Suchergebnisse

The determination of workable and satisfactory bases for the pricing of services poses the most complicated and critical problem in the transportation arena. The various facets of cost analysis have much to offer in resolving the problems inherent in pricing. The present pattern of government regulation of rates, handed down from the precompetitive period, needs thorough modification to establish some general standards for the greater use of cost bases for rates. An entirely different type of problem involves the persistent pressure from unions on all types of carriers to increase wage rates and fringe benefits and to make working arrangements and rules harder for the companies to bear. The lack of union responsibility toward maximizing labor productivity to minimize costs and toward adjusting services in line with changing technology and user demands is one of transportation's growing problems. The critical problems of government-provided transportation f acilities—waterways, highways, airways, and ports—involve both relationships between different types of transportation and the criteria for determining the investment in such facilities. The uncertainties in allocation of costs for particular uses and the difficulties in finding objective bases for determining user charges have contributed to leaving actual decisions on user taxes, charges, and investment in the political arena. These problems limit the rational and effective allocation of resources in the transportation field.

AbstractThis paper considers the search for an evader concealed in one of an arbitrary number of regions, each of which is characterized by its detection probability. We shall be concerned here with the double‐sided problem in which the evader chooses this probability secretly, although he may not subsequently move; his aim is to maximize the expected time to detection, while the searcher attempts to minimize it.The situation where two regions are involved has been studied previously and reported on recently. This paper represents a continuation of this analysis. It is normally true that as the number of regions increases, optimal strategies for both searcher and evader are progressively more difficult to determine precisely. However it will be shown that, generally, satisfactory approximations to each are almost as easily derived as in the two region problem, and that the accuracy of such approximations is essentially independent of the number of regions. This means that so far as the evader is concerned, characteristics of the two‐region problem may be used to assess the accuracy of such approximate strategies for problems of more than two regions.

Authoritarian successor parties, or parties that emerge from authoritarian regimes but that operate after a transition to democracy, have become prominent actors in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America since the third wave. What explains their prevalence? What are their effects on democracy? This article argues that such parties often benefit from authoritarian inheritance : they may inherit valuable resources from former dictatorships that, paradoxically, help them to thrive under democracy. Despite their undemocratic origins, the article argues that their effects on democracy are not entirely negative, but double-edged .