman, Dr. Chas. Cary, J. McC. Mitchell, John B. Olmsted, Chas. M. Ranson, Seward A. Simons, Wm. Burnet Wright, Jr. Soon after its appointment the committee invited the follow-ing named gentlemen to act as members of an Advisory Committee on Amateur Sports: Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, Walter Camp, C. C. Cuyler, C. S. Hyman (Canada), C. H. Sherrill, A. A. Stagg, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Casper Whitney. The appointment of this Advisory Committee emphasizes the desire of the Committee to have all amateur competitions occupy the highest possible plane. The Stadium, with a seating capacity of 12,000, is beautiful in design and promises to be one of the most successful architect-ural creations of the Exposition. It will surround a quarter-mile track with ground area ample for the requirements of all the events proposed. As to the nature of the athletic events planned, it may be said that amateur sports of all kinds will be encouraged as representing the most desirable of athletic competitions, and the members of the Committee on Sports, being college graduates, particularly wish to make a special feature of college sports. In the manage-ment of inter-collegiate events, it is the desire of the Committee that the various college associations be invited to undertake as far as possible the arrangement of the necessary details connected therewith. Although amateur sports will comprise a large part of the program, it is proposed to have such a number of professional events as will allow visitors an opportunity to witness the athletic skill of the best professionals. The character of prizes that will be offered has not yet been definitely determined upon, but the assurance may be given that prizes will be awarded of value as lasting souvenirs of athletic success at the Exposition. It is proposed to arrange a number of college baseball and foot-ball games, and it is especially desired by the Committee that the Eastern Inter-Collegiate (I. A. A. A.) Track Meeting be held in Buffalo next year. An ideal program might be to hold in the Stadium the East-ern Inter-Collegiate Meeting, then the Western Inter-Collegiate 244 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Meeting; these to be followed by a Pan-American Meeting open to competitors in the two previous meetings and to representatives of other Inter-Collegiate Associations. Other Inter Collegiate events have been considered, such as La Crosse, Cross Country Running with start and finish in the Stadium, etc., etc. The Committee on Sports hope that the Exposition may have a full college representation. It is proposed to hold many other sports in the Stadium, the A. A. U. Championship, Lawn Tennis, La Crosse, Cycling, Association Football, Water Sports, Trap and Target Shooting, etc., etc. All communications should be sent to Jesse C. Dann, Chair-man; 433 Ellicott Square, Buffalo, N. Y. c*p A COLLEGE ROMANCE. '99. Thro' a painted window Soft the sunlight falls, With a rainbow beauty Lighting- up the halls— With a touch of glory, Gilding dim, old walls. Stately arching pillars Rise above the stair, On the carven columns Stone-cut faces rare; Here a laughing satyr, Tearful naiad there. Graven deep, long ages Each has filled its space, Keeping watch in silence O'er the classic place. Time has laid no finger On each cold, still face. Motionless in sunshine, And in shadow so, Heeding not unnumbered Feet that come and go. Oh, what fiue romances Must these statues know! THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 245 Could each sculptured image Open lips of stone, Tell to eager listening Secrets it hath known, Bits of lore and legend, Of the days long gone! Once a dark-eyed maiden Lingered near the stair, And a fair-haired Junior Stood beside her there, With one strong arm resting Strangely near her hair. Eyes of brown are meeting Eyes of tender blue, Hearts are closer beating— Lips are Hearing, too, How it came to happen Neither ever knew. Just a hurried pressure, One keen moment's bliss, But the face above them Saw the stolen kiss. When had graven image Looked on sight like this? Years have closed the lashes Over eyes of brown; One page in life's story Folds forever down. Thro' the classic hallway Others trail the gown. Tho' the silent statue May recall full well That romantic moment, Yet a magic spell Ouardeth still the secret— It can never tell! c*P Howe'er it be, it seems to me, 'Tis only noble to be good ; Kind hearts are more than coronets, And simple faith than Norman blood. —TENNYSON. 246 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE TREATMENT OF THE SKEPTIC. J. B. BAKER, '01. TVTHAT the world is to-day, she owes to the skeptic. Before " he walked among men, the race was inert and drowsy and dull. No systems of thought were conceived, no rational explanations sought. It does appear sometimes, however, in going back to mythic lands and mythopceic days, that they must have been, indeed, an active state. The grotesqueness of their various colored myths is sometimes taken as a proof of mental keenness. The multiplicity of their beings, and the variety of their functions, connected as they are with almost every conceivable phenomenon of nature, is said to augur a deep measure of mental acumen on the part of the authors, as well as the people who believed in them and honored them. But they are not the product of a mature analysis ; only the fancies of a dreamy childhood. Their golden fables were nothing more than the gyrations of splendid color to the yawning child who is just rubbing the scales of sleep away from his eyes. They are the capricious imaginings of an awakening mind. In this setni-somiioleut condition the sons of men were long enwrapped, and cared little to abandon it. When Thales, Anaximines, Diogenes and others appeared with their various creeds and myth-dispelling dogmas, they dis-turbed the lethargy of their fellows, and incurred the hostility of many. Their names became the targets of false accusation, and their teachings were branded as dangerous. But the world of philosophy is not unique in its antagonism to the independent thinker. The realm of science is its kin. There was a time when scientific men believed the world to be fiat. Columbus said it was round, and instantly the tongues of ridicule were loosened on him. Yet upon his hypothesis rest the important calculations of to-day. There was a time when the sage men of the world held that "lightning was an almost infinitely fine combustible matter, that floats in the air and takes fire by sudden and mighty fermenta-tion; also, that it was a physical expression of God's wrath against the insects He had created." Benjamin Franklin was too practical a man for such idle spec-ulation, and showed them their folly by the flying of his kite. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 247 No sooner had he seized the bolts of Zeus, however, and shat-tered their theory to the good of mankind, than he was charged with an affront to the Almighty himself. Protecting houses against lightning was said to interfere with the prerogatives of Deity, and when, three years after the experi-ment, New England was shaken by an earthquake, a Boston divine contended, in a sermon preached on the subject, that light-ning rods, by gathering the electricity from the clouds and ac-cumulating it in the earth, were the causes of the upheaval. There was a time, even later than that, when the stage-coach was the fastest mode of transportation, when steam locomotion was unknown and little thought of. George Stephenson went to work to construct an engine, and this is what the Quarterly Re-view had to say: "What can be more palpably absurd and ridicu-lous than the prospect held out for locomotives traveling twice as fast as stage-coaches. We would as soon expect the people of Woolwich to suffer themselves to be fired off in one of Congreve's cannons as to trust themselves to the mercy of such a machine going at such a rate." Another authority of equal prominence said that " the poisoned air of the locomotives would kill the birds." Waile still another insisted that " there would be no further use for horses." Such examples might be added to an almost infinite number, but would only strengthen a truth already quite patent. There is yet another sphere of activity in which the skeptic, or man of thinking, figures prominently, and that is the world of religious thought. Nowhere does dissension touch such a vital point in man's destiny, and nowhere has it been punished with greater severity. The men of courage, who gave us the heritage of a pure gos-pel, were men who felt the hand of inquisitional torture. They were men whose flesh and bones were blistered and charred by the fagots of fire; men who were driven about like the master they followed, with nowhere to lay their heads. We honor them, and mention their names with oracular reverence. But we are judging them all from the vantage ground of tested history. What shall be our attitude toward the skeptic of to-day ? Con-servatism might advise us to shun him as we would shun a ser-pent. Radicalism might tell us to be fearless and read his works. We shall not presume to answer the question, but consider it wise 243 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY to resort to that sage old philosopher, who said, "Know thyself," and to a still higher authority, which says, "Know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." Above all things, whether we believe him or not, whether he is right or wrong, it is due to us to respect him for his independent thought and candor. "Honor the honest man. Earth rears but few. Only at God's white forge are such souls wrought. Rare honest man. His mind perchance sees truth In different forms from thine, yet honor him. Perchance his vision thy dim sight transcends And what to thee appears sublime and sure As the eternal hills, to him is but A bubble in the air. Perchance when thou Hast found the crystal spring whereof he drinks Thou, too, wilt quaff, and own the light divine." A GLIMPSE OP BYRON. HTHE meteoric career of this celebrated, but ill-starred poet has * been a subject of study for all lovers of literature and its makers. Meteoric, both because of its brilliancy and short dura-tion. Byron's popularity, in his day, was greater than that of any of his contemporaries, but it was much briefer and more in-constant, and to-day the general verdict pronounced by the read-ing public and literary reviewers, is against him. To-day men praise the highland ruggedness and simplicity of Scott's poetry; its bold irregularity and indifference to minor imperfections, claiming all to be the highest attributes of genius; they speak with unchilled ardor of Wordsworth: his great and sympathetic heart; his tender but manly verse, always sincere, often profound and ever, the genuine utterances of a true priest of the spirit; Southey and Coleridge are both loved and lauded for their large-ness of vision and poetic truth; but Byron who was hailed as he rose over the horizon in the artlessness and inexperience of his youth, as a star of the first magnitude, as the brightest orb in the firmament, is now almost universally despised and deserted; an outlaw under the ban of moral reproach and literary censure, he stands friendless in the gloom of his solitary exile. That Byron was endowed with rare natural gifts, that his poetry bears the evi-dence of exceptional powers are denied by no impartial reviewers; THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 249 that his poems lack energy, emotional colouring, daring in in-vention and many of the less definable qualities of poetry cannot be rationally insisted upon; bat that his poetry is unfit for the hands and hearts of innocent and impressionable youth and that it revolts the moral sensibilities of the more mature in years and experience, as well as offends the literary taste of the cultured, are matters of fact, known to all students of English literature. This apparent paradoxical fact must be accounted for by the unfortunate accompaniments that attended and marred his genius. His powers were of the first order, but they were accompanied by a pessimistic and envenomed spirit, a haughty egotism—though this he endeavored to conceal,—and at last, what reversed his early successes, a growing affectation of contempt for public opinion or private regard. There was a mixture of literary and moral virtues with literary and moral vices in which the propor-tion of vice became predominant, and eventually prostituted his genius to the service of shame and folly in their most attractive and insidious forms. Censorship should not be unjust, not even unsympathetic towards this most to be pitied of poets. His works to be properly appreciated, and his unwholesome sentiment and thought to be viewed in a fair light, must be traced back to his sad life as their source of inspiration, and there though the works may justly be reprobated as unchaste and injurious,we cannot help, at least but partially exonorate their author, when we view the circumstances that gave them birth and determined their character. Born into the world with a tender but impetuous and some-what petulant nature, he was alternately visited with passionate caress and indiscriminate and vindictive disfavor by his mother, —caressed into self-will and pride, he was upbraided and scolded into ill-temper and defiance; his sensitive young nature was embittered; his strong propensity to love and crave it in return was here first disappointed and thwarted; here his spirit began to be discolored with that tinge of hatred and haughty contempt for human kind that disfigured his poetry and ruined his life. Leaving home with scarce a regret save that at the expiration of the school term he would have to return, he hoped to enter a more wholesome social atmosphere, to mingle among more active and congenial spirits, and there find that sympathy, trust and esteem for which his ardent young nature panted. His friendships, 250 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY as may be imagined, were few but fast, nearly always broken, if broken at all, through his own petulance upon the most trivial occasions, but generally soon renewed with ties of stronger affec-tion and mutual respect. Precocious emotional susceptibility exposed him at a very early age to the vexatious experience of unreasoning loves. The mistresses of hisyouthful passions uniformly repelled his advances, little knowing that they were crushing a heart that would bleed, not for a day, or a week, or a month, but for a lifetime; that they were rejecting a passion, which, exalted by a sanctified home-life, would have provided and enriched every endearment of wedded felicity; but spurned with indifference in its first ventures, would turn to the madness of despair. The haughty pride of his untamed spirit was insulted at every turn; his keen sensibility to neglect or offense kept his resent-ment, against somebody or other, at white heat the greater por-tion of his life, making him new enemies, and decimating fre-quently the ranks of his friends—those who generally endured his eccentricities, and enjoyed his confidence and esteem. His first effort in poetry was a juvenile performance, with meagre promise of his later fame in it, written at school and pub-lished when he left the University under the title, " Hours of Idleness." It was assailed at once by Francis Jeffreys, the most celebrated critic of his day, in the Edinburgh Review. The poem, prefaced with a disavowal of all poetical aspira-tions and a cleverly written appeal to the clemency of the critics was condemned without reserve, its faults exposed with relent-less accuracy, and, in general, treated with so much ridicule and contempt that Byron was aroused, the latent powers of sarcasm and irony that lay sleeping within him were awakened, and he seized the pen and wrote with the energy and inspiration of a demon, "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers," venting indis-criminate calumnies upon all writers and critics of his day. This poem, though written in the rashness of youth, and in some re-spects inviting severe censure as " misplaced anger and indis-criminate acrimony," for the first time announced his real power. His skill in versification, the vigor of his thought, the terrible energy of his feelings, and brilliancy of sarcastic wit, proclaimed at once to England that no common man had risen, and prophe-cies were many and sanguine of his future fame. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 251 After having been rebuked by every journal, by critic and even friends for his unjust assault upon men of genius and merit, some of established reputation and venerated name, he became dissatisfied at home, and, conceiving his talents not duly appre-ciated, and himself slighted, he sailed from England and traveled throughout the continent, visiting Spain, France, Switzerland and Italy. During his tour he wrote the first two cantos of " Childe Harold." This poem, written in the verse of Spencer's " Fairie Queen," though often affectedly antiquated in style, and always darkened by skepticism and misanthropy, is energetic and manly in thought always, in spirit often, and his language is picturesque and expressive, conjuring from the world of fancy the weird but vivid and copious imagery that so uniformly characterizes all his poetry. This rhythmic tale is regarded as a poetical version of his own life, the central figure throughout the narrative no other than the haughty Byron himself, masquerading in an imperfect disguise. The spirit, the pictured career and dismal sentiments of the self-exiled hero, are all paralleled in Byron, though he strenuously denied their identity, alleging that Harold was wholly an inde-pendent creation, without an existing prototype, at least under his observation. The poet, however, in the fourth canto identi-fies himself with the gloomy pilgrim visiting earth's historic scenes, as if no longer caring to maintain his false character. All the poetry that followed was animated by the same spirit; characters were changed in name, but not in essence ; scenery was altered; the tale diversified by fresh incident; yet through it all stalked Harold's sombre ghost casting a shade of gloom and sadness over it, and breathing into it his philosophy of despair. Frequently Byron was bitter, but that in his attacks upon so-ciety, upon the virtues and excellencies of character, which most men admire and magnify, he was insincere, and did not give utterance to sentiments actually his own, only unsympathetic and misled readers dare assert. His poetry above any other of his age bears the stamp of its author's character, the seal of his spirit, though often gracefully concealed, and impresses the reader that whatever the scenes, whatever the characters, Byron is there and speaks from the innermost depths of his heart. "From the in-nermost depths of his heart," for in all his works the energy of his 252 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY spirit burns with a blazing heat and like a kindled furnace throws its wild glare upon the narrow scene it irradiates; little difference whether he wrote of angels or villains, of princes or beggars, the torch of his thought and feeling was lighted at the same flame. This sombre color and despairing energy of his genius, though admirable in the proper place and proportion, makes it impossible for him to sympathize with the ordinary and more generous feel-ings of humanity. He could not elevate the simple and obscure life, the pure love, the trials, the sorrows, the tradegy and comedy of those low in station and humble in fortune, into the realm of poetic beauty as Burns; Nature had denied him the tender respon siveness of heart to song of bird, ripple of brook, the sigh of wind, which it so richly bestowed upon Wordsworth. Byron was fasci-nated by rugged scenery, by nature in her violent moods but never loved her for herself, and though his poetry abounds with allusions to and descriptions of mountain and lake, ocean and forest, they serve but to suggest by analogy some mood of man—and that mood how monotonously the same ! What a sublime range of character, what inexhaustible re. sources of human feeling, what a wealth of poetic mystery, beauty and truth investing diversified nature and human life were left un-touched by his master pen. Had his energy of spirit not been perverted and confined to the narrow channels into which it was forced, had his harp been tuned to more numerous and pleasing chords, who can say that with his exuberance of imagination, ca-pacity for reflection and poetic insight and art, Byron would not have been the chief ornament of his day and generation, his mem-ory cherished with fondest admiration, and his poetry a more per-manent and vastly more desirable addition to our literature. Of this sad fact Byron was not ignorant and often took occasion in his verse to rebuke his impetuous and monotonous strain of feeling and ardently prayed for tranquillity of spirit and soberness of mind. Serene landscapes, peaceful waters, inspired longings "to forsake earth's troubled waters for a purer spring." "Clear placid Leman," he cries, "once I loved Torn ocean's roar but thy soft murmuring' Sounds sweet as if a sister's voice reproved." During the early stages of his literary career he resolves but in vain to tame his wild passions and to think and feel as other men: THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 253 "Yet must I think less wildly; I have thought Too long and darkly, till my brain became In its own eddy boiling- and o'erwrought A whirling gulf of phantasy and flame, And thus untaught in youth my heart to tame My springs of life were poisoned,—"Tis too late." The tragedy of a soul here seems to reach its catastrophe in the utterance of the concluding sentence: '' 'Tis too late !'' Byron here appears to stand on a commanding eminence and view with retrospective survey the irredeemable past, lamenting the errors of his way, but all "too late," and theu with sublime heroism to submit to the doom prepared for him, "to feed on bitter fruits without accusing Fate;'' to chide himself with the guilt of his own desolation: "The thorns which I have reaped are of the tree I planted—they have torn me and I bleed, I should have known what fruit Would spring from such a seed." His poetry thus is the musical wail of a proud yet broken spirit; a life with many shattered yet many vibrant strings; it is a feast of beauty attended by the unclean spirits of an unchaste mind, a song with the vigor and spirit of a march and the sadness and gloom of a dirge; the tuneful philosophy of a man who knew both too much and too little of himself and his fellow mortals, who in tempest and calm sailed life's pathless sea without chart or compass; a man with more than the usual powers of men, but destitute of their most common possession—character. "A wandering mass of shapeless fame, A pathless comet and a curse, The menace of the universe, Still rolling on with innate force Without a sphere, without a course." —TID BITS. Oh, many a shaft at random sent Finds mark the archer little meant; And many a word at random spoken May soothe or wound a heart that's broken. —SCOTT. 254 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY GIVING. When God brought forth the world we're told, He did it by decree, , Just spake the word, and chaos rolled Into consistency. But when the race of human-kind To sin became a slave, Not all the words in Perfect Mind Could ransom, so He gave. He gave his child, the anointed One, The best in Heaven above, That man might learn through His dear Son How God indeed is Love. And so must we, if we would be Found walking in His ways, Show to mankind that sympathy, That gives as well as prays. A word well said may often thrill, A happy song may cheer, But souls will ne'er be won, until Kind deeds with words appear. They are the vessels that contain The oil of healing grace, And they alone can free from pain The deep-scarred human race. Then let our eyes be e'er alert, Our neighbors' want to see, Our hands and feet grow more expert To bear them sympathy. For thus it is, each little chance Improved, becomes a gem, Whose lustre shall fore'er enhance Our heavenly diadem. —ERNIE. e$P Three poets in three distant ages born, Greece, Italy and England did adorn ; The first in loftiness of thought surpassed, The next in majesty, in both the last. The force of nature could no further go; To make a third she joined the former two. -DRYDEN. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. Entertdat the Postojfice at Gettysburg as second-class matter. VOL. IX. GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1901. ' No. 8 Editor-in- Chief, . A. VAN OR.MER, '01. Assistant Editors, W. H. HKTRICK, W. A. KOHLER. Business Manager, H. C. HOFFMAN. Alumni Editor, REV. F. D. GARLAND. Assistant Business Manager, WILLIAM C. NEY; Advisory Board, PROF. J. A. HIMES, LIT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M. D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD. D. D. Published monthly by the students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, One Dollar a year in advance; single copies Ten Cents. Notice to discontinue sending- the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors, and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EXCHANGES. [From the January TOUCHSTONE, Lafayette.] Our Contemporaries. I HAVE heard it said that we never have original thoughts; that even those which we consider original have been worked over in the minds of others who have gone before. It seems impossible, however, that two college men, apparently far sepa-rated, should have had thoughts so exactly similar, and above all, that they should have expressed them in language so similar, as have two men representing two of our prominent colleges. This is an age of psychological phenomenon, and the power ot one mind over another is unquestioned ; but, if the case under consideration comes under this head, there evidently remains a field of psychological research yet unfathomed. 2S6 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY We ask the aid of those interested in honest college literary work, in the solution of the following mystery : In the Nassau Literary Magazine for October, 1900, was printed the MacLeau prize oration, entitled "An Ideal of American His-tory." In the Gettysburg Mercury for November, 1900, appeared an oration, entitled " Abraham Lincoln." We quote from these two articles, and print them in parallel columns. AN IDEAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY. Thirty-five years have gone by and the Republic is stronger than ever. The battle smoke of the civil war has rolled away, and to-day when we look into the clear past, our first glance meets the colossal figure of Abraham Lincoln. He is an American mountain—when you view minutely and examine care-fully each particular crag or fea-ture, how homely he seems ! But stand back half a century, behold the entirety—do you not see an Al-mighty hand ? We say an Ameri-can mountain, for you cannot think of Lincoln as a Grecian or a Roman, he is not English and certainly not French—he is ours, the man be-longs to. us alone, while his fame is the world's. Our broad country can no more contain that, than the present race can compute its dura-tion. Ages are the units which shall measure its extent, and eter-nity shall not behold it9 comple-tion. Let us for a while then con-sider him who, under God's provi-dential hand, more than any other, preserved our liberties and main-tained for us our national govern-ment. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. Thirty-five years have passed and the Republic is stronger than ever. The battle-smoke of civil war has rolled away, and as we louk into the clear past, our first glance meets the colossal figure of Abra-ham Lincoln. He seems a moun-tain— when you examine each par-ticular crag and feature, how home-ly he appears; but stand back half a century, behold theentirety—Do you not see the hand of God ! We wonder at him for his greatness, and we are proud of him that he is ours. We cannot imaging Lincoln as a Grecian or a Roman; he is not English and certainly not French —he belongs to us alone, but his fame is the world's. Our broad land can no more contain that than the present generation can esti-mate its duration; ages are the units which shall measure its ex-tent, and eternity shall not behold its completion. Let us for a while then consider him who, under God, more than any other, preserved our liberties and kept us as a peo-ple what we are. The Nassau Literary Magazine Princeton University Princeton, N. J., Jan. 29, 1901 Editor Gettysburg Mercury, « Dear Sir: You have probably noticed in the Lafayette Touchstone for January, 1901, in the department headed Our Contemporaries, that attention is called to two orations, one entitled "An Ideal of American History," which was published in this magazine in the THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 257 October number and another, entitled "Abraham Lincoln," which appeared in your magazine for November. The opening para-graphs of the two orations are printed in parallel columns and are so similar that it leaves no doubt in our mind that either one was copied from the other or else both were taken from a common source. If you will read what the Toiichstonc says you will prob-ably come to the same conclusion. Now this matter should be sifted to the bottom and it is to the interest of both magazines to see that it is done. I send you a copy of the Lit. which contains "An Ideal of American History" and request that you send us the November number of the Mercury. Will you also state who wrote the oration on "Abraham Lincoln," when it was delivered, and when probably written. Also the home residence of the man who wrote it. "An Ideal of American History" was delivered here last June and won the Junior McLean Oratorical prize of $ioo. I trust you will appreciate the seriousness of this for both of us, and help me to find out the truth of the matter. Awaiting an early reply, I am, sincerely RALPH P. SWOFFORD. The above are self-explanatory. It but remains for the MER-CURY to clear away the accumulated mist, thus vindicating Mr. Heilman and his alma mater as well as the MERCURY. For this purpose we find sufficient testimony in Mr. Heilman's Statement. "March 9, 1900, I delivered the oration at Collegeville before the Pennsylvania Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Union; March 10, joined Glee Club on trip at Carlisle; March 19, returned to Get-tysburg from Glee Club trip and found awaiting me a letter from Princeton, written by a '97 alumnus of the Harrisburg High- School, whose classmate I had been for about 9 mouths. The letter asked me to send a copy of my oration for a few hints and ideas, as the '97 alumnus was preparing an oration soon to be de-livered. Sent copy of oration to Princeton March 20th or 21st. Handed oration to Dr. Himes in competition for Geis Prize— third number. [The third production for the Geis prizes is due May 1st.—Ed.] Have not seen the manuscript since." The oration came into possession of the MERCURY from the Geis prize committee through Dr. Himes, before the close of 258 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY college in June. We published it in the November MERCURY, and the original manuscript is still in our possession. We hope the above is a satisfactory explanation—that it is not necessary to ramble through that "field of psychological research yet unfathomed." It is to be hoped, further, that this, as a warn-ing to college men, may prove beneficial. Gettysburg does not suffer from the "mix up;" indeed we may feel complimented that one of our men wrote the oration that won the MacLean prize of $ioo at Princeton University, knowing that it was not sent for the use made of it. Princeton, come out. Lafayette, give us due credit. S. A. VAN ORMER, Ed. MERCURY. EDITORS' DESK. Following the custom of former years, no January number of the MERCURY was issued. The question of special programs in our literary societies is be-ing discussed. That they have merit no one will doubt; but whether they should occur so frequently is, indeed, a question. The object of the societies is to train their members for the duties that shall rest upon them in years to come by assisting in and completing that harmonious development that shall send the col-lege student into the world well-rounded. Our discoveries in science have been made by men who worked in seclusion; our masterpieces in literature and in art have not been wrought before the gaze of cheering throngs; the men who have "moved the masses" in days agone have frequently talked to the ocean's waves and the forest's trees. Young men, that they may be successful, must cultivate the habit of working with-out artificial stimulus. As this is the last issue of the present staff, we desire to ex-press our appreciation of the hearty support we have received from those interested in THE MERCURY. We have at all times had sufficient material on hand. Whether or not we have selected wisely the material used, others must determine. We have tried THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 259 to maintain the standard formerly held by THE MERCURY among the college journals of the State. In conclusion, we remind the Professors, Students and Alumni of Pennsylvania College that the standard of her journals have much to do with her success ; and we bespeak for the new staff the same hearty support given us, that the literary journal of the institution may be worthy ot Pennsylvania College. THE PAST OUR PRESENT PILOT. CHAS. LEONARD, '01, Reddig Junior Oratorical Prize. ■CAR back through the dim, dim vistas of the ages, when chaos, ■*■ darkness and void had receded in obedience to the eternal fiats of the Omnipotent, to give place to cosmos, light, and cre-ation, there appeared in that creation a creature whose progress and destiny have been the objects of the concern of two worlds. The earth was man's birthday present. "Go forth and subdue it" was the divine commission, and the history of the race is the story of the warfare that has been going on ever since that com-mission has been received. As the nineteenth century gates swing on their hinges, soon to shut into the hoary past another century, we feel like one who is leaving the harbor to sail an untried sea; in whose vision friends throwing kisses of good-by, and waving handkerchiefs for a suc-cessful voyage, are fast fading from view, and from whose sight the well beloved shore is receding and has at last merged into the misty horizon overhanging the deep. In the stately ship of civilization we are about to launch on a trackless ocean. Farewell to the past—only its lessons are any longer ours. Welcome the future, in which we are to live and act! I^et our prayers be united that our majestic ship may clear all the dangerous rocks that lie just beneath the surface, any one of which may prove fatal to the progress of the "Ship of State." As we stand at the stern of the vessel, looking out upon the watery expanse stretching into eternity on either side of the wake, with our mind's eye we take a retrospective glance into the history of the past. We look into the realm of discovery and we note that the most important contribution of this realm to civilization has been the discovery of laws in the moral and the physical universe. 260 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Ages ago the minds of men craved to understand the laws of the heavenly bodies, and the skies did speak to the old Chaldean shepherds, but in an unknown language. They were transported by the rich melody of the spheres, but could not appreciate or understand the celestial anthem. Ptolemy listened and caught a few scattered words; Copernicus hearkened and caught the first full sentences: Kepler and Newton gave us the first translation of the rythmical language of the heavenly orbs. Thus we see the gradual development of the scientific spirit in the presence of which truth has always unveiled her face and made herself known, as she has come to answer the everlasting "Why?" of science. In philosophy the same development is strikingly real. Man in his eagerness to answer the two questions concerning himself of "Whence?" and "Whither?" at first indulged in speculations that seem to us to the last degree chimerical. Twenty-five centuries have made but comparatively few changes on the face of the material world. A Greek of the fifth century B. C. might still find his way without difficulty from town to town of his native Hellas, and recognize at a glance the scenes of his childhood days, but he would find the world of thought a new creation or rather the old so transformed as to be unrecognizable. We have emanated from the mist and fog which enveloped the old Pagan philosophers. We have transcended the highest thought of grand old Socrates. Thought can no longer be said to be "An infant crying in the night, An infant crying for the light, And with no language but a cry." In the sunlight of truth this infant of thought has grown to a great stature, though it has not yet attained the perfect symmetry of maturity. The discovery of laws has been just as important and extensive in the social and political world as in the realm of philosophy. Every century has been an improvement over the preceding. Nations have been born, grown up, and died, while history, the coroner of the fallen empires of the past, has declared at the autopsy, "The cause of death was the result of a departure from law, either undiscovered or disobeyed" and standing, a silent sentinel, in the ashes of their former glory, pointing her finger toward the future she says in prophetic voice to all surviving nations "Beware!"— THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 261 a word so full of meaning when uttered by such an authoritative voice. Are we heeding this long sounded warning? Shall we dare say that the past is meaningless? Shall we not profit by the wise instruction it has to give? The Mu

