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Стаття присвячена характеристиці адміністративної відповідальності як виду юридичного примусу, що має важливе значення для підтримання правопорядку, захисту особи, охорони прав і свобод людини, виконання завдань і функцій держави. Наведена у статті характеристика адміністративної відповідальності пов'язана з притаманними їй ознаками та особливостями адміністративного правопорушення (проступку). Найбільша увага приділена питанню, пов'язаному із суспільною небезпечністю протиправного діяння, з огляду на концептуальні зміни щодо кримінальної та адміністративної відповідальності. Зважаючи на появу у законодавстві «кримінального проступку», за який настає кримінальна відповідальність у спрощеному процесуальному порядку перед судом (суддею), у статті порушено проблему визначення злочинного проступку суспільно небезпечним діянням, але меншої суспільної небезпеки, а всі інші проступки (адміністративні) пропонується визнавати шкідливими, але не суспільно небезпечними, справи про які розглядаються в адміністративному порядку за визначеними в Кодексі про правопорушення правилами (процесуальними). Використовуючи досвід правового регулювання країн Європи, ми таким чином імплементуємо у своє законодавство європейські підходи, але з урахуванням національних традицій і підтриманням фундаментальних засад кримінальної відповідальності та збереженням таких засад щодо адміністративної відповідальності. ; Статья посвящена характеристике административной ответственности как вида юридического принуждения, имеющего важное значение для поддержания правопорядка, защиты лица, охраны прав и свобод человека, выполнения задач и функций государства. Приведенная в статье характеристика административной ответственности связана с присущими ей признаками и особенностями административного правонарушения (проступка). Наиболее значительное внимание уделено вопросу, связанному с общественной опасностью противоправного деяния, учитывая концептуальные изменения в уголовной и административной ответственности. Используя опыт правового регулирования стран Европы, мы таким образом имплементируем в свое законодательство европейские подходы, но с учетом национальных традиций и поддержания фундаментальных основ уголовного права и сохранением таких основ по административной ответственности. ; Administrative liability, as a type of legal coercion, is important for maintaining law and order, protection of an individual, protection of human rights and freedoms, performance of tasks and functions of the state. The description of administrative liability, given in the article, is connected with its inherent features and peculiarities of an administrative offense (misdemeanour). The most significant attention is paid to the issue, connected with public danger of an illegal act, taking into account the conceptual changes in criminal legislation, and, thus, criminal liability and as a consequence of administrative liability. The concept of reforming the Criminal Legislation provides for the preparation in addition to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Code (Law) on Criminal Offenses (misdemeanours) and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. Taking into account the emergence of the phenomenon of "criminal misdemeanours" in the legislation of Ukraine, for committing of which there is criminal liability before the court (the judge), the author raises the question of defining such criminal offense as a socially dangerous act, but of less public danger than a crime, and all other misdemeanours (administrative) should be considered harmful, but not socially dangerous. Cases of such misdemeanours should be considered during administrative proceedings, according to the (procedural) rules defined in the Code on Administrative Offenses.Using the experience of legal regulation of European countries, we thus implement our legislation to the European one, but taking into account our national traditions and maintaining the fundamental principles of criminal law and maintaining such principles regarding administrative liability. So, criminal liability arises only in accordance with the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Code (Law) on Criminal Offenses (misdemeanours) as socially dangerous acts, and administrative liability arises in accordance with the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses (misdemeanours) that are not socially dangerous.

Introduction. Sociological studies of the social portrait of students are an urgent problem of science, which has recently acquired special significance in Russian conditions. This is due to those circumstances, which, on the one hand, follow from the special characteristics of students as a specific social group, for which the problems of successful socialization are especially relevant, and on the other, they are dictated by the significant dependence of students on those factors that are formed in the political, economic and the legal space of different regions. In conditions of social transformations and turbulence, almost always young students find themselves in a more difficult situation than older generations. In particular, a number of problems arise on the basis of the divergences and nuances of the social perception of reality, which are formed among students who, to varying degrees, are adapted to the local conditions of the university.Methodology and sources. The theoretical foundation of the study is the concept of youth as a cultural group, the methodology of sociological research of risk and social uncertainty, the works of foreign and national researchers of student youth, which reflect various aspects of students' social life, in particular, the results of a study of the effects of social factors in the information space, new phenomena of youth subcultures, etc., which involve the development of new strategies for a sociological study of the social portrait of young students.Results and discussion. Particular problems of students' socialization arise in those regions of the country where new legal and political realities are forming. Compared with other social groups, in such social spaces, it is more difficult for young people to integrate and join in a new reality, because the usual mechanisms of socialization, formed earlier, are not actual now, and how to achieve full potential in the new social space is not yet clear to everyone. In particular, such contradictions are clearly visible in the Crimean realities, in the university community of Sevastopol. The purpose of the sociological research conducted by the Centre for Sociological Research of Sevastopol State University was to study the characteristics of the social portrait of student youth in Sevastopol, including those representing various groups of students according the period of their residence on the peninsula. For this purpose, two groups of young people were distinguished in the analysis, differing by the period of their residence in Sevastopol: an "indigenous" one – those who live in Sevastopol from birth or moved here at an early age, and a "new" one – those who moved to Sevastopol after 2014. The results of the study made it possible to determine the strategic life goals of university students, which can be described as ambitious: starting a business, acquiring a car and housing, providing material wealth, pursuing career success and self-realization.Conclusion. Most of the "indigenous" youth and "new" residents of the southern capital of Russia have shown their attitude to Sevastopol as a city that they want to develop together. This fact was assessed as a phenomenon of social gratitude: the young generation, who found in Sevastopol the opportunity to live peacefully and fulfill itself, binds itself to the city, but wants to make it better. The study also confirms the relevance of highlighting among students social and demographic groups that differ in the perception of social reality, due to the time spent in this social environment. In particular, this is noted in a higher degree of readiness of "old-timers" for practical participation in changes in social reality – participation in public life, volunteering, etc.