Suchergebnisse

Biographical Information: Raymond (Swede) Swedzinski was born in Taunton, Minnesota on March 6, 1921. He joined the U.S. Army Air Corp following the World War II draft and later completed his training as a B-24 co-pilot. Swedzinski was assigned to the 15th Air Force stationed in Spinazzola, Italy where he completed 37 missions between April and July 1944. During his last mission on July 19, 1944, Swedzinski and his crew were shot down and spent 42 days behind enemy lines with the French resistance. Raymond returned to the United States as a heavily decorated veteran. In July 1945, he married his wife Irene in which they raised four children together. They lived in Taunton and farmed. Swedzinski remained an active member of his community until his death on July 26, 2000. He is buried at the Saints Cyril and Methodius Catholic Cemetery in Taunton. Swedzinski received the following awards for his military service: Distinguished Flying Cross, Victory WWII, Air Medal w/ Oak Leaf Cluster, Purple Heart, Presidential Unit Citation, European Theater Operations, and the French Cour de Gurre. Transcript Summary: In an interview conducted on February 3, 1990, Raymond (Swede) Swedzinski discussed with his life prior to the World War II draft and his fascination for aircrafts. As the draft approached Swedzinski knew his draft number was approaching, so he joined the Air Force Cadets to learn to fly. Swedzinski recalled his initial failure of the eye exam, resulting in becoming an aircraft mechanic. He was not satisfied with performing maintenance and took the eye exam a second time and passed. Swedzinski detailed his experiences during training, earning his wings, his assignment, and flight course to Italy, as well as his crew in which he was assigned co-pilot. In Italy, Swedinski's crew was assigned to the 460th and the 762nd Bomb Squadron. Here he recalled missions to bomb strategic German factories and other important Axis strongholds. Swedzinski recalled in much detail about the day his crew was shot down over France in July 1944 and the events that followed. He and his crew spent 42 days in hiding with the French resistance. They were finally liberated after the Allied forces pushed the Germans out of France from the south. The crew made their way back to their base where they were sent back to the United States. After some rest, Swedzinski spent the rest of World War II flying gunners and became an instructor. At the end of the interview, Swedzinski discussed the Vietnam War and the draft evaders. Interview by David Overy

The end of the Cold
War was an event of great significance in human history, the consequences of
which demand to be glossed in broad terms rather than reduced to a meaningless
series of events. Neorealist writers on international relations would disagree;
most such see the end of the Cold War in terms of the collapse of a bipolar
balance of power system and its (temporary) replacement by the hegemony of the
winning state, which in turn will be replaced by a new balance. There is
obviously a story to be told here, they would argue, but not a new kind of story,
nor a particularly momentous one. Such shifts in the distribution of power are a
matter of business as usual for the international system. The end of the Cold War was
a blip on the chart of modern history and analysts of international politics
(educated in the latest techniques of quantitative and qualitative analysis in
the social sciences) ought, from this perspective, to be unwilling to draw
general conclusions on the basis of a few, albeit quite unusual, events. Such
modesty is, as a rule, wise, but on this occasion it is misplaced. The Cold War
was not simply a convenient shorthand for conflict between two superpowers, as
the neorealists would have it. Rather it encompassed deep-seated divisions about
the organization and content of political, economic and social life at all
levels.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter One Bush and the World of 2000 -- 1.1 A Period of Consequences -- 1.2 A Distinctly American Internationalism -- 1.3 Future Nuclear Arms Policy -- 1.4 Century of the Americas -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Two The War on Terrorism -- 2.1 Declaring a War on Terrorism -- 2.2 President Bush Speaks to the UN -- 2.3 2002 State of the Union Address -- 2.4 Graduation Speech at West Point -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Three Iraq -- 3.1 Remarks at the United Nations -- 3.2 Bush Outlines the Iraqi Threat -- 3.3 End of Major Combat Operations -- 3.4 Future of Iraq -- 3.5 Steps to Help Iraq Achieve Democracy -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Four Security Issues -- 4.1 Speaking to the Citadel Cadets -- 4.2 Troop Redeployment -- 4.3 National Missile Defense -- 4.4 ABM Treaty -- 4.5 Countering the Threat of WMD -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Five Global Issues -- 5.1 Global Climate Change -- 5.2 Global Climate Initiatives -- 5.3 The UN's Global Role -- 5.4 Three Pillars of Peace and Security -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Six Europe and Russia -- 6.1 Future of Europe -- 6.2 German Support Against Terror -- 6.3 Historic NATO Summit -- 6.4 Remarks to the People of Poland -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Seven Relations with Asian Powers -- 7.1 U.S., China Stand Against Terrorism -- 7.2 Bush Speaks at Tsinghua University -- 7.3 Welcoming Premier Wen of China -- 7.4 Welcoming Koizumi of Japan -- 7.5 Unity Between the U.S. and Japan -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Eight Middle East Peace and Reform -- 8.1 Sending Powell to the Middle East -- 8.2 New Palestinian Leadership -- 8.3 Bush Commends Sharon's Plan -- 8.4 Freedom in Iraq and the Middle East -- Questions to Discuss -- Chapter Nine Latin America and Africa -- 9.1 Summit of the Americas.