Jackie's Experiential Learning in Jack Gantos' Dead End In Norvelt Rheza Arief Dwi Piscesa English Literature Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Surabaya rheza.arief@gmail.com Hujuala Rika Ayu, SS., MA. English Department Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Surabaya ayuhujualarika@yahoo.com Abstrak Pembelajaran adalah suatu proses mengakuisisi sebuah pengetahuan. Karakter utama di novel ini, Jackie Gantos, mendapatkan berbagai macam ilmu melalui pengalaman, belajar, atau dengan diajarkan oleh orang lain. Di Dead End in Norvelt, proses pembelajaran yang banyak terjadi didapatkan melalui pengalaman. Jackie Gantos mendapatkan pengetahuan melalui pengalaman, hal ini dapat dianalisa menggunakan Kolb's experiential learning. Kolb's experiential learning adalah sebuah metode pembelajaran dengan cara mewariskan pengetahuan secara langsung melalui pengalaman ke dalam diri seseorang tersebut. Tujuan dari thesis ini adalah untuk memperlihatkan proses dari experiential learning di dalam hidup Jackie dan menemukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Jackie dalam usahanya untuk mengaplikasikan experiential learning dalam kehidupannya di kota Norvelt. Dengan memunculkan proses experiential learning, dapat diketahui bagaimana sebuah pengalaman diwariskan kepada orang lain serta faktor apa yang memunculkan experiential learning. Setelah experiential learning terjadi, Jackie mendapatkan banyak sekali pengetahuan, contohnya cara menggunakan senjata dengan aman, sejarah dari kota Norvelt, idealism dari seorang Eleanor Roosevelt dan lain lain. Proses mendapatkan pengetahuan ini tampak dalam tabel pembelajaran Kolb's dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya proses experiential learning dari Kolb's adalah social interaction dan self-realization. Kata Kunci: experiential learning, social interaction, self-realization. Abstract Learning is the acquisition of knowledge. The main character, Jackie Gantos, obtained skills through experience, study, or by being taught. In Dead End in Norvelt, most of the process of learning obtained through experience. Jackie Gantos' gaining knowledge through experience is analyzed by using Kolb's experiential learning. Kolb's experiential learning is a method of learning by inheriting the knowledge directly through experience that happened in a person. The objective of this thesis are to reveal the process of experiential learning in Jackie's life and finding factors that triggers Jackie's effort of applying experiential learning in his life in Norvelt. By revealing the experiential learning process, it can be found out how an experience is passed on to others and the factors that triggers experiential learning. After the experiential learning happened, Jackie gain knowledge on many things such as gun safety, history of Norvelt, Eleanor Roosevelt idealism and etc. This process of gaining knowledge is depicted through Kolb's learning table and the factors that trigger Kolb's experiential learning are social interaction and self-realization. Keywords: experiential learning, social interaction, self-realization. INTRODUCTION Learning is a process of acquiring knowledge through study. This process of learning usually occurs between students and lecturers in a formal educational school. Educational School gives courses and inheriting skillssuch as Physics, History, Chemist, Math and Language from teacher to children. There is also another way to learn something to gain knowledge and increase our understanding about the world. This way of learning is different from the original way of learning such as studying in a school and comprehend the knowledge that our teacher gives. For example, a farmer boy learn how to plough and plant seeds by seeing his father working at the field. After the boy grew up and strong enough, his father ask the boy to help him work at the field. His father showed him how to plough land, watering the field and keeping away birds from destroying the field. This boy gain knowledge through a different method than the original method of studying which is reading books and attending school. The way of the boy learning through experience, from the events of learning through his dad and working to help his dad, is the experiential learning. Experiential learning is a process of gaining knowledge through experience. This knowledge is a result from the combination of grasping and transforming the experience itself. This theory is a well-known model in education. David Kolb in his book, Experiential Learning Theory, presents a cycle of four elements to define the theory. Experiencing problem, observing the critical problem, making a concept of abstract to solve the problem, and actively experimenting to solve the problem. This process leads to a further critical reflection about the experiment and the result of the experiment. This learning theory is a development of various studies regarding to the cognitive development by Jean Piaget and philosophical perspective of pragmatism by John Dewey. Dewey's philosophical perspective of pragmatism is conveyed in his statement based on Kolb's: " If one attempts to formulate the philosophy of education implicit in the practices of the new education, we may, I think, discover certain common principles … To imposition from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individuality; to external discipline is opposed free activity ;to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience; to acquisition of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal; to preparation for a more or less remote future is opposed making the most of the opportunities of present life; to static aims and materials is opposed acquaintance with a changing world … I take it that the fundamental unity of the newer philosophy is found in the idea that there is an intimate and necessary relation between the processes of actual experience and education." (1938, pp.19, 20) Based on the statement by Dewey, Piaget developed this philosophy and researched Dewey's perspective into a new method to differenciate the actual learning experience as a set of educational method which invoke a knowledge that build through a relation of experience and education. Piaget's theory describes how intelligence is built through experience. He defines that intelegence is not an innate internal characteristic of the individual but comes alive as a product of the interaction between the person and his or her environment and action is the key point for Piaget. A person who does experiment gathers experience and gains knowledge through the process. In this case, experiential learning studies the process of transforming the experience into a certain knowledge. Just like the saying of Julius Caesar, "Experience is the teacher of all things." (40s BC, Commentaries on the Civil War, 2. 8), this process of experiential learning can be found mainly in the character of Jack Gantos in Jack Gantos' "Dead End in Norvelt".Jackie Gantos, the main character, living his life of summer days in Norvelt and experiencesmany things through his adventure. Summer days are his moments of hunting season with his dad, helping Miss Volker writing obituaries for the local paper, examining dead body in a Morgue which Bunny's dad work, investigating the whereabout of Mrs. Dubicki. This actions is the sets of events that can be analyzed as a process of experiential learning of Jackie in the novel. Jackie is always curious about many things, that is why he always gets into trouble. He is a good boy, but his action sometimes make his mom got a headache. This because Jackie always gets a nosebleed everytime he gets too excited, which is his mother always worried about. His adventure in Norvelt somewhat he must complices with his nosebleed problem. In his adventure, Jackie experiences many things, he knows how to safely lock the gun to prevent it blasts accidentally by learning it from his hunting experience with his dad. He also learn how to write using a typewriter while helping Mrs. Volker to write her obituaries for the local paper. This process of learning gains him knowledge through experience that happened through his adventure. It is a concrete fact that people do learn from their experience and for nontraditional students such as minorities, the poor, and mature adults – experiential learning has become the method of choice for learning and personal development. (Kolb, 1984: 3) John Byran Gantos, Jr., better known asJack Gantos(born July 2, 1951) is anAmericanauthor ofchildren's booksrenowned for his fictional characterJoey Pigza, a boy withattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Gantos has won several literary awards, including theNewbery Honor, thePrintz Honor, and theSibert Honorfrom theAmerican Library Association, and he has been a finalist for theNational Book Award. His latest book,Dead End in Norvelt(2011) won the 2012Newbery Medal. Jack Gantos received both hisBFAand hisMAfromEmerson College. While in college, Gantos began working on picture books with an illustrator friend. In 1976, they published their first book,Rotten Ralph. Gantos continued writing children's books and began teaching courses in children's book writing. He was a professor of creative writing and literature (1978–95) and a visiting professor at Brown University (1986), University of New Mexico (1993) and Vermont College (1996). He developed master's degree programs in children's book writing at Emerson College and Vermont College. Jack Gantos writing career began when he work together on picture books in college with his illustrator friend. In 1976, they published their first book, Rotten Ralph. Gantos cares so much about children by publishing dozens of book regarding to picture books for kids. In his last novel Dead End in Norvelt, he creates a master copy of his childhood life into a dazzling novel that easy to understand with a portion of historical value to give an early history lesson to children. The main point of this study is the experiential learning that Jackie Gantos experience in his hometown of Norvelt. His dad is a former WWII soldier, he kept possession of many memorabilia such as Japanesse rifle and other stuff of war. This interacts Jackie to play with his stuff such as Japanesse rifle and pretend to acts like Jackie is in a war that is played on the screenplay over the neighbor. The story of the novel continue about Jackie's adventure in his town and learning experience on events such as helping writing historical obituary for Miss Volker, and secretly build an airplane in his garage with his dad. Gantos' novel Dead End in Norvelt focused more on the life of Jackie Gantos that happened in Norvelt at summer of 1962and the social interaction that happened between him and the people in Norvelt. It leads to a great adventure of him, this makes Jackie learns about many topic that he experiences in his life. Jackie lives for a time in Norvelt, a real Pennsylvania town created during the Great Depression and based on the socialist idea of community farming. Jackie's summer of 1962 begins badly: plagued by frequent and explosive nosebleeds, Jackie is assigned to take dictation for the arthritic obituary writer, Miss Volker, and kept alarmingly busy by elderly residents dying in rapid succession. Then the Hells Angels roll in. Gore is a Gantos hallmark but the squeamish are forewarned that Jackie spends much of the book with blood pouring down his face and has a run-in with home cauterization. Gradually, Jackie learns to face death and his fears straight on while absorbing Miss Volker's theories about the importance of knowing history. Based on the explanation above, this study would like to discuss on Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory by focusing on Jackie Gantos character. And this experiential learning theory will guide us on how to elaborate the process of learning by experience that happens in Jack Gantos' Dead End in Norvelt by examining Jackie Gantos character and his social interaction with the people of Norvelt. RESEARCH METHOD This study takes the data source of a novel Dead End in Norvelt, written by Jack Gantos which is published in New York by Farrar Straus Giroux, with ISBN: 978-0-374-37993-3 in 2012. To collect the data, the first step is Extensive Reading. Extensive reading is denoted as reading the text of novel extensively in order to collect the data of analysis, such as narrations, monologues, dialogues, quotations, and so forth. After collecting the data by reading extensively, the second step is intensive reading. This step is used in order to reveal the hidden idea of the novel which is related to the data. After finding the hidden idea of the novel, the next step is classifying the data through the novel which needed in analyzing the data, such as speech, actions, characters, behavior, attitudes, and thoughts. The third step is observation the data. This step is the most important step because this step is used in order to find out the experiential learning. In Dead End in Norvelt, The main character Jackie experiences many things that gain him knowledge throughout the novel. Therefore, the experiential learning is very appropriate to be applied to this study. Last but not least, it reaches the final process of collecting data, which is placing the classified data into the table. It is done to simplify in reading the data for the purpose of doing analysis. After finding the experiential learning through the events that correlate Jackie with the major characters based on the novel, the last step is data analysis. This step attempts to answer the questions subsequently based on the statement of the problems by using relevant theory. Besides, this step also uses the data of the novel Dead End in Norvelt which consists of monologues, dialogues, and quotations. The first statement of problem is the occurance of experiential learning. The depiction of experiential learning is using the theory of Kolb. This depiction can be seen on the events that correlate Jackie with other main characters inside the novel. The second statement of problem is the factors that causes Jackie to apply experiential learning in his life which gain him knowledge through experience with other. The factors will be analyzed by using the theory of Rummels. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING Experiential learning is a well-known model in education. Kolb's experiential learning theory defines experiential learning as "the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from the combination of grasping and transforming experience." (1984:38) Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory (1984:42) presents a cycle of four elements: The cycle begins with an experience that the student has had, followed by an opportunity to reflect on that experience. Then students may conceptualize and draw conclusions about what they experienced and observed, leading to future actions in which the students experiment with different behaviors. This begins the cycle anew as students have new experiences based on their experimentation (Oxendine, Robinson and Willson, 2004). Although this continuum is presented as a cycle, the steps may occur in nearly any order. This learning cycle involves both concrete components (steps 1 and 4) and conceptual components (steps 2 and 3), which require a variety of cognitive and affective behaviors. Experiential learning can exist without a teacher and relates solely to the meaning of making process of the individual's direct experience. However, although the gaining of knowledge is an inherent process that occurs naturally, for a genuine learning experience to occur, there must exist certain elements. According to Kolb, knowledge is continuously gained through both personal and environmental experiences. He states that in order to gain genuine knowledge from an experience, certain abilities are required: • The learner must be willing to be actively involved in the experience; • The learner must be able to reflect on the experience; • The learner must possess and use analytical skills to conceptualize the experience; and • The learner must possess decision making and problem solving skills in order to use the new ideas gained from the experience. Experiential activities are among the most powerful teaching and learning tools available. Experiential learning requires self-initiative, an "intention to learn" and an "active phase of learning". Kolb's cycle of experiential learning can be used as a framework for considering the different stages involved. Jennifer A. Moon has elaborated on this cycle to argue that experiential learning is the most effective when it involves: 1) a "reflective learning phase" 2) a phase of learning resulting from the actions inherent to experiential learning, and 3) "a further phase of learning from feedback". This process of learning can result in "changes in judgment, feeling or skills" for the individual and can provide direction for the "making of judgments as a guide to choice and action". Most educators understand the important role of experience in the learning process. The role of emotion and feelings in learning from experience has been recognised as an important part of experiential learning.While those factors may improve the likelihood of experiential learning occurring, it can occur without them. Rather, what is vital in experiential learning is that the individual is encouraged to directly involve themselves in the experience, and then to reflect on their experiences using analytical skills, so they gain a better understanding of the new knowledge and retain the information for a longer time. Reflection is a crucial part of the experiential learning process, and like experiential learning itself, it can be facilitated or independent. Dewey wrote that "successive portions of reflective thought grow out of one another and support one another", creating a scaffold for further learning, and allowing for further experiences and reflection. This reinforces the fact that experiential learning and reflective learning are iterative processes, and the learning builds and develops with further reflection and experience. Facilitation of experiential learning and reflection is challenging, but "a skilled facilitator, asking the right questions and guiding reflective conversation before, during, and after an experience, can help open a gateway to powerful new thinking and learning". Jacobson and Ruddy, building on Kolb's four-stage Experiential Learning Model and Pfeiffer and Jones's five stage Experiential Learning Cycle, took these theoretical frameworks and created a simple, practical questioning model for facilitators to use in promoting critical reflection in experiential learning. Their "5 Questions" model is as follows: • Did you notice.? • Why did that happen? • Does that happen in life? • Why does that happen? • How can you use that? These questions are posed by the facilitator after an experience, and gradually lead the group towards a critical reflection on their experience, and an understanding on how they can apply the learning to their own life. Although the questions are simple, they allow a relatively inexperienced facilitator to apply the theories of Kolb, Pfeiffer, and Jones, and deepen the learning of the group. SOCIAL INTERACTION According to R.J. Rummel (1976: Chapter 9 : Social Behavior And Interaction) , social interactions are the acts, actions, or practices of two or more people mutually oriented towards each other's selves, that is, any behavior that tries to affect or take account of each other's subjective experiences or intentions. This means that the parties to the social interaction must be aware of each other--have each other's self in mind. This does not mean being in sight of or directly behaving towards each other. Friends writing letters are socially interacting, as are enemy generals preparing opposing war plans. Social interaction is not defined by type of physical relation or behavior, or by physical distance. It is a matter of a mutual subjective orientation towards each other. Thus even when no physical behavior is involved, as with two rivals deliberately ignoring each other's professional work, there is social interaction. Moreover, social interaction requires a mutual orientation. The spying of one on another is not social interaction if the other is unaware. Nor do the behaviors of rapist and victim constitute social interaction if the victim is treated as a physical object; nor behavior between guard and prisoner, torturer and tortured, machine gunner and enemy soldier. Indeed, wherever people treat each other as object, things, or animals, or consider each other as reflex machines or only cause-effect phenomena, there is not social interaction such interaction may comprise a system; it may be organized, controlled, or regimented. According to Arnold W Green in his book Sociology an Analysis of life in Modern Society, Social interaction is "…the mutual influences that individuals and groups have upon one another in their attempts to solve problems and in their striving toward goals. Social interaction discloses the concrete results of striving behavior upon roles, statuses, and moral norms" (Green, 1964: 57) There are two types of social interaction, structured and unstructured. Structured social interaction is guided by previously establishing definitions and expectations, owing either to familiarity with the other as a person, as among family and friends, or to knowledge of the others formal position, as between lawyer and judge in court room proceedings, unstructured encounters lack prior expectations and must be defined as required in the course of action. Although at a proposition of intimate relationships are highly structured even the most familiar partners and friends remain capable of unpredictable and novel responses in relationships infact the most interesting trends and associates are those who widely improvise. Conversely rarely do we find a situation completely lacking in structure. Even two strangers come from quite diverse backgrounds, their interactions of likely to be governed by norms of physical safety, age, sex, etc. Thus special interaction may be viewed as partly governed by pre-established rules and expectations and as partly inventive, interpretive and improvisational. TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION According to Chris Levy (earthlink.net: ch.4, 2), Social interaction is divided into five points: a. Exchange: The process in which people transfer goods, services, and other items with each other. Exchange is a social process whereby social behavior is exchanged for some type of reward for equal or greater value. b. Competition: Process by which two or more people/groups attempt to obtain the same goal. Scarce resources are unequally distributed. This concept is very familiar and important to Americans considering the idea of competition is built in to our economy and society. Yet, the jury is still out whether this competition produces the assumed results of the "best rising to the top" c. Cooperation: The process in which people work together to achieved shared goals. Usually this involves the giving up of individual goals for group goals d. Conflict: The process by which people attempt to physically or socially conquer each other. Although war is the most obvious example of this, this is done most often in social situations (ex. politics, threats, etc.) e. Coercion: Process by which people compel other people to do something against their will – based ultimately on force. The state usually handles this through official means (police, army, etc.) but individuals use it in social situations as well (parents, friends, lovers – sex) f. No one type of interaction describes social reality – it involves a mix and match of different ones. SELF-REALIZATION Self-realization is a concept where people realize on their own regarding a certain event that perceived through their behavior. Mortimer Adler defines self-realization as freedom from external coercion, including cultural expectations, political and economic freedom, and the freedom from worldly attachments and desires etc. (1958: 127, 135, 149). This concept is the opposite of social interaction because self-realization occur without any social interaction. The person is free to realize his own potential by absorbing the knowledge through his own way, for example reading books, without any interference from other person. PARADIGM OF ANALYSIS The analysis will utilize Kolb's experiential learning to classify the events into two triggering factors of experiential learning, social interaction and self-realization. The classification will further explain the process of gaining knowledge. The table of Kolb's experiential learning is used to reveal the process of learning that a person went through. The process of a person learning through experience consists of Experience phase, Critical Reflection phase, Abstract phase, Active Experimentation phase and reach into a further Critical Reflection to adjust the knowledge that gained through the process. The social interaction and the self-realization is used as a triggering factor of experiential learning process. THE DEPICTION OF JACKIE GANTOS' EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING Elaborating event in the novel to show the depiction of Jackie's effort in applying experiential learning is an important process. Before elaborating the event, knowing Jackie's character first is essential. The knowledge regarding Jackie's character is important because it is used as a guidance to define the social interaction between Jackie and other character in the event, to understand Jackie relation with others, and to understand the experiential learning process. Jack is a teenager in Norvelt around age of 11 to 12, He is a curious person, a rebel, nose bleeder, a book-worm, helpful to others and also full of action. These characteristics are described throughout the novel as Jack likes to read history when he was at home. His adventures rotates about the stories in Norvelt, how he spent his summer holiday at home grounded because of gun accident and helping Miss Volker out with her obituary thing. Jack is the main character that is full of action through all the novel. Based on Kolb's experiential learning model, Jackie's character experience and learn about many things that happens in his life, especially through his social interaction with others as one of the factor to trigger experiential learning. This experiential learning process appears in events that related to Jackie's action with other character, creating a situation which lead to a learning comprehension through experience. In this section, the events will be distinguished into the most unique event showing Jackie's learning through experience. This unique event will focus on Jackie's interaction with some of the most important characters in the novel, Jackie's parent, Miss Volker, Mr. Spizz, Bunny, and Mrs. Dubicky. THE EVENTS OF JACKIE'S PARENT There are several events that involve Jackie with his parents in the novel. Some of them can be classified as unique, one of them is about the Money and Barter concept. Norvelt is a community town based on barter or trading skills with neighbors. Norvelt is created to solve Great Depression problem. At that time, money is hard to get and crops prices fell so low so business all over town is bankrupt. The concept of Money and Barter shows differences of ages between Jackie's mom in the past and present time. This event happened between Jackie and his Mom when they visit the doctor to examine Jackie's nose problem. Jackie learn about the concept of Money and Barter from the conversation with her mom which happened while Jackie is on his way home. The concept of Money and Barter is one of the unique values of knowledge that Jackie experiences in the novel. The other unique event Jackie's experience with his Dad regarding gun safety that he experienced in the past. This event is important since it builds Jackie's character to be aware and always caution regarding gun safety. To describe the social interaction happened in the event, knowing the character of Jackie's parent character is compulsory. The character of a person can define the social interaction that occur between him and other people. In a family relation, social interaction that mostly happened is cooperation between family and also conflict which bonds family members. Jackie's Mom is a caring, loving mother but is also strict about the rules at home. She forbids Jackie to play with dangerous things like guns and stuffs from the Japanese war that Jackie's dad kept at basement. "Well, don't hurt yourself," Mom warned. "And if there is blood on some of that stuff, don't touch it. You might catch something, like Japanese polio." (Gantos, 2012: 1) Her love for Jack is strong even though Jack does things that make her mad like blasting the rifle or mowing the corn row. She always reminds him to be careful because of his nosebleed problem. She's afraid that her son has iron-poor blood he may not be getting enough oxygen to his brain. (Gantos, 2012: 3) Meanwhile Jackie's dad is a former war soldier, a hardworking father, and a loving and adventurous man. He learns almost everything from his dad. No wonder Jack is so hyperactive. Jackie's Dad is also a collector. He keeps stuff from the Japanese War era to make profit when it is valuable enough. This can be seen in the quotation below. … in fact, he never let me play with it, because as he put it, "This swag will be worth a bundle of money someday, so keep your grubby hands off it."