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ; The construction industry is consistently considered one of the most dangerous industries in the United Kingdom (UK) and the rest of the world due to reported work-related fatalities and injuries. The majority of these incidents are attributed to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as they perform a significant role in the UK construction supply chain. There is a common belief that safety performance in these types of organisations is strongly linked to the effectiveness of the implementation of safety management systems. Whilst the industry has made an outstanding effort to improve health and safety (H&S) practices, there are some areas which still need refinement. The legal system is one of the approaches considered for the improvement of H&S management in the industry. The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (CMCHA) was passed with the intention of improving the law on corporate criminal liability for poor H&S management. Since the Act came to force in 2008, over 30 percent of the convictions are attributable to the construction industry. Interestingly, all convictions for corporate manslaughter are attributable to SMEs. This therefore suggests that the size of the company is a major factor in the degree of exposure to corporate criminal liability. Since SMEs are labelled as risky in terms of exposure to hazards and death in the workplace, it is of importance to investigate their H&S management practices. However, not much attention has been given to the way SMEs manage H&S in the working environment and how they are influenced by recent H&S regulations. This study employed a mixed methods approach over two stages to investigate the level of implementation of the basic elements of a Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) H&S management system UK construction SMEs and assess to what extent they were aware of the legal obligations towards their employees. The study also seeks to explore how the CMCHA influences their management activities. The first stage conducted a questionnaire survey to gather relevant data from construction SMEs in the UK. From the analysis of data, it was found that these types of organisations are currently implementing, albeit to a certain level, a structured health and safety management system in the workplace. However, there was evidence of a lack of balance between the different stages of the PDCA cycle, showing potential room for improvement. This research revealed that SMEs should put more attention into seeking a fair balance between H&S, time, cost and quality as well as involving workers in H&S matters and monitoring ill-health. There were also causal interactions between the implementation of a H&S management system in SMEs and the level of awareness of their duties of care to their employees and persons other than employees. Furthermore, it was concluded that the CMCHA had 'some' influence in the way SMEs manage H&S. During the second stage, the study looked further into these results by conducting interviews to experts in the senior management level of SMEs. Findings from this stage added that morality and the wellbeing of the employees is one of the main factors that drive SMEs to improve their safety performance. Interviewees highlighted that significant change is yet to be seen from the CMCHA as prosecuting large organisations remains a challenge. In the view of the findings, organisations should devote resources to orientate and motivate their senior level to improve their H&S management systems in respect of the flaws identified. It is also important that they monitor their H&S practices, thus it would be possible to identify possible areas of improvement and ensure compliance with legislation.

Анотація У статті проаналізована інформаційна база суб'єктів господарювання, що мають податковий борг в Україні, з метою виявлення можливостей сегментації податкових боржників на основі вартості податкового боргу. Наявну інформацію про податковий борг структуровано за статусом платника податку (юридичні особи та фізичні особи-підприємці), видами бюджетів, територіальною ознакою, формою власності боржника. Виокремлено групи боржників за величиною податкового боргу. Встановлено, шо податковий борг в Україні характеризується наявністю великої кількості боржників, переважно фізичних осіб-підприємців. Велика кількість боржників має борг, який не перевищує 5-10 тис. грн, борг 1% боржників становить 85% податкового боргу по Україні загалом. Для реалізації вартісного критерію сегментації необхідна додаткова інформація, якої бракує у проаналізованій базі. ; The tax debt in Ukraine is growing. A significant part of it is older than 12 months and has a low probability of redemption. This indicates an imperfect debt collection practice and poor performance of the administration methods. The number of tax officers is not enough to provide tax debt collecting effective. Therefore, it is necessary to change the practice of tax debt management using the segmentation of the tax debtors in Ukraine and appropriate strategies to each segment.According to foreign experience, most segmentation strategies are based on risk assessment. This means that during segmentation, the behaviour of taxpayers is taken into account, and the probability of non-repayment of debt is estimated. It is necessary to have the definite information for risk assessment. So, the important prerequisite of segmentation is the analysis of information base on taxpayers that have not payed taxes in time.The available information on tax debt and tax debtors allows: 1) to establish the number of legal entities and individuals - entrepreneurs - tax debtors - and the amount of their debts to central and local governments; 2) to structurise he tax debtors by the form of ownership, territories; 3) to group the tax debtors depending on the amount of tax debt.The authors conclude that the tax debt in Ukraine is characterized by a large number of debtors, among which 80% are individuals-entrepreneurs in the vast majority with small amounts of debt. A large number of debtors has a debt that does not exceed 5-10 thousand UAH, so they should be subject to enforcement measures that are economically feasible and reasonsable in the context of human, time and financial resources. At the same time 60% of legal entities-debtors have a tax debt of no more than 0.12%, while the debt of 1% of the debtors is equivalent to 85% of the total amount of the tax debt in Ukraine. The latter are the most risky category of debtors, becauose non-repayment of debts by such taxpayers will have significant fiscal implications for the budget and will negatively affect the business climate and the fiscal behavior of other payers. Therefore, an individual approach should be mandatory for them. When looking for approaches to segmentation, it is first and foremost to take into consideation the amoumt of the tax debt as well as the form of ownership. This information is aveilable and collected in a single base. But there is not any information about the duration of the the tax debt in this base. Such information is in the other SFS bases. Ii is nesesary to connect them for risk assessment. But it will bemore problemetically to estimate the solvency of the tax debtors. Because only some of them file tax returnes in electronical form.

