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This article explores two aspects of the Romanian legionary movement's organization in the 1930s, namely work camps and commerce. These are placed in the context of the Legion's attempts to construct a 'parallel society' that challenged the hegemony of the state and the dominant class of Romanian politicians and Jewish capitalists. The Legion's work camps and commercial ventures played a crucial educational role within the movement. The work camps were regarded as 'schools' in which the legionary 'New Man' was to be created and nurtured. Through its commercial ventures, the Legion aimed to educate a new generation of 'Christian' entrepreneurs to win back the economic position which the Romanians had allegedly lost to Jewish traders. This new elite would thus replace the decadent Romanian political and commercial classes which the Legion regarded as devoid of national awareness. The success of the Legion's 'parallel society' provoked government counter-measures which culminated in the murder of the movement's leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, in 1938, and the fragmentation of the Legion. The article draws upon hitherto unused Romanian archival sources, as well as legionary memoirs and articles.

Describes the present situation of the Roma in the former Yugoslavia, drawing on interview & other data. It is shown that the condition of the Roma in the post-1989 period has deteriorated. The collapse of communism has caused rampant unemployment, especially among factory workers. Moreover, the majority of Romani are undereducated & unskilled. War & ethnic cleansing have forced thousands of Roma individuals to migrate across the region, often without proper travel documents. Because the Roma do not belong to any particular region of the former Yugoslavia, they have been denied citizenship in most of the new territories because of rabid nationalism. The condition of the Roma today is likened to that of the Jews in 1930s Germany. Romani leaders are attempting to educate their community & many young Romani have participated in a human rights movement. However, these positive efforts have not diminished the dire situation of the Roma in the post-1989 former Yugoslavia. D. Ryfe

Papua New Guinea's famous diversity manifests itself in extraordinarily high levels of normative and legal pluralism. These have posed considerable challenges to efforts to establish a rule of law system along Western lines. Rule of law mechanisms often come into direct contestation with indigenous belief systems and practices and this has been a significant factor behind the limited success of international rule of law support. An exploration of the social complexities of PNG viewed through an historical lens provides the context for arguing that international rule of law assistance needs to take on forms attuned to local realities rather than the pursuit of unrealistic – and often inappropriate – international ideals. In PNG, this necessarily means engagement with a broad spectrum of both state and non-state justice actors. The evolving character of international assistance in PNG in recent years provides some practical clues as to how a more socially attuned engagement might look.

Cover -- Contents -- Introduction -- I The Unfinished Work of Lincoln in Civil War, Reconstruction, and Post-Reconstruction America -- Humor and Statesmanship: The Instructive Case of Abraham Lincoln -- The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution -- Lincoln, Du Bois's "General Strike," and the Making of the American Working Class -- Abraham Lincoln's Unfinished Work and the South's Long Self-Reconstruction -- The Problem of Enforcement: The Republican Struggle to Protect Voting Rights in Peacetime -- Breaking New Ground: African American Landowners and the Pursuit of the American Dream -- II. The Unfinished Work of Lincoln in American History and the Struggle for Democratic Inclusion -- Our Textbooks and Monuments Have Flattened Lincoln, Just When We Need Him the Most -- Looking at Lincoln from the Effigy Mound -- The Unfinished Work of Clemson University: Full Recognition for Black Citizens in Its History -- Evangelicals, Race, and Reform: From the Age of Lincoln to the Second Reconstruction -- Jackie Robinson and the Fight for Effective Black Citizenship -- or, How Integration Reached Second Base -- Lincoln and the Two Reconstructions: The Unfinished Work of American Equality -- From Ken Burns's The Civil War to History's Ancient Aliens: Lincoln's Unfinished Work on Cable Television -- Voting Rights and Economics in the American South -- Afterword -- Falling in Love with Lincoln and Coming to America -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Index.