(Gantos, 2012: 1) As the story goes, Jackie will get involved in something more than just a rifle to be blasted. MISS VOLKER'S EVENTS Miss Volker is a medical examiner of the town and also the chief nurse in town. Her job is to take notes of the people health records and writes people obituary as they are passed away. Unfortunately her hands are not as good as her youth. So she asks Jackie's mom to send Jack to help her with her writing. The job was a tribute of duty from Eleanor Roosevelt and also her way to thank Mrs. Roosevelt for building Norvelt into a friendly community town. "When Mrs. Roosevelt hired me to be the chief nurse and medical examiner of this town I was given a typewriter so I could keep health records on the original two hundred and fifty families. Now it's my closing tribute to Mrs. Roosevelt that I write their final health report – which, in this case, would be their obituary…" (Gantos, 2012: 16) Miss Volker important is the main point of the novel and her relation with Jackie as her scribe invoke Jackie's learning phase in experiential learning. By helping her to write obituary, Jackie finds many things that he doesn't know before and some of the most important and unique event that binds Jackie with Miss Volker are the Eleanor Roosevelt's idealism and also the history of Norvelt. Eleanor Roosevelt's idealism is conveyed through Miss Volker speech when she was dictating Jackie to write the obituary of Mrs. Dubicki. The event gives a unique description regarding Eleanor Roosevelt's thought and idealism of a strong community based town to start a helping neighborhood so people doesn't have to depend on money which is hard to get in Depression era. She made sure that the community had real houses which include bedrooms, a living room, a kitchen and a bathroom with bathtub. When the government reacts to this idea, they try to reject the plan by calling it luxury living. But Mrs. Roosevelt defended the plan by saying that this is not living in luxury but it is called living with dignity. (Gantos, 2012: 88) The other event is learning about the history of Norvelt. The basic role of society is by knowing your own neighborhood history. In this novel Jackie learnt about Norvelt history from many different perspectives but most of them came from Miss Volker's obituary dictation. The most important dictation is the one when Miss Volker does the obituary for Mrs. Bloodgood because it reveals the story of how the Norvelt name truly came and also the story of equality behind the making of Norvelt as one of the role model for every town in the United States of America. MRS. DUBICKI'S EVENTS Mrs. Dubicki is the old woman at the house of C-27. She is a loner and a grumpy person. There was a time when Mr. Spizz hands her ticket for having an old shabby house, she chase him with her husband's double-barreled shotgun. "This is her house," she said. "She hasn't painted it since 1934. I like Mrs. Dubicki because that busybody Spizz gave her a ticket for having a shabby-looking house and she chased him off the property with her dead husband's double-barreled shotgun." (Gantos, 2012: 47) After Jackie visited her in a disguise with Miss Volker to check about her, she reveals her polite side and also a loving grandparent since she didn't want to miss her grandson's birthday on July third. The appearances of Mrs. Dubicki in this novel is important because she plays an important role in helping Jackie learns about disguising skill, driving skill and also Eleanor Roosevelt's idealism. Eleanor Roosevelt's idealism has been described on the above section, it also correlates Jackie with Mrs. Dubicki since he learnt about Eleanor Roosevelt's idealism on the dictation of Mrs. Dubicki obituary. Eleanor Roosevelt is fond of Jeffersonian principle that later shaped the planning of Norvelt. She also agrees to Jefferson that every American should have a house with fertile property to be used as a farming site so when money was difficult to come by, a man and woman could always grow crops and have enough food to feed their family (Gantos, 2012: 97). Regarding Jackie's driving skill and his disguising skill, he learnt about all that when he was accompanying Miss Volker on an investigation on Mrs. Dubicki's missing a church appointment which then create a rumor of Mrs. Dubicki already resting in peace at her home. That's why Jackie tries to disguise himself to avoid a false information and he can get away without having to worry about trespassing someone else house. MR. SPIZZ'S EVENTS Mr. Spizz's events are considered important because Mr. Spizz works for the Norvelt Public Good whose objective is to create a law abiding situation for the good of the neighborhood. Mr. Spizz is a man who feel that he is the most important man in the town, he acts like a sheriff regardless his appearance running around in a giant tricycle. He secretly love Miss Volker since 1912, sending her a box of chocolate every week. …. It read, I'm still ready, willing and waiting. Your swain since 1912 with the patience of Job. – Edwin Spizz." (Gantos, 2012: 9) He usually looks bossy, law abiding man as he is strict about rules like grass tall law and house paint job law of the community. He always sticks to the rules and always reminded people in the neighborhood. Mr. Spizz's events is considered important since Jackie always met Mr. Spizz in the crime scene of the death of old women. But some of the most important events are Jackie's deal with Mr. Spizz and the murderer of old women. In Jackie's deal with Mr. Spizz, Jackie helps Mr. Spizz to buy a tin can of 1080 poison for an exchange of forgetting the gutter weed ticket fine and also ending the runway zoning law problem that Mr. Spizz wrung about with Jackie's Dad airplane project. The other event is the murderer of old women. This event takes place at the end of the novel when Mr. Spizz confessed to Miss Volker regarding the murderer that he has done in Norvelt. Jackie found out the story after saving Miss Volker from the basement. The social interaction happened in the events that include Mr. Spizz are coercion and conflict. This happened because Jackie always clashes with Mr. Spizz in one way or another. The example is the gutter ticket and Jackie's Dad runway. BUNNY'S EVENTS Bunny is a close friend of Jackie. She is a small, funny, brave and sometimes freaky girl with an enormous energy among her. … Bunny was a girl the size of one of Santa's little helpers. She was so short she could run full speed under her dining room table without ducking. She'd take double position at shortstop and second base… Because she grew up in a house full of dead people she wasn't afraid of anything." (Gantos, 2012: 27) She is not an ordinary girl, regarding the fact that her daily routine was watching her dad prepare the dead. Her dad, Mr. Huffer is the man who prepares dead body before burial. He owned the only funeral parlor in town. The events that correlate Jackie with Bunny is unique. The conversation related to the unique preparation of the dead for funeral give Jackie knowledge. He gain the knowledge that to prepare dead body you must sew the mouth shut so it doesn't open again. Other example of the event is the Hufferville plan. Jackie found out the plan after meeting up with Bunny to accompany her fire patrol duty. The plan give Jackie the knowledge that Mr. Huffer tried to expand his business to another kind of business, which is a plan to build a new town on the land of Norvelt by buying all the land and moving the old house to another location. The social interaction that mostly happened between Jackie and Bunny are cooperation, coercion and also conflict. These social interaction mostly happened in a close friend relationship and it is natural to have a coercion and conflict in this kind of relationship. THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF JACKIE'S APPLYING EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING IN HIS LIFE To find out the elements of experiential learning the analysis will be divided into two different factors. The first one is the analysis which use social interaction found in the conversation between Jackie and other characters and the action that happened between Jackie and other characters that create an experience reward to be learned by Jackie. The second one is the analysis which doesn't involve any social interaction at all. So in this second analysis Jackie gain experience through his own critical thinking which can be called self-realization. This analysis will focus on Jackie's experience in reading history books and Jackie's thought. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING INVOLVES SOCIAL INTERACTION The analysis will be divided into two parts, the conversation part between Jackie and other character in the novel and the other is Jackie's actual experience throughout the novel. The experience can be classified according to the type of social interaction that has been described in chapter two above. Conversation is the basic social interaction that happened between people in life. Conversation is a form of interactive, spontaneous communication between two or more people who are following rules of etiquette. It is a polite give and take of subjects thought of by people talking with each other for company (Conklin, 1912: 22). Conversation used as a tool to deliver thought of a person to another person. Occasionally, the conversation consist of small talk but it also may consist of something intelligent for example a conversation about history fact, which appears a lot in this novel, and other information on special topic such as war experience. In this part, the conversation will be focused on Jackie's conversation with other characters in the novel that generalize in some specific topic conveyed through the event. The first event considered an important experience learning is the conversation related to Eleanor Roosevelt and her Idealism. This event give Jackie knowledge on Eleanor Roosevelt's historical background in building Norvelt and also her Idealism through her point of view. Eleanor Roosevelt's idealism of living in dignity and living without fear of having no money conveyed in Norvelt town. It is originally her idea to build a community town that release the wrath of economic depression by sustaining life through helping each other out. Jackie learns this through several conversation portrayed inside the novel. Norvelt originally comes through a mind of Eleanor Roosevelt. The mind of having a community based town to increase the standard living of the coal miners. The first conversation about Eleanor Roosevelt appears between Jackie and Mr. Fenton. I had asked Mr. Fenton about it and he said he wanted a hundred bucks because it had historic value. "Eleanor Roosevelt was driven around Norvelt in it," …. Every time her name was mentioned everything went up in price, which was so backward because she wanted everything to go down in price. (Gantos, 2012: 21) Eleanor Roosevelt wanted to build a strong community within Norvelt, to start a helping neighborhood so people doesn't have to depend on money like they used to. Since the great depression era, Norvelt becomes a model community to start living in a better standard. This can be seen in the next quotation. "But Godmother Roosevelt came to the rescue. She made sure people had real houses - little New England-style houses – and they had bedrooms and a living room and a useful kitchen and a bathroom with a bathtub, and even a laundry room with washing machine. The government called this luxury living. But Mrs. Roosevelt called it living with dignity." (Gantos, 2012: 88) Eleanor Roosevelt fought for the people, to make sure they had a deserved place to live in. She especially fond of the principle of Thomas Jefferson the third President of USA that every American should have a house enough to plant their own food in their property. This is to maintain that when money was hard to get, they can still living by growing crops to feed their own family. This is also depicted in the quotation below when Miss Volker is making the obituary for Mrs. Dubicki. "Mrs. Roosevelt was especially fond of a Jeffersonian principle that shaped the planning of Norvelt. Jefferson believed that every American should have a house large enough piece of fertile property so that during hard times, when money was difficult to come by, a man and woman could always grow crops and have enough food to feed their family. Jefferson believed that the farmer was the key to America and that a well-run family farm was a model for a well-run government. Mrs. Roosevelt felt the same. And we in Norvelt keep that belief alive." (Gantos, 2012: 97) Jackie learns a bit of history of Norvelt and also the principal idea of Eleanor Roosevelt that wants to bring Norvelt family into a role model for every town in the United States. This intelligence came from a conversational subject between Jackie and Mr. Fenton and also Jackie and Miss Volker. The process of experiential learning can be seen on the table below. The event between Jackie and Bunny is the preparation of a dead man. In this event, Jackie learns about how the dead being prepared for the last tribute. This event occurs in a conversation between Jackie and Bunny while they were playing baseball on the field. Bunny was asking about Jackie's doing obituary for Mrs. Slater for the paper. She think that it was well written. So she gives Jackie a gift, dentures from Mrs. Slater funeral preparation. Jackie was surprised to know that Bunny had Mrs. Slater dentures. He thought that it was buried with Mrs. Slater body. Then Bunny tells him a story about how to prepare a dead body for funeral viewing. "You don't know anything about preparing dead people for a viewing," she bragged. "If you'll notice, the stiffs are always displayed with their mouths closed because my dad has to sew their mouths shut. If they don't have real teeth you just sew their gums together which is actually easier, so we keep the dentures. Dad saves them because when he gets a boxful he donates them to the retirement home and some of those old people reuse them." "You really have to sew the mouth shut?" I asked. That stunned me. It seemed so brutal. "With an upholstery needle and twine," she added, knowing she was making me nervous. "It's like sewing up a turkey after you stuff it, is how my dad puts it." (Gantos, 2012: 30) Bunny tells him about how his dad sews the dead's mouth to prevent them from opening. And she also tells him about how the dentures are being kept. Because if someone doesn't have teeth it is easier to sew the gum where the teeth belong rather than to keep the dentures inside. The dentures will be donated to the old house to be reused by seniors. Bunny also describes the sewing session was like sewing up turkey for Thanksgiving. Imagining it was already too much for Jackie as his nose starting to bleed. This makes Bunny curious and ask Jackie about what happened to his nose. And then Jackie tell Bunny about how his sickness correlated on all things, fear, excited, startled, imagining scary stuff and etc. I felt my blood surge like a tidal wave toward my face. "Are you always like this?" she asked, and pointed her stubby hand at my nose. "Yes," I croaked, and wiped away a few drops of blood. "You should see a doctor," she advised. "It's nothing," I said. "I have a very sensitive nose. Anything makes it bleed." (Gantos, 2012: 30) This event helps Jackie to understand more about how to prepare dead body for a funeral. It also helps him to share his problem about his nose to Bunny. It makes Jackie feels comfortable even though he had nose that bleeds a lot. The event of preparing dead body can be disassembled through the table below: Experience Bunny tells Jackie about how to prepare dead people for funeral viewing Critical Reflection Bunny reflected on the event in past about his dad sewing the dead's mouth Active Experimentation Bunny tell Jackie that the process of sewing the mouth was just like sewing up turkey Abstract Bunny explain further about how the dentures are being kept if the body doesn't have teeth Further Critical Reflection Jackie knew about how to prepare dead men. And Bunny knew about Jackie's sickness and what triggers his nose to bleed. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING WITHOUT SOCIAL INTERACTION This part of analysis will conveyed events that happens in the novel which involving Jackie as the only person who experience it. It occurs without any social interaction with other character. Self-realization is a concept where people realize on their own regarding a certain event that perceived through their behavior. Mortimer Adler defines self-realization as freedom from external coercion, including cultural expectations, political and economic freedom, and the freedom from worldly attachments and desires etc. (1958: 127, 135, 149). In this novel, the self-realization comes into the mind of Jackie Gantos who realize his action and try to comprehend the effect of his action. The first event that reveal the concept of self-realization is the event of Jackie's rifle. In this part of the story, Jackie is playing with his dad rifle. The old Japanese rifle is still working well, so even though Jackie knew it was dangerous he still plays with it but he let loose the ammo clip to make sure it was not blasting accidentally. I lifted the rifle again and swung the tip of the barrel straight up into the air. I figured I could gradually lower the barrel at the screen, aim, and pick off one of the Japanese troops. With all my strength I slowly lowered the barrel and held it steady enough to finally get the ball centered inside the V, and when I saw a tiny Japanese soldier leap out of a bush I quickly pulled the trigger and let him have it. BLAM! The rifle fired off and violently kicked out of my grip. It flipped into the air before clattering down across the picnic table and sliding onto the ground. … (Gantos, 2012: 4) Based on the narration above, there are no social interaction that happened. According to R.J. Rummels, social interaction requires a mutual orientation. (Hawaii.edu, pars 8) This mean that there must be two or more person available in the interaction and they must be aware of each other. So the text above only represent experiential learning. It only happened because of Jackie's action, playing with his Dad's Japanese rifle. There is no other person involved in and there are on mutual orientation happened. The elaboration of the theory can be seen below on the table. Active Experimentation The rifle's blasting a bullet through the neighborhood yard Abstract Jackie aiming his rifle and pull the triggers like an actual soldier Experience Jackie playing with rifle Critical Reflection Jackie watching war movie and pretend to be a soldier Further Critical Reflection Jackie confuse and try to comprehend about what happened to the gun, why did it blast off and try to be more safe with gun in the future The table explains about how Kolb's experiential learning theoryworks in this novel. Experience is the first event that take notice of Jack playing with his Dad Japanese rifle. Critical Reflection tells us about Jackie's thought about his new toy by watching a war movie and pretend to be a soldier. Abstract is the conceptualization of Jackie's thought about being an actual soldier by aiming his rifle and pull the triggers as if he is in war. Then the Active Experimentation shows the cause of Jackie's action for playing with his gun. At last Jackie made another further Critical Reflection by showing his confusion about the matter and try to comprehend about what happened to the gun, why it blasted off and he will try to be more careful with gun in the future. The War concept is the next event that appear as a self-realization of Jackie. War is a devastating event. Jackie's dad is a former marine in World War II so when Jack was digging the bomb shelter he usually asked about war stuff to his dad. In chapter 9, Jackie asked his Dad about war. "Hey, Dad" I called behind him as he walked toward the tractor. "Which do you think is more deadly? Past history or future history?" He didn't even slow down to think about it. "Future history." He yelled back without hesitation. "Each war gets worse because we get better at killing each other." (Gantos, 2012: 52) Jackie then think about his dad statement and began to comprehend about war in the past such as the quotation below. That sounded so true. At first caveman bashed each other's heads in with rocks and sticks. By the time of the Crusaders it was long swords and arrows, and at Gettysburg they were blasting each other to bits from cannons filled with lead balls, iron chains, railroad spikes, and door knobs. And atomic bombs made future wars look even more hopeless. (Gantos, 2012: 52) He then think about the result of a nuclear war, the effect on earth and also the animals and human being after the radiation take effect. No humans will survive. All the animals will die. Fish will rot in acidic water. All vegetarian will wilt in the polluted air. There will be nothing left but enormous insects the size of dinosaurs. (Gantos, 2012: 52) Jackie then continue to march on his job to dig a bomb shelter. Knowing that the future might get worse than he thinks and the only hope for survival might be by building cities underground just like his Dad used to say that the army built one to protect the president and all the self-important government people. Jackie self-realization appear in the event after his dad tell him about how future war is more deadly because we get better in killing people. He then began to think about the war, how it effects on human life. Another war concept appear in Miss Volker dictation about Mrs. Vinyl when she entered the history part regarding the Hiroshima incident. " … Most people think that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima was necessary for ending the war." She continued. "And there is some truth to that, given that the Japanese were prepared to fight to the last person to protect their country. But what the atomic bombing of Hiroshima should teach everyone is that you don't win the war by being more moral or ethical or nicer or more democratic than your enemy. And God has nothing to do with winning or losing. … You win a war by being tougher and meaner and more ruthless than your enemy. You beat, burn, and crush them into the ground. This is the historic rule of winning a war. …" (Gantos, 2012: 126) But in this part Jackie learn by listening to Miss Volker speech about the obituary, which is not his own self-realization. So, this analysis regarding the Hiroshima incident will not appear in the experiential learning because the table will only focus on the self-realization part of Jackie's thought about the war. Actual Experimentation Jackie then think about how the caveman fight, and goes throughout history until the atomic incident Experience Jackie digging a bomb shelter he then asked his dad about the war Critical Reflection His dad then answer without doubt that future history is more deadly Abstract His dad give a clear perspective about how war in the future is more deadly by giving statement that people get better at killing people in the future Further Critical Reflection Agreeing his dad, he continued to dig for bomb shelter in hope for a future save compartment when they enter the future history war. CONCLUSION Based on the recent analysis, the result can be concluded that experiential learning appear through events that Jackie's going through in his summer holiday in Norvelt. Those event occured between Jackie and other characters in the novel. Jackie's parents, Miss Volker, Mr Spizz, and Bunny are some of the most important characters that build Jackie's intellectual mind. Experiential learning occured because of the influencing factors, the social interaction that happened between Jackie and the other characters in the novel and also Jackie's self-realization. The first conclusion is concerning about how the experiential learning happened. The experiential learning appeared because of the events that depict the learning process between Jackie and other characters in the novel. The experiential learning is represented through the Kolb's experiential learning table so the process of experiential learning can be seen clearly. The experience table shows the event of social interaction between Jackie and the other characters, or the event of self-realization by Jackie himself. These experience table then proceeds into a critical reflection of the problem and encourages Jackie to think about the event which stimulate an abstract conceptualization of the event. Jackie then actively experimented on the abstract that he created from the previous table, to gain a concrete experience which then enabled him to get knowledge regarding the matter. Jackie then created a further reflection of the experience, and think about the result of the experience. This further critical reflection create a scaffold for further learning, and allow for further experiences and reflection.Critical reflection reinforces the fact that experiential learning and reflective learning a

LINZER HESSEN Linzer Hessen ( - ) Einband ( - ) Impressum ( - ) [Abb.]:Kaiser Franz Josef I. ( - ) [Abb.]: Kaiser und König Karl I. ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Impressum ([2]) [Begleitworte]: ([3]) [Begleitworte]: ([4]) [Begleitworte]: ([5]) Vorwort des Verfassers ([6]) [Gedicht]: ([7]) [Abb.]:Ernst Ludwig Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein ([8]) Aus der Geschichte der Hesseninfanterie vor dem Weltkrieg (9) Der Bestallungsbrief (9) [Abb.]: Kaiser Karl VI. (10) [Abb.]: Eugenio von Savoyen (11) Organisation, Besoldung, Fahnen. Höhere Führung und innere Ordnung (12) Pflichten und Strafen (12) [Abb.]: Österreichische Infanterie zur Zeit der Regimentsgründung 1733 (13) Kulturhistorisches um 1733 (14) Musterliste aus dem Jahre 1754 (15) [Abb.]: Offiziere und Grenadier um die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (15) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Schlacht bei Kolin (2)Die Schlacht bei Kolin. Sturmangriff des Regiments Salm (16) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Leopold Graf Daun in der Schlacht bei Hofkirch (17) [Abb.]: Die Schlacht bei Landshut (18) [2 Abb.]: (1)Belagerung von Glatz (2)Gefecht bei Freyberg (19) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Gideon Freiherr von Laudon nimmt die Übergabe Belgrads entgegen (2)Die Schlacht bei Belgrad (20) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Nikolaus Fürst zu Salm-Salm ( - ) Erste Inhaber des Regimentes (21) [4 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Graf Ferraris (1770 - 1775) (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Josef Freiherr von Tillier (1775 - 1788) (3)Feldzeugmeister Wilhelm Baron Kiebeck (1788 - 1811) (4)Kardinal Erzherzog Rudolf von Österreich (1811 - 1831) (21) [3 Abb.]: (1)Feldzeugmeister Franz Richter von Binnenthal (1832 - 1840) (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Johann Hrabovsky von Hrabova (1840 - 1848) (3)Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Freiherr von Wolgemuth (1849 - 1851) (22) Todesmutige Vierzehner an der bayrisch-salzburgischen Grenze 1805 (23) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ludwig III., Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein (1851 - 1877) (2)Ludwig IV., Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein (1877 - 1892) (23) Kämpfe auf heimatlichem Boden (25) [Abb.]: Das Gefecht bei Ebelsberg (25) Napoleon geschlagen (26) [Abb.]: Generalissimus Erzherzog Carl in der Schlacht bei Aspern (27) [Abb.]: Klebek-Infanterie im Sturm auf Aspern (28) Das Regiment der Befreiungskriege 1813 - 1815 (28) [Abb.]: Einzug der Verbündeten in Paris (31) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Carl Fürst Schwarzenberg meldet den verbündeten Monarchen - Kaiser Franz I. von Österreich, Zar Alexander I. von Rußland und König Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Preußen - den Sieg bei Leipzig ( - ) [Abb.]: Feldzeugmeister Franz Richter von Binnenthal mit seinem Stabe (35) [2 Abb.]: (1)Fahnenweihe beim k. k. Linien-Infanterieregiment Nr. 14 im Jahre 1841 am Linzer Hauptplatz (2)Major Johann Wanivenhaus Edler von Spangfeld (1805 - 1841) (Grenadier, Leutnant, Oberleutnant und Hauptmann im Regiment) (36) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Josef Graf Radetzky (37) [Abb.]: Leutnant Moritz Crammer erhielt 1848 die Goldene Tapferkeitsmedaille (38) Aus dem "Reiße-Büchl" meines Großvaters (38) [2 Abb.]: (1)Infanterist unter Feldmarschall Radetzky (2)General und Grenadier in der napoleonischen Zeit (39) [Abb.]: Hesseninfanterie im Sturme auf Ponte vecchio di Magenta ( - ) Rangliste der Offiziere 1859: (41) Magenta. Ponte-vecchio achtmal gestürmt (42) [Abb.]: Hessen im Kampf mit französischer Garde in der Schlacht bei Solferino (43) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Ritter von Benedek bei Solferino (45) [Abb.]: Oberleutnant Ludwig Pauli rettete in der Schlacht bei Magenta im Handgeemenge die Fahne des 1. Baons (46) [Abb.]: Heldentod des Obersten Ferdinand Mumb von Mühlheim bei Solferino (47) Solferino - Översee - Veile (48) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Freiherr von Gablenz begrüßt die Schwarzgelbe Brigade - I. R. 14 und I. R. 27 - bei Oeversee ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessen, die ersten in Veile (2)Hessengedenktafel in Böhmisch-Leipa (49) Königgrätz (50) [2 Abb.]: (1)Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe 1866 (2)Gefreiter Johann Jax, nachmaliger Fabrikbesitzer, lebt 93jährig in Linz (50) [Abb.]: Bischof Franz Josef Rudigier weiht 1882 die Fahne des IV. Hessenbataillons im Linzer Dome ( - ) Lorbeeren im Süden (51) [Abb.]: Erzherzog Albrecht nach dem Siege bei Custozza (51) [Abb.]: Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe vor dem Ausmarsch auf den italienischen Kriegsschauplatz im Jahre 1866 (53) Die Hessen in der Krivoschije 1882 (54) [Abb.]: Die Borche di Cattaro mit der Lovcengruppe (54) [Abb.]: Der Hessenobelisk am Friedhof von Cattaro (55) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Karl Watzek † Mitkämpfer von 1866 und 1882 (2)Leutnant i. d. Res. Max Ritter v. Ulrich (1882) (3)Leutnant i. d. Res. Heinrich Taschauer Mitkämpfer von 1882 (56) [3 Abb.]: (1)Innsbruck (2)Innsbruck: Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe der 8. Feldkompagnie (Sitzend: Feldwebel Anton Steinkellner, Oberleutnant Karl Zeller, Hauptmann Cölestin Kahler, Leutnant Viktor Grundner, Reserveunteroffizier Josef Stöhringer) (3)1901: Fünzigjähriges Hessen-Inhaberjubiläum in Bozen (57) [3 Abb.]: (1)Bregenz (2)Bodensee-Reunion in Bregenz 1907 General der Kavallerie Erzherzog Eugen beim Empfang der bayerischen und württembergischen Offiziere (3)S. M. Kaiser Franz Josef besichtigt das Regiment nach einer Manöverübung in Kärnten (58) [3 Abb.]: (1)1908: Empfang des Linzer Hausregiments am Franz-Josef-Platz (2)Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe der 8. Feldkompagnie (Mitte: Leutnant Hermann Seif, Leutnant i. d. Res. Wilhelm Eppinger) (3)Linz 1911: Das Offizierskorps des Regimentes (Sitzend: Hauptmann Freiherr v. Saar, Hauptmann Freiherr v. Mayer, Hauptmann Walter, Hauptmann Heissig, Major v. Rizetti, Major Pöschmann, Major Lewandowski, Oberleutnant Michl, kaiserlich japanischer Major Hildekadzu Kashi, Oberst Edler v. Hinke, Oberstleutnant Rabatsch, Major Benesch, Major Markovic, königlich rumänischer Oberleutnant Parajanu, Major Vitzthum, Major Tenner, Stabsarzt Dr. Hubka, Hauptmann Malina) (59) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberst v. Hinke mit Offizieren in der Manöverstation Mayerhofen Zillertal (2)Regimentstambour Josef Bilek (1914 - 1918) (60) [4 Abb.]: (1)1911: Sand bei Bruneck (2)Die 8. Feldkompagnie nach Überquerung des Schwarzensteingletschers (3)Das Regiment bei Landro am Marsche nach Cortina d'Ampezzo (4)Plätzwiese mit Monte Cristallo (61) Oberste und Kommandanten des Regimentes: (62) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Ferdinand Mumb v. Mühlheim (2)Oberst Adolf Schütte Freiherr v. Waxensberg (62) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Hugo Ritter Taulow v. Rosenthal (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Edler v. Cornaro (3)Generalmajor Gustav Scharinger Ritter v. Olósy (4)Oberst Oskar Negrelli Ritter v. Moldelbe (63) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Siegmund Klug Edler v. Klugenwald (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Wilhelm Lahousen Edler v. Vivremont (3)Oberst Heinrich Polaczek (4)Oberst Johann Linhart (64) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Alfred Edler von Hinke (2)Generalmajor Friedrich Edler von Löw (3)Oberst Artur von Pöschmann (ad interim) (4)Oberst Thomas Benesch (65) [Abb.]: Oberst Richard von Vittorelli (66) [Widmung]: (66) Kämpfe und regimentsgeschichtliche Ereignisse (1739 - 1882) (67) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberstleutnant Ing. Karl Heppner (ad interim) (2)Oberst August von Ontl (67) [Abb.]: General-Feldzeugmeister Christian Reichsritter von Vogelsang, kommandierender General in den Niederlanden, Gouverneur von Luxemburg (68) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Alexander, Prinz von Hessen und bei Rhein, erwarb 1859 als Divisionär bei Solferino das Ritterkreuz des Militär-Maria-Thersia-Ordens (69) Theresien-Ordensritter vor dem Weltkriege (70) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Maximilian Prinz zu Salm-Salm, als Major 1757 erster Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens im Regiment (70) [Abb.]: Generalmajor Adam Freiherr Krammer von Obereck, als Oberst 1757 zweiter Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens im Regimente (71) [Tabelle]: Verzeichnis der dem Regimente vor dem Weltkriege verliehenen Tapferkeistmedaillen (71) Die Garnisonen der Vierzehner (72 - 73) [2 Abb.]: (1)Garnisonsstadt Linz im Hintergrund die Alpenkette (2)Eidesleistung der Rekruten in der Schloßkaserne zu Linz 1902 (72 - 73) Hochgestellte Persönlichkeiten die im Regimente in Diesntleistung standen (74) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Joseph Fürst Lobkowitz (2)Feldzeugmeister Maximilian Graf Baillet de Latour, Hofkriegsratspräsident (74) [3 Abb.]: (1)Karl, regierender Fürst zu Ysenburg (2)Feldzeugmeister Franz Marquis Lusignan (3)Feldzeugmeister Franz Flliot de Crenneville, Oberstkämmerer Sr. Majestät des Kaisers Franz Josef (75) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Erzherzog Ernst (2)General der Infanterie Franz Schaedler, Armeeinspektor, Inhaber des I.