The value of intellectual property is now growing by the day in view of globalization of economic processes and integration of the Russian Federation into the world economy. The need for development of legislation in the field of intellectual property, improvement of legal mechanisms to protect the intellectual deliverables is dictated by a market economy, changes in social relations, as well as the inconsistency of regulatory enforcement, which prevents from proper implementation of the individual's rights in the sphere of intellectual property realization. Over the past decade, the entrepreneurial activity has demonstrated an increase in a number of facts of recognition of the intellectual property created by an employee as work for hire (WFH). Under these procedures, both employers and employees often make mistakes that subsequently lead to such items being non-protectable. The point is that the current legislation has no procedure or criteria to recognize the intellectual property created by employees as WFH. However, failure to observe the procedures regulated by tax legislation when recognizing the results of an employee's intellectual activity as WFH poses a high risk for instituting administrative action against the employer. In this paper, we will try to determine the procedure and criteria for recognizing the results of an employee's intellectual activity as WFH. ; El valor de la propiedad intelectual está creciendo día a día en vista de la globalización de los procesos económicos y la integración de la Federación de Rusia en la economía mundial. La necesidad de desarrollar una legislación en el campo de la propiedad intelectual, la mejora de los mecanismos legales para proteger los resultados intelectuales está dictada por una economía de mercado, los cambios en las relaciones sociales, así como la inconsistencia de la aplicación de la normativa, que impide la implementación adecuada de Derechos del individuo en el ámbito de la realización de la propiedad intelectual. Durante la última década, la actividad empresarial ha demostrado un aumento en una serie de hechos de reconocimiento de la propiedad intelectual creada por un empleado como trabajo por contrato (FMH). Según estos procedimientos, tanto los empleadores como los empleados a menudo cometen errores que posteriormente conducen a que dichos elementos no sean protegibles. El punto es que la legislación actual no tiene procedimientos ni criterios para reconocer la propiedad intelectual creada por los empleados como FMH. Sin embargo, el incumplimiento de los procedimientos regulados por la legislación fiscal al reconocer los resultados de la actividad intelectual de un empleado como FMH plantea un alto riesgo de iniciar acciones administrativas contra el empleador. En este documento, trataremos de determinar el procedimiento y los criterios para reconocer los resultados de la actividad intelectual de un empleado como FMH. ; В настоящее время значение интеллектуальной собственности возрастает с каждым днём в связи с глобализацией экономических процессов и интеграцией Российской Федерации в мировую экономику. Необходимость развития законодательства в сфере интеллектуальной собственности, совершенствование механизмов правовой охраны интеллектуальной собственности диктуется условиями рыночной экономики, изменениями общественных отношений, а также противоречивостью правоприменительной практики, которая не позволяет в полной мере обеспечить реализацию прав субъектов в сфере использования результатов интеллектуальной деятельности. В предпринимательской деятельности за последнее десятилетие происходит увеличение количества фактов признания результатов интеллектуальной деятельности, созданных работником в качестве служебных произведений. В рамках этих процедур работодатели и работники часто допускают ошибки, которые впоследствии приводят к неохраноспособности таких объектов. Сложность заключается в том, что в действующем законодательстве отсутствует порядок и критерии признания созданных работниками объектов интеллектуальной собственности служебными произведениями. Однако при несоблюдении некоторых регламентированных налоговым законодательством процедур в процессе признания результатов интеллектуальной деятельности работника служебными произведениями возникают высокие риски привлечения работодателя к административной ответственности. В настоящей статье попытаемся определить порядок и критерии признания результатов интеллектуальной деятельности работника служебным произведением.

The article analyzes the ideological platform of European politics, which is based on values: consensus, compromise of tolerance. Taking into account the positive European experience of public administration, it is necessary to take into account the basic values for Ukrainian policy. Features of realization of European values in the context of democratization of Ukrainian society are considered. European values are being analyzed as a system of new opportunities for the sustainable development of Ukrainian society. The educational changes are taken into account – transparency and publicity of the authorities-the development of public media, etc. Pluralism, consensus, compromise – are the main means of achieving political stability in a democratic society. But the prerequisite for any means of achieving political stability is the recognition of the principle of tolerance, since this principle can be stated in three levels: the mega-level, the mea-level and the micro-level. If we take into account the mega-level, which includes the understanding of tolerance as a principle and a means. It is from this angle that we will analyze the European doctrines of tolerance, which serves as a generally accepted principle in achieving stability in the country, and testifies to the high level of political culture of society. that an alternative to the dialogue still exists. And dialogue in its turn serves as a certain value, which can be used in the political-legal and in the socio-cultural and religious plane. The theoretical and practical situation for the achievement of consensus and compromise in Western societies is rich with examples, as well as new achievements. Ukrainian society is currently undergoing a new transformational stage in its development and the use of new principles of consensus and compromise is undoubtedly valuable and important in the life of our state.The essence of political requirements for establishing consensus for the legitimation of transitive political regimes is considered. The effectiveness of political consensus in the context of large-scale political crises is clarified. The significance of the stages of achieving political consensus for the new democracies, including the modern Ukraine, is determined. The content of political consensus and its subject, activity of subjects and objects of political consensus, which interact with each other, is established. The level of the general political and legal culture of consensus relations, which is formed in each transformational society, is also characterized. The peculiarities of the politicalinstitutional balance of political compromise and political consensus are revealed. Because consensus involves agreeing on all and developing a common position. And here about the community to speak too early, because the mechanism itself for processing these solutions involves refusing to resolve conflicts. ; У статті проаналізовано ідеологічну платформу європейської політики, в основу якої покладено такі цінності, як консенсус, компроміс, толерантність. Ураховуючи позитивний європейський досвід публічного управління, беремо до уваги базові цінності для української політики. Розглянуто особливості реалізації європейських цінностей у контексті демократизації українського суспільства. Європейські цінності проаналізовано як систему нових можливостей для сталого розвитку українського суспільства. Ураховано освітні зміни (прозорість та публічність влади, розвиток громадських ЗМІ й ін.). Розглянуто сутність політичних вимог щодо встановлення консенсусу для легітимації транзитивних політичних режимів. З'ясовано результативність політичного консенсусу в умовах масштабних політичних криз. Визначено значення етапів досягнення політичного консенсусу для нових демократій, до яких належить і сучасна Україна. Установлено зміст політичного консенсусу та його предмет, діяльність суб'єктів та об'єктів політичного консенсусу, які вступають між собою у взаємодію. Охарактеризовано також рівень загальної політико-правової культури консенсусних відносин, яка складається в кожному трансформаційному суспільстві. Виявлено особливості співвідношення політико-інституційного забезпечення політичного компромісу й політичного консенсусу, оскільки консенсус передбачає погодження всіх і вироблення спільної позиції. А тут про спільність говорити зарано, тому що сам механізм опрацювання цих рішень передбачає відмову від конфліктних питань.