This article explores how the concept of formalism and the resulting method of formal analysis have been used and applied in the study of digital games. Three types of formalism in game studies are identified based on a review of their uses in the literature, particularly the discussion of essentialism and form that resulted from the narratology-ludology debate: 1) formalism focused on the aesthetic form of the game artifact, 2) formalism as game essentialism, and 3) formalism as a level of abstraction, related to formal language and ontology-like reasoning. These three are discussed in relation to the distinctions between form and matter, in the Aristotelian tradition, to highlight how the method of formal analysis of games appears to be dealing with matter rather than form, on a specific fundamental level of abstraction, and in turn how formal analysis becomes a misleading concept that leads to unnecessary confusion. Finally, the relationship between game essentialism and the more computer science-centric approach to ontology is studied, to account for the contemporary trend of identifying the unique properties of games and opposing them with properties of, e.g., traditional storytelling media like literature and film, explored through their aesthetic form.

IN HIS VALUE-FORM THEORY, MARX EMPLOYS THE PAIRED CATEGORIES OF USE-VALUE AND VALUE, CONCRETE LABOR AND ABSTRACT LABOR, INDIVIDUAL LABOR AND SOCIAL LABOR, THE VALUE-SUBSTANCE AND VALUE-FORM, THE EQUIVALENT FORM AND THE RELATIVE FORM IN THE CONCEPTUAL TRANSITION FROM THE COMMODITY TO MONEY, INTEGRATING BOTH SOCIAL AND QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF VALUE. MODERN THEORIES OF VALUE-FORM, CLAIMING TO 'RECONSTRUCT' MARX'S THEORY, TEND TO COLLAPSE THESE PAIRED CATEGORIES INTO MYSTIFIED CONCEPTS OF PURE FORM WITHOUT CONTENT, ABSTRACT MONEY IMPOSED FROM WITHOUT, AND UNDERSTATE OR BANISH THE QUANTITATIVE ASPECT OF MARX'S THEORY. THESE WRITERS HAVE IN FACT CONSTRUCTED ALTERNATIVE THEORIES DIFFERENT FORM MARX'S. MARX'S VALUE-FORM THEORY ALSO GIVES RISE TO CERTAIN LOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ON THE CURRENT SOLUTIONS TO THE TRANSFORMATION PROBLEM AND POINTS TO FURTHER STUDIES ON THE CAPITAL-FORM AND CAPITALIST CRISES.

Bound with: Official Catalogue, British Government Exhibition. New York: British Bureau of Information, 1918. ; "Elmer Adler, Rochester, New York"--Written in pen on p. [2] of cover. ; "Reprinted from the Bulletin of the New York Public Library, November-December 1915 and September 1917." ; TLS, dated 1919, tipped in on p. iii. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; From the printing collection of Elmer Adler

In his value-form theory, Marx employs the paired categories of use-value and value, concrete labor and abstract labor, individual labor and social labor, the value-substance and value-form, the equivalent form and the relative form in the conceptual transition from the commodity to money, integrating both social and quantitative aspects of value. Modern theories of value-form, claiming to "reconstruct" Marx's theory, tend to collapse these paired categories into mystified concepts of pure form without content, abstract money imposed from without, and understate or banish the quantitative aspect of Marx's theory. These writers have in fact constructed alternative theories different from Marx's. Marx's value-form theory also gives rise to certain logical implications on the current solutions to the transformation problem and points to further studies on the capital-form and capitalist crises.

The article dedicated to analysis of the legal propositions that determine the form of donation contract. Some of the kinds of forms of donation contract were considered ,as well as legal attributes that cause them. It is concluded that the specific relationship of donation, requiring differentiated approach in deciding the issue of their formalization.

This book highlights the growing number of 'post-bureaucratic' firms that are abandoning hierarchical organizational forms in favor of self-managing teams. Addressing the need to outperform, these new organization types foresee the benefits of an organic structure with new and more indirect forms of control, and aim to coordinate the activities of highly-skilled workers without relying on a bureaucratic superstructure. The chapters explore the tensions that exist between external and internal institutional forces. As new forms of control strategies emerge, mostly value-based, this book accounts for the cognitive categories, conventions, rules and logic that should be integrated and combined with traditional forms of managerial controls in order to enable co-existence with established bureaucratic frameworks. This book will be of interest to academics in the fields of organizational behavior and innovation management, and also practitioners and managers aiming to shift from a traditional hierarchical structure to post-bureaucratic forms.