-R. 30 (3)Generaloberst Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Bärenfeld, Generalgouverneur von Serbien (4)General der Infanterie Ludwig von Fabini (76) [2 Abb.]: Ferdinand I., Zar von Bulgarien, k. u. k. Feldmarschall (77) Das Hessen-Regiment Nr. 14 im Weltkrieg (78) Mobilisierung (78) [Abb.]: Titelbild der Kaiser-Manifeste (79) Manifest Kaiser Franz Josefs vom 28. Juli 1914. An meine Völker! (79) Armee- und Flottenbefehl Kaiser Franz Josefs. Kaiser Wilhelm. An das deutsche Heer und die deutsche Marine. (80) Die Kommandobesetzung zeigt folgendes Bild: (81) [Abb.]: Die Hessenfahne am Ausmarschtage des Regimentes (Fahnenträger Kadett i. d. R. Leidinger, rechts Oblt. v. Pospischil) (81) Heerführer und höhere Kommandanten im Weltkriege (82) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Erzherzog Eugen, Kommandant der Südwestfront (2)Feldmarschall Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, Chef des Generalstabes bis Februar 1917, sodann Kommandant der "Heeresgruppe Conrad" (82) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Erzherzog Friedrich, Armeeoberkommandant bis Februar 1917 (2)Feldmarschall Svetozar Boroevic von Bojna, Kommandant der Isonzoarmee, 1918 Kommandant der "Heeresgruppe Boroevic" (83) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generaloberst Erzherzog Josef Ferdinand Kommandant der IV. Armee (2)Generaloberst Alois Fürst Schönburg-Hartenstein, Kommandant des Edelweißkorps, 1918 Kommandant der VI. Armee (84) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generaloberst Viktor Graf Dankl, Landesverteidigungskommandant von Tirol, 1916 Kommandant der XI. Armee (2)Generaloberst Josef Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Lapanów, Kommandant des XIV. Armeekorps, 1916 Landesverteidigungskommandant von Tirol (85) [2 Abb.]: (1)General der Infanterie Horsetzky Ernst Edler v. Hornthal Kommandant der 3. Infanteriedivision, 1918 Kommandant des XXVI. Armeekorps (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Heinrich Wieden von Alpenbach, Kommandant der Edelweißdivision (86) Der Feldzug gegen Rußland 1914 - 1915 (87) Ausmarsch und Aufmarsch (87) [Abb.]: Ausmarsch der Maschinengewehrabteilung II/14 (Hauptmann Agathon Kotschy) (88) Rangliste der Offiziere und der Offiziersaspiranten im Februar 1914 (88) [2 Abb.]: (1)Budapest: Oberleutnant Richard Tenner mit Offizieren des II. Feldbataillons (2)Menageverteilung am Bahnhof in Budapest (89) Die Feuertauf (91) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rudki bei Sambor (2)Kaiserfeier des 2. Feldbaons in Rudki östlich Sambor (91) [Karte]: 28. August 1914. (92) [Abb.]: Mittagsrast bei Oserdów (92) [Abb.]: Gefechtsentwicklung des Regimentes zur Weltkriegsfeuertaufe im Gefechte bei Oserdów-Przewadów (93) Lehrgeld im Bewegungskrieg (93) [Abb.]: Gefechtsstandpunkt des 3. Infanterie-Divisionskommandos (Feldmarschalleutnant Roth) bei Oserdów (93) [2 Abb.]: (1)Erste Feuerstellung des Feldkanonenregiments Steyr Nr. 14 bei Oserdów (2)Die ersten Kriegsgefangenen in Oserdów (94) [3 Abb.]: (1)Das russische Grenzwachhaus nördlich Liski (2)Die erste feldmäßigen Deckungen (Schützenlöcher) des Regimentes nach dem Gefecht bei Liski (3)Die ersten Schützengräben des Regimentes nach dem Gefecht bei Liski (95) [2 Karten]: (1)31. August 4 h früh (2)30. August 2 h 30 min - 31. August 3 h 30 min früh (96) Grauenvolles Erwachen (96) [Abb.]: Die Weltkriegs-Feuertaufe der Hessen bei Oserdów ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Regiment lagert nach dem Gefecht bei Liski (2)Regimentstrain bei Liski (97) Strapazenreicher Rückzug (98) Der Überfall bei Michalówka (98) Das erste Marschbaon (99) [Karte]: Wegskizze nördlich von Lemberg (99) Der vereitelte Finkenfang (100) [Abb.]: Sanitätspatrouille des 2. Feldbaons bei Lemberg (100) Heiße Kämpfe am San (101) Der rollende Rubel (102) [Abb.]: Ruthenische Bauern bringen Schlachtvieh (103) Der Vorstoß nördlich Krakau (103) [Abb.]: Krakau (104) Die Fahne in Gefahr (104) [Abb.]: Kloster Lezajsk am San (105) Aus Gefechtsberichten (105) Die Schlacht von Limanowa - Lapanów (107) [3 Abb.]: (1)Blick von Limanowa nach Norden (2)Umgebung von Limanowa (3)Höhen nordwestlich von Limanowa (107) [Abb.]: Esrtürmung eines russischen Schützengrabens bei Limanowa (108) Kriegsgeschichte im Telegrammstil (108) [3 Abb.]: (1)Westlich von Limanówa (2)Gelände um Lapanów (3)Sicht von der Stradomkahöhe gegen Südwest (109) Die Stradomka-Brücke (110) [Karte]: Buczyna (8. XII. 1914) und Grabina (9. XII. 1914) (111) [Abb.]: Die Gegend um Sobolów (112) Hessen-Weihnacht (112) Im Sicherungsdienst am Dunajec (113) [2 Karten]: (1)Radlów - Niwka 19. - 27. XII. 1914 (2)Wielka - Wies, Dunajec - Sicherung 1./I. - 18./I. 1915 (114) [Abb.]: Höhe 419 (115) [3 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschalleutnant von Korsetzky im Schützengraben bei Janowice links Oberstleutnant Ontl (2)Maschinengewehrstand nördlich Janowice (3)Stellung der 16. Feldkompagnie bei Janowice (116) Der Durchbruch bei Tarnów (116) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bei Janowice. Sicht vom Maschinengewehrstützpunkt III/14 (2)Stellung mit Unterstand bei Janowice (117) [4 Abb.]: (1)Deckung des Regimentskommandos bei Janowice (2)Maschinengewehrstützpunkt III/14 bei Janowice (3)Baum-Beobachtungsstand in der Stellung bei Janowice (4)Stellung der 10. Feldkomapagnie bei Janowice (118) Der Sturm bricht los (119) [4 Abb.]: (1)Russischer Schützengraben (2)Stellungen am Lubinkabach (3)Schützengraben bei Lubinka (4)Eigene Stellung bei Lubinka (119) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Waldstellung bei Lubinka (2)Feindliche Stellung bei Lubinka (120) Hinter den Russen her (121) [3 Abb.]: (1)42-cm-Mörser vor Tarnów (2)Der Mörser feuerbereit (3)Laderaum des Mörsers (121) [3 Abb.]: (1)Trichter nach dem Einschlag eines 30.5-cm-Mörsergeschosses (2)Erbeutetes russisches Maschinengewehr (3)Heldengräber bei Tarnów (122) [2 Karten]: (1)Bildbaumhöhe- 456 (2)M. H. Woźniczna, Kłokowa (123) [2 Karten]: (1)Zdol 306 (2)Zawada (124) Der russische Zusammenbruch (124) Atempause am San (124) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Gefangenenkolonne nach dem Durchbruch bei Gorlice - Tarnów (2)Russische Schützengräben am San (125) [2 Abb.]: (1)Nachrichtenpatrouille am San (2)Mannschaftsgruppe in einem Gefechtsunterstand am San (links: Zugsführer Johann Reischl, rechts: Feldwebel Franz Weixelbaumer) (126) [2 Abb.]: (1)Gefechtsunterstände am San (2)Russische Gefangene werden beim Divisionskommando verhört (127) Zum zweitenmal über die Grenze (128) [Abb.]: Das Regiment überschreitet die russische Grenze - Vorbeimarsch an Obst v. Vittorelli (128) [Abb.]: Oberst v. Vittorello besichtigt die Gefechtsstellungen bei Letownia (129) Die Julikämpfe an der Bystrzyca (130) [Karte]: (130) [2 Karten]: (131) Kosaken attackieren (131) Letzte Reserve (132) [Abb.]: Abwehr der Kosakenattacke an der Bystrzyca (2. Schlacht bei Krasnik - Lublin). - Bildmitte: Hauptmann Ernst Eisner, rechts: Oberleutnant Walter Vogt ( - ) [Abb.]: Zuckerfabrik Zakrzówek (133) [Abb.]: Lublin (134) Direktion Lublin (134) Allein voraus (135) [Abb.]: Oberleutnant Burian überschreitet mit einem Nachrichtendetachement die Reste einer Brücke bei Turka (136) Marsch durch die russische Unendlichkeit (137) [2 Abb.]: (1)Im "Fuchsloch" (2)Eingang zum "Fuchsloch" (137) [2 Abb.]: (1)Infanteriebeobachtungsstand im Schützengraben (2)Wellblechunterschlupf (138) Fall der Festung Luck (139) [Abb.]: Luck (139) [2 Abb.]: (Eigener Fesselballon bei Luck (2)Verankerter Fesselballon bei Luck (140) Vor dem russischen Haustor (140) [Abb.]: Kompagnieküche bei Luck (140) [2 Abb.]: (1)Reservestellung vor Olyka (2)Stellung vor Olyka (141) [Abb.]: Postenunterstände bei Olyka (142) Halten bis zum letzten Mann (142) Schwankendes Kriegsglück (142) [3 Abb.]: (1)Stellung bei Krupy (2)Straßensperre vor Krupy (3)Hundegespann (143) [Abb.]: Von den Russen gesprengte Eisenbahnbrücke über den Styr, rechts eigen Kriegsbrücke (144) Winter im fernen Osten (144) Das Leben im Schützengraben. Hessenrobinsonade (145) [Abb.]: Kriegsbrücke über den Styr (145) [2 Abb.]: (1)Unterstand in der Reservestellung bei Pokalzczewo (2)Feldmesse im "Hessenwäldchen" bei Pokalzczewo (146) Post im Niemandsland (146) [Abb.]: Unterstand des Regimentskommandos in der Stellung bei Pokalzczewo (im Vordergrund Oberstleutnant v. Ontl und Hauptmann Eisner) (147) Das Abschiedsgefecht (147) [Abb.]: Kompagnie Hauptmann Vogel in der Stellung bei Pokalzczewo (147) Ins heilige Land Tirol (148) [Abb.]: Erzherzog-Thronfolger Karl Franz Josef beim Regimente in Chorlupy. Vor Seiner kaiserlichen Hoheit Oblt. i. d. Res. Adalbert Neuhauser (148) [Karte]: Russischer Kriegsschauplatz (149) Erlebnisse des Infanteristen Moser (150) Die ersten Gefechte Ende August 1914 (150) Das 1. Marschbaon des Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14 in der Schlacht bei Lemberg (152) Tapfere Vierzehner am San und nördlich von Krakau (153) Das Regiment in der Schlacht von Komarów (156) [Karte]: Lage der Gruppe Erzh. Josef Ferdinand (3., 8. ITD. und 41. HITD.) am 28. August 1914, ca. 5h nachm. (157) [Karte]: Feuertaufe, 28. VIII. 1914 1h nachm. Beginn der Entwicklung (158) [Karte]: Feuertaufe, 28. VIII. 1914 5h30 nachm. Einbruch, Verfolgung, Nächtigung. (159) [Karte]: Lage des IR. 14 am 30./8. 1914 als Divisionsreserve. (162) [Karte]:30.(8. 1914 4./14 Geschützbedeckung bei 2. Bt./GHD. 14, rückt in den Nachmittagsstunden ein und nimmt abends am Angriff des Rgts. teil. (163) [Karte]:Nächtigung des IR. 14 vom 30. auf den 31./8. (4h30 vorm. russischer Überfall). (165) Der erste Offensivtag bei Gorlice 1915 (166) [Abb.]: Drahtverhau vor eigenen Stellungen am russischen Kriegsschauplatz (167) Aus meinem Kriegstagebuch. Im Brückenkopf Krupy (169) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rundsicht von Luck (2)Oberleutnant Steffan mit der Fahnenkompagnie vor dem Empfang des Erzherzog-Thronfolgers Karl Franz Josef bei Chorlupy (170 - 171) Der italienische Feldzug 1915 - 1918 (172) Die Offensive auf der Hochfläche von Vielgereuth (172) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kastell Trient (2)Straße Calliano - Vielgereuth (Folgaria) (173) [2 Abb.]: (1)Etschtal bei Calliano (2)35-cm-Kanone (174) Der Monte Coston erstürmt (175) [3 Abb.]: (1)Gardolo im Etschtal (2)Typisches Etschtaler Bauerngehöft (3)30.5-cm-Mörser feuerbereit (175) [Abb.]: Vielgereuth (176) Ein harter Bissen (176) [Abb.]: Angriff auf den Monte Coston ( - ) [4 Abb.]: (1)Gefechtsvorrückung am Hang des Monte Coston (2)Am Monte Coston (3)Am Monte Coston erbeutete italienische Mitrailleuse (4)Einvernahme gefangener Alpini (177) [3 Abb.]: (1)Monte Coston, Coston d'Arsiero, Monte Campomolon (2)Italienisches Fort Campomolon (3)Erbeutetes Festungsgeschütz im Fort Campomolon (178 - 179) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Tonezzaspitzen (2)Campana am Tonezzaplateau (180) Der Monte Cimone fällt (180) [Abb.]: Ladestation am Passo della Vena (180) [2 Abb.]: (1)Erbeutete italienische Minenwerfer (2)Motorisierte Fliegerabwehrkanone auf der Hessen-Rainerstraße (181) [Abb.]: Rio Freddotal. Links Monte Cimone, rechts Seluggio. Im Hintergrund Priofora und Novegnomassiv (182) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die "Zweifelsturmrippe im Rio Freddotal (2)Unterstand im Rio Freddotal. Vor der Deckung Leutnant Oskar Pöschl (3)Feldwache im Abschnitt Cimone-West (183) [Abb.]: Rundsicht: Monte Cengio, Monte Sumano, Monte Cimone, Monte Priafora (184 - 185) Der Gegner über die Maioffensive 1916 (184 - 185) Coston und Coston d'Arsiero (184 - 185) Monte Cimone d'Arsiero (184 - 185) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberleutnant Panitschka beschießt vorgehenden Feind am Osthang des Monte Cimone (2) Am Monte Cimone erbeutetes italienisches Langrohrgeschütz (186) [Abb.]: Die Priafora (187) Im Becken von Arsiero (187) [Abb.]: Beim Konservenabkochen (187) [Abb.]: Arsiero (188) [Abb.]: Posinatal und Priafora (189) [2 Abb.]: (1)Werk Lusern nach heftiger Beschießung (2)38-cm-Haubitze auf der Hochfläche von Lafraun (Lavarone) (190) Halt vor der Poebene (190) [Abb.]: Werk Verle. Im Hintergrund die Tonezzaspitzen (191) [Abb.]: Das Coe-Lager (192) Das 3. Baon in der Hölle des Karstes (193) [2 Abb.]: (1)30.5-cm-Mörser am Borcolopaß (2)Häuser in Opachiasella (193) [Abb.]: Das Pasubio Massiv (194 - 195) Am Heldenberg der Kaiserjäger (194 - 195) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldwache am Pasubio (2)Proviantträger am Pasubio (196) Der Grabenkrieg geht weiter (196) [4 Abb.]: (1)Vallestellung mit Tonezzaspitzen (2)Cima Pajle (3)Feldmarschall Erzherzog Friedrich besichtigt das 25. Marschbaon (Divisionsreserve) bei San Sebastiano. Rechts Hauptmann Jkawetz (4)Feldmarschall Graf Conrad besichtigt Teile des Regiments bei der Malga Fratte d'Arsiero. Links Edelweißdivisionär Feldmarschalleutnant Ernst von Horsetzky (197) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bischof Dr. Johannes Maria Gföllner erteilt den Segen nach der Feldmesse bei Malga secondo posto (2)Menageausgabe in der Stellung Cimone-West (198) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deckung in der Stellung Cimone-West (2)Südstollen am Monte Cimone (199) [3 Abb.]: (1)Im Laghibecken. Von links nach rechts. Oberleutnant Keller, Oberst v. Vittorelli, Erzherzog Karl Albrecht, Major Sauer (2)Lawinenkreuz am Passo della Vena (3)Im Soldatenheim an der Hessen-Rainerstraße (200) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmesse beim Regimentskommando im Laghettotal (2)Der "Blitzweg" bei Molino (201) [2 Abb.]: (1)Blick von Cadine gegen Terlago mit Paganella (2)Terlago (202) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hauptmann v. Pospischil mit dem Offizierskorps des 29. Marschbaons in Terlago (2)Offiziersgruppe des 29. Marschbaons in Terlago (3)Schloß Terlago. Lt. Kuß, Lt. Meisl und Fhnr. Kloimstein (203) [3 Abb.]: (1)Kirche in Pedescala (Asticotal) (2)Das zerstörte Pedescala (3)Die "Gibraltar" - und die "Tiger"-Stellung beiderseits des Asticotales. Rechts der Ostabfall des Monte Cimone (204) [4 Abb.]: (1)Zerstörte Häuser in Forni (Asticotal) (2)Soldatenheim "Horsetzky" an der Hessen-Rainerstraße (3)Schützengraben in der "Gibraltar"-Stellung (4)Forni im italienischen Scheinwerferlicht (205) [Abb.]: Sieben Gemeinden. Links Cimone-Ost (206) [Abb.]: Friccastraße. Im Hintergrund Carbonare und Tonezzaspitzen (207) Hessenabwehr im Raume Ortigara - Porta Lepozze (207) [Karte]: Die Ortigara - Schlacht. Lage am 10. Juni 1917 früh und der italienische Angriff an diesem Tage. (208) [Karte]: Die Ortigara - Schlacht. Lage am 19. Juni 1917 früh und der italienische Angriff an diesem Tage. (209) [Abb.]: Im heißen Ringen am Monte Ortigara (211) [Abb.]: Das Kampfgelände der Ortigaraschlacht (212 - 213) Italienische Darstellungen (212 - 213) Die mißglückte Ortigara-Offensive (212 - 213) [Abb.]: Lager Dosso del Fine (214) [Abb.]: Straßenverkehr am Monte Rover zwischen Caldonazzo und Cost'alta (215) [Abb.]: Caldonazzosee vom Monte Rover (216) Nach einer italienischen Stimme. "Ortigara", 10. bis 26. Juni 1917 (216) [Abb.]: Der Caldonazzo- und der Levicosee mit der Brentagruppe (217) [Abb.]: Das Regiment auf der Piazza d'armi in Trient (218) Der Kaiser kommt (218) [Abb.]: Seine Majestät Kaiser Karl verabschiedet sich vom Regiment nach der Besichtigung am Monte Rover (219) Begrüßung durch Erzherzog Eugen (220) [3 Abb.]: (1)Lager Monte Rover (2)Zur Erholung in Cost'alta (3)Barackenlager Cost'alta (220) Erholung in Trient (220) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Erzherzog Eugen beim Regimente am Monte Rover. Vor Seiner kaiserlichen Hoheit Oberst v. Vittorelli, Oberst v. Ontl, Major Schuldes, Major Sauer, Oberleutnant Pernklau (221) [Abb.]: Hochfläche von La Fraun (Lavarone) (222) Das Ringen um den Heldenberg (222) [Abb.]: Asticotal mit Campolongo (223) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rundsicht v. Monte Zebio (2)Deckungen beim Gruppenkommando am Monte Zebio (224 - 225) Die "Nothelfer" treten an (224 - 225) [Abb.]: Italienischer Schützengraben auf der "Katze". Im Hintergrund der Monte Zebio (224 - 225) [2 Abb.]: (1)Schützengraben am Monte Zebio (2)Sandsackstellung am Monte Zebio (226) [4 Abb.]: (1)Offiziersfeldwache (Lt. Ernst Meisl im Keller der Schule in Pedescala) (2)Unterstand in der Reservestellung bei Pedescala (3)Kirche in San Pietro (Asticotal) (4)Vor einer Kaverne in der Pedescalastellung (227) [2 Abb.]: (1)San Pietro im Asticotal (2)Hessengedenkstein für die Gefallenen im Asticotal (228) [Karte]: Skizze aus dem Manuskripte "Mt. San Gabriele, 17. August bis 24. Oktober 1917" (229) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rundblick auf Monte Santo und Monte San Gabriele (Westhänge). Standpunkt bei Kirche Sveta Katherina, Höhe 307 (2)Laufgraben, Kronbergsattel Kote 408, zum Trigonometer Monte San Gabriele (230 - 231) [Abb.]: Monte San Daniele mit Ternovaner-Wald, Blick vom Monte San Gabriele (232) [Abb.]: Die Erstürmung des Monte San Gabriele. Bildmitte: Oberleutnant Franz Kern, im Vordergrund Leutnant Dr. Karl Staufer ( - ) [Abb.]: Monte San Gabriele mit österreichischer C-Linie, Blick gegen Kote 552 (233) [2 Abb.]: (1)Unterstände in einer Doline östlich Kote 552 auf dem Monte San Gabriele vor der Schlacht (2)Oberes Drittel des Laufgrabens zum Trigonometer 646 des Monte San Gabriele (234) [2 Abb.]: (1)Blick von Kote 552 (Mitte des Gabrielerückens) gegen Kote 526 (Veliki Hrib) (2)Italienische Gefangene des Regimentes am Monte San Gabriele (235) [3 Abb.]: (1)Maskierte Straße nach Ternova (2)Menageverteilung im Ternovaner Wald (3)Zeltlager im Ternovaner Wald (236) Was der Feind darüber sagt (236) Il Monte della Morte (236) [Karte]: Italienischer Kriegsschauplatz (237) Der Gabriele und höhere Führung. Das Generalstabswerk über den Angriff des Infanterieregiments 14 auf den Blutberg (238) Der Siegeszug gegen Italien 1917 (238) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Freiherr v. Boroevic nach der Besichtigung des Regimentes in Idria. Links Oberst Vittorelli, Hptm. Hingler, Oblt. v. Kenzian, Oblt. P. O. Schmidt (239) Marsch in den Aufmarschraum (239) Schulter an Schulter ins Feindesland (240) [Abb.]: Italienischer Schützengraben nach dem Durchbruch bei Flitsch (241) [Abb.]: Rundsicht von Tolmezzo (242 - 243) Vom Tagliamento an den Piave (242 - 243) [Abb.]: Belluno (244) [Abb.]: Arten bei Fonzaso mit Monte Aurin (245) [Abb.]: Feltre (246) Im Durchbruchstale der Brenta (247) [Abb.]: Monte Grappa (247) [Abb.]: Monte Pertica (248) [Abb.]: Brentatal bei Vanini (249) [Abb.]: Vanini im Brentatal (250) [Abb.]: Blick von Incin in das Brentatal bei Vanini (251) [Abb.]: Talsperre Primolano (252) Am Col del Orso (252) [Abb.]: Enego (252) [2 Abb.]: (1)Monte Cismon (2)Straße in Cismon (253) [Abb.]: Posten im Stizzonetal (254) Ein rätselhaftes Marschziel. - In der Kaiserstadt (254) [Abb.]: Oblt. Franz Kern, der meistausgezeichnete Frontoffizier der Armee, nach der Dekorierung mit dem Orden der Eisernen Krone zweiter Klasse, auf der Schmelz in Wien (255) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ausmarsch des Regimentes aus dem Breitenseer Barackenlager in Wien zur Front (2)Einwaggonierung des Regimentes in Wien (256) Offizierseinteilungsliste im Felde 1917 (256) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberleutnant in Paradeuniform (2)Gefreiter in Feldadjustierung (257) Die Junischlacht 1918. A, Col del Rosso (258) [Abb.]: Truppenunterstände in der Frenzellaschlucht (259) [Abb.]: Volltreffer in einem Unterstand in der Frenzellaschlucht (260) [Abb.]: Der eigene und der feindliche Stellungsverlauf am Col del Rosso (261) [Abb.]: Col del Rosso. Unter den Racheln die Frenzellaschlucht (262 - 263) Mein Ehrentag im Felde (262 - 263) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kampfstellung und Deckung am Cil del Rosso (2)Das Regimentskommando am Col del Rosso (Oberst v. Ontl, Hauptmann Hingler, Oberleutnant v. Wellenreiter) (262 - 263) [2 Abb.]: (1)Lager Barricata (2)Barricata Lagerkommando (264) [Karte]: Bereitstellung der Edelw.-Div. zum Angriffe. K. u. k. "Edelweiss"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12 Beilage 1. (265) Das Kommando der Edelweißdivision über den Col del Rosso (266) [Karte]: Lage am 15./6. ca. 11h vorm. K. u. k. "Edelweiss"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12 Beilage 6. (267) [2 Abb.]: (1)Straße bei Foza (2)Oberleutnant Kariopp mit den Resten seiner Maschinengewehr-Kompagnie nach dem letzten Großkampf des Regiments am Col del Rosso (269) [2 Abb.]: (1)In Auer: Se. Majestät Kaiser Karl empfängt eine Abordnung des Regiments. Vor Sr. Majestät Oberleutnant Johann Kellermayr (2)Die nach dem Großkampf am Col del Rosso verbliebenen Offiziere des I. Baons im Retablierungsquartier in Piagora (Lt. Forstner, Oblt. Kern, Lt. Rachbauer, Lt. Czulik, Lt. Schmid, O.-A. Dr. Wagner, Oblt. Kretschmer, Lt. Breuer, Lt. Schulz, Lt. Meisl) (270) [Karte]: Italienische Kriegsschauplatz (271) Rangliste der Offiziere und Offiziersaspiranten im Mai 1918 (272) [Abb.]: Die Hessenregimentsfahne ( - ) Einzeldarstellungen (Italienischer Teil) (275) Galghera! (275) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Roder (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Max Aigmüller (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Schild (275) Porta Lepozze (Ortigara). Vorereignisse (279) Gefechtsbericht des Hauptmanns Edmund Spazil, Baonskommandant-Stellvertreter (279) [Abb.]: Rundsicht v. Alte Chiesa (Nördl. Teil) (280 - 281) Wegverhältnisse (280 - 281) Das Gelände (280 - 281) Der Feind (282) Situation vor dem Einsetzen der Vierzehner (282) [Karte]: Angriff am 15. Juni 1917 (283) Meine Einrückung (284) [Abb.]: Angriffsgelände am Fuße des Monte Ortigara (285) [Abb.]: Die von der Kompagnie Oberleutnant Kern rückeroberte Kote 2007 (286) Die Aktion "Anna" (286) Der Gegenangriff der Italiener am 15. Juni 1917 (Siehe Skizze Seite 283.) (287) [Abb.]: Blindgänger einer italienischen Mine auf dem Monte Ortigara (287) [Abb.]: Die Überlebenden der 8. Feldkompagnie nach der Ortigara-Schlacht (289) [Abb.]: Reste des 3. Feldbaons nach der Ortigara-Schlacht (291) Die Stimme des Feindes: (291) Le grande italiane della primavera 1917 (Die großen italienischen Offensiven im Frühjahr 1917) (292) Der Kalvarienberg der "Stumpfen Federn" (Monte Ortigara). "L'Opera degli Alpini, Littorio-Roma" (293) Die Hessen halten und verbluten (295) Leutnant Josef Hörmanseder am Gabriele. Der Mann in der Schlacht (296) Am Heldenberg der Hessen. Die Gruppe Major Heinrich Sauer. (297) [Karte]: Der Mt. S. Gabriele. Lage am 10. IX. 1917, wie sie vermutet wurde. (299) [Abb.]: Serpentinenstraße über Schloß Kronberg nach Görz. Blick auf Süd- und Osthang des Monte San Gabriele. Standpunkt Nordwesthang Monte San Daniele. Höhe ca. 450 m (300 - 301) [Abb.]: Der Inhalt: "Nach links Verbindung, nach rechts unmöglich, da unter dem schwersten Minenfeuer, Feinde nichts zu bemerken, alles ruhig. (305) [Abb.]: Salcano-Brücke bei Görz. Links Hang des Monte San Gabriele. Rechts Monte Sabatino. Im Hintergrund das Görzer Becken (306) [Abb.]: Nächtliches Trommelfeuer am Isonzo. Mitte: Eisenbahnbrücke bei Salcano (307) [Abb.]: Görz (308) [Abb.]: Bahnhof in San Daniele (309) Von den heldenmütigen Kämpen, die alle für eine höhere Dekoration vorgeschlagen wurden, seien ehrend hervorgehoben: (310) Auf der anderen Seite (Italienische Kampfschilderungen) (311) L'azione del San Gabriele (311) [Abb.]: Tragtierkolonne beim Lager Pri Peci (311) Der Angriff auf den San Gabriele (312) Der Regimentsheld erzählt vom Monte San Gabriele (312) Die österreichische Offensive im Trentino - Die italienische Gegenoffensive - Der Col del Rosso (316) Die erste Phase des Angriffes. Plateau von Folgaria (316) Die zweite Phase der Offensive (316) Abschiedsworte des Obersten Regimentskommandanten Richard v. Vittorelli (317) Das X. Marschbataillon des oberösterr. k. u. k. Infanterieregimentes "Ernst Ludwig Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein" Nr. 14 im Weltkrieg (318) Aufstellung des Baons und Ausmarsch ins Feld (Mai 1915.) (318) Die ersten Kämpfe (Hornischek - Schöntalhöhe - Eisenreich.) (24. Mai bis 5. Juni 1915.) (318) [Abb.]: Hauptmann Ritter v. Hantken mit dem Offizierskorps des X. Marschbaons (319) [Abb.]: Hornischek. Fernblick gegen Tonrast, Rotwand, Fischleintal, Drei Zinnen und Innergsell (320) Auf Dolomitenhöhen (Gottres, Son Pauses, Fanes, Il Falé, Monte Piano.) (7. Juni bis 22. Juni 1915.) (320) [Abb.]: Landro. Blick gegen die Drei Zinnen (321) [3 Abb.]: (1)Landro mit Monte Piano (2)Straßensperre Landro (3)Landro mit Nordhang des Monte Piano (322) Einsame Talwacht (Die 2. Kompagnie im Fanes- und Travenanzestal.) (9. Juni bis 21. Juli 1915.) (323) [2 Abb.]: (1)Sandsackstellung am Monte Piano (2)Unterkünfte am Monte Piano (323) [Abb.]: Monte Piano und Schwalbenkofel (324) [2 Abb.]: (1)Travenanzestal und Tofana (2)Wolf Glanvell-Hütte im Travenanzestal (325) Kein Wanken und kein Weichen (Rothek - Matzenboden - Seikofel.) (31. Juli bis 29. August 1915.) (326) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rothek (2)Sexten (327) "Selbst ist der Mann!" (Monte Coston.) (5. bis 24. September 1915.) (328) [Abb.]: Der Monte Coston von Südost (329) "Die immer fest dreinschlagenden Vierzehner" (Plaut - Pioverna.) (3. bis 8. Oktober 1915.) (331) [Abb.]: Abgewiesener italienischer Angriff am Plaut (333) Abwehrkämpfe und Angriffsvorbereitungen (Cost Alta und Trient.) (Oktober 1915 bis April 1916.) (334) Im ewigen Eis (Adamello, Doß bei Morti.) (29. April bis 12. Mai 1916.) (334) [Abb.]: Im Lager Cost Alta (335) Doch noch dabei (Bei Arsiero, Priaforà, Monte Giove.) (1. bis 22. Juni 1916.) (335) Wie sie in die Falle gingen (Monte Cimone.) (23. Juni bis 5. Juli 1916.) (336) [Abb.]: Rechts: Cimone [Südabsturz] - Mitte: Caviojo - Hintergrund: Priafora (337) Von Sommerkämpfen, Winterleiden und kühnen Taten (Im Val Sugana, Civaron - Coalba - Colazzo.) (6. Juli 1916 bis 8. Juni 1917.) (337) [Karte]: Skizze der eigenen und feindlichen Stellungen auf Colazzo. (338) [3 Abb.]: (1)Colazzo (Kote 1010) im Val Sugana (2)Blick von den Colazzohängen gegen den West-Civaron und ins Val Sugana (3)Unterabschnitt Colazzo, Val Sugana, links vorne Kote 1010, rechts Maorahänge (339) Auf der Grenzwacht (Cima Dieci - Ortigara - Porta Lepozze - Kote 2007.) (11. Juni bis 17. Juli 1917.) (340) [Karte]: Übersichtsskizze der Kämpfe im Ortigara-Raume (342) Wandern und Bauen (Wieder im Val Sugana und auf den Sieben Gemeinden.) (17. Juli bis 30. Oktober 1917.) (343) Am Monte Meletta (11. November bis 15. Dezember 1917.) (343) [Abb.]: Am Monte Meletta (344) [Abb.]: Der Monte Meletta (345) [Karte]: Der Kampf um Mte. Meletta. (4. u. 5. Dezember 1917) (346) [Abb.]: S. M. Kaiser Karl empfängt eine Offiziersabordnung in Auer (X Major v. Szilley) (347) Reiche Mitgift (Errichtung des k. u. k. Infanterieregimentes Nr. 114.) (5. Dezember 1917 bis 26. Jänner 1918). (348) [Gedicht]: Stille Helden (349) Adamello, Mai 1916 (X/14) (349) Italienische Urteile (350) L'impresa dell' Adamello, aus "L'opera degli Alpini" (350) Am Grappa und an dem Piave (350) Das k. und k. Infanterieregiment Nr. 114 (351) Teilnahme des Infanterieregiments Nr. 114 an den Kämpfen um den Col del Rosso (352) [Abb.]: Oberstleutnant Rudolf Freiherr v. Handel-Mazetti (353) [Abb.]: Das Angriffsgelände des VI. Korps - in der Bildmitte Frenzelaschlucht und Racheln des Col del Rosso (354) [Karte]: Lage am 25./6. früh. K. u. k. "Edelweis"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12, Beilage 20. (355) [Abb.]: Oberstleutnant Alfons Marbach mit dem Offizierskorps des 1. Feldbaons des Infanterieregiments 114 (356) [Karte]: Bis 4h nachm. bekannte Lage. 30./6. K. u. k. "Edelweiss"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12 Beilage 32. (357) [Abb.]: Kaltern: Überreichung des vom Offizierskorps dem Regimentskommandanten gewidmeten Ordens der Eisernen Krone II. Klasse mit KD. und den Schwertern (359) [Abb.]: Vittorio (361) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hauptmann Rudolf Edler von Polak. 1. Regimentsadjutant (2)Oberleutnant Walter Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen. 2. Regimentsadjutant (362) [Abb.]: Rückmarsch nach dem Waffenstillstand. Im Hintergrund der Panarotta (363) Offizierseinteilungsliste des k. u. k. Infanterieregiments Nr. 114 Ende Oktober 1918 (364) Nachwort des ehemaligen Regimentskommandanten (365) Das Edelweißsturmbaon (365) [Abb.]: Monte Majo. Kote 1472 von der Stellung der 13. Kompagnie aus gesehen (366) [Tabelle]: Hauptmann Kwasnievsky hatte für den Angriff die erste Sturmkompagnie, entsprechend der von Major Burger vorgesehenen Formierung, folgendermaßen eingeteilt: (367) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kommando des 4. Baons am Monte Majo (2)Blick vom Monte Majo gegen Toraro und "Blitzweg" (367) [Abb.]: In Bruck a. d. Leitha. Von links nach rechts: Lt. Hüttner, Lt. Eder, Oblt Pierer, Lt. Fischer, Lt. Schwetz, Lt. Hamberger (368) [Gedicht]: (368) [2 Abb.]: (1)In der Frenzelaschlucht (2)Offiziere des Sturmbaons in Pinzon (369) Darüber ein persönlicher Bericht (369) [Abb.]: Der Übungsplatz des Sturmbaons in Pinzon (369) [2 Abb.]: (1)Übung mit Flammenwerfern im Strumkurs (2)Das Sturmbaon im Cordevoletal (370) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hauptübung des Sturmbaons in Levico (2)Rückmarsch des Sturmbaons im Cordevoletal (371) Die Maschinengewehrkompagnie ///14 beim Edelweißsturmbaon (372) [Abb.]: Feindstellung unter Flammenwerferwirkung (373) [Abb.]: Quartier in Lacosta auf dem Marsche nach Fonzaso. Von links nachr rechts: Lt. Bock, Lt. Gangl, Lt. Hamberger, Lt. Schwetz (374) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rast des Baons in Alleghe im Cordevoletal (2)Auf der Heimfahrt nach Linz (375) Offiziere und Offiziersaspiranten des Regimentes (376) [11 Abb.]: (1)Obst. Karl Edler von Staskiewicz (2)Gmjr. Hugo von Leeb (3)Gmjr. William von Einem (4)Obst. Gustav Kuchta Edler von Megiasi (5)Obstlt. Georg Böhm (6)Obst. Franz Nickerl von Ragenfeld (7)Obstlt. Aurel von Bászel (8)Obstlt. Heinrich Schuldes (9)Obstlt. Ludwig Kirchner von Neukirchen (10)Obstlt. d. Gstbskps. Franz Zimmermann (11)Obstlt. Theodor Erhard (376) [12 Abb.]: (1)Mjr. August Schediwy (2)Obstlt. Eduard Lehmann (3)Mjr. Waldemar Ritter von Brunner (4)Obstlt. Julius Scazigino Edler von Medeazza (5)Mjr. Maximilian Ehnl (6)Obstlt. Alfons Marbach (7)Mjr. Friedrich Ritter Hantken von Prudnik (8)Mjr. Heinrich Freiherr von Saar (9)R.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Franz Kruckenhauser (10)Mjr. Theodor Malina (11)Mjr. Heinrich Sauer (12)Mjr. Ottokar Podhalsky (377) [11 Abb.]: (1)Hptm.-Rf. Johann Horak (2)Hptm. Robert von Rehberger (3)Hptm. Erwin Hingler (4)Hptm. Stanislaus Ritter von Kwasniewski (5)Hptm. Emil Freiherr von Tkalcsevich (6)Hptm. Friedrich Vogel (7)Rtm. i. d. Res. Karl Urban (8)Hptm. i. d. Res. Karl Angel (9)Hptm. Voktor Grundner (10)Fk. i. d. Res. Apois Bader (11)R.-A. Dr. Josef Bochskanl (378) [11 Abb.]: (1)Hptm.-Fp. Heinrich Schartner (2)Hptm.-Rf. Stephan Schuller (3)Hptm. Georg Hoffmann (4)Hptm. i. d. res. Walter Vogt (5)Hptm. Rudolf Sanetti (6)Hptm. Ernst Eisner (7)Hptm. Karl Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen (8)Hptm. Alois Zadrazil (9)Hptm. Edmund Spacil (10)Hptm. Eduard Steffan (11)Mjr. Josef Heindl (Hnewkowsky) (379) [12 Abb.]: (1)Hptm. Johann Jkawetz (2)Hptm. Max Jaschke (3)Hptm. Rudolf Fischer (4)Hptm. Josef Herberg (5)Hptm. i. d. Res. Ing. Rudolf Burgholzer (6)Hptm. Josef Wittek von Saltzberg (7)Hptm. Alois Ritt (8)Fk. Franz Josef Hämmerle (9)Hptm. Rudolf Pospischil Edler von Wolsegger (10)Hptm. Maximilian Wagmeister (11)Hptm. Lambert Popp (12)Hptm. i. d. Res. Ferdinand Neßler (380) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Lasser (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Magauer (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Adolf Semenitz (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Lettner (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Gustav Leidinger (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Bock (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Dr. Eduard Straßmayr (8)O.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Franz Dangl (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Wonnebauer (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Alois Bruneder (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Lechner (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Georg Laher (381) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Adolf Scharmüller (2)Oblt. Ernst Benkiser Ritter von Porta Comasina (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Fehringer (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Viktor Knörlein (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Leo Zaunmüller (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Marian (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Jedlitschka (8)Oblt. Ludwig von Erler (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Duffek (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Sieber (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Eibuschütz (12)Oblt. Eugen Burian (382) [14 Abb.]: (1)Ldst.-Oblt. Josef Reith (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Stemberger (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Max Ottenweiler (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Albert Neuhauser (5)O.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Leopold Straß (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Hörmanseder (7)Oblt. Arthur Breindl (8)Oblt. i. d. res. Rudolf Pierer (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Ludwig Gärtner (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Perl (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Piesche (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Plakolm (13)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Staudacher (14)Oblt. Josef Müller (383) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Schenkenfelder (2)Oblt. Josef Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Lapanow (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Dichtl (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Adolf Haasbauer (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Engelbert Griedl (6)Oblt. Max Sturm (7)Oblt. i. d. res. Georg Frauscher (8)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Bahn (9)Oblt. Max Tenschert (10)Oblt. Viktor Du Rieux de Feyau (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Peham (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Martin Sporn (384) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Hermann Krejci (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Scharitzer (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Greinöcker (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Ehrenmüller (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Hofstadler (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Ludwig Plakolb (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Nowotny (8)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Hainböck (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Pernklau (10)Oblt. Friedrich Ebner (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Eppinger (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Bruckner (385) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Neuß (2)Oblt.-P.-O. Karl Schmidt (3)Oblt. Richard Witt (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wolfgang Heiß (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Commenda (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Buchmayr (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Julius Müller (8)Oblt. O.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Georg Wagner (9)Oblt. Wenzel Mlcoch (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. August Rettenbacher (11)Oblt. Erwin Lahousen Edler von Vivremont (12)Oblt. Alfred Stolz (386) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Jirsa (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Ortner (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Max Panitschka (4)Oblt. Franz Kariopp (5)Lt. Hanns Schöndorfer (6)Oblt. Andreas Gugenbichler (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Ernst Adam (8)Oblt. Adolar Schusta (9)Oblt. Helmut von Görtz (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Haager (11)Oblt. Alois Mayer (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Alfred Schwetz (387) [14 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Reinhold Baumgartner (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Aigner (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Johann Scheiber (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Steinkogler (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Otto Vogscha (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Matthias Breuer (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Dr. Josef Aigner (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Edmund Ebner (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Gruber (10)Lt. i. d. Res. Otto Gerstl (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Landl (12)Lt. i. d. Res. Johann Buchberger (13)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedirich Müller (14)Lt. i. d. Res. Rupert Dunzendorfer (388) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Gangl (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Steppan (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Leo Markl (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Ernst Hamberger (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Viktor Stemberger (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Rhomberg (7)Lt.-Rf. i. d. Res. Josef Hauschild (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Grüll (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Haider (10)Lt. i. d. Res. Ferdinand Meßmer (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Emmerling (12Lt. i. d. Res. Ernst Meisl (389) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Hennemann (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Bünker (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Hermann Korensky (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Dworschak (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Adolf Neumüller (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Hugo Eder (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Johann Zapototzky (8)Lt. Wolgang Garzarolli Edler von Turnlackh (9)Lt. i. d. Res. August Kowaczik (10)Lt. i. d. Res. Karl Klapper (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Gottfried Tschoner (12)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Grünseis (390) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Anton Tomann (2)Lt. Leopold Roder (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Christophori (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Karl Eberstaller (5)Lt. Gustav Brandstetter (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Matthias Hemmel (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Anton Gschwandtner (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Oskar Leiner (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Schmid (10)Lt. Leopold Müller (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Karl Wigidak (12)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Baumgartner (391) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Richter (2)Lt.-Rf. i. d. Res. Josef Fleischmann (3)Ldst.-Lt. Karl Gattermeyer (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Steiner (5)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Otto Czepl (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Todeschini (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Walter Sturm (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Schulz (9)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Theodor Peer (10)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Max Brandstetter (11)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Oskar Mühlgrabner (12)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Stemberger (392) [12 Abb.]: (1)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Friedrich Kammer (2)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Karl Stöger (3)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Ernst Unger (4)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Rudolf Mayer (5)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Felix Enkner (6)Ldst.