The purpose of this article is to answer the following questions: In Mexico, what has been the development of the teaching career in primary education between 1930 and 2017? What are the changes that have impacted this career in relation to the historical-political context? And what have been the elements and criteria that have oriented such regulation of the teaching profession? In an analysis of laws, regulations and norms, the authors found that Mexico has focused on three career approaches. The first is the credentialist, as a consequence of the development of the nascent education system and the political pacts between the teacher's unions and the State. The second is the transitory approach, which incorporated elements of meritocracy into a credentialist legal structure. The third is the meritocratic, which stands out for the use of performance evaluations for teacher regulation, for which new regulatory instances were created in order to displace the union from regulatory processes. The authors also observed that the particularities of the educational system, as well as the historical-political context, mark specific paths of Mexican teaching regulation. ; Este artículo tiene como propósito responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿en México qué desarrollo ha tenido la carrera docente en educación primaria entre 1930 y 2017?, ¿cuáles son los cambios que se han presentado en la carrera en relación con el contexto histórico-político?, y ¿cuáles han sido los elementos y los criterios que han dirigido tal regulación docente? Se realizó un análisis de leyes, reglamentos y normas en relación con la carrera docente. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que este país ha seguido tres enfoques de carrera. El primero es el credencialista, como consecuencia del desarrollo del naciente sistema educativo y de los pactos políticos entre el sindicato de maestros y el Estado. El segundo es el enfoque transitorio, que incorporó elementos de la meritocracia en una estructura legal credencialista. El tercero es, el meritocrático, que destaca por el uso de evaluaciones de desempeño para la gestión de la carrera docente, para lo que se crearon nuevas instancias con el fin de desplazar al sindicato de los procesos de regulación. Se observa que las particularidades del sistema educativo, así como el contexto histórico-político marcan trayectos singulares de la carrera docente mexicana. ; Este artigo pretende responder às seguintes perguntas: No México, que desenvolvimentoteve a carreira docente no ensino básico entre 1930 e 2017? Que mudanças se deram na carreira no que se refere ao contexto histórico-político? E quais têm sido os elementos e critérios que têm orientado os regulamentos de ensino? Foi realizada uma análise das leis, regulamentos e regras em relação a carreira de ensino. Entre os principais resultados, verificou-se que este país tem seguido três abordagens para a carreira. O primeiro é o credencialista, como resultado do desenvolvimento do sistema educativo nascente e dos pactos políticos entre o sindicato dos professores e o Estado. A segunda é a abordagem de transição, que incorporou elementos da meritocracia em uma estrutura jurídica credencialista. O terceiro é o meritocrático, que destaca pelo uso das avaliações de desempenho para a regulação docente, para o qual foram criadas novas instâncias reguladoras com o intuito de retirar o sindicato dos processos de regulação. Observa-se que ambos os fatores (as características do sistema educativo e o contexto histórico-político) determinam trajetos específicos da regulamentação docente mexicana.