In this paper, without going into detailed theoretical considerations, we gave only the main development of thoughts about iustum pretium, as well as the outline of different methods of its realization through history, until today. The main problem is how to ensure the principle of equality between the contracting parties whose position is often unequal due to their different circumstances. The demand for equality of contracting parties in business relations and their mutual obligations (equivalence) was laid down by Aristotle in the early IV century B. C. Later the praetors have developed these principles, and they got their own further elaboration by pre-classical and classical roman jurists. Despite the fact that from the period of the Republic there already existed some sort of price control, mainly because of social reasons, the main rule was - that the price is just, if there is no lack of will one of the contractual parts: dolus, metus, error, or lack of experience in case of a person younger than twenty-five (minor), or women. They have considered in the first place the principle of bona fides in business relations. In modern theory, this concept is known as the subjective theory of the just price. In the post-classical period, due to special needs of poor small land-owners (in the period of Diocletian or Justinian) the seller of the land, who did not get even a half price of the value of a land sold, enjoyed protection even without its consideration and proving the lack of the will. Although there are only two provisions in Justinian's code about it, this rule, which was called laesio enormis in the Middle Ages (and founded the so-called, objective theory of just price), thanks to canon law mainly, with a lot of discussion in the Middle-Ages in theory and different solutions in practice, ius commune is accepted as a general rule. Modern codifications accepted in the first place the subjective theory about the just price. Somewhere in the sense of usury contracts (like in German BGB) or in combination with laesio enormis (for example, Code civil, ABGB, our Law of obligations), but only exceptionally, laesio enormis is accepted also in the objective sense (like in former Serbian Civil Code, and Hungarian Ptk). We can say that today there is a tendency of wider interpretation of the bona fides in practice when solving the question of equality of values, all with the aim of weaker party protection, usually the consumer. Council Directive 93/13 EEC protects the consumer with a new, objective rule: the prohibition of one-sided unfair contract clauses: if the clause harms the consumer neglects the bona fides requirements and if it results in considerable inequality in the rights and obligations of the contracting parties. A clause like that does not oblige the consumer. There is a tendency to apply this rule to all contracts, which means also on non-consumer contracts.

Purpose
The 2017 Naylor Review has been the subject of some controversy, with some of the press, social media and other critics portraying its recommendations as a "fire sale" or privatisation of the NHS. The purpose of this paper is to examine preceding reports into efficiency and best value of the NHS, the evidence behind the review recommendations, and analyse data into housing affordability for the capital's NHS staff. It concludes by advocating for partnerships with housing associations to deliver social and financial value by utilising redundant NHS land to deliver the affordable housing that London and the rest of the UK so urgently needs.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper was developed using the content analysis of preceding independent reviews of NHS efficiency, published critiques of the Naylor Review and analysis of NHS produced data to consider the potential savings and opportunities for reinvestment in capital projects.


Findings
The paper identifies existing partnership models and examples of good practice and advocates the adoption of joint ventures and other forms of partnership to ensure that both best value is achieved from the sale of NHS assets, and publicly owned assets are reused for social purpose.


Originality/value
The paper uses existing data, analysis and context to map a route for achieving best value in managing the publicly owned asset base and reinvesting the proceeds of the sale of redundant properties into UK public services.

The warrior prophet -- The rise and fall of Islam's first empire -- The best of times, the worst of times -- The house of Islam and the house of war -- The last great Islamic empire -- The price of empire -- Mishandling the great game -- The rise of the Arab imperial dream -- An Arab Caesar -- A reckoning of sorts -- The tail that wags the dog -- Renewing the quest for Allah's empire -- Bin Laden's holy war

Museums for Peace: In Search of History, Memory and Change highlights the inspiring as well as conflicting representations and purposes of diverse museums for peace around the world. Coming from various cultural and professional backgrounds, the authors explore "what are museums for peace and what do they mean?" Some chapters introduce alternative histories of peace, conflict, and memorialization. This innovative collection examines grassroots museums, military sexual slavery, historical memory in East Asia, and cultural heritage in the Africanized peace museum movement. The chapters discuss differing representations of Gandhi, technology of war and opposition to it, and structural violence such as racial terror and imperialism. Investigating how institutions interact with political and cultural forces, the volume demonstrates that some museums reinforce hegemonic narratives, while others resist authoritative tropes to reveal silenced histories, including peace histories. Museums for Peace will appeal to academics and students in museum studies, heritage studies, peace studies, memory studies, social justice, and human rights. Those working in cultural studies and trauma studies will also find this volume valuable.

This article analyses current attempts to interpret the factors underlying long-term economic growth, paying special attention to the Latin American case. It discusses both the interpretations whose advocates claim that geographic conditions have a decisive role in shaping the development process and those according to which colonization is seen as giving rise to an institutional framework ill-suited for development. The author - based on his own estimates - emphasizes the importance of market access and the effect of social fragmentation on the establishment of an efficient and credible institutional framework. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of inequality on both the quality of institutions and the dynamics of growth. (CEPAL Rev/GIGA)

"Die Geschichte der lateinamerikanischen Wahrheitskommissionen schreibt sich in einen transnationalen Prozess der Erfahrungsakkumulation ein. Dennoch spiegelt jede Wahrheitskommission ein spezifisches gesellschaftliches Kräfteverhältnis und eine daraus resultierende Interessenlage wider. Die Autorin analysiert die vergangenheitspolitische Praxis und Debatte in El Salvador, Guatemala, Kolumbien, Kuba, Panama und Peru, um sowohl die Verschiedenheit der Enstehungs- und Wirkungsgeschichten der Wahrheitskommissionen als auch die Ambivalenz des globalisierten Aufarbeitungsprozesses zu illustrieren." (Autorenreferat)