-Fhnr. Dr. Otto Richter (7)S.-Fhnr. i. d. Res. Franz Bauer (8)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Hermann Dobler (9)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Vinzenz Forer (10)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Alois Fridrich (11)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Johann Kainberger (12)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Hermann Berger (393) [12 Abb.]: (1)Kd. i. d. Res. Josef Brunner (2)S.-Fhnr. i. d. Res. Gustav Windischbauer (3)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Gottfried Kurzwernhart (4)Kd. i. d. Res. Friedrich Kiffe (5)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Moritz Lebschy (6)E.-F. Gft. Kdtasp. Johann Pröll (7)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Leo Adler (8)E.-F. Kdtasp. Karl Northen (9)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Paul Vlasaty (10)E.-F. Kdtasp. Franz Lobinger (11)E.-F. Kdtasp. Maxim Freiherr Reinlein von Marienburg (12)E.-F. Gft. Kdtasp. Kurt Hamberger (394) Der Zusammenbruch (395) Die im Weltkriege 1914 - 18 gefallenen Hessen (398) [Gedicht]: (398) Offiziere, Offiziersaspiranten, höhere Unteroffiziere (398) [Abb]: Soldatenfriedhof bei Luck (399) Mannschaft. (400) A (400) B (400) C (402) D (402) E (403) F (404) G (405) H (406) I, J (409) K (409) L (412) M (413) N (415) O (415) P (416) Q (417) R (417) S (419) T (422) U, V (423) W (423) Z (425) [Abb.]: Soldatenfriedhof bei Cost' alta (425) Auszeichnungen im Weltkriege (426) Die jüngsten Theresienritter der Hessen. Militär-Verdienstkreuz II. Klasse mit Kriegsdekoration und Schwertern. Kriegsauszeichnungen 1914 - 1918 im Infanterieregiment Nr. 14 (426) [3 Abb.]: Major Béla von Szilley, Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens (2)Oberleutnant Alois Windisch Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens (3)Oberleutnant Franz Kern, der bestausgezeichnete Subaltern-Offizier der k. u. k. Armee. (427) Die Besitzer der Goldenen Tapferkeitsmedaille (428) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Johann Hierzenberger (2)Stfw. Karl Stingeder (430) Besitzer der Goldenen Tapferkeitsmedaille für Offiziere (431) [9 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Theodor Angele (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. dr. Karl Staufer (3)Oblt. Julius Wellenreiter (4)Hptm. Josef Vichytil (5)F. M. L. Otmar Panesch Edler v. Hohenstegen (6)Hptm. Moritz Edler v. Barisani (7)Lt. Max Nickl (8)Oblt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Feßl (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Ernst Schatzbergera (431) [9 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Feldpilot Eduard Appel (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Ehrenreiter (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Eduard Jetel (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Leonhard Bielaz (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Roder (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Getzendorfer (7)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Leopold Bleimer (8)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Stephan Nemes (9)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Otto Gabriel (432) [9 Abb.]: (1)Stbsfw. Karl Stark (2)Fw. Karl Schiefermeier (3)Stbsfw. Richard Mayer (4)Fw. Josef Mahringer (5)Offzstv. Karl Heuberger (6)Stbsfw. Franz Weixelbaumer (7)Zgsf. Franz Breit (8)Fw. Alois Gütlbauer (9)Zgsf. Johann Lehner (433) [9 Abb.]: Zgsf. Karl Gsöllpointner (2)Ldst.-Zgsf. Franz Pils (3)Ldst.-Zgsf. Ferdinand Wimmer (4)Gft. Karl Pfennigberger (5)Korp. Florian Breitwieser (6)Ldst.-Korp. Leopold Karigl (7)Ldst.-Inf. Leopold Reichetseder (8)Inf. Matthias Hubauer (9)Ldst.-Gfr. Karl Bachler (434) Besitzer der Silbernen Tapferkeitsmedaille I. Klasse (435) [12 Abb.]: (1)Offzstv. Karl Bauernfeind (2)Offzstv. Hugo Greifeneder (3)Offzstv. Johann Apfolter (4)Stbsfw. Matthias Dornetshumer (5)Stbsfw. Franz Krenmayer (6)Stbsfw. Karl Gsöllpointner (7)Stbsfw. Johann Janak (8)Stbsfw. Johann Gangl (9)Stbsfw. Michael Wiesinger (10)Stbsfw. Johann Ecker (11)Stbsfw. Anton Reisinger (12)Stbsfw. Franz Reitböck (435) [14 Abb.]: (1)Fw. Felix Kaltenbrunner (2)Stbsfw. Josef Kühberger (3)Stbsfw. Johann Frühwirth (4)Stbsfw. Josef Datterl (5)Fw. Karl Kern (6)Fw. Johann Achleitner (7)Fw. Anton Derntl (8)Fw. Johann Lehner (9)Fw. Franz Hartmayr (10)Fw. Josef Hochmayer (11)Fw. Josef Rahaberger (12)Fw. Ferdinand Schatz (13)Fw. Karl Pum (14)Fw. Leopold Haslinger (436) [12 Abb.]: (1)Fw. Franz Cernoch (2)Fw. Ernst Walter (Kalivoda) (3)Fw. Leopold Ertl (4)Fw. Peter Kaser (5)Fw. Franz Kern (6)Fw. Johann Eppinger (7)Zgsf. Georg Scharsching (8)Fw. Franz Prikler (9)Zgsf. Franz Weigl (10)Zgsf. Roman Falkner (11)Zgsf. Viktor Mayer (12)Zgsf. Johann Wöhrer (437) [14 Abb.]: (1)Zgsf. Alois Donnerbauer (2)Zgsf. Michael Feilmaier (3)Zgsf. Karl Gruber (4)Zgsf. Alois Krottenhofer (5)Zgsf. Wenzel Pruschek (6)Zgsf. Karl Haas (7)Zgsf. Josef Froschauer (8)Zgsf. Karl Winkelmayer (9)Zgsf. Wilhelm Resch (10)Zgsf. Johann Söllinger (11)Zgsf. Franz Schauberger (12)Zgsf. Leopold Lettner (13)Korp. Franz Fischerlehner (14)Korp. Josef Gföllner (438) [12 Abb.]: (1)Korp. Ferdinand Danzmayer (2)Gft. Klement Schippel (3)Gft. Josef Sieghartner (4)Korp. Ludwig Palnstorfer (5)Korp. Josef Huber (6)Gft. Georg Lehner (7)Gft. Franz Diensthuber (8)Korp. Johann Körner (9)Inf. Franz Weiß (10)Inf. Karl Kickinger (11)Inf. Josef Fuchs (12)Inf. Josef Keferböck (439) Kriegserfahrungen und besondere Formationen in Einzeldarstellungen (440) Der Krieg im Gebirge (440) [Abb.]: Fannesscharte (Dolomiten) (441) [Abb.]: 38-cm-Haubitze beim Abschuß (443) Mit der "Technischen Kompagnie" an der italienischen Front (445) [Abb.]: Stollenbau am Monte Cimone (447) [Abb.]: Artilleriebeobachtungsstand (449) [Abb.]: Kavernenbau am Monte Cimone (450) [2 Abb.]: (1)Soldatenheim "Erzherzog Eugen" auf der Hessen-Rainerstraße (2)Oblt. Feldpilot Franz Müller (451) [Abb.]: Soldatenfriedhof Folgaria (453) [Abb.]: Seilbahnstation Grigno (Val Sugano) (455) [Abb.]: Bau der Barricatastraße (457) [Abb.]: Gesprengte Eisenbahnbrücke bei Moggio (459) Vom Sanitätsdienste beim Infaterieregiment 14 im Weltkriege (460) [Abb.]: Regimentshilfsplatz im Herrenhaus Liski (463) [Abb.]: Verwundetentransport aus Liski (465) [Abb.]: Verwundetentransport bei Gorlice (467) [Abb.]: Verwundetentransport im Hochgebirge (469) [Abb.]: Hilfsplatz am Monte Piano (471) [Abb.]: Hilsplatz am Fuße des Monte Ortigara (473) [Abb.]: Sanitätsunteroffizier Feldwebel Schlager (477) Das Ersatzbataillon (480) [Tabelle]: Es wurden beim Ersatzbaon gezeichnet: (481) [Abb.]: Das Ersatzbaonskommando und seine Referenten. Unterste Reihe von links nach rechts: Lt. i. d. Res. Oskar Remele; Oblt. Josef Herberg; Hptm. Adolf Spitzl; Hptm. Anton Malina; Obst. Franz v. Nickerl; Hptm. Ferdinand Mühlbauer; Hptm.-Rechnungsführer Hans Horak; Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Lutz. Mittlere Reihe von links nach rechts: Feldw. Alfred Holzner; Zfr. Max Eckstein; Gfr. Franz Winkler; E.-F. Grill; E.-F. Zfr. Franz Palfinger; Zfr. Karl Becker; Feldw. Max Lukesch; Zfr. Franz Hink; Feldw. Hans Latzelsberger; Feldw. Georg Böcksteiner; Feldw. Josef Guggenberger; Feldw. Max Krepper; Feldw. Josef Leimer; Feldw. Karl Heinzl; Feldw. Leopold Alzinger; Zfr. Borcik; E.-F. Zfr. Andreas Lischka; Feldw. Alois Weichselbaumer. Obere Reihe von links nach rechts: Gefr. Schaffenberger; Feldw. Bruno Scharitzer; E.-F. Gefr. Filnkößl; Gfr. Karl Fellöcker; Korp. Franz Seiler; Gfr. Hermann Wimmer; L.-Inf. Johann Schimanek; Korp. Johann Fürst; Zfr. Fuchs (483) Oberst von Nickerl und sein Stab (485) In russischer Gefangenschaft (486) Die Umstände meiner Gefangennahme (487) Im Spital in Kiew und Moskau. Reise nach Sibirien (487) Durch Sibirien nach Chabarowsk - Krasnaja-Rjetschka (488) Dienstbetrieb (488) [Abb.]: Offiziers-Kriegsgefangenenpavillon in Krasnaja-Rjetschka, Sibirien (Ostasien) 1914/15 (489) Die Wohnungsverhältnisse. Die Ernährung (489) Die Bekleidung. Die sanitären Verhältnisse (490) Beschäftigung und Arbeit (490) Die Arbeitsverhältnisse der Mannschaft (491) Gagen und Löhnungen (491) Strafbestimmungen. Die Post (492) Der Gottesdienst (492) Fürsorge durch Delegation und Vertretungen. Rückreise - Heimkehr (493) Hessengedichte (494) [Gedicht]: Salm-Infanterie Nr. 14 - Hessenregiment (494) [Gedicht]: Linzer Reimchronik (495) [4 Gedichte]: (1)Musketier-Lied (2)Italien (3)Mailand (4)Die Hessenfahne bei Ponte vecchio di Magenta (496) [Gedicht]: Ein tapferer Vierzehner! Schleswig Holstein (497) [Gedicht]: Die "Hessen" in der Krivoschije (497) [Gedicht]: Liski, 2. September 1914 (498) [Gedicht]: Das Kreuz von Liski (498) [3 Gedichte]: (1)Vor Lubynka 1915 (2)Ein neu Hessenlied (3)Vierzehner-Lied (499) [Gedicht]: Einem Vermißten (499) [4 Gedichte]: (1)Einer von Vielen! (2)Ich hab' ein Hüglein im Polenland. (3)Mein Oberösterreich! (4)Marschlied des X. Hessenbaons (500) [3 Gedichte]: (1)Auf der Priafora (2)Triest! (3)Stilles Heldentum (501) [Gedicht]: November 1918 (501) [2 Gedichte]: (1)Nur dieses nicht! (2)Dö 14er als Nothelfá (502) [Gedicht]: Vierzehná - Kennzoachá (502) [4 Gedichte]: (1)Stellung 1936 (2)Willkommengruß an die Hessenfahne (3)Soldatentag. (4)Tiroler Gruß zum Hessen-Feste (503) Das Hessendenkmal in Linz (504) [Gedicht]: 's Vierzehná-Denkmal (504) [Abb]: Das Hessendenkmal ( - ) Stimmungsbilder aus dem Weltkrieg (505) Meine Assentierung (505) Wie ich den Krieg kennen lernte (506) Ein eherner Hessengruß (509) Faschingsende und Fastenanfang am Dunajec 1914/15 (511) Osterfrieden 1915 am Dunajec (512) Weihnachtserinnerungen (513) Ernste und heitere Erinnerungen an die Maitage 1916 (514) Olga (515) Ein Hessenoffizier im Lande der Skipetaren (516) Aus der Geschichte der österreichischen Militärmusik (517) Die Regimentmusik der "Hessen". (518) Die Hessen-Musik vor 100 Jahren (518) Philipp Fahrbach beim Hessen-Regiment (519) Die letzten Hessen-Kapellmeister (519) [Abb]: Militärkapellmeister Gustav Mahr mit der Regimentsmusik (1918) (520) [Abb.]: Militärkapellmeister d. R. Gustav Mahr mit Fahnenbläsern am Festabend der Monte San Gabriele-Feier 1925 (521) Hessen-Tonstücke (522) [Noten]: Salm-Salm (522) [Noten]: Hessen-Marsch (525) [Noten]: Marsch des X. Hessenbataillons (527) [Noten]: Österreichischer Generalmarsch (529) Regimentsgeschichte 1918 - 1936 des Oberösterreichischen Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14, früher Hessen (531) 1918 - 1919 (531) 1920 - 1924 (531) [4 Abb.]: (1)Obstlt. Friedrich Langer 1. April 1920 bis 30. Juni 1920 (2)Obst. Rudolf Jonke 1. Juli 1920 bis 31. Jänner 1924 (3)Obst. Anton Schenk 1. Februar 1924 bis 31. Oktober 1924 (4)Obst. Wilhelm Wraschtil 1. November 1924 bis 31. Jänner 1925 (532) [4 Abb.]: (1)Obst. Franz Puchmayr 1. Februar 1925 bis 31. Dezember 1927 (2)Obst. Wilhelm Zehner 1. Jänner 1928 bis 30. Juni 1931 (3)Obst. Franz Fischer 1. Juli 1931 bis 31. Juli 1932 (4)Obst. Ferdinand Pichler 1. August 1932 bis 28. Februar 1933 (533) [2 Abb.]: (1)Obst. Anton Kienbauer 1. März 1933 bis 31. Dezember 1934 (2)Obst. Erwin Hingler 1. Jänner 1935 bis heute (534) 1925 - 1932 (534) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die neue Regimentsfahne (2)Oberst Zehner an der Spitze seines Regimentes am Heldenplatz in Wien, September 1930 (535) [3 Abb.]: (1)Dachsteinübungsplatz: Das Karls-Eisfeld mit dem Hohen Dachstein (2996 m) (2)Dachsteinübungsplatz: Berglager Krippenbrunn (1618 m) (3)Dachsteinübungsplatz: Talkaserne und Tallager Obertraun. Im Hintergrund: Mittagskogel (2109 m) und Hoher Krippenstein (1634 m) (536) [4 Abb.]: (1)Beobachtungsstand (2)Regimentsübung im Mühlviertel 1927. Oberst Puchmayr hält bei Eidenberg die Besprechung (3)Aufstieg zum gefechtsmäßigen Schießen bei der Simonyhütte 1928 (4)Oberst Zehner mit dem Offizierskorps am Wetterberg 1929 (537) [2 Abb.]: (1)Defilierung des Regimentes in Wien als Abschluß der Manöver 1930 (2)Allerseelenfest 1930 am Heldenfriedhof (538) 1933 - 1936 (538) [Abb.]: Dekorierungsfeier 1934: Oberst Kienbauer mit dem Offiziers- und Unteroffizierskorps (538) [3 Abb.]: (1)200-Jahrfeier der Hessen am 11. Juni 1933: Oberst Kienbauer kommandiert die Parade (2)Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier 1933: Bundesminister G. g. I. Vaugoin schreitet mit Landeshauptmann Dr. Schlegel die Front ab (3)1933 Linz: Defilierung nach der Jungmännervereidigung am Exerzierplatz (539) [6 Abb.]: (1)Manöverbesprechung (2)Infanteriekanone M 35 in Feuerstellung (3)Schützengruppe im Gefecht (4)Minenwerfer in Deckung (5)1935: Schweres Maschinengewehr in Feuerstellung (6)1935: Leichtes Maschinengewehr in Feuerstellung (540) [2 Abb.]: (1)1935 Linz: Feldaltar am Franz-Josef-Platz bei der Fahnenweihe (2)Fahnenübernahme 1935: Landeshauptmann Dr. Gleißner und Oberst d. R. Sauer befestigen die Fahnenbänder (541) [3 Abb.]: (1)1935 Linz: Die Ehrenkompagnie bei der Fronleichnamsprozession (2)Schwur zur neuen Fahne (3)1936: Oberleutnant Erwin Hingler stellt Oberst d. R. Richard v. Vitorelli das Infanterieregiment Nr. 14, früher Hessen vor. (542) [Abb.]: General der Infanterie Wilhelm Zehner, Staatssekretär für Landesverteidigung (543) [2 Abb.]: (1)Offizierskorps: (2)Unteroffizierskorps: (544) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Offizierskorps des III. Baons (Steyr): Von links nach rechts: Hptm. Franz Wrbik, Hptm. Nobert Colli, Mjr. Heinrich Linhart, Hptm. Josef Fasching, Mjr. Karl Treitinger, Oblt. Karl Wallergraber, Hptm. Albert Getzner, Obstl. Rudolf Zaar, Oblt. Josef Illes, Obst.-Arzt Dr. Franz Widhalm, Wi.-Oblt. Michael Pureber (2)Das Unteroffizierskorps des III. Bataillons (Steyr): Sitzend von links nach rechts: Stwchtm. Konrad Ammerer, Vzlt. Matthias Demmelmayr, Vzlt. Alois Wiedermann, Zvzlt. Ferdinand Exler, Vzlt. Gratian Andraschko, Wi.-Vzlt. Karl Auer, Wi.-Vzlt. Josef Obermüller.- Stehend von links nach rechts: Wchtm. Josef Pernsteiner, Wchtm. Karl Daschill, Wchtm. Ludwig Forstner, Wchtm. Johann Steirl, Wchtm. Franz Schaden, Wi.-Wchtm. Heinrich Klaffenböck, Wchtm. Johann Mülleger, Wchtm. Anton Feichtner, Wchtm. Rudolf Prenn, Wchtm. Maximilian Gstöttenmayr, Wchtm. Jaroslav Moraver (545) Hessenunterkünfte in Linz (546) [Abb.]: Linz: Schloss 1600 (546) Aus der Geschichte des Schlosses (546) [Abb.]: Die Schlosskaserne (547) [3 Abb.]: (1)Der Brand des Linzer Schlosses und des Landhauses im Jahre 1800 (2)Säulengang in der Schloßkaserne. Links Eingang zur Hessenkapelle (3)Die Toreinfahrt (548) [3 Abb.]: (1)Festbeleuchtung anläßlich der Fahnenweihe 1925 (2)Das aus dem Jahre 1614 stammende Portal der Schloßkaserne (3)Gedenktafel für die im Februar 1934 gefallenen Alpenjäger und der Schloßbrunnen (16. Jahrhundert) (549) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Römertor der Schloßkaserne (2)Das Friedrichstor mit dem Wappen Kaiser Friedrichs III. (15. Jahrhundert) (550) Die Fabrikskaserne (550) [3 Abb.]: (1)Vorplatz der Schloßkaserne mit dem Ausblick auf den Pöstlingberg (2)Der Hofberg mit dem Aufgang zur Schloßkaserne (3)Stiegenaufgang zur Schloßkaserne (551) [3 Abb.]: (1)Speisesaal der Offiziersmesse am Regimentsfeiertag (2)Vorraum der ehemaligen Offiziersmesse in der Schloßkaserne (3)Salon der Offiziersmesse (552) [3 Abb.]: (1)Aussicht vom Hessenmuseum auf das Donautal, St. Magdalena und auf den Kulmberg (2)Blick vom Hessenmuseum gegen den Mariä-Empfängnis-Dom und den Landhausturm (3)Das Linzer Stadtbild mit dem Alten Dom, der Stadtpfarrkirche und dem Pfenningberg vom Hessenmuseum aus gesehen. (553) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die jetzige Fabrikskaserne (rechts im Vordergrunde) um das Jahr 1840 (2)Die Fabrikskaserne (3)Fabrikskaserne: Gedenktafel der im Februar 1934 Gefallenen (554) Die Hessenbünde (555) Der Hessen-Offiziersbund (555) [2 Abb.]: (1)Major Karl Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen (2)Eröffnung des Hessenmuseums 1926 (556) [3 Abb.]: (1)Inhaber-Saal mit der alten Hessenfahne (2)Zehnjahrfeier des Hessenmuseums. Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner spricht. (3)Inhaber-Saal. (557) [3 Abb.]:(1)Maler Hayd-Saal (2)Blick vom Eingangssaal in das Waffenzimmer (3)Lichtbilder-Saal (558) [Abb.]: Oberst d. R. Heinrich Sauer (559) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die Hessenfahne bei der Weihe des Kaiserjäger-Ehrengrabes am Berge Isel 1923 (Oblt. Roder, Feldw. Walter, Lt. Tschoner) (2)Die Hessenfahne bei der Enthüllung der Kaiserschützen-Gedenktafel am Untersberg 1924 (3)Die Hessenfahne mit altösterreichischen Regimentsfahnen beim deutsch-österreichischen Kameradschaftstag in München 1926. Feldmesse vor dem Armeemuseum (Fahnenoffizier Oblt. Roder, Fahnenführer Fw. Bohdanowicz (560) [4 Abb.]: (1)Fahnenband für das Nachfolgeregiment, gestiftet vom Hessen-Offiziersbund und vom Hessen-Mannschaftsbund (2)Rechts oben: Die Hessenfahne mit den Fahnen des ehemaligen k. u. k. Infanterieregimentes Nr. 91 und des früheren kgl. bayerischen Infanterieregimentes Nr. 16 beim deutsch-österreichischen Wiedersehensfest in Passau, 1927. Rechts: Prinz Alfons von Bayern mit Gefolge am Defilierungsplatz (3)Bild Mitte: Die Hessenfahne bei der Enthüllung des Kriegerdenkmals in Helfenberg, 1927. (4)Rechts unten: Oberst d. R. Karl Watzek, Mitkämpfer von 1866, schlägt den Nagel im Namen der Hessenbünde in die neue Regimentsfahne (1925). Links Fürstin Fanny Starhemberg (561) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die Hessenfahne bei der Gedenkmesse für Kriegsgefallene in der Stiftskirche St. Florian, 1930 (2)Die Regimentsfahne vor dem enthüllten Hessendenkmal in Linz, 1928 (3)Landeshauptmann Dr. Josef Schlegel übernimmt das Hessendenkmal in die Obhut des Landes (562) [Abb.]: Gedenkfeier 1933 an die vor 200 Jahren erfolgte Errichtung des Regimentes (563) [3 Abb.]: (1)Bild oben: Die Hessenfahne mit den Regimentsfahnen vor dem Feldaltar am Franz-Josef-Platz (2)Bild Mitte: Die Fahnen der bestandenen k. u. k. Infanterieregimenter Hoch- und Deutschmeister Nr. 4 (Wien), Albert I. König der Belgier Nr. 27 (Graz), Graf Beck Nr. 47 (Marburg), Freiherr von Heß Nr. 49 (St. Pölten), Erzherzog Rainer Nr. 59 (Salzburg), Freiherr von Succovaty Nr. 87 (Cilli), Freiherr von Czibulka Nr. 91 (Budweis), Freiherr von Waldstätten Nr. 97 (Triest), des k. k. Schützenregiments Nr. 2 (Linz), des k. k. II. Kaiserschützenregimentes (Bozen), des k. k. Freiwilligen oberösterreichischen Schützenregimentes (Linz) und die Flagge S. M. Schiff "Novara" (3)Bild unten: Die Festteilnehmer bei der Feldmesse (564) Die Ortsgruppe Wien (565) [4 Abb.]: (1)Generaloberst d. R. Erzherzog Franz Salvator mit Generalmajor d. R. Oskar von Englisch-Popparich, Gendamerieoberst Franz Vogelhuber, Oberleutnant a. D. Peter Graf Revertera, Generalmajor d. R. Hugo Freiherr von Lederer (2)Generalmajor d. R. Friedrich von Löw hält die Festansprache (3)Feldmarschalleutnant d. R. Ottmar von Panesch und Generalmajor d. R. William von Einem vor der Fahnenfront (4)Generaloberst d. R. Erzherzog Josef Ferdinand defiliert mit dem I. Hessenbataillon. Links Generalmajor d. R. Hans von Kobbe, rechts: Oberst d. R. Karl Edler von Staskiewicz, Oberst d. R. Theodor Malina (565) [4 Abb.]: (1)Bild links oben: Oberst d. R. Richard von Vittorelli überreicht die vom Großherzog Ernst Ludwig von Hessen verliehenen Philippsorden (2)Bild rechts oben: Oberst d. R. Heinrich Sauer überreicht die vom Großherzog Ernst Ludwig verliehenen Silbernen Medaillen für Kriegsverdienste und die vom Regimentsinhaber gestifteten Hessen-Jubiläumsmedaillen (3)Bild Mitte: Generalmajor d. R. von Löw überreicht den Besitzern der Goldenen Tapferkeitsmedaille die von den Hessenbünden zur Zweihundertjahrfeier gestiftete Hessendankplakette (4)Bild unten: Die Hessenmusik (566) [Abb.]: Professor Eduard Lorenz (567) [4 Abb.]: Blattseiten aus dem Goldenen Ehrenbuch (1)Das Reichswappen Österreich-Ungarns (Aquarell) (2)Das Landeswappen Oberösterreichs mit einem Widmungsspruch (Aquarell) (3)Schriftseite (4)Schriftseite (568) [Abb.]: Das Goldene Ehrenbuch der Hessen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Heldenehrbuch der Hessen, geschaffen zur 200-Jahrfeier (2)Das Goldene Ehrenbuch vor der Hessenkapelle (569) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bischof Dr. Johannes Gföllner, Bundesminister für Landesverteidigung General der Infanterie Carl Vaugoin und Landeshauptmann Dr. Josef Schlegel bei der Feldmesse vor dem Hessendenkmal am Regimentsgedenktag 1933 (2)Oberst d. R. Friedrich Ritter Hantken von Prudnik bei Eröffnung der Hessen-Rainerstraße in Schärding 1933 nach der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier (570) Hessen-Mannschaftsbund Linz (570) [3 Abb.]: (1)Defilierung der Hessenfahnengruppe (Kommandant Oblt. a. D. Kern) und des Fahnenzuges (Kommandant Oblt. i. d. Res. Gärtner) bei der Enthüllung des Armeedenkmals in Wien, 1934. Im Vordergrund Fähnrich Dobler (2)Das Ehren-Signalhorn des Hessen-Mannschaftsbundes nach der Weihe am Regimentsgedenktag 1934. Hornist Feldwebel Hans Baumgartner (3)Am Hessenplatz in Linz (571) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Dr. Hasenöhrl-Gedenkfeier der Wiener Ortsgruppe des Hessen-Offiziersbundes in der Aula der Universiät, 1935 (2)Oblt. a. D. Franz Kern defiliert mit der Hessenfahnengruppe beim Kameradentag des Eisernen Korps in Graz, 1935. Anschließend der Fahnenzug (Kommandant Oblt. i. d. Res. Gärtner) (3)Die Hessenfahnengruppe (Kommandant i. d. Res. Marian) bei der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier in Steyr, 1935. Rechts Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner (572) [Abb.]: Feldmesse während der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier im Turnierhof der Schloßkaserne in Linz, 1935 (573) Hessengruppe Innsbruck (573) [2 Abb.]: (1)Divisionspfarrer Militärkurat Josef Seelos bei der Ansprache während der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier, 1935, im Turnierhof der Schloßkaserne (2)Die Hessenfahnengruppe (Kommandant Major d. R. Viktor Grundner) vor der Front des Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14, früher Hessen, am Regimentsgedenktage 1935. Rechts: Regimentskommandant Oberleutnant Erwin Hingler (573) [3 Abb.]: (1)Ehrengäste beim Soldatentag in Aspern, 1936 (2)Bundeskanzler Dr. Kurt Schuschnigg enthüllt die Hessengedenktafel in Aspern (3)Oberst a. D. und Hofrat d. R. Maximilian Ehnl hält die Ansprache bei der Enthüllung der Hessengedenktafel (574) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die 1936 vom Hessenbund Wien in Aspern errichtete Gedenktafel (2)Divisionspfarrer Militärkurat Josef Seelos vor der Weihe der Hessengedenktafel (575) Hessenbund Wels (575) Hessenbund Enns (576) [3 Abb.]: (1)Defilierung des Hessenfahnenzuges (Kommandant Oblt. i. d. Res. Gärtner) in Aspern (2)Oberst d. R. Heinrich Sauer überreicht in Aspern Generaloberst d. R. Viktor Graf Dankl das Hessen-Ehrenabzeichen (3)Die Hessenmusik in Aspern: Links Kapellmeister Karl Stark (576) [2 Abb.]: (1)1936 Linz: Die Hessenfahne bei der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier. Rechts Oberst d. R. Richard von Vittorelli, Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner, Divisionär Generalmajor Anton Kienbauer (2)1936 Linz: Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner schreitet die Front der Hessenbünde ab. Rechts Divisionär Generalmajor Anton Kienbauer, Regierungsdirektor Dr. Otto Richter, Generalstabschef Oberst Karl Wöhrle, Regimentskommandant Oberleutnant Erwin Hingler (577) Hessenbund Vorarlberg (577) [Abb.]: Regimentsgedenktag Linz, 1936: Major d. R. Viktor Grundner mit der Hessenfahnengruppe und der Ehrenabteilung (577) Gruppenbilder einzelner Hessenbünde aus dem Jahre 1916 (578) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenoffiziersbund: (2)1936 Linz: Kameradschaftliche Zusammenkunft der Hessenbrüder nach der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier im Kasinosaal (Vereinsheim d. Hessenoffiziersbundes). Ehrenmitglied Buchdruckereibesitzer Georg Schreiber, München, spricht. Beim Hessenschild: Ehrenmitglied Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner Oberst d. R. Richard v. Vittorelli, Bürgermeister Dr. Wilhelm Bock (578) [2 Abb.]: (1)1936: Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier der Ortsgruppe Wien des Hessen-Offiziersbundes im Hessenstüberl (2)Hessenbund Wien: (579) [2 Abb.]: Hessen-Mannschaftsbund Linz: (580) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessen-Mannschaftsbund Linz: (2)Linz: Hessenstüberl im Vereinsheim des Hessen-Mannschaftsbundes (581) Hessenbund Steyr (581) [Abb.]: Linz: Hessenkaverne im Vereinsheim des Hessen-Mannschaftsbundes (581) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Innsbruck: (2)Hessenbund Salzburg: (582) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Hallein: (2)Hessenstüberl Hallein (583) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hessenstraße in Wels (2)Hessenstüberl Wels (3)Hessenkaverne Wels (584) [Abb.]: Wappen des ersten und des letzten Inhabers, verbunden mit dem Hessenschild und dem Regimentsspruch im Goldenen Ehrenbuch der Hessen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Wels: (2)Das Hessen-Ehrengrab in Wels (585) [2 Abb.]: Hessenbund Enns und Umgebung: (586) [Abb.]: Hessenbund Enns und Umgebung: (587) Hessenbund Kirchdorf an der Krems (587) [Abb.]: Hessenbund Ens (Gruppe St. Valentin): (587) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Steyr: (2)Das Steyrer Hessenstüberl (588) [2 Abb.]: Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Steyr: (589) [2 Abb.]: Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Steyr: (590) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Eferding: (2)Hans Emmerstorfer, Gründer des Hessenbundes Eferding (3)Hessenbund Braunau am Inn: (591) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Vorarlberg: (2)Der Hessengedenkstein in Bregenz (3)Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Kirchdorf an der Krems: (592) [Abb.]: Die alte Hessenfahne ( - ) [Gedicht]: ( - ) Schlußwort ( - ) Inhaltsverzeichnis ( - ) Aus der Geschichte der Hesseninfanterie vor dem Weltkrieg ( - ) Das Hessenregiment Nr. 14 im Weltkrieg ( - ) Die im Weltkrieg 1914 - 1918 gefallenen Hessen. Auszeichnungen im Weltkrieg. Kriegserfahrungen und besondere Formationen in Einzeldarstellungen ( - ) Hessengedichte. Regimentsgeschichte 1918 - 1936 des oberösterreichischen Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14, früher Hessen. Die Hessenbünde. ( - ) Berichtigungen ( - ) [Abb.]: Die Adamello-Gruppe. 1 = Val di S. Valentino. 2 = Monte Caré Alto (3465). 3 = Corno di Cavento (3400). 4-5 = Passo di Lares (3255). 6 = Crozzon di Lares (3354). 7 = Lobbia-Gletscher. Hinter dem Lobbia-Gletscher von Wolken verhüllt der Monte Adamello (3548). 8 = Crozzon di Fargorida (3082). 6-8 = Passo di Topette (2901). 9 = Monte Stablel (2868). 10 = Menicigolo (2685). ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Monte Cristallo. 1 = Antolao. 2 = Sorapiß. 3 = Cristallin-Spitze. 4 = P. Popena. 5 = Monte Cristallo. 6 = Tofana (I, II, III). 7 = Fanes-Spitzen. 8 = Furcia-Rossa-Spitze. 9 = Vallon Bianco. 10 = Conturines-Spitze. 11 = La Varella. 12 = Hohe Gaisl (Croda Rossa). 13 = Monte Piano. 14 = Tal von Schluderbach. ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Krieg in den Dolomiten. Aufnahme von der Fanesscharte aus. 1 = Tofana III. 2 = Tofana II. 3 = Forcella Fontana nigra. 4 = Tofana I. 5 = Schreckstein (Castelletto). 6 = Antelao. 7 = Froda da Lago. 8 = Nördl. Lagazuoi. 9 = Mittl. Lagazuoi. 10 = Ciatta. 11 = Südl. Lagazuoi. 12 = Kleiner Lagazuoi. 13 = Im Vordergrund: Travenzestal. 14 = Im Vordergrund: Stellung im "Gasserdepot". 15 = Col dei Bois. 16 = Im Hintergrund das Ampezzotal mit Sorapiß. 17 = Cima Falzanego. 18 = Im Vordergrund: Großer u. Kleiner Lagazuoi ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

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R.R. mm 46 THE MERCURY. A PHANTASY. CHARI.ES WELSEY WEISER, '01. ; 5 WO spirits floating through the air Leave their mark of passing there. The spirit of the scentless spring, And summer's scented spirit bring Their breath of life and breath of love, And wave ethereal wings above The weary brow. With soothing hand They stir to life the waiting land. The azure sky, the sun and flowers, The bursting bud of woodland bowers, The tender grass, the songsters' strain Compose for life love's sweet refrain Of fellowship. (lI 'Tis evening and the twilight gray Creeps o'er the half-forgotten way, As passing on in pensive mood, Through the ancient hemlock wood, I see beneath the massive trees, Fanned by the evening breeze, A stalwart man reposing lay Beside the lonely grassy way. Tall and brawny, noble., fair, With beaming eyes and wavy hair, He forms a picture good to see— Nature's perfect mastery Commanding all. He speaks—the tones in clarion notes Upward through the branches float. He smiles—and wins with glances bright, Fellowship's most welcome light. "Nature," says he, "perfect, strong, Note and strive for ; and prolong Your days ; and usefulness, and peace, And love, from life shall ne'er cease." I fain would speak, but wake to see 'Tis only a bright phantasy Wrought by Spring-tide on the mind, That seeks in life and love to find The perfect whole. I V* . THE MERCURY 47 "RABBI BEN EZRA." ABDEL R. WENTZ, '04. [Graeff Prize Essay.] ROBERT Browning's Rabbi Ben Ezra is a transcript from the natural experience of a human soul. The struggle between lower and higher ideals has already been fought on the battleground within the soul. The conflict between faith and doubt is over. Faith stands victorious. We have here por-trayed a picture not of action but of a soul in intellectual fer-mentation, the concomitant of action. The poet speaks from emotional imagination in expressing the wish of his soul to be in touch with the infinite. And the passion here described is one that is universal to mankind and one that is deepest and most widely felt in loving human nature. Other poets have attained the same depth of thought, a number have expressed somewhat the same ideas as are here set forth, but probably no poem stands in exactly the same relations as Rabbi Ben Ezra. We propose, therefore, to inquire briefly concerning the Rabbi and his part in the poem, to examine in a general way Brown-ing's philosophy of life as unfolded in the body of his religious poetry, to analyze the thought of this poem and see how the philosophy of life is here set forth, to ascertain what relation the poem sustains to the teachings of Christianity, and to make some observations concerning its rhetorical composition. Abraham ben Meir ben Ezra is the full name of the Rabbi to whom Browning assigns this monologue, but he is more commonly known as Ibn Ezra. Born in Toledo, Spain, about 1088, he started to travel early in life and visited all parts of western and southern Europe and northern Africa. His last days were spent in Rome and here he died in 1167. He was an earnest student of astronomy and won much fame not only as an astronomer but also as an astrologer and physician. In him the Platonic philosophy had an able advocate. Wherever he went he became distinguished for his great learning and his varied accomplishments, but his chief renown seems to have I im 48 THE MERCURY. been as grammarian, biblical commentator, and poet. But great as was the scholarship of the Rabbi, his piety was even greater. From all his writings and from the account of his life we gather that he was a man of extraordinary spiritual rectitude under the complete guidance of the word of God. Such was the man to whom Browning here attributes the philosophy of life. So thoroughly is Ibn Ezra adapted to the expression of such a philosophy and so well do the sentiments here expressed ac-cord with the writings of the Rabbi that the question has been raised whether Browning meant Rabbi Ben Ezra to serve as a statement of his own philosophy or that of Ibn Ezra. There are, indeed, a number of Jewish elements contained in the poem ; as, for instance, the abiding trust in a central righteous-ness. But Browning was specially fond of weaving such ele-ments into the woof of his thought; in fact, in his own nature, both spiritual and intellectual, he was not entirely free from cer-tain Jewish characteristics. Moreover, a great many of his il-lustrations and traditions are taken from among the Jews and no other English poet, with the single exception of Shakespeare, commands for the Jew the same admiration and compassion that Browning does. It seems only reasonable therefore that the poet in presenting his own views concerning life should draw some of his less important ideas from the writings of the Rabbi and thus weave into the poem sufficient coloring to ac-count for the idiosyncrasies of the individual whom he has chosen to give expression to those views. But the strongest proof that Rabbi Ben Ezra expresses Browning's own theory of life, lies in the fact that it is prac-tically a recapitulation of the very sentiments expressed in many of his other poems, as witness Sordello, Abt Vogeler, Saul, The Pope, A Death in the Desert, Reverie, and quite a number of others, all of which develop the same life-philosophy as Rabbi Ben Ezra does. Just as Cicero made use of the venerable Cato as his lay figure in setting forth his views on "Old Age," so Browning has used different personages to develop his philoso-phy, in each case adapting some of the incidentals to the indi- » ■ > THE MERCURY. 