Il presente lavoro indulge nella metafora della marea per evo- care, nell'attualità postmoderna, gli ondivaghi moti del potere e del pensiero che cerca di comprenderlo, rispetto ai quali le categorie della giuspubblicistica classica sembrano spesso inadeguate e le con- cezioni statuali acquisite paiono perdere vigore a fronte di una realtà ordinamentale e assiologica intrecciata, non lineare e intrinsecamente dialogante (anche se, sempre più spesso, con accenti polemici). Di questo immane e sempre crescente grado di complessità, di questa marea in perenne movimento, Paolo Ridola si è posto come uno dei più attenti, originali e autorevoli interpreti. L'illustre studioso, nel suo rifiutare ogni formalismo asfitticamente dogmatico, ha sempre rivolto la sua attenzione al profilo assiologico e contenutistico dei fe- nomeni giuridici, elaborando un approccio comparativo che, come è stato giustamente sostenuto, trova una felice sintesi tra l'elemento diacronico e quello sincronico. Il fuoco del suo sguardo ha colto, come oggetto di elezione, l'idea dello Stato Costituzionale quale mo- dello archetipico delle moderne democrazie pluralistiche, intercettan- done la parabola crescente, in un quadro composto da intrecci sovra- nazionali e da un dialogo permanente tra attori sociali e giuridici; un processo incrementale che, per un lungo periodo, ha spinto sempre più avanti la marea montante dei diritti dei singoli e dell'integrazione tra i popoli. Tuttavia, quasi per legge di natura, ad ogni crescendo se- gue un riflusso: nuovi moti si affacciano alla vista, spinte opposte nelle relazioni tra Stato e strutture sovranazionali, tra legge e potere giudiziario, tra diverse culture giuridiche e assiologiche, tanto aperte al dialogo, prima, quanto alla chiusura, poco dopo. Pur dinnanzi ad una marea che sembra mutare la propria fase, nei rapporti tra diritti e poteri, integrazione e particolarismi, conservazione e mutamento, l'in- segnamento di Paolo Ridola rimane una guida preziosa. ; This work uses the metaphor of the tide in order to evoke, in to- day's postmodern world, the constant shifts of power and of the theory that tries to understand it, in relation to which classical public law's categories often seem inappropriate, and for which our acquired notions of State appear to lose their strength in front of an or- dinamental and axiological reality that is twisted, never linear, and deeply dialogical (although, very often, on a polemic note). Paolo Ri- dola has come to be one of the most original, careful and renowned commentators of this awe-inspiring and ever-increasingly complex tide, with his tireless efforts. The eminent scholar, rejecting every as- phyxiatingly dogmatic formalism, has always focused his studies on the juridical phenomenons' axiological profile, as well as their con- tent, creating a comparative approach that, as someone has already and fittingly argued, finds a well-tailored synthesis between the di- achronic and the synchronic elements. His works have been mainly devoted, as a preferred topic, to the constitutional State, i.e. the ar- chetypical model of our modern pluralistic democracies, capturing their growing popularity, against a background of sovranational ties, as well as a permanent dialogue between social and legal actors; in an ever increasing process that has pushed, for long, the swelling tide of individual rights and integration. Nevertheless, as if following some natural law, each flux is followed by a reflux: new movements sur- face, like opposite forces within the relations between the State and some sovranational structures, between the law and the judges, among different legal and axiological cultures, open to dialogue in the beginning, but at any moment willing to suddenly shut them- selves from within. Although faced with a tide that seems to change its direction, amongst the links between rights and powers, integra- tion and local peculiarities, preservation and alteration, Paolo Ri- dola's teaching remains a precious guide.

The dynamics generated by the cities exceed their own borders, transferring part of their urban growth to their area of influence. Small-scale cities, such as Cáceres, project a shadow that significantly affects their immediate rural environment.The dispersion and multiplication of dwellings in the undeveloped land of small rural municipalities compromises the sustainability of the settlement system. The objective of this study is to characterize in a theoretical way the particularities that a general phenomenon like the rurbanization has in this context, and to measure the influence that has the presence of a city in the changes experienced in the rural environment. For this, the analysis must also quantify and locate the isolated and dispersed buildings in the countryside. The cataloging is complemented with a study of the legislation and the urban planning, as well as a temporary audit of the problem. The combination of all variables (legal, environmental, demographic, etc.), including spatial, is done with the Geographic Information Systems' help. In this way, it is discovered that most of this urban growth, besides being transferred, is irregular, uncontrolled and is located outside the urban and developable land of rural municipalities. ; Las dinámicas generadas por las urbes rebasan sus propias fronteras, trasladando parte de su crecimiento urbanístico a su área de influencia. Ciudades de rango pequeño, como Cáceres, proyectan una sombra que afecta notablemente a su entorno rural inmediato. La dispersión y multiplicación de viviendas en el suelo no urbanizable de pequeños municipios rurales comprometen la sostenibilidad del sistema de poblamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio es caracterizar teóricamente las particularidades que un fenómeno general como la rururbanización presenta en este contexto, y medir el influjo que tiene la presencia de una ciudad en los cambios experimentados en el medio rural. Para ello, el análisis debe además cuantificar y localizar las edificaciones aisladas y dispersas en el campo. La catalogación se complementa con un estudio de la legislación y el planeamiento urbanístico, así como una fiscalización temporal del problema. La conjunción de todas las variables (legales, ambientales, demográficas, etc.), entre ellas la espacial, se realiza con la ayuda de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. De este modo, se descubre que el grueso de este crecimiento urbanístico además de transferido es irregular, incontrolado y se ubica fuera del suelo urbano y urbanizable de los municipios rurales. ; La dynamique générée par les villes au-delà de ses propres frontières, de transférer une partie de sa zone urbaine influent sur leur croissance. Range petites villes comme Caceres, jettent une ombre qui affecte considérablement leur environnement rural immédiat. Dispersion et la multiplication des maisons sur des terrains non aménagés de petites municipalités rurales compromettent la viabilité du système de règlement. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser les particularités théoriquement un phénomène général que rurbanisation présenté dans ce contexte, et de mesurer l'influence de la présence d'une ville a connu des changements dans les zones rurales. Pour ce faire, l'analyse doit également quantifier et localiser les bâtiments isolés et dispersés dans la campagne. Cataloguer est complétée par une étude de la législation et de la planification urbaine, ainsi qu'un contrôle temporaire du problème. La combinaison de toutes les variables (juridiques, environnementaux, démographiques, etc.), y compris l'espace, se fait à l'aide des systèmes d'information géographique. Ainsi, on découvre que la majeure partie de cette croissance urbaine est transférée avec irrégulière, non contrôlée et est situé à l'extérieur des terres urbaines et les municipalités rurales construction.

