Suchergebnisse

'Der vorliegende Bericht untersucht den tadschikischen Bürgerkrieg vor dem Hintergrund der unterschiedlichen Interessen in der Region Mittelasien. Aufgrund der Besonderheiten der tadschikischen sozialen und ökonomischen Entwicklung und gefördert durch das dominierende Ideensystem des Islam in seiner spezifisch mittelasiatischen Ausprägung wurde Tadschikistan zum schwächsten Glied der sich in der Region herausbildenden neuen Staatlichkeiten. Die soziale Explosion des Jahres 1992 nahm die Form eines Bürgerkriegs an, in den vielen Staaten dieses Raumes verwickelt wurden. Im folgenden soll untersucht werden, welche Faktoren den Konflikt innerhalb Tadschikistans nähren und wie dieser Konflikt auf die Region ausstrahlt.' (Autorenreferat)

This volume explores the role of water in the Middle East's current economic, political and environmental transformations, which are set to continue in the near future. In addition to examining water conflict from within the domestic contexts of Iraq, Yemen and Syria - all experiencing high levels of instability today - the contributors shed further light on how conflict over water resources has influenced political relations in the region. They interrogate how competition over water resources may precipitate or affect war in the Middle East, and assess whether or how resource vulnerability impacts fragile states and societies in the region and beyond.

The authors examine a standard gravity model of international commerce augmented to include political as well as institutional influences on bilateral trade. Using annual data from 1980-2001, they estimate regression coefficients and residual dependencies using a hierarchy of models in each year. Rather than gauge the generalizability of these patterns via traditional measures of statistical significance such as p-values, this article develops and employs a strategy to evaluate the out-of-sample predictive strength of various models. The analysis of recent international commerce shows that in addition to a typical gravity-model specification, political and institutional variables are important. The article also demonstrates that the often-reported link between international conflict and bilateral trade is elusive, and that inclusion of conflict in a trade model can sometimes lead to reduced out-of-sample predictive performance. Further, this article illustrates that there are substantial, persistent residual exporter- and importer-specific effects, and that ignoring such patterns in relational trade data results in an incomplete picture of international commerce, even in the context of a well-established framework such as the gravity model.

Dorussen (1999) concludes that trade between states reduces the incentives for conflict, but that the effect of trade diminishes with a larger number of countries. I demonstrate that the indicator Dorussen uses to gauge the impact of trade is dependent on the size of the system itself, & therefore may be an inappropriate means by which to evaluate the relationship between the impact of trade & system size. Two alternative indicators to analyze the impact of trade on conflict in Dorussen's model are suggested: the ratio of the minimum winning probabilities required for war to pay with trade & without, & the threshold for war costs under which war will pay for one of the states. Using the alternative indicators, I corroborate his conclusion that trade does reduce the incentives for conflict in this model. The alternative indicators, however, indicate that trade reduces an actor's incentives for conflict more the more states there are in the system. 1 Figure, 9 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications Ltd.]

Preliminary Material /Anthony M. Ocaña -- Mapping Out Bush's Anti-Iraq Rhetoric /Marta Rzepecka -- Terrorism and Literature: The Case of Yasmina Khadra's The Sirens of Baghdad /Azzeddine Bouhassoun -- Translation as Intercultural Communication /Jane Elisabeth Wilhelm -- Impeding the Reform Criminalizing Sex Industry Clients: Three Decades of Israeli Press Coverage /Anat Klin -- The Non-Human Code in Anecdotes Where Dehumanisation Is Present: Relevant Associations /Aniuska M. Luna -- Conflicts Regarding Official Status of Languages in Spain /Lucas Álvarez Canga -- Much More than a Game: The Role of Commercial Advertising in the Struggle between the Advocates and Opponents of Gambling /Marco Pedroni -- Effects of Gender and Message Design Logic on Motivation to Cooperate in a Conflict Situation /Aileen L. S. Buslig and Anthony M. Ocaña -- Power as Determinant of the Distributive Conflict Resolution: Strategies of University Students /Gražina Čiuladienė -- Beginning Counsellors' Performances of Self to Client Audiences /Peter Bray.

The deliberate destruction by ISIS of religious and cultural property in both Syria and Iraq sparked widespread international condemnation and was described by UNESCO's Director-General as constituting war crimes. Regrettably, the damage to and destruction of such property has become an all too common feature of the conflicts that have engulfed both States. The authors examine the legal obligations that apply to the parties in non-international armed conflict and the consequences of non-compliance. In light of the scale of the human suffering engendered by the conflicts, the authors first ask why international law protects such property in armed conflict.