49 * * vidual personage. In Jochanan Hakkadosh we have another instance where Browning uses a Jew as his mouthpiece to give utterance to his theory of life. And in the poem under con-sideration he has placed this theory in the mouth of the Rabbi for no other purpose than merely to furnish it with a back-ground; for Browning himself explained of Sordello: "My stress lay on the incidents in the development of a soul; little else is worth study." Being assured then that Rabbi Ben Ezra is merely a restate-ment of Browning's theory of life, it may be well before pro-ceeding to the thought analysis of the poem to try to gain some idea concerning his philosophy of life as developed in the rest of his religious poetry. This philosophy begins in his very first publication, Pauline, where its crude outlines are to be seen; it is more carefully developed and at much greater length in his next production, Paracelsus, and then re-appears from time to time among his productions, and receives its final utterance in his very last poem, Reverie. It is a noteworthy fact that Browning formed this view of lite in his youth, and that no-thing in his life experiences gave him occasion to change it, so that traces and reiterations of it are to be seen in poems cover-ing a period of sixty years of his life. The whole trend of his philosophy might be summarized in the statement that the aspiration towards divine Power and Love is the most exalted ideal for the human soul. The intensity of the universal passion of human love reaching out towards some object which shall satisfy aspiration gives him the conception of God as infinite Love and of the future life as one in which Love incarnate shall have a place. This earthly life is merely a period of probation; man here is in constant pre-paration for another life. Past influences constitute the cri-terion by which to judge of the future, and our development here is determinative of our hereafter, either for growth or de-cay. But in this life we are surrounded by innumerable lim-itations and conditions. All our attainments are bounded by the finite. The divinity at the root of man's nature is too great for the sphere which contains him, arid yet it is this very di-vinity which gives rise to aspiration. Aspiration in turn causes ' ill i. 111 , ,., ,.j,i;iMl8M ■ 50 THE MERCURY. discontent, difficulties, and failures, and these point to infinite success and goodness. Thus we are made to realize the limi-tations and imperfections of our finite existence and to strive ever onward and upward to infinite freedom and perfection. It is precisely this imperfect nature in man which gives him the susceptibility to infinite growth and development; and this is "Man's distinctive mark alone," that which raises him higher in the scale than the brute and places him "a little lower than the angels." Only by our temporal failures are we led to see the possibility of eternal success. Internal dissatisfaction with our attainments on earth induces aspiration towards the divine. Man is "a living personality linked to the principle of restless-ness;" he must recognize his limitations and work within them, never losing sight of the infinite beyond nor ever ceasing to as-pire toward that perfection of freedom. To become content with even the highest attainable per-fection in this earthly life would mean to renounce all noble de-sires and to deny the inner light. This present state must not be regarded as an end in itself and submission to the conditions which it imposes would only result in fatal loss. To fail to recognize our imperfect nature would be to deny the possibility of spiritual growth. No, we must never be satisfied with this earth and its meagre successes; we must never rest content with this stage of imperfection. We must recognize the possi-bility of higher results than any attainable on earth and must aspire to something beyond the limits of time and space. "A man's reach should exceed his grasp, Or what's a heaven for?" It is this very quality—this constant discontent with earthly attainments, this endless aspiration for something higher—that makes life a struggle and the earth a bivouac of strife. Man must be actuated by a constant and conscious impetuosity to-wards the divine, drawing new impulses out of each failure, ever realizing with Tennyson, that, "Men may rise on stepping-stones From their dead selves to higher things." THE MERCURY. Si Each failure should give rise to greater effort and higher aspira-tion. According to Abt Vogeler, the musician accepts the pro-longed pause as an earnest of sweet music, and the discords as an evidence of more highly-prized harmony to follow. The limitations of this life are only suggestions of the infinitude of the life beyond. These. temporal barriers shall become the doors opening to the eternal life of infinite beauty, happiness, knowledge and love. The little mountain rill, as it flows down, has many rough places to cross, many obstacles to encounter, many rocks and precipices to pass, but continually receiving new life from other streams it grows deeper and stronger until at last it becomes a great, deep river, and, undisturbed now by the huge boulders beneath its surface, it flows calmly on to join the peaceful, powerful ocean. So the soul, weak at first and prone to despair, must work within its limitations and by an endless succession of aspirations and failures, each failure stimu-lating stronger endeavor, make its way to God and to the real-ization of perfect Power and Love. Having thus gotten a view of the philosophy of life as Brown-ing held it, we will be better able to follow in analysis the thought of Rabbi Ben Ezra, where this philosophy is stated with greater conciseness, perhaps, than anywhere else in Brown-ing. But -first it must be said, by way of explanation, that Rabbi Ben Ezra is not argumentative in its character; it is merely the statement of facts of positive knowledge. Its view is intuitive and it states conclusions without employing courses of reasoning. We shall not expect, therefore, that the thought of the different stanzas will in every instance be arranged in strict logical sequence. Mellowed with years, the venerable Rabbi gives to the young man the cheerful assurance, " The best is yet to be," and in the quietude of life's evening hour proposes a retrospect of the day and a prospect to the tomorrow. Bidding us to trust in God te reveal His whole plan, he first considers youth. This is a period of hesitation and ambition, of "hopes and fears." All of youth's brief years are passed in doubt and indecision. But for this the Rabbi has no remonstrances, for this very doubt is S2 THE MERCURY. the actuating influence—the "troubling spark"—which distin-guishes us from the brute creation; brutes have their end of living in self-satisfaction, and in the gratification of sense are free from care and doubt. But man's greatest glory and that which attests his affinity with the great Provider lies in his noble desires and lofty aspirations which can never be satisfied on earth; this is the disturbing spark that proves his spiritual nature. We should therefore endure with good cheer the lim-itations that are here placed upon us, and, despite life's difficul-ties and discomforts, ever strive and learn and dare. For the seeming failures of this earthly life simply prove our suscepti-bility to the achievement of eternal success. Our aspiration to the unattainable raises us higher in the scale than the unpro-gressive brute, and he, who hopes to succeed in his flesh and to that end subordinates soul to body, can scarcely deserve the noble name of man. And yet the body is not without its use; all past experi-ences in the flesh serve to teach valuable lessons in this train-ing- school for eternity, and the heart of the Rabbi beats in sin-cere gratitude for the opportunity of living as a man, a part in the one great plan of perfect Power and Love. He trusts him-self implicitly to the will of his Creator and hopes thus to gain the victory over low ideals and ignoble desires. For the soul is prone to yield to its rosy garment of flesh in the desire for rewards commeasurable with bodily endowments and physical attainments. But we should not measure ourselves by the ground gained in spite of flesh; we should realize that while flesh and soul are both subject to limitations here on earth, yet neither is to be despised as all is for the best. Youth must have its struggles and disappointments but old age reaps rich fruit in consequence. For here if is that the complete man is produced and that the tendency to God be-gins. The Rabbi, ripe with age, awaits the fight with death, the only struggle now before him. "Fearless and unperplexed" he contemplates the battle with perfect serenity of soul, for his experiences have taught him what weapons and what armor to employ. Now that his youth is ended he is in a position to L4fc THE MERCURY. 53 pass sentence on that period of life. The fires of'youth have culled out the gold from the dross and the life-struggle can now at length be estimated at its true value. In youth all was un-certainty ; with age comes knowledge absolute. Each sunset brings its certain moment which suddenly calling the glory from the gray announces the death of the day and invites esti-mation of its worth. So the period of old age, tinted with glory and free from the strife of youth, affords the opportunity to prove the past, pronounce judgment on its errors and pro-prieties, and thereby "sustained and soothed" to face the future. And more than this is not possible for man ; his highest duty is to practice tomorrow the lessons of today, to follow intently "the great Artificer of all that moves" and thus catch hints of real handicraft, of true workmanship. Youth is the proper time for growth and aspiration, the proper time to "strive to-ward making," and though the efforts to make be uncouth and seeming failures, nevertheless they are eminently successful in that they secure for old age exemption from strife and the blessed privilege of knowledge. Death can then be awaited without fear. Here the mind is not harassed by arguments of "Doctor and Saint"'as in youth, but the knowledge of the Right and Good and Infinite is as absolute as the knowledge of the possession of one's own hand. Age vindicates youth by defining and separating "great minds from small" and by determining whether the principles of Right were properly ap-plied in youth. Thctruth is revealed and peace of soul secured. But who shall act as judge to pass the sentence? It is no easy task, for men of very similar traits and qualities hold widely different views. Who shall decide? The answer: each man must be his own arbiter; he alone understands the circum-stances of his own life struggle. For life is not to be judged by its deeds and attainments, else others could pass the sentence. "Men appraise the outward product," but this vulgar mass, so easily recognized and valued by the low world, is not the proper standard to use in making up the main account. True, our "work" is pleasing in the eyes of our fellow-men and quickly plumbed and tested by the world's coarse thumb and finger, but 54 THE MERCURY. the true reckoning of man's worth takes into account all our undeveloped instincts tor good, all our unfulfilled purposes. These no one can know but ourselves and these God weighs and considers. He finds value in our thoughts which we were not able to express in a mere act and His records contain even our fleeting fancies :— "All I could never be, All, men ignored in me, This, I was worth to God. whose wheel the pitcher shaped." These lines contain the one great lesson of the poem, the very-theme of its thought, namely, the manifestation of God's love in his dealings with man. Our doubts He overrules for faith; our failures He overrules for success. Our aspirations to the impossible become the essentials of our spiritual growth. It is on the wings of God's love that the spirit of man mounts from earth to heaven. This thought pervades the entire poem. The thought that man is the pitcher shaped by the wheel of God leads to the expanding of that beautiful metaphor of the potter and the clay, and this occupies the concluding verses of the poem. We are invited to examine the metaphor and learn why time passes away so rapidly while our souls lie passive. Hugest folly is the proposition that nothing endures and that the past has no bearing on the present or the future. All that has ever really existed, lasts forever. The wheel indeed may vary as it turns, but potter and clay endure. So life fleets and earth changes, but God and Soul remain forever. We are not mere shadowy existences destined to pass into nothingness; we are eternal realities. But the changing motion of the wheel is needful to give the clay its proper form and make it useful; no less are the buffetings and evanescent influences of this life's dance intended by the all-wise Creator to give our souls their proper bent and temper and fit them for their highest useful-ness. What matters it, so far as the usefulness of the cup is concerned, if the potter in the course of his work ceases to adorn it with the beautiful figures wrought around its base and fashions stern, grim scull-things about the rim? And what I THE MERCURY. 55 matters it if our Maker diminish our pleasures and make this temporal life less attractive? Not in the decorations however beautiful is to be found the proper use of a cup; no more is the highest usefulness of the soul to be found in the pleasures and ornaments of life. Heaven's consummate cup has no need therefore of earth's wheel; his only need is the Potter, to amend the lurking flaws and use His work. The Rabbi declares that never once in the whole dizzy course of his lite with all its im-perfections and failures—never once did he lose sight of his end as a vessel to slake his Maker's thirst. Just as in the opening stanza he expressed his firm assurance of a better life to come, aud his abiding confidence in God's goodness, "Our times are in His hand," so after maintaining this sentiment through the entire poem, he reiterates it once more in his eloquent closing prayer: "So, take and use Thy work : Amend what flaws may lurk, What strain o' the stuff, what warpings past the aim ! My times be in Thy hand! Perfect the cup as planned ! Let age approve of youth, and death complete the same[" These noble sentiments, though expressed by a Jewish Rabbi, are entirely in accord with the teachings of Christianity. An eminent writer on ethics has pronounced Rabbi Ben Ezra to be "one of the completest descriptions of the ethical life in English literature." But it is even more than that; it is a statement of pure theism and a description of sublime religious faith. It abounds in Christian sentiment and contains numer-ous allusions to Scripture of both the Old and New Testament. If Rabbi Ben Ezra were a part ot the Bible, every sentence in the entire poem would long since have been quoted in substan-tiation of some Christian teaching. One of the salient teach-ings of the poem is that of absolute submission to the Divine will. This, one of the great teachings of our New Testament, is forcibly set forth in the poem. Moreover, Christ's mission on earth was to reveal the Father not only as Power but more specifically as Love. In the light of this fact, the sentiment 56 THE MERCURY. which the Rabbi expresses becomes quite striking, especially when he says, "I, who saw power, see now Love perfect too." L^fc, The Christian religion is preeminently a religion of love, and Rabbi Ben Ezra has its very basis on God's love for man. Then, too, Christianity is essentially a romantic religion. Literature furnishes numerous instances of Christian romance. And what can be more romantic than this idea of a future life with earthly hopes and aspirations realized and Love perfected, as developed in the poem ? This hope of future existence gives to the Chris-tian religion the very source of its life. And in Holy-Cross Day we have another instance where Browning represents this same Ben Ezra as a direct advocate of Christ and Christianity. When Rabbi Ben Ezra was first published (1864), the world stood in great need of just such a message of hope and faith as the poem conveys. That was a time when skepticism and des-pondency were rapidly growing. Matthew Arnold was busy promulgating his own unbelief. Fitzgerald had just published his'beautiful translation of Omar Khayyam, and this message o doubt was being very widely read. Epicureanism and sensualism were spreading. To all these Rabbi Ben Ezra was a check. It inculcated cheerfulness and hope, destroying doubt and set-ting up faith preeminent. Some readers of Browning find in him nothing more than what is purely humanitarian and ethical, while others narrow their vision to the romantic and Christian. In reality, Brown-ing includes both. His message is twofold : he treats both the Here and the Hereafter. An so Rabbi Ben Ezta combines the humanitarian and the ethical, on the one hand, with the roman-tic and Christian on the other, and sets forth a lofty type of Christian faith as held by a man of God. In rhetorical composition Rabbi Ben Ezra is typical of Brown-ing's religious poetry. Browning is noted for his great com-prehensiveness of meaning. Few writers have used single words with such great effect. In fact, so great is his conscise- THE MERCURY. 57 ness that he is often charged with being obscure, and the num-ber of his readers is comparatively small because not many peo-ple will take the trouble to disengage the poet's real thought irom the close-plaited web of his expression. Rabbi Ben Ezra is no exception to the rule. True, it is one of the most widely known of Browning's poems and has been considered one of the easiest, but its apparent simplicity disappears before any serious effort to drain it of its meaning. The poet thinks at lightning speed and records his thoughts as they occur to him, and nothing short of an alert mind and an open spirit will suf-fice to draw from the poem its full meaning. It is recondite almost to the extreme, in places even bordering on the verge of solecism. And yet it is only natural that such" sublime, weighty thought should receive striking expression. Every sentence is pregnant with vigorous meaning. And while the poem shows in its structure no regard whatever for symmetry or proportion and no view to clearness, beauty, or nobleness of form, yet it presents the greatest consistency of teaching from first to last. This poem will be read as long as the human race endures, because it has to do with a passion that is common to all man-kind. It deals with man's growth to the infinite in a spirit of the most healthful optimism, and inspires men everywhere to high and noble thinking. Browning himself gives an estimate of the loftiness of the theme when he says in a letter to a friend: "It is a great thing—the greatest—that a human being should have passed the probation of life, and sum up its experi-ence in a witness to the power and love of God." What Long-fellow contributes to literature in his "Psalm of Life," what Ten-nyson contributes in his "In Memoriam"-—this and more Brown-ing epitomizes in his Rabbi Ben Ezra. And the late Professor Everett of Harvard pronounces it "one of the most exalted of the poems of Browning * * * * one of the most exalted in the whole range of literature." 5« THE MERCURY. RUSSIAN AGGRESSION. [Second Prize in the Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Contest] W. W. BARKXEY, '04. PASSING events in the Far East draw the eyes of the world once more toward those parts which have engaged more or less constant attention for many years. The Asiatic question with its many difficulties and complications presents the unsolved international problem of the twentieth century. How shall the equilibrium of the East and the- integrity of China be maintained? How shall the commercial powers of the world preserve the equality of trading privileges along China's inviting coast? How shall the threatening advance of Russia upon Asia be checked? Shall Anglo-Saxon civiliza-tion or the civilization of the Muscovite stamp itself upon east-ern peoples ? The last two inquiries are primary and essential, it will be admitted, in dealing with the first two. Statesmen prophets have prophesied, but struggle is no longer a thing of the future. The foretold contest is on. and it is critical. Potent energies are now at work in the Orient. Asia is evidently un-dergoing transition. Pressing circumstances must soon force a solution of the grave problem of the East and provide answers to our questions. While grim-visaged war is raging between the little island empire of the Pacific and that gigantic nation of the north, it will not be untimely to follow the course of that ceaseless, un-tiring advance which has brought Russia all the way across the Eurasian continent from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok and Port Arthur. The declaration of open hostilities between these two con-flicting nations was no surprise, but rather was expected. War was inevitable in the face of Russian aggression and dogged-ness. The current strife is only one of a series of events which have been shaping themselves for years, yes for centuries, in the history of Russia. It is the natural, logical outcome of a policy of greed and grasp which has been at the bottom of THE MERCURY. 59 every national move which Russia has made since the days of her first note-worthy monarch, "Ivan the Terrible." The real cause of the war waging today can be clearly traced to this governing policy. Insatiate Russia is not satisfied with her tight grip on Manchuria which she now practically owns and controls, but looks with a covetous eye on the independent but small empire of Korea over which Japanese influence should justly extend. In fact it was reported, previous to the outbreak with Japan, that she already had obtained large interests in the important timber regions of the Yalu Valley, and that her rep-resentative stood over the weak and pliable Emperor at Seoul with almost dictatorial power. Such is her impudence and boldness. Will Russia recede from the prominent position she has taken in northeastern China ? Never, voluntarily ! She may make clever pretensions and employ shrewd diplomatic schemes, as is her custom, but she will never withdraw from an acquisi-tion which has been the object of her ambition for three cen-turies and more, until Japan or some other power drives her back into the north from whence she came. And then she will not remain there; onward, advance, conquer and expand have been the watchwords of this aggressor of nations since the close of the Middle Ages when the terrible autocrat of the six-teenth century assumed the ambitious title of Czar and began to push the lines of his government out in all directions. When Ivan came to the throne Russia was "a semi-savage, semi-Asiatic power, so hemmed in by barbarian lands and hos-tile races as to be almost entirely cut off from intercourse with the civilized world." Since then her growth in territory and power has been marvelous and amazing. From the compara-tively small and insignificant state in Central Europe, she has gradually extended her boundaries until now she dominates about one-half of the land area of Eurasia. The Tartars were attacked and driven beyond the Ural river, and thus the entire Volga and Caspian regions were acquired. An advance was started toward the Ural mountains and the Euxine. Under the powerful and energetic despot, Petet the Qreat, the Black and Baltic sea regions were both gained; Siberia was explored and 6o THE MERCURY. conquered from the Ural mountains to Kamtschatka, and afterwards colonized; far-reaching reforms were brought about, and Russia was lifted to a place among the first-class powers of Europe. Today her dominion extends from the borders of Per-sia, Afghanistan, and India on the south to Sweden and the Arctic ocean on the north ; and from the Chinese Empire and the Pacific on the east to Germany and Austria-Hungary on the west. What giant strides she has taken in territorial devel-opment ! What a magnificent stretch of country she has been able to consolidate into one sovereign State! No other nation in the history of the world has been able to secure such abso-lute control over so large an empire and that in the compara-tively short period of four centuries. Russia's advance is steady and never ceases. Her policy is well-outlined and the goal of her ambition is clearly defined., Her real governing purpose may be deduced from her actions. Russia needs some warm water harbors on the Pacific. She proposes first to secure, if possible, these advantageous outlets without which she can never develop her almost limitless na-tural resources. Secondly, Russia evidently aims to become the arbiter and controller of the East; and, therefore, she en-deavors to stamp her order of civilization on Asia, and obtain for herself the preponderance of power in the Far East. Back of these exalted aims and ambitions is a thorough conviction among her people that the day of Russian supremacy is near at hand. "Her students everywhere claim that the world had bee?i under the Romance type of civilization and that gave way in time to the Anglo- Teutonic type under which the world is now developing and this is about to give way to Slavonic civilization to which the future belongs." Surely, if written history and current actions count for anything in judging a nation, no other than these stupenduous designs and hopes, we have briefly stated, are the basis of her aggressive spirit. Surely no other than these form the main-spring of Russia's late historical movements. Russia's political,-.commercial and industrial interests demand a more extensive seacoast, and more and better harbors. Tur-r_* r THE MERCURY. 61 key and the Powers control the Bosphorus and deny her ingress to Mediterranean waters. The Baltic is ice-bound part of the year and that seriously hinders navigation there. Port Arthur and Vladivostok also present serious obstacles to successful commerce. Where shall Russia turn, if not southward along China's coast and toward the Persian gulf, in which directions the high wave of her influence and sovereignty has been roll-ing, now slowly, now rapidly, but ever rolling for almost four hundred years ? What does the construction of her great trans-Siberian railroad mean, which now stretches across an en-tire continent, if not easier access to the Pacific ? What does a similar trunk line mean, which is now being planned to extend from the Baltic to the Arabian sea, if not a freer outlet to the world's waters ? What does her sly seizure of Manchuria, her pretended foothold on Korea, signify ? What does a war with Japan signify, if not a fixed determination to extend her power along the Chinese seaboard and gain possession of China's warm water harbors? Russia aspires to be a great sea power, but as yet she is comparatively weak along that line, as was evinced too plainly by her recent defeats at the hands of Japanese sea-warriors. In order to be prepared in time of war she must have a stronger navy, and safer inlets to harbor it. That she may develop her boundless natural resources properly, both in Europe and Siberia, and thereby increase her wealth, she must be given an opportunity to open up her industries and enlarge her trade. To hold and maintain her place among the nations, she must establish herself on the sea. Russia's prophet states-men are shrewd and wide-awake to these facts. They look far ahead, see in Russia the nation of the future, and may be ex-pected to plan their every action in accordance with their in-tense ambition to make her glorious and paramount. There is no more room for doubt. The spread of Slavonic domination in Asia is truly alarming. No observer who has followed the course of current affairs in the East will have failed to notice that glacier-like movement of Russian power over Chinese territory. England sees it; Japan resents it. It is too evident, notwithstanding her cunning diplomacy, her insincere 62 THE MERCURY. promises and agreements, and her round-about manoeuvers at times, that Russia means to retain every foot of ground she possesses and that she will never cease to advance until she has conquered and absorbed and assimilated the whole of the Chi-nese Empire, Persia, and Afghanistan; stands triumphant on the summits of the lofty Himalyas, and looks with a threaten-ing eye down upon the rich and splendid empire of India, un-less, perchance, the Anglo-Saxon shall not delay longer, but come forth to contest such wholesale occupation of Asia. Some years ago, when it was proposed to retreat from the mouth of the Amur river, Emperor Nicholas said, "Where Russia's flag is carried once, there it shall remain forever." That shows the spirit of the nation. Russia is active; Russia is greedy; Rus-sia is strong and persistent. Give her the chance she seeks to relieve her latent energies and develop her dormant resources, and she will become the most influential, the wealthiest of world powers. Give her the opportunity she covets and she will scatter broadcast over the Orient her despotic principles of autocracy with its brutality, ignorance, and oppression; force her Greek Catholicism with its error and intolerance upon the unfortunate subjects of her conquest, and carry with her a spirit of exclusiveness and selfishness deadly to the advance of pure Christian civilization everywhere ig the world. Give her the right of way and she will attain the strategic points she desires and crush out of existence the Anglo-Saxon order of civiliza-tion, which means constitutional government, the Protestant religion, liberty, equality, and education characteristic of all Anglo Saxon peoples. Stand aside, and Holy Russia will rule the world. But will the rest of the world stand aside, passive and indif ferent, and let the great Czar forward his schemes of encroach-ment and aggrandizement unhindered? Japan says No! Japan acts promptly and firmly, and all hail! to the bravp little nation who with courage stout and strong goes out to battle with this giant aggressor of the north. We admit her claims be-cause we know they are just; we glory in her victories because we know she is right; deservedly do we give her our sympathies THE MERCURY. 63 because she has put herself in line with twentieth century progress and civilization and with dignity faces an avaricious foe still moved by the customs and principles of the sixteenth century. But can she stand against such might in the ultimate contest ? Can Japan alone hold Russia in check and stop the perilous ad-vance ? It is not to be expected. If not, what will England do, England who has check-mated Russia so often in Europe, and who now has such vast commercial interests on the coast and in the heart of China, and stands guardian over such a mighty empire as India, will she allow China to be Russianized and India to be menaced ? It would seem that the final struggle must be between Russia and England. Two great orders of modern civilization have met and are ready to clash, yes they have clashed, for Japan's prototype is England, and her civil-ization is Anglo-Saxon. On the one hand, Russia, who be-lieves thoroughly that the future lies with the Slav. On the other hand, the English-speaking nations, who contend that the future rests with the Anglo-Saxon. Both stand ready to fight, if need be, for the world's supremacy. One is a supremacy of personal absolutism and oppression; the other, a supremacy of democracy with its liberty and justice. Which shall it be? Should the struggle come now, Russia would likely be crushed ;• later, after she has had time to grow and strengthen to her full proportions, who shall prophesy the end and declare which shall rule the world, Anglo-Saxon or Slav ? THE PASSION FOR SCHOLARSHIP. PROF. OSCAR G. KXINGER. THE mental attitude of a man towards his vocation is all important. Tell me this and I will tell you the degree of success which he has won or will win. Where there is a lively interest there will be also the enthusiasm and tireless energy so necessary to the perfect performance of a task. A lackadaisical spirit defeats any enterprize. The captains of in- 64 THE MERCURY. dustry have always been men with a genius for hard work. The same is true of those who have won eminence in any of the learned professions. They have mounted high because they have been in love with their vocation. To the student who aims at some notable achievement in the domain of knowledge, an absorbing passion for scholarship is the first essential. By such a passion, I mean an insatiable desire to know the truth of things at first hand. Others may be satisfied to take their information on faith. He must get at the heart of reality ; he must know things in themselves and in their relations; and to attain this he must be willing to sacrifice everything— "To scorn delights and live laborious days." Unless this passion dominate him there will be lacking the fire and enthusiasm which are necessary to prolonged effort. To think is the most difficult task a man can ever set himself. It means absorption, critical acumen, a nice balancing of facts and unerring inference; in a word, it means the analysis of a fact or truth to its ultimates and a synthesis of these ultimates into a positive thought. The process prolonged wears out the brain and exhausts the nerves. To keep it up until the end demands a will which is animated by a passion for knowledge as burning as the desire to live. Then and then only can the mind come to its full stature and utter truth which men must hear whether they will or not. This longing to know is often inborn, but may be acquired in some degree by even the dullest. The main trouble with the latter sort of student is that his mind has never been a-wakened. About his intellect a dense haze has gathered and he cannot see his way nor does he know precisely where he is. A dull ambition stirs in his heart but he cannot discover its meaning. Intelligent study is to him unknown. He tries to go through his tasks but what he gets means little to him. Often it happens that young men of naturally capable minds almost finish their course before they acquire the mental aware-ness which is the first condition of successful study. When THE MERCURY. 65 they do wake up their progress is phenomenal. Perhaps therefore, the highest function of the teacher is to awaken mind and by his helpfulness keep it awake. ' No higher reward can come to him than the consciousness that he has set one intel-lect on fire with the passion to know. Before this is possible, however, a serious obstacle must be removed. It is a motion wellnigh unusual among students and grows out of a mistaken conception of education. The student finds the college equipped with a faculty of men more or less learned who are to be his teachers in the various subjects which the curriculum offers. He expects them to set him tasks for each day's performance. In the recitations they question him on the lessons and make the necessary explanations or pffer additional information. Consequently the idea is general and perhaps inevitable that the professors educate the pupil. How-ever natural, this notion is pernicious and works incalculable harm. In the sense that the teacher acts as guide and makes easier the road to intellectual development, it is true that he is an educator ; in any other sense it is misleading. The men-tal development zvhich any man gets is always the lesult of his own specific effort. A teacher helps, stimulates, guides, "but achieves nothing without the earnest response of the pupil.' This erroneous view is largely responsible for a wrong use of the textbook. The student imagines that doing his task-work in memoriter fashion is genuine study. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Even a parrot is capable of such exercise of memory and the world has no use for human "Pollys!" A memory stored with knowledge is a great boon, but will not go far in promoting a' man's interests. Some of the greatest failures have been walking encyclopedias of facts and theories. A bookworm always has a hard time to find enough to eat. The world demands men who can think and plan and execute,—practical men who can use their knowledge to meet and solve the intricate problems of business and poli-tics. "What new truth have you to offer?" is the question asked of every graduate and on his answer depends his sta-tion. A well written article which reproduces only the •ii% 66 THE MERCURY. thoughts of other men finds its way into the editor's waste bas-ket or into the pages of the cheapest magazine. The pulpit ■which is no longer a teaching platform will face empty pews. The "dead-line" in any profession is drawn where invention dies; years have nothing to do with it. The man who keeps pace with progress and is able to interpret to others the heart of the movement will never want a hearing. Such a man is never the product of a mere textbook. For a text in any sub ject is the resume of one man's interpretation of a body of facts. Its value depends wholly on the authority of its author. At best it is only an outline. Any student, therefore, who ac-cepts the teaching without examining the facts and bringing the theory to the test of facts, is doing two things—-depriving himself of the pleasure which comes with reasoned conviction, and missing the power which such additional research confers. Either is a great mistake. The worship of the textbook induces another grievous habit which when acquired blights original work in a literary way. When a theme has been adopted as the subject of an essay the student at once searches through the library for material which when found constitutes the subject matter of his essay. Of testing, of meditation, there is little or 'none. What he says is not what the subject means to him but to another. He is like a phonograph endowed with the power of changing the form of expression without altering the thought. It were well if the saying of Isocrates were written in letters of light above every alcove: "What has been said by one is not of equal value to him who repeats it; but he seems to be the most skillful who finds in a subject topics which have escaped the notice of others." Here is the truth in a nut-shell. Let a young man determine at the outset that he will not repeat what has once been uttered except as a quotation, but will give to the world his own thought tested and tried by an appeal to things, and what he has to say on any subject will command the attention of men. Servile devotion to the textbook; re-producing the thought of others; failure to experience the truth that is presented; these are the fatal rocks on which THE MERCURY. 