There exists only a handful of empirical studies on B Corps, and even fewer on benefit corporations, yet understanding how social entrepreneurs wield these forms is an important area to continue investigating considering their rapid adoption. Though often used interchangeably, the two terms refer to different things: the benefit corporation is a legal entity (akin to a C Corp, LLC, etc.) designed to institutionalize a multi-stakeholder approach to business and more rigid transparency requirements, and B Corps are companies that have been certified by B Lab—the nonprofit behind the whole movement—as meeting certain social and environmental standards. Benefit corporations only explicitly exist in the U.S. and Italy, however there have been significant efforts to pass legislation in Australia, Argentina, Canada, Chile, and Colombia. B Corps, on the other hand, have spread all around the world, and B Lab now has an Asian headquarters in Taiwan, an East African headquarters in Kenya, and a European headquarters in Amsterdam. Both of these forms have arisen in response to the dominance of shareholder-value-driven capitalism, which was born in the U.S. but has since spread to many areas of the world by way of Washington Consensus-style economic reforms. Despite its prevalence, there is growing dissatisfaction with the model's inability to address non-commercial objectives. Previous efforts to reconstitute corporate models in order to serve multiple functions (e.g. CSR, ethical certifications, triple bottom line approaches) have tended to run afoul of market pressures whereby competition in product, capital, and labor markets—coupled with the primacy of shareholder value—relegate the non-commercial functions to a secondary status. The benefit corporation and the B Corp were conceived as a direct response to these problems. This study asks whether and how they help provide committed social entrepreneurs the space they require to pursue their social goals (the wider problem of preventing strictly commercial companies masquerading as socially conscious businesses is beyond the scope of this project). This research set out to explore the experiences of early adopters of the benefit corporation in order to understand how the legal form might impact a company "on the ground." However, since many of this study's participants were also B Corps, the findings that resulted have a great deal to do with B Corps, as well. The study consists of 12 semi-structured interviews with founders, CEOs, general counsels, and executives of benefit corporations over the course of 3 months. Interviews focused primarily on how being a benefit corporation impacts funding and how, if at all, it impacts a company's day-to-day operations. Two primary hypotheses resulted, which both can be better understood by applying the economic notions of signaling and screening: (1) being a benefit corporation acts as a screening mechanism to help founders find better alignment with "traditional" investors and (2) being a benefit corporation does not significantly change behavior or encourage internal and horizontal accountability, but being a B Corp does. The latter hypothesis is strengthened by explaining how being a B Corp acts as a signal during the hiring process, and how combining it with a screen may make the development of a strong internal accountability mechanism more likely. These findings have significant relevance for social entrepreneurs who are considering becoming either a benefit corporation or a B Corp (or both), as well as for legislators and investors.

Damage prevention and remedying system is regulated by legislation of European Union and Lithuania, however, administration of this system by the level of local self-governance is not investigated, clear or known enough. Instruments of environmental damage prevention are widely analyzed in Literature by both, Lithuanian and abroad authors: R. Bereišaitė (2010), C. Miguel ir B. Manzano (2011), B. Xia, Y. Li (2012), G. Juozapaitienė (2012), A. Butvilaitė, A. Miceikienė, V. Čiulevičienė (2014), R. Zubrickaitė (2014), V. Butkuvienė, I. Leibus (2015), J. Backhouse (2017), A. Galnaitytė, I. Kriščiukaitienė (2017). Instruments of environmental damage remedying are analyzed in literature more rarely: M. Staniūnas (2013), A. Junevičius, A. Balžekienė, J. Persson, J. Jurkevičienė (2016), P. Mierauskas, A. Palaima (2016), Biermann (2017). Guidelines of administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is not widely analyzed in Lithuania, thus, it can be stated, that this research is new. Object of the project – Administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system of Kaunas city municipality. Aim of the project – to examine the administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system of Kaunas city municipality. Tasks of the project: to scrutinize theoretical aspects of environmental damage prevention and remedying system; to perform the analysis of environmental management and environmental regulation at the level of European Union and Lithuania; to carry out an interview of experts and to analyze how the administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system is carried out in Kaunas city municipality. This project consists of introduction, three parts, conclusions, recommendations, literature, sources and appendixes. First part of the project analyzes the concept of environmental damage, instruments of environmental damage prevention and remedying system are studied, application of the new public management theory at the local level of environmental administration is discussed. The second part of the project is dealing with environmental administration of European Union at the national and local levels, also the environmental damage prevention, regulation of remedying and responsibility in legal documents are analyzed. The third part of the project investigates administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level: institutional structure inside of Kaunas city municipality's territory is analyzed; environmental documents, which are allowed at the local level, are researched, as well as the semi-structured interview is conducted. After accomplishing this research, it got clear that environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is administered by Kaunas city municipality, Kaunas Environmental Protection Department, The Environmental Protection Agency. The environmental sphere of this institution is administered by combining national legislation and by offering changes. Kaunas city municipality prepares legal documents, which regulate environmental sphere at the local level: waste management, distribution of funds, protection of plantations, air, water, biodiversity. After analyzing the answers of experts it got clear that environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is administered by applying instruments, discussed in the theory. According to experts, the most effective instruments – monitoring and Plantation Felling Permits. EIA, permits of pollution and financial sanctions have disadvantages, and the principle "the polluter pays" as well as the implementation of environmental compensation is difficult or impossible. According to experts, society and institutions of public sectors are involved into management of environmental protection, however, sometimes this is hindered by the lack of awareness.