67 many a promising career has been wrecked. There is, too, an ethical aspect of the case which must not be overlooked. No one has the moral right to ask another to spend time in read-ing or hearing what to him is old. Truth which concerns man is so illimitable in every direction and our knowledge of it so infinitesimal that he who repeats what is common to all is guilty of a grave wrong to his reader or hearer. This passion to know fully and at first hand, if it could be-come the dominant element in the college atmosphere, would transform college life. It would quickly bring men face to face with the mystery of things and take away the indolence, the trifling, the present tendency to follow the line of least resis-tance. The four years of effort would produce scholars whom the world would welcome and of whom the college could be proud. The spirit of the scholar can be acquired and cultivated and its possession means success, as its absence means failure, in all that is highest in life. COURTESY TO STRANGERS. H. S. DORNBERGKR, '06. A stranger,'no matter where he goes, is bound to receive a certain amount of courtesy. I will attempt to show in this essay that this amount of courtesy is increasing rather than decreasing. During all ages and especially the feudal age, every stranger was sure of receiving food and shelter if he stopped at any house or castle. This was due chiefly to the fact that hotels were not very common until our own age, nor did every village or hamlet have its hotel or inn as is now the case. Then as there were no newspapers until quite recently, a stranger was also received for the news he might bring. It might also be added that the number of travelers at that time cannot be com-pared with the number of the present time. At present this hospitality to strangers is not nearly so evi- '• J Uii. 68 THE MERCURY. dent as it was in former times. The chief cause of this is our modern hotel system. Everywhere one goes he will find some kind of a hotel, no matter what be the size of the place. It may also be stated here that travelers, in most cases, would much rather pay their hotel bills than trouble some one else with entertaining them during their sojourn in the locality. Even among friends one sees this. Very often a friend will come to your vicinity and, rather than bother you, will go to a hotel. Now let us consider whether a stranger would be welcomed did he ask for our hospitality. The ordinary beggar will serve as a good example of this. It is very difficult, indeed, for one to find a home where a beggar will not receive a good meal if he goes and asks for it. Who is so cold hearted that he would refuse anyone shelter from the'cold in winter or the rain in summer? Who would not offer his bed to a sick or wounded person at his door and strive to comfort the unfortu-nate being? In some countries a stranger was always regarded as an enemy unless he could prove himself a friend. In some in-stances it even went so far as to cause the person's death, could he not do this. As we come to more modern times this feel-ing of hostility toward strangers gradually diminished until it has passed entirely out of existence, except among semi-civi-lized peoples. Another example of the growth of courtesy toward strangers is the downfall of absolute monarchism and the rise of more democratic forms of government. This last example may be regarded as not exactly on the subject by some but as it con-sists of the regard of man for man, in my opinion it is after all nothing but courtesy. A still better example is the increase of the value of human life. At the dawn of history the life of a man was held less sacred than a mere dog's life is today. This brings up still another point. In former ages, capital punishment was the mode of exacting justice. Since that time the inflicting of capital punishment has been gradually modi- THE MERCURY. 69 fied from unspeakable tortures to the entire abandonment of this form of justice except in some few cases. The modern rules of etiquette require us to be courteous to strangers. We exert ourselves in every way to please them and try our best to make them feel at home. We even go so far as to deny ourselves comforts for their pleasure. We do not allow them to spend their money. We introduce them to our friends who try to outdo us in their courtesy toward these strangers. Take for example the visit of a noted person to a city or town. Arrangements for his reception are begun al-most as soon as the the news of his intended visit becomes known. Banquets and receptions are given in his honor. He is met at the railroad station by a committee and escorted to his stopping-place. He is cheered by the crowds that gather merely to get a glimpse of him. I believe that courtesy toward strangers is increasing rather than decreasing for we of the present day are just as hospitable toward strangers as were our brethern of former times; and I believe therefore that as the world becomes more civilized, mankind will become more courteous. da I In an up-to-datest tailor-made gown,U-pi-de-i-da The boys arc wild, and prex is, too, You never saw such a hulla-ba-loo. CHORUS. — U-pi-dee-i-dee-i-da 1 etc. Her voice is clear as a soaring lark's, And her wit Is like those trolley-car sparks I When 'cross a muddy street she flits. The boys all have conniption fits I The turn of her head turns all ours, too. There's always a strife to sit in her pew; 'Tis enough to make a parson drunk, To hear her sing old co-ca-che-lunk! The above, and three other NEW verses to U-PI-DEIi, '.'. and NEW WORDS, catchy, up-to-date, to manv fp others of the popular OLD FAMILIAR TUNES; be- ■■ ' JfflHf sides OLD FAVORITES ; and also many NEW SONGS. J*W uull S0NGS OF ALL THE COLLEGES. JjWJ Copyright, Pricei $rjo, postpaid. fa mm if IJLU HINDS & NOBLE, Publishers, New York City. ^ ft ft Schoolbooks of all publishers at one store. ff1' ■> Rupp Building, YORK, PENN'A. Watch for his Representative when he visits the College PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Geo. E. Sparkler, PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSICAL MERCHANDISE MusiC Rooms, - York St. Telephone 181 GETTYSBURG C. B. KITZMILLE,R. DEALER IN HATS, CAPS, BOOTS AND DOUGLAS SHOE.S. McKnight Building, Baltimore St. Gettysburg, Pa. k M. AMrEMAN, Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, paints and (jueensware Gettysburg, Pa. THE ONLY JOBBING HOUSE IN ADAMS COUNTY W.F.Odori, ^DEALER IN^k- SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS. mm* York Street, Gettysburg:, Pa. 1

THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY The Literary Journal of Pennsylvania College Entered at the Postofice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. X GETTYSBURG, PA., OCTOBER, 1901 No. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Nature's Chain, . 137 The Survival of the Fittest, . . . .138 Man Was Not Made to Mourn, . . . 143 Some Important Deductions from a Comparative Study of My-thologies, . . . . . . 147 The Thunder Storm, . 1SS Editorial, . . 157 Resolutions of Respect, . . . . 158 Oration: The Character of Our Early American Forefathers, . 159 James Russell Eowell, . 165 Exchanges, . . . . . 170 NATURE'S CHAIN [From the "Essay on Man"] Look 'round our world; behold the chain of love Combining- all below and all above, See plastic nature working- to this end, The single atoms each to other tend, Attract, attracted to, the next in place, Formed and impelled its neighbor to embrace. See matter next, with various life endued, Press to one center still, the general good. See dying vegetables life sustain, See life dissolving, vegetate again; All forms that perish other forms supply (By turns we catch the vital breath, and die); Eike bubbles on the sea of matter borne, They rise, they break, and to that sea return. Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole; One all-extending, all-preserving Soul Connects each being, greatest with the least; Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast; All served, all serving; nothing stands alone ; The chain holds on, and where it ends, unknown. —POPE. ^•jataut HHOMIHIHHBBHHHmBIBH 138 77/^ GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE SURVIVAL OF TME FITTEST D. C. BURNITE, '01 [dies Prize Essay—First Prize] "Ivives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime." —Longfellow. TV/fANKIND is like the face of a mountainous country. As we -*■'*■ view the human landscape, here and there, like peaks which rise above the plain and rear their snow-crowned heads among the clouds, appear, in bold contrast to the ordinary level of their fel-lows, the mighty men whose lives are the pages of history. And as we contemplate these epoch makers, there wells up in us, and quite naturally, too, a strong spirit of emulation. We admire them and would be like them. Of course, not every one of us can be a Napoleon, or a Wash-ington, or a Franklin, or a Grant; but each has abundant chances of becoming a less conspicuous, but yet quite prominent, feature in the plane of humanity. And it is the existence of such chances that prompts the youth of today to ask himself and others how best to pursue success. Geologists tell us that peaks owe their existence to their dur-able qualities. The surrounding material, by the action of aqueous erosion, has been carried away, leaving these tall projections which have been able to resist for ages the frictional action of water. Upon this same principle rests the success of the "makers of his-tory." Certain things in their make-up have enabled them to stand firm against the attrition of such circumstances as have swept their less sturdy fellows into the "realm of innocuous des-uetude." Their success is the result of the operation of the prin-ciple of the survival of the fittest. Ever since the world began, the principles and causes which have resulted in such changes as have been mentioned have al-ways been the same, and are the same, as those in operation to-day. And this is true of human affairs; so that the young man must realize that the same principles and causes which determined the success of great men, still operate. Ere he can resist the downward pressure of the busy, indifferent world about him, and, as Greely says, "bulge out over the top, where he is sure to be seen," it is necessary that he follows the same plan to secure suc-cess as that which has enabled others before him to become emi- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 139 nent. Just as they have survived innumerable discouragements and scaled the heights of fame because they have made themselves the fittest, so must the youth, in order to reach a high place, develop in himself those things which will render him, too, fit to combat opposing forces. And what are the elements of that fitness which has led to the success of men? Rvery person expects to be or do something, some day; that is, all have purposes. Yet most of these are more or less vague. But what we who would get on in the world must have, are defi-nite purposes. A race without a fixed goal is nothing. Without a definite end to strive for, life is a mere "struggle for existence," and existence is all we get. But life is more than this. The fu-ture holds out many prizes to each of us, to be won only by those who decide definitely for what prize they shall strive. The trav-eller must know, if not to what distance he desires to go, at least what is the bearing of the course he wants to pursue, or he may travel in a circle. If we want to move from our present positions, we must have purposes which, though they are not necessarily limited in extent, yet in direction must be definite. Napoleon, at the very outstart of his brilliant career, aimed at the rulership of the French nation. Lincoln had a definite intention, formed early in life, to do good to others. And how signally he suc-ceeded when he liberated those millions of sufferers! And to rise as these men did, we too must adopt this important element of their fitness,—a definiteness of purpose. Besides the fact that great men have had definite intentions, we observe that they all show elements of fitness in the characters they possessed. All the truly great—and we mean by truly great, not a Nero or Lord Byron, but those whom the good admire,— have been men of high morality. And the more elevated their moral traits, the more we admire them. High moral qualities are a part of the equipment which has bsought them, and will bring us, success. As a possessor of such characteristics, "Old Abe" stands pre-eminent,— a veritable personification of honesty; an honesty which did not allow him to support the unjust, though legal, side of a question; an honesty which made him lose in purse, but gain in esteem, till as a result of this quality he attained a world-wide re-spect, which will last as long as man and memory exist. Lincoln's is real fame, and the young man can do nothing better than adopt 140 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY \ I in his character the prime element which brought renown to "Honest Old Abe." True courtesy is a moral quality, based upon thoughtfulness and consideration for others. Men must be gentlemen, if they want to make progress. Great men are not always polished models ot etiquette, but courtesy has always been a mark of their fitness to occupy the positions at which they have aimed. ' 'Jeffersonian simplicity" did not hinder the third President from reaching the place to which he was helped by Jeffersonian courtesy. Eet us avoid error, and imitate in ourselves this essential quality of fit-ness to advance. Impure and intemperate habits invariably destroy all chances of complete success. Neither Burns nor Poe have secured all the glory which steadier lives would have brought. Irregular habits undermine and weaken all the qualities of body, mind, and spirit, and under their influence complete triumph is impossible. Better adopt the kind of habits which rendered long and useful the lives of Greely, Bismarck, and Gladstone. Their temperate lives are models from which men may safely mould their conduct and there-by place themselves among the fittest to survive. Morality is admirable, but when heightened by the influence of Christian principles, it becomes sublime. Men like Luther and Washington, who have worked under the rule of Christianity, stand at the very summit of human esteem. Elijah Morse once said: "Young man, a good character; yes, and a clean, religious life, are the foundation stones for success." But the moral and religious traits we have spoken of are not all that bring success. It is true that they are the "foundation stones," but upon these there has always been built a structure of other materials, which have made their possessors able to sur-vive opposing forces. The extremely pious are not always re-membered, but those whomwe admire most and shall never for-get have linked their piety, as we should do, with other things essential to render them fittest to endure. L,et us speak also of these. Josh Billings says- "Energy is what wins. Many men fail to reach the mark because the powder in them is not proportional to the bullet." Men must have "vim," or they fail to remove what to them seem insurmountable obstacles. The Alps were no barrier to the vigor of Bonaparte. Neither must the young man THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 141 of to-day lack this same sort of energy. It will enable him to sur-vive in the conflict with whatever comes between him and victory. The life of the man who would "fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer," testifies that the aspirant must try to imitate that in Grant which, in vulgar parlance, we call' 'sticktoitiveness.'' He must have a spirit of assiduity. Pluck cannot get along with-out Plod. Those who have become eminent have done so because they have hung to their purpose till triumph has crowned their persistence. Sir Isaac Newton, although met by what would seem to most men an impassable barrier, worked on for thirteen years before he was able to give the world the correct theory of gravity. The pursuit of success is up-hill work and a halt on the slope is fatal. Not one of the world's great men would have been able to survive the friction of ever-appearing hindrances, without this quality of persistency. Neither can any others who lack it hope to appear among the fittest. "Eternal vigilance is the price of success." It was on this principle that Mark Twain worked while becoming famous as a Mississippi River pilot, and later, while rising to his present lit-erary status. He himself testifies to the importance of this trait, when he gives this advice: "I say, young man, put all your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket \" We must "Stop, look and listen !" for the multifarious dangers we are liable to en-counter. It was the "Father of the New York Tribune" who turned failure into success by following the principle he himself puts forth in these words: "Do the very best you can where you are!" Concentration and thoroughness have marked the lives of those we desire to emulate. We have all made a practice of doing one thing at a time, and doing that well. It was John Wanamaker who once wheeled the delivery barrow of a dry-goods firm through the streets of Philadelphia; and he did it well, too. Concentrated effort in one direction led him finally to make for us an excellent Post-Master-General. And we also can follow his plan and rise. Close attention to little things enabled Watt to notice and use the principle he saw in the movement of his mother's tea-kettle as the means whereby his steam-engine could be impelled. It is of little things the big are made. Nothing we see or experience is too small to receive attention. Andrew Carnegie knows all the details of his immense business,—none too small to be important \ i ■ I i 142 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY to him. Nor must the youth who would succeed act differently from those whose fitness to rise included attention to little things. The best recommendation for the importance of a good educa-tion comes from those who have never had this advantage. Lin-coln's life-long regret was that he had not had a college education, and it limited his powers in many directions. However, self-taught men like he was have managed to climb the steep and reach the level of greatness without it. But just as one member of the body becomes stronger when its mate is injured, so such men, in the absence of higher education, have developed a substitute in the shape of great common sense. This we must have, or our fit-ness to survive the impositions of more shrewd men is impaired All these principles, and many, many others under which great men have worked, we must adopt if we want to aim at true great-ness. However, all cannot reach the topmost places. But an honest attempt to make the conditions in our lives conform to those manifested in the lives of successful men, will, at least, en-able us to rise far above mediocrity. Just as mountain peaks are formed of material most suitable to stand the wear and tear of ages, so must we young men be made of such stuff as will help us to throw off, without injury, those things which would keep us down, and rise till we attract the no-tice and elicit the worthy commendation of our fellows. Yet, let us not forget that the principle of the survival of the fittest extends farther than we have mentioned. For, away back, twenty centuries ago, there appeared a Great Man, a Model such as we find nowhere among the thousands of earthly great. He is the fittest and His survival is everlasting. Would we survive all the ills of this life, would we be classed among the truly fit, would we attain to higher praise than men can give,—heavenly praise ? Ifso, let us emulate him, the Model of all models, the Ideal! Then can we be like Him and join Him in the eternal survival of the fittest. "How void of reason are our hopes and fears 1 What in the conduct of our life appears So well designed, so luckily begun, But when we have our wish, we wish undone." DRYDHN. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 143 MAN WAS NOT MADE TO MOURN J. B. BAKER, '01 [Gies Prize Essay—Second Prize] OOBERT BURNS is the author of a varied and numerous array A * of beautiful poems. As a song writer he is the world's greatest. As rusticity's artist he ranks well with Shakespeare. His heart was great and his genius commensurate, winging its way to loftiest heights and recognizing the meanest things. He has been called the most directly inspired of all the poets. While the fame of other immortals rests upon the matured product of a life study, his finds its basis in the product of an hour. He goes out into the couutr)', disturbs a field mouse and ad-dresses it on the spot in quaint poetic style. A limping hare, a bank of flowers, a winding brook, a chilly blast, a neighbor's weal, a neighbor's woe, all appealed to his sensitive nature and won immediate response in verse. Such an one, however great he be, is in danger. Second thoughts, even in a Shakespeare, are preferable and it is neither a reflection upon the author nor a mark of conceit upon anyone to deferentially differ from him in a passing thought or hastily written verse. Burns said, "Man was made to Mourn.'.' The poem is sub-lime in its pathos but false, we believe, in sentiment. It shows the leaden sky but not the bow of promise. To study the end to which man was made we must ask time to turn backward in her flight for a moment or two and bring up the past. Oliver Wendell Holmes said we ought to begin a man's biog-raphy one hundred years before he is born. We would begin with generic man already when the idea of his creation was first formulated in the Divine Mind, for the idea of creation and the object of existence must have been coeval. They are concomitant notions and of a twin birth. What then was the mood of that pregnant mind at the event-ful date ? That question answered and our query is practically solved, for created things invariably bear the marks of their Creator. The readers of the world know the character and object of a literary production of a known author, before they open the book. They would not expect the sweet placid flow of an Irving from I I 144 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the rough and rugged Cooper. Nor would they hope to hear the strains of Whittier coming from Virgil's lyre. Neither could have produced the works of the other. Their gems, in prose and song, were merely the externalization of their own minds and they could not have written otherwise because they could not have externalized that which had not already had an anterior internal existence. Precisely so, in our crude, fragmentary, symbolic fashion must we conceive of the Alpha of all reality. We are wooed to believe that everything in this central universe bears marks of kinship with Him, and particularly do we believe it to be true of man. We are like Him. Is He glad or is He sad? Does He mourn? That is the question upon the solution of which depends the pur-posed end of man's existence. To attempt an answer to a question like that, however, involv-ing as it does, eons of time and a Being unfathomable, might ap-pear a bit presumptuous, but a little reflection will prove the con-trary. We cannot escape it. The question abides with us through every period of our rational life. It presses upon us as atmos-pheric air upon our frames. It fills the human mind as star dust fills the sky. We must think of God, but without attributes that is impossible. What then are the qualities discoverable in his na-ture to give us an antecedent probability that man was made to mourn? Those qualities discoverable by us and those recognized by ages before us are wisdom, power and goodness and these in an unlimited degree. The gradual unfolding of orderly arrangement, hitherto unknown, reveals the wisdom. The spangled robe of night reveals the power. While the goodness, as for it, it shines from His very nature as light from the noon-day sun. How One possessed at once of Omniscience, Omnipotence and Infinite Benevolence could ever be sad and in mourning is beyond the grasp of human reason. Mourning implies regret at something that has happened and surely nothing could grieve Him who had the ability and fore-sight to avert the offending cause. Mourning is incompatible with the idea of Divinity as held by the majority of men to-day. But some are disposed to call these qualities into question. Not a few thinkers of eminent ability and indubitable integrity find themselves unable to predicate them of Him. I | El l SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS FROM A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MYTHOLOGIES C M. A. STINE, '01 [Gies Prize Essay—Third Prize] THE meaning of the word mythology is, literally, a treatise of *■ myths, or a writing composed of a number of fables. The term is applicable to the writings descriptive of ancient systems of religious beliefs, their various deities, and the attributes and the relations of these deities. Just as the child peoples the world about it with fairies both good and evil in their intentions toward human beings, so in a somewhat similar manner, the early races personified the phenom-ena of nature and sought to render intelligible the workings of nature thrust upon them for explanation, and which were to them otherwise inexplicable. Out of these explanations arose the vast bodies of legends descriptive of the various deities, their origin, adventures, attributes and relations. These personifications of nature with their body of attendant prerogatives arose from two principal causes: the necessity of pro-viding a cause for an observed effect, and the necessity of supply-ing a want felt in every human soul. Every human soul feels the need of a deity upon which to rest its faith and to whom it may look for aid. Whether the production is evolved by the human soul without a divine revelation does not concern us at present. To arrive at some explanation of the nature of the world, and the operation of those natural laws otherwise unintelligible, as well as of his own genesis, man invented the host of gods and demi-gods. The higher attributes ascribed to the divinities—their more purely spiritual qualities, arose out of man's need. Man is con- 148 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY scious of those forces which we call good and evil. He realizes the constant antagonism between the two, and the ethical super-iority of the former. He feels that according to his sense of jus-tice good should be rewarded and evil punished; yet his experience teaches him that such is not always the case. Hence there arises a feeling of the need of some force which may be supernatural, and which will reconcile the apparent contradictions, and fill the hiatus which is felt to exist. Thus there is the necessity of a god and a future existence. The study of ancient mythology with a comparison of the dif-ferent systems, serves a number of purposes. We gain a knowl-edge of the varying degrees of complexity of the different systems of belief, the height of their spiritual conceptions, and their degree of knowledge of the true God—that is their relation to Monothe-ism, the resemblance of the different creeds in the attributes as-cribed to the different divinities, and the similarity in their names. First. We may judge of the character and location of the people—whether agricultural, pastoral, commercial, peaceful or warlike, inland or maritime; and as to the climatic conditions, and natural features of the territory occupied. Secondly. We may judge as to the degree of civilization at-tained. An enumeration of what is included in the term civil-ization may be in place. By civilization we mean the knowledge of the arts and sciences, mechanical and political; also the degree of purity of religious conception. Upon the true or erroneous ideas of God depends man's treatment of his fellow-man, his real-ization of the principles of universal brotherhood, and divine fatherhood, and all the altruistic impulses. There is certainly but little civilization where these latter are lacking, and upon the extent of the realization and adoption of these principles depends the greater or less degree of excellence to which a civilization may lay claim. Thirdly. A comparison of these systems affords a means whereby the knowledge of the common origin of various branches of the human family may be gained. In our consideration of ancient mythology, the chief form of belief to which we wish to devote our attention is that held by the Indo-Germanic family. The systems of mythology which we shall briefly study, are those of the Greeks, latins, Norse and THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 149 Old Germans, Hindoos and Egyptians, as affording the best illus-tration of the principles enumerated. The system of mythology held and constructed by the Greeks is the one of which the most complete knowledge is attainable, excepting perhaps that of the Latins. But the resemblance be-tween these two is close, and the Greek may be taken as typical. Upon these, therefore, we shall base our conclusions. A study of Greek mythology reveals the following as to the character of the people, their location, and the climatic conditions of the territory occupied. The Greeks were an imaginative people, judging from the vast collection of myths relating to their deities, their doings among men. Every tree, blade of grass, fountain, streamlet and river; every breeze that blew and every raging storm, had its own particular presiding spirit. Gods, demigods, nymphs, satyrs, dryads and hamadryads are multiplied without number. The stories of the gods based upon nature, are given a vast body of detail, and an amount of local coloring which displays the workings of a national imagination of great activity and scope. The race seems also to have been somewhat mercurial in tem-perament. All of the earlier races are susceptible to changes in the seasons, and to the alternations of day and night, but the Greeks were particularly so. The approach of spring was heralded with the most extravagant rejoicings and sacrifices to various gods, especially to Dionysos. From the character of the deities worshiped they must have been a people engaged in pastoral, agricultural and commercial pursuits. We arrive at this conclusion because the people wor-shiped deities who were presumed to have the care of shepherds and their flocks, of farmers and their harvests, and of sailors. Some of the gods are themselves shepherds. Apollo is so repre-sented, although his flock is made up of the clouds in the fields of ether. Demeter is the goddess of the harvests. Hermes is the guardian of the sailor. The Greeks were extremely careful to preserve the favor of their gods, and maintained their sanctity to the last of their na-tional existence. They are extremely afraid of offending their deities, and must have been an exceedingly pious people. But all their piety did little for their morals. In all their business trans-actions we have evidence that they were a lying and a tricky I ; 'f. 150 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY i people. Hermes, the god of liars, the protector of the knave, was greatly venerated. From what we have already said we would infer that the land of the Greeks was suitable for the pasturing of flocks and for the cultivation of the vine. Wewouldalso infer thatit was contiguous to the ocean. It must also have been alandsubject to the change of the seasons, for we have already seen that the festivals com-memorating the change of times and seasons, formed a part of his worship. That he made much of physical excellence is evident from the fact that he prayed often to a god whose chiefprerogativewasthe care of the athlete. Mythology and history are heartily agreed upon this point. He was evidently highly intellectual and capable of abstract thought; for he worshiped a goddess who was the personification of mind and intellectuality. Her attributes are those of mind and she is above the physical desires and passions that enslave. From this recounting of the physical enviroment and the in-tellectual attainment of the Greek we can readily determine the degree of civilization attained. We admit right here that myth-ology is not our only source of information, but we do maintain that we can determine the degree of civilization from the mythol-ogy of the people. Because the Greek engaged in commerce he came in contact with other nations, and thus acquired a knowledge of their arts and sciences. The Greek had his organized household, and was far in ad-vance of the wandering tribe; but not one of his deities is repre-sented as presiding over domestic life. The L,atins with their Lares and Penates, seem to come much nearer to the conception of our modern home. The number of muses presiding over the various forms of lit-erary composition, and the completeness of attributes, together with the veneration in which they were held, indicate literature to have been one of the chief pursuits of the people. The high degree of excellence attained in this respect confirms our position. The degree of his intellectuality is evinced in his conception of the goddess Athene. Then, too, if there had been no artists and sculptors there would have been no deities to inspire that class of men. The same may be said of government and the deities that preside over magistrates. ta THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 151 The worship of a deity supposed to aid in the right government of a state, and to have the oversight of the fulfillment of the ends of justice presupposes a well organized system of government. All this is indicative of the degree of civilization of a people. But all these things are the mere externalities, the polish of civilization rather than the vital principle. Civilization of the heart, that is purity of life and worship, are the fundamental prin-ciples of civilization, and these are attained or not attained accord-ing to the character of the conception of the one true God. It is uncertain in how far the Greek attained to the idea of one God. Very high attributes and lofty conceptions were had by the Greeks, of divinity. This is plainly shown by attributes assigned to their different divinites. In a few cases Zeus is represented as exercis-ing a sort of supreme power over the other gods, which somewhat approaches the conception of the Bible of God and the angels as ministering spirits. As already stated, the Greek was pious in the extreme. His life was one of constant anxiety lest he offend, voluntary or involuntary, some one ofhis numerous deities. The names he applies to his deities are not those which would be ap-plied by a loving creature to a gracious Creator. In Aeschylus we find the words: "Zeus, wherever thou art, by whatever name it please thee to be named, I call on thee and pray." The Greeks made a constant effort to flatter and propitiate the gods, who were regarded as enemies of human happiness. Prob-ably the only god whom the Greeks truly loved was Dionysos. He was thought to rejoice in the happiness of men, and to his worship, in the festivals, the Greek surrendered himself with de-light. He was probably the only deity whom they worshipped from motives of affection rather than fear. Whilst many of the stories related of the various deities are incompatible with our conception of God; it must nevertheless be remembered that many of these stories are mere allegories created to typify and explain analogous happenings in nature. Thus they lose their revolting character. For a long time this was remem-bered by the worshipper himself, but it is feared that in later national history the Greek often gave himself up to excesses under the impression of divine sanction. Whilst many of the stories of the deities are revolting, many are very beautiful, and come close to the Christian conception of right conduct. Therefore there must i 152 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 1 i have existed a high ethical conception in the souls of many. But these conceptions are, after all, the exception and not the rule. The Greek's conception of life was largely fatalistic. Ananka, Necessity, loomed as a vast incontrovertible force from whose decrees there could be no escape. When a crime of any sort was committed the Erynys dogged the unhappy perpetrator with an awful insistence, and at some time, sooner or later, the crime was avenged. The conception of the hereafter as imagined by the Greek was gloom}' in the extreme. The spirit of the ordinary mortal passed at death to a domain of dimmest twilight, to the land of Hades. Here the shadow of the body lived an existence surrounded by in-tangible spectres, in the gloom of the mighty underworld. Only the souls of heroes and those semi-divine beings who were espe-cially, favored of the gods attained the happiness of the sunlit Elysian fields. The soul of the criminal passed to a region beneath Hades, to Tartaros, a place of torment and woe. The immortality of the soul held no joy to the mind of the Greek. His mythology gives us no reason to believe that he had the slightest conception of a hereafter portrayed in the bible. This affords us a complete understanding of the Greek mind. Polished in intellect, beautiful in body, in many ways possessing a refined nature, yet in this one essential the civilization of the Greek fell short. Self-sacrifice and unselfish devotion, whilst here and there in his mythology dimly hinted at, yet to the mass of the nation unknown, never animated the every-day life of the Greek. Thus in this cursory glance at the Greek nature we have pointed out the application of the first two principles enunciated at the beginning of this paper; but these same principles are equally well illustrated in the mythology of other peoples. Whilst our knowledge of the Norse and old German Mythol-ogies is much less complete, since the people were not literary, and preserved their traditions largely in memory and not in books, yet this mythology upon examination, is found to yield the same results as the Grecian. The conception of the god Odin for in-stance, shows the same conformity and coloring which that of the Greek Zeus exhibits. We cannot in this article enter into a de-tailed description of the mythology of the Latins, the Norse and old German, the Hindoo and the Egyptian, yet they all equally THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 153 well serve to show the condition of the peoples who originated them. Let us now pass to the third fact, namely, that by a considera-tion of the mythologies of the peoples a knowledge of their common origin is obtained. No student of mythology will deny that in all the religious beliefs of the different nations there is a certain similarity. The Aztec system with the great god at the head and with its crowd of lesser deities, the North American Indians' conception of the Great Spirit with the host of lesser deities, in common with the nations of the Indo-Germanic family, had a degree of resemblance in the wider facts of their mythologies. The consideration of the conceptions of belief and worship of all the peoples and nations we have studied drives us to the conclusion that these peoples had a common origin. Let us glance at a few of the more marked resemblances which appear. Odin of the Norse, Zeus of the Greeks, Jupiter of the Latins, and Atmer of the Hin-doo- Brahmin systems are all alike personifications of the life-giv-ing properties of the air of heaven. The Egyptian system seems to be much farther advanced at the period with which our record begins, than the other systems enumerated. In fact it had reached a more metaphysical development. Consequently there is greater difficulty in the comparison of the Egyptian conception with the others, but in this system we notice the same overlapping of the attributes of one deity with those of another, and in some degree, an identity of attributes. Zeus is the father of the muses and Odin is the father of Saga, the goddess of poetry. Thor or Donar, another Norse divinity, is the god of thunder. As the god of thunder he resembles Zeus, and as the thunder bolts of Zeus were forged by the smith-god Hephaestus, who dwelt below ground, so the hammer of Thor was forged by the dwarves (Zwerge), or black elves who dwelt within the earth. Thor and Odin are identified with one another much the same as Vishnu and Indra in the Hindoo system. Thor and Vishnu go on foot to the councils of the gods. Vishnu is represented as traversing heaven in three strides. The Norse god, Tyr, is a personification of the brightness of the heavens. He is also named Zui and Saxuot. Here there appears a striking resemblance in names. Zui is iden-tical with the root meaning to shine. Sanscrit, Dyaus, the Greek Zeus, the Latin, Deus. Among the Vedic gods, Dyaus is the god of the shining heavens in the same way as Zeus of the Greeks. 154 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Dyaus-pater is the same as Jupiter, the dy being displaced by the J in the L,atin. Indra, of the Hindoos, who hurls the thunder-bolts, and is "the cloud compeller," corresponds in these func-tions with Zeus and Thor. His beard of lightning is the red beard of Thor. The goddess Ushas is the goddess of dawn among the Vedic deities. She corresponds to the Greek Eos. We notice the striking similarity between the two words, indicating deriva-tion from a common root. Thus we might go on multiplying in-stances and giving examples of this similarity. The attributes of the Egyptian deities are to a large extent interchangeable with those of the Greeks and the Norse. The Egyptian conceptions are arrived at by the same personifications of the powers of nature, and in their attributes represent the same mingling of the mater-ial with the spiritual, as do the Grecian, I,atin, Norse and Hindoo. They all represent the occurrences of nature under similar anal-ogies of deeds performed by the divinities. Their names have similar physical meanings. For in the resemblance thus illus-trated and existing to a much greater degree than we can stop to point out, we derived unquestionable proof of identity in the origin of these peoples. It is probable from the very close simil-arity of the I^atin and the Greek systems, that these two nations were less widely separated after the first division than were the other nations, or else that the separation of these two branches took place at some time after the original body had divided and migrated to different points of the compass. From this hasty glance at a few of the ancient systems ot mythology and a review of a number of their points ofresemblance, we obtain an idea of the vast importance which this study may assume. In conclusion we must remark what is palpable to every stu-dent of mythology, that the Christian religion could never have been evolved out of these systems. In its sweet simplicity, its purity and truth, it over-reaches all others in their utmost stretch. Of a truth there is no god but God, and no revelation but the bible. There is a majesty in simplicity which is far above the quaint-ness of wit.—Pope. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 155 THE THUNDER STORM C. W. WEISER, '01 [Gies Prize Essay—Honorable Mention] Upon a sultry August noon The scorching sun came beating down, And all was wrapt in smoky haze Swelt'ring 'neath the withering rays. Above the rugged mountain brink Arose a cloud as black as ink; Dark and motionless it loomed, As if the peak itself were doomed To bear the threat'ning, murky mass, Towering o'er the narrow pass. Then arose a sullen roar, A sudden rush and down it bore Along its path, As tho' in wrath It meant to take, To bend, or break; Destruction carry, Doom, or harry. Now on its course, In mutterings hoarse, It came with rumble Loud, and grumble. A peal, a mutter, A flash and flutter, And on it swept with dire confusion, And in its wake in swift profusion Came other clouds as swift, now dark, Then livid with old Vulcan's spark. Thro' the whirling and the roar Now the rain began to pour In torrents loud upon the roof, And the pine-tree tops aloof, Dashing 'gainst the shanty walls In a way that most appalls, Beating loudly oh the pane Were the dashing drops of rain. Flash of lightning Heavens bright'ning, Peals of thunder Fill with wonder. Crash ! we hear the loud report, Crash ! returns the dread retort. Heavens lighten, splinters flying 156 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY From the mighty trees outlying ! Crash ! Flash ! Flash ! Crash I Rumble ! Roar! Crash ! Flash ! Hurling death and doom, destruction— Crash ! Flash ! in loud convulsion— Upon the forest, peaks disheveled, Rain-tossed, sighing, lowly leveled; Filling all with consternation At this freak of old creation. Flash !—growing dimmer its existence. Crash !—a pealing now in distance. Rumble, rumble, roar and rumble, Mutterings dull and muffled grumble; Rumble, rumble, rumble, roar, Down the dell, the mountains o'er. Gently now the rain is pattering, On the roof and windows clattering, While below the brook is gushing, Muddy wild and roaring, rushing. Clouds are flying, sky is clearing, The storm has passed, and sun appearing Smiles upon the world again Thro' the crystal drops of rain. i A populous solitude of bees and birds, And fairy-form'd and many colored things, Who worship him with notes more sweet than words, And innocently open their glad wings. Fearless and full of life, the gushing springs And fall of lofty fountains, and the bend Of stirring branches, and the bud which brings The swiftest thought of beauty, here extend, Mingling and made by love unto one mighty end. —BYRON. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter Voi,. X GETTYSBURG, PA., OCTOBER, 1901 No. 5 E. C. RUBY, '02, Editor-in- Chief R. ST. CLAIR POFFENBARGER,' 02, Business Manager J. F. NEWMAN, '02, Exchange Editor Assistant Editors Miss ANNIE M. SWARTZ, '02 A. B. RICHARD, '02 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, A. M., LIT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M. D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D. D. Assistant Business Manager CURTIS E. COOK, '03 Published eacli month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, One Dollar a year in advance; single copies Fifteen Cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors, and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIAL '"pHIS issue of the MERCURY is made up largely of essaj's which *■ were in the Gies Prize Contest last year. Had it not been for this supply the editor might have had considerable difficulty in finding enough material for this number. We are looking for-ward to the future of our literary publication with a great deal of hope and firmly believe that our hope can be realized. We cer-tainly have among our fellow-students many who possess consid-erable literary talent, and others who desire the opportunity for development in the literary field. To such we would suggest that they should not neglect the opportunity which the MERCURY ex-tends to them. We shall be glad to have all who are interested in literary work place into our hands any manuscripts for publi-cation. We shall carefully examine them and always exercise 158 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY I i our best judgment in the selections we make for presentation to the public. Fellow-students, it will depend largely upon the in-terest which you take in this work whether our hopes for the suc-cess of the MERCURY shall be realized or not. Let us not forget that this is a matter which pertains to the institution and not to any particular individual. By doing our duty towards this pub-lication we are making it a true index of the work that is being done in the literary departments ot our Alma Mater. RESOLUTIONS OP RESPECT CLASS VV7HEREAS, God in his divine wisdom has seen fit to sum- " mon from our midst to his eternal home one whom we most highly esteemed as a classmate and companion, Theodore Frank McAllister, Therefore, at a meeting of the class of '03, Pennsylvania Col-lege, September 7th, 1901, be it unanimously Resolved, That by this untimely visitation of Divine Providence we have lost one of the most worthy members of the class, one whose Christian character was such as to call forth universal ad-miration, whose amiable disposition gained the friendship of all whom he met, whose abilities as a student pointed to a most use-ful career; and also Resolved, That though we be saddened by this bereavement in the midst of our collegiate course, we humbly submit to the will of Him, who knoweth and doeth better than we, believing that our loss is his gain; and also Resolved, That by his death, by its great effect upon us, we have been led to a greater seriousness in the work of life; and also Resolved, That we extend to the family in its bereavement our sincere sympathy, and pray that God and Saviour, who has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows, to comfort them in their afflic-tion, and also Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the sorrow-ing family, and to the college journals and town papers. DAVID S. WEIMER, ROSE E. PLANK, EDWARD B. HAY. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Y. M. C. A. 159 WHEREAS, it has pleased Almighty God in his all-wise provi-dence to remove from our association our friend and faithful co-worker, T. Frank McAllister, be it Resolved, That in his death the association has lost a member whose manly virtue and consistent Christian life were a help and inspiration to all, and be it Resolved, That the college has lost a faithful student and an en-thusiastic man in all college affairs, one who lived for the better-ment of his fellows and was happiest when promoting their wel-fare, and be it Resolved, That these resolutions be published in the town and college papers. WILBUR H. FLECK, FRANK DAYMAN, F. GARMAN MASTERS, Committee. nMHMWMHIWiill^HflUllil IHl|i|IMBillililll|H|IH 1v t jj 1 111 J GQgj ORATION: THE CHARACTER OP OUR EARLY AMERICAN FOREFATHERS P. H. R. MULLEN, '01 "PAR from me and my friends be such frigid philosophy as may ■*• conduct us indifferent, and unmoved, over any ground which has been dignified by wisdom, bravery or virtue. That man is little to be admired whose patriotism would not gain force on the plain of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of Ionia." These noble words from the pen of Dr. Johnson express a sen-timent that ought to find a response in the heart of every Ameri-can citizen. We cannot visit the spots forever hallowed by the valorous deeds of enduring worth, wrought by the makers of our early history, without a sense of gratitude and profound reverence. To dwell upon such a theme without a thrill of emotion, would augur a spirit undeserving of the great legacy bequeathed to us by those venerable personages of the past. If the Greek could boast of an illustrious ancestry we can boast more; if the Roman could linger at the forum to hear the orators lavish their loftiest flights of eloquence upon the rising glory of the "eternal city," we may declare with great emphasis that its ■ 160 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY splendor grows dim before the rising sun of our national glory, as the moon pales with the advancing day. No other nation has had such a beginning. The early history of every other great nation has a vague outline that marks its transition from lawlessness and barbarism to civilization, but America, comparatively speaking, sprung into being full grown, as "Athena from the brow of Zeus." We are alone among the nations of the earth in having such colossal founders. We need only mention the Pilgrim Fathers, and there is suggested a host of associations. At what a critical period in the world's history did they appear! They shattered the power of a dominant ecclesiasticism and gave to the world re-ligious freedom. We see them committing themselves in a frail bark to a "cruel, crawling sea," uncertain whether they should not all begin their long sleep, and fill a "wandering grave" beneath its restless bil-lows, before they should set foot on American soil. But, guided by their adored Jehovah, through the trackless waters, they at length disembark upon a rock on a desolate shore, and we hear their com-mingled prayers of gratitude break the monotonous voice of the sea. From this rock they go forth to sow the seeds of a mighty nation. We hear the blows of their axes against the primeval forest, ringing out on the frosty air like the pealing of liberty bells. In the light of their burning villages we see a band of savages danc-ing in taunting glee. With unabated zeal they resurrect another village from the ashes. From a miserly soil is forced, by untiring energy, a comfortable livelihood, and the "wilderness blossoms as the rose." A noted statesman has fittingly said: "We shall not stand unmoved on the shore of Plymouth while the sea con-tinues to wash it, nor will our brethren in future time forget the place of the nation's establishment till their river shall cease to flow by it. No vigor of youth, no maturity of age will lead the nation to forget the spots where its infancy was cradled and de-fended." The years of our nation's infancy were truly the most "sad and sublime'' in history. We have dwelt at some length upon the achievements of the Pilgrim Fathers because their deeds are the best interpreters of their character. It is a noteworthy fact, much to the credit of the Pilgrims, that they were the first colonists with sufficient "staying power" THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 161 to establish a permanent colony in North America. Repeated efforts had been made in Mexico and in Florida, by the Spaniards, but those colonists had as often retreated in the face of unexpected difficulties, without accomplishing anything except the squander-ing of the resources of the borne government. France, likewise, had been unsuccessful for several reasons, chiefly because of the temper of her colonists. Several companies of English colonists also had attempted to take up land in the New World, but had repeatedly failed. It remained for the Pilgrims to be the honored founders of our great Republic, and their final success is fraught with great significance. They were constituted of ' 'sterner stuff'' than their predecessors and had an unchangeable purpose to prod their spirits in the presence of discouragement. To them physical pain was decidedly preferable to spiritual bondage, and they suffered on, unflinchingly, uncomplainingly, to the bitter end. "Religious Liberty" were the two words emblazoned upon the banner of the Pilgrims, and many times were those words des-tined to be written in blood before that banner was to be free from assault. They had, however, one harbor to which they repaired in every time of storm, one fortress in time of danger, one harbinger of hope in time of gloom, one source of truth amid the duplicity of oppressive and corrupt governors—the Bible, from which they received iron into their blood. This book was the Pilgrim's hope, his song, his prayer, his guide. The Old Testament, with its honor roll of immortal heroes, furnished the Pilgrims an ideal for their conduct in persecution and trial. The New Testament was the eternal pledge of final victory, an unfailing reward, an un-fading crown. The Puritans were characterized by a total lack of effeminacy. Their character was sturdy and masculine. No amusements were tolerated that had a tendency to destroy the severity and intensity of life. Severely religious, strict to a degree of intolerance, sternly resolute, stubbornly persistent, implicitly obedient to the dictates of conscience, the Puritans exhibit a massiveness and rugged grandeur of character that has never been surpassed. They were men of unblemished integrity, as distinguished for private pur-ity as for public virtue.'' We have never contemplated a group of men whose faults were so few, whose virtues so many, whose honor was so stainless, whose characters were so untarnished, as Stationery, Blank Books, Amateur Pho-tographic Supplies, Etc., Etc. BALTIMORE ST. R. fi. GULP PAPER HANGER, Second Square, York Street. COLLEGE EMBLEMS. EMIL ZOTHE, ENGRAVER. DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER. 19 S. NINTH ST. PHILADELPHIA SPECIALTIES: Masonic Marks, Society- Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All Goods ordered through A. N. Beau. A. G Miller Job Printer Students' Trade Solicited Best of Work Guaranteed Meneely Bell Co. TROY, N. 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Sefton) Having thoroughly remodeled the place is now ready to accommodate the public Barber Supplies a Specialty. .Baltimore Street. GETT*I5§IIIU}, PA. ESTABLISHED 1876 PENROSE MYERS, Watchmaker and Jeweler Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, Col-lege Souvenir Spoons. NO. lO BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. L. 1\. ALLEAVAH Manufacturers* Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Paints and Queensware. GETTYSBURG, PA. The Only Jobbing House in Adams County.

This strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is a technical piece intended to assist in the current and future identification of priority industrial pollutants and economic instruments to minimize industrial waste. This industrial sector SEA is one of six pieces of technical support envisioned by the Himachal Pradesh (HP) inclusive green growth (IGG) development policy loan (DPL) to fill knowledge gaps and strengthen operational success of the DPL. The DPL acknowledges that industrial development is an important economic driver within HP, and that such development must be consistent with maintaining the integrity of other natural resource assets on which human health depend. The general objectives of the SEA study are: (i) to assist in identification of priority pollutants and industries; (ii) to review existing institutional structures that address these pollutants; (iii) to identify and recommend potential reform options through the introduction of new policy approaches; and (iv) to identify complementary institutional support necessary to implement such a program. The SEA was undertaken from April to December 2013 based on secondary data collection, existing literature, various consultative meetings with key stakeholders, and diagnostic analyses of this information. The purpose of the consultations was to discuss the findings, issues, and preliminary directions suggested by the desk reviews, and to initiate a work plan for amassing additional information. The SEA has included participatory approaches to ensure that presented policy changes are designed and implemented in a way that is responsive to the different segments of HP society. This report is presented in three parts. Part one forms a foundation for focusing subsequent diagnostic work by providing more extensive detail on the institutional context, pollution situation, health and environmental linkages, and opportunities for using economic instruments. Part two performs additional diagnostic analyses to inform the core recommendations relating to options for new economic instruments, institutional reforms, and capacity building; these recommendations are presented in part three.

This paper includes three parts: external economic environment, part one includes: global environment, regional environment, and risks. Vietnam's recent economic development, part two includes: a relatively stable macroeconomic situation, growth at record low, booming exports despite a slowing economy, sharp turnaround in external accounts, inflation dynamics, monetary policy, fiscal policy, and near-term outlook. Structural reforms and medium-term outlook, part three includes: context, restructuring of state-owned enterprises, banking Sector development, and poverty reduction.

In 2011 the Ghanaian government issued a policy establishing Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for the purpose of implementing infrastructure projects and improving the capacity of services provision. A World Bank Mission visited Ghana early in 2012 to assess the legal and practical feasibility of participation in PPPs at the sub-national level of the Government and the possibility that private commercial banks can provide non-sovereign financing to such PPPs. This report will present a summary of the available information on local governments and financial markets in Ghana, and identify potential infrastructure investments that could later be supported directly or indirectly by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) sub-national window, such as with bank guarantees, non sovereign loans, equity or other means. This report also discusses the legal framework for financial operations of SOEs.

The corporate scorecard provides information on the Bank's overall performance and results achieved by its clients against the backdrop of global development progress. The scorecard facilitates dialogue between management and the board on progress made and areas that need attention. The four-tier scorecard covers the full spectrum of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA) activities. The corporate scorecard uses an integrated results and performance framework, which is organized in a four-tier structure that groups indicators along the results chain Two of the tiers track elements of development results (tiers one and two), and the other two capture elements of performance (tiers three and four). As the summary shows, the corporate scorecard monitors, at an aggregate level, whether the Bank is functioning efficiently and adapting itself successfully (tier four), and whether it is managing its operations and services effectively (tier three) to support countries in achieving results (tier two) in the context of global development progress and priorities (tier one). It presents a high-level view and is not intended to provide country or activity-level information.

In the wake of the revolution, Tunisian society is currently undergoing a significant transformation. In late 2011, the country's first representative government in more than three decades was formed, as the Constituent Assembly was seated. Hundreds of legitimate candidates ran in an election that was free, fair, and enjoyed nearly 90 percent participation by eligible voters. 'Tunisia: from revolutions to institutions,' published one year after the exile of Ben Ali, seeks to describe the factors driving this transformation, examining how specific elements of society have changed, or not changed, in the post-revolutionary period. Information and communication technologies (ICTs), which played a central role in the lead-up to the revolution as well as the revolution itself, have continued to influence rapid changes in the past year. This report charts the application of these technologies by citizens, civil society, entrepreneurs, and government stakeholders. It also identifies openings to capitalize on technology's ability to improve governance, expand economic opportunity, and encourage social cohesion.

Despite decades of war and instability, Iraq's abundant natural resources, strategic geographic location and cultural history endow Iraq with tremendous potential for growth and diverse economic development. Driven by windfall oil revenues in recent years, the Government of Iraq has invested heavily in rebuilding the infrastructure of the country, and its abundant oil reserves ensure that progress can continue steadily. This report was initiated at the request of the Iraqi government to assess the local investment climate and identify those high priority factors which most significantly impede private sector development in Iraq, in an effort to prioritize the recommended investments, institutional and regulatory reforms which would most significantly contribute to sustainable private sector growth and increased productivity.

Southeast Sulawesi is one of Indonesia's developing provinces and over the past five years has achieved one of the country's highest growth rates. In 2010, Southeast Sulawesi's economy grew at 8.2percent the third fastest in Indonesia. The poverty rate has declined significantly in the past 10 years and the unemployment rate is one the lowest in Indonesia. Per capita expenditure in Southeast Sulawesi has increased nine-fold compared to pre decentralization rates Southeast Sulawesi's consolidated per capita expenditure now falls in the top 10 in Indonesia. However, Southeast Sulawesi is still facing a range of challenges. The Human Development Index (HDI) has continued to lag at 25th in Indonesia over the past five years. Although regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown rapidly, in real per capita terms it is still far below the national provincial average. Southeast Sulawesi' poverty rate also remains above the national average. It will be important for the high and growing rate of per capita expenditure to be matched with improvements in public financial management capacity within the local government. In the context of overcoming these challenges and capitalizing on expanding opportunities, the local governments in Southeast Sulawesi and in particular the provincial government need to work harder to make the most of its budgetary resources. The development agenda and programs must be sharpened and budget allocations must be optimized to achieve development targets, especially in the strategic sectors of education, health, infrastructure and agriculture. This report contains findings and recommendations intended to support sub national governments in Southeast Sulawesi province to enhance their public financial management performance; improve the quality of evidence based planning and budgeting; and accelerate the achievement of existing development targets.

The focus of the paper is on five key financial stability issues in Emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), which have been selected on the basis of their degree of materiality for a reasonably broad range of EMDEs; their implications for regulatory, supervisory or other financial sector policies; and the extent to which these issues are not already being addressed by other international work streams. The paper does not cover other financial stability issues that may also be relevant for EMDEs but are addressed in other G20/Financial Stability Board (FSB) work streams. Such issues include the management of sizeable and volatile capital flows; the design of policy measures to address the risks arising from systemically important financial institutions; the development of macro-prudential policy frameworks; the creation of effective resolution tools and regimes for financial institutions; strengthening the oversight and regulation of the shadow banking system; and reforming the functioning of over-the-counter derivatives and commodities markets. This paper focuses on five key financial stability issues in EMDEs: 1) application of international financial standards; 2) promoting cross-border supervisory cooperation; 3) expanding the regulatory and supervisory perimeter; 4) management of foreign exchange risks; and 5) developing domestic capital markets.

This paper explores how the private sector can positively contribute to peace-building and conflict prevention, and how that positive private sector role can be supported and enhanced. The starting premise recognizes that the private sector exists in all conflict situations and has the potential to both exacerbate and ameliorate conflict, the outcome of which can be greatly affected by appropriate support from external partners. It also posits that a thriving, legal, private sector is essential to development and peace, as it provides livelihoods and growth, while delivering revenue streams in the form of taxes so governments can provide services to their citizens. It also posits that a thriving, legal, private sector is essential to development and peace, as it provides livelihoods and growth, while delivering revenue streams in the form of taxes so governments can provide services to their citizens. This paper discusses and analyzes the role of the private sector in fragile and conflict-affected states, beginning with its role in the conflicts themselves, and in the immediate peace-building and longer-term reconstruction and development phases. The paper acknowledges that the topic of private sector development cuts across political, governance, and security dimensions, as well as a broad range of development themes. It also considers international efforts to support the private sector in fragile and conflict affected settings to date, identifying gaps and making recommendations to address them. The paper does not focus on detailed operational issues or the use of various reform tools.

Together with reductions in indirect taxes on food imports, cash for work programs were one of the main responses implemented by African governments following the food, fuel, and financial crisis of recent years. The main objective of those programs was to help the poor cope with the various shocks by increasing their net earnings through community-level work paid for under the programs. Yet it is unclear whether these cash for work programs indeed reached their intended beneficiaries and to what degree they generated other, potentially long-term beneficial impacts. This paper explores these issues in the context of Liberia and the performance of the Cash for Work Temporary Employment Program (CfWTEP) funded by the World Bank through an emergency crisis facility in response to the 2007/2008 food crisis. Both quantitative and qualitative data are presented, focusing on the operational and policy experiences emerging from program implementation. This paper analyzes the context that led to the creation and implementation of the CfWTEP in Liberia, the nature and administrative arrangements for the program, and its operational performance. The objective is to share the lessons learned from evaluation findings so that they can be useful for implementing similar programs in the future in Liberia itself or in other countries. Findings from the analysis highlight the possibilities of implementing public works program in low capacity, post conflict setting and the scope for using the program as a springboard towards a broader and more comprehensive social safety net.