Damage prevention and remedying system is regulated by legislation of European Union and Lithuania, however, administration of this system by the level of local self-governance is not investigated, clear or known enough. Instruments of environmental damage prevention are widely analyzed in Literature by both, Lithuanian and abroad authors: R. Bereišaitė (2010), C. Miguel ir B. Manzano (2011), B. Xia, Y. Li (2012), G. Juozapaitienė (2012), A. Butvilaitė, A. Miceikienė, V. Čiulevičienė (2014), R. Zubrickaitė (2014), V. Butkuvienė, I. Leibus (2015), J. Backhouse (2017), A. Galnaitytė, I. Kriščiukaitienė (2017). Instruments of environmental damage remedying are analyzed in literature more rarely: M. Staniūnas (2013), A. Junevičius, A. Balžekienė, J. Persson, J. Jurkevičienė (2016), P. Mierauskas, A. Palaima (2016), Biermann (2017). Guidelines of administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is not widely analyzed in Lithuania, thus, it can be stated, that this research is new. Object of the project – Administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system of Kaunas city municipality. Aim of the project – to examine the administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system of Kaunas city municipality. Tasks of the project: to scrutinize theoretical aspects of environmental damage prevention and remedying system; to perform the analysis of environmental management and environmental regulation at the level of European Union and Lithuania; to carry out an interview of experts and to analyze how the administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system is carried out in Kaunas city municipality. This project consists of introduction, three parts, conclusions, recommendations, literature, sources and appendixes. First part of the project analyzes the concept of environmental damage, instruments of environmental damage prevention and remedying system are studied, application of the new public management theory at the local level of environmental administration is discussed. The second part of the project is dealing with environmental administration of European Union at the national and local levels, also the environmental damage prevention, regulation of remedying and responsibility in legal documents are analyzed. The third part of the project investigates administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level: institutional structure inside of Kaunas city municipality's territory is analyzed; environmental documents, which are allowed at the local level, are researched, as well as the semi-structured interview is conducted. After accomplishing this research, it got clear that environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is administered by Kaunas city municipality, Kaunas Environmental Protection Department, The Environmental Protection Agency. The environmental sphere of this institution is administered by combining national legislation and by offering changes. Kaunas city municipality prepares legal documents, which regulate environmental sphere at the local level: waste management, distribution of funds, protection of plantations, air, water, biodiversity. After analyzing the answers of experts it got clear that environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is administered by applying instruments, discussed in the theory. According to experts, the most effective instruments – monitoring and Plantation Felling Permits. EIA, permits of pollution and financial sanctions have disadvantages, and the principle "the polluter pays" as well as the implementation of environmental compensation is difficult or impossible. According to experts, society and institutions of public sectors are involved into management of environmental protection, however, sometimes this is hindered by the lack of awareness.

Damage prevention and remedying system is regulated by legislation of European Union and Lithuania, however, administration of this system by the level of local self-governance is not investigated, clear or known enough. Instruments of environmental damage prevention are widely analyzed in Literature by both, Lithuanian and abroad authors: R. Bereišaitė (2010), C. Miguel ir B. Manzano (2011), B. Xia, Y. Li (2012), G. Juozapaitienė (2012), A. Butvilaitė, A. Miceikienė, V. Čiulevičienė (2014), R. Zubrickaitė (2014), V. Butkuvienė, I. Leibus (2015), J. Backhouse (2017), A. Galnaitytė, I. Kriščiukaitienė (2017). Instruments of environmental damage remedying are analyzed in literature more rarely: M. Staniūnas (2013), A. Junevičius, A. Balžekienė, J. Persson, J. Jurkevičienė (2016), P. Mierauskas, A. Palaima (2016), Biermann (2017). Guidelines of administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is not widely analyzed in Lithuania, thus, it can be stated, that this research is new. Object of the project – Administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system of Kaunas city municipality. Aim of the project – to examine the administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system of Kaunas city municipality. Tasks of the project: to scrutinize theoretical aspects of environmental damage prevention and remedying system; to perform the analysis of environmental management and environmental regulation at the level of European Union and Lithuania; to carry out an interview of experts and to analyze how the administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system is carried out in Kaunas city municipality. This project consists of introduction, three parts, conclusions, recommendations, literature, sources and appendixes. First part of the project analyzes the concept of environmental damage, instruments of environmental damage prevention and remedying system are studied, application of the new public management theory at the local level of environmental administration is discussed. The second part of the project is dealing with environmental administration of European Union at the national and local levels, also the environmental damage prevention, regulation of remedying and responsibility in legal documents are analyzed. The third part of the project investigates administration of environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level: institutional structure inside of Kaunas city municipality's territory is analyzed; environmental documents, which are allowed at the local level, are researched, as well as the semi-structured interview is conducted. After accomplishing this research, it got clear that environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is administered by Kaunas city municipality, Kaunas Environmental Protection Department, The Environmental Protection Agency. The environmental sphere of this institution is administered by combining national legislation and by offering changes. Kaunas city municipality prepares legal documents, which regulate environmental sphere at the local level: waste management, distribution of funds, protection of plantations, air, water, biodiversity. After analyzing the answers of experts it got clear that environmental damage prevention and remedying system at the local level is administered by applying instruments, discussed in the theory. According to experts, the most effective instruments – monitoring and Plantation Felling Permits. EIA, permits of pollution and financial sanctions have disadvantages, and the principle "the polluter pays" as well as the implementation of environmental compensation is difficult or impossible. According to experts, society and institutions of public sectors are involved into management of environmental protection, however, sometimes this is hindered by the lack of awareness.

Проаналізовані різні підходи до розуміння змісту поняття «судова влада», а також визначено місце судової гілки влади в системі вищих органів державної влади в Україні. Зроблено висновок, що на практиці важливий не лише розподіл повноважень вищих органів державної влади задля досягнення цілей, визначених у Конституції України, а й їх взаємодія, яка з необхідністю відбувається у чітко визначених правових формах із застосуванням відповідних правових засобів. Будь-яке відхилення від норм чинного законодавства, недотримання основних принципів права в діяльності судової гілки влади веде до несправедливого розгляду юридичних спорів, конфліктів між вищими органами державної влади, а як наслідок – унеможливлює встановлення рівноваги між часом розбалансованими гілками державної влади. Нівелюють таку ситуацію реально діючі гарантії функціонування судової гілки влади у взаємовідносинах з іншими вищими органами державної влади в Україні. ; Проанализированы различные подходы к пониманию содержания понятия «судебная власть», а также определено место судебной ветви власти в системе высших органов государственной власти в Украине. Сделан вывод, что на практике важно не только распределение полномочий высших органов государственной власти для достижения целей, определенных в Конституции Украины, но и их взаимодействие, которое с необходимостью происходит в четко определенных правовых формах с применением соответствующих правовых средств. Любое отклонение от норм действующего законодательства, несоблюдение основных принципов права в деятельности судебной ветви власти ведет к несправедливому рассмотрению юридических споров, конфликтов между высшими органами государственной власти, а как следствие – влечет невозможность установления равновесия между иногда разбалансированными ветвями государственной власти. Нивелируют такую ситуацию реально действующие гарантии функционирования судебной ветви власти во взаимоотношениях с другими высшими органами государственной власти в Украине. ; The implementation of the principle of separation of powers, defined in the Constitution of Ukraine, in practice, means that each branch is independent in its sphere, but only the courts have the last word in the power disputes over the constitutionality and legality of the activities of other branches of government. It is the judiciary that is a prerequisite for maintaining the authority of the state power as a whole, because in the absence of the special restraining powers that it possesses, the legislative and executive power is transformed from power into the organization of violence against society. In fact, the judiciary acts as the tool by which the right effectively affects social relations. A clear and strict adherence to the procedural forms of activity is intended to ensure the assurance that the court will actually adopt legal decisions. Only the law and the rule of law, and not any other considerations (third-party influence, demands, instructions) form the basis of the activity of the judicial branch, while the activities of other branches may prevail over the motives of expediency or social necessity. The court plays a significant ideological role, since it brings citizens respect for the law and promotes adherence to accepted standards of conduct in society.The judiciary has a considerable advantage in its interaction with other branches of government, in its function and functionality, that there is no such activity of the state in the person of its bodies that would not be subject to judicial control or constitutional supervision. It is these powers that significantly change the provisions of the judiciary in the system of public-legal relations, that is, turn it into a "true" power. Judicial control is one of the main guarantees of the proper functioning of the system of checks and balances, as well as an essential element in the process of restoring the balance in the interaction between the higher authorities of each other.

The Treaty of Lisbon has deeply changed the scope of the external action of the European Union. One of the most important changes it has made to the European Union's external action is the constitutional objectives it now has to meet. Indeed, Article 3 §5 of the Treaty on EU concerns the international objectives of the EU. Among these objectives, one of them is particularly important. Firstly, because it reflects a new interest of the EU and, on the other hand, because it was unexpected: it is the aim of protecting children's rights. The new status of the protection of children's rights in EU law has been relatively unnoticed and the doctrine has barely relayed it. This new aim on the international scene raises several questions related to the existence of legal tools for its realization or to the effectiveness of the measures adopted to protect children's rights at an international level. These different issues are answered. However, the achievement of this objective reveals other difficulties that raise issues about the limits of European action and therefore the limits of the functioning of the EU. Children's rights are a particular matter because they carry legal aspects, of course, but not only. The European Union, by deciding to incorporate their protection into its international objectives, finds itself in a balancing act, particularly in regard of the current international context, which combines armed conflicts, humanitarian crisis and major migratory movements. It is clear that, faced with this situation, there are many difficulties encountered by the EU for the achievement of this aim of protection of children's right and even in making it a part of its external action. ; Le Traité de Lisbonne a profondément modifié l'étendue de l'action extérieure de l'Union européenne. L'une des modifications les plus importantes qu'il a apportée à l'action extérieure de l'Union européenne relève des objectifs constitutionnels qu'elle doit désormais satisfaire. En effet, l'article 3 §5 du Traité sur l'Union européenne concerne les objectifs internationaux de l'Union. Parmi ces objectifs, l'un d'eux est particulièrement important, d'une part, en ce qu'il traduit un intérêt nouveau de l'Union et, d'autre part, en ce qu'il était inattendu, il s'agit de l'objectif de protection des droits de l'enfant. Le nouveau statut de la protection des droits de l'enfant au sein du droit de l'Union est passé relativement inaperçu et la doctrine s'en est peu fait l'écho.Ce nouvel objectif sur la scène internationale soulève plusieurs questions tenant à l'existence d'outils juridiques permettant sa réalisation ou encore tenant à l'efficacité des mesures adoptées pour protéger les droits de l'enfant au niveau international. Ces différentes problématiques trouvent des réponses, toutefois, la réalisation de cet objectif soulève d'autres difficultés qui poussent à s'interroger sur les limites de l'action européenne et par la même, sur les limites du fonctionnement de l'Union européenne. Les droits de l'enfant sont un domaine particulier car ils emportent des aspects juridiques certes, mais pas seulement. L'Union européenne en décidant d'incorporer leur protection au sein de ses objectifs internationaux, se trouve dans une situation d'équilibriste tout particulièrement au regard de la situation internationale actuelle mêlant conflits armés, crise humanitaire et mouvements migratoires importants. Force est de constater que face à cette situation, l'Union connait de nombreuses difficultés à réaliser cette protection internationale des droits de l'enfant voire même à lui faire une place au sein de son action extérieure.