Suchergebnisse

Освещается организационная деятельность либералов в Сибири в 1907-1914 гг. Указано, что в условиях фактического распада кадетских организаций после поражения первой российской революции главной сферой организационной деятельности либералов являлись культурно-просветительные общества и общества обывателей и избирателей. Выявлены основные направления работы либералов в этих организациях, а также степень их влияния на общественную жизнь в Сибири. ; It is noted that after the defeat of the first Russian revolution, the political course of the Cadet Party in respect to the conditions of the Third-of-June Regime was established at its congress in October 1907. In the decisions of that Congress the idea stood out that to the Liberal opposition it was necessary to adapt to the counter-revolution 'victories'. However, the authorities would not tolerate even such an "opposition". Therefore, the repressions, that the tsarist government started towards the revolutionary-democratic forces, affected the liberal camp during the repression period as well. It is indicated that particularly clearly the decline of the cadet organizations became apparent in the periphery, where the arbitrariness of the authorities at times reached the extreme limits. In Siberia, even at the first sign of the onset of the repressions the cadets ranks began to thin out rapidly, and soon the permanently operating divisions of the Cadet Party, in fact, ceased to exist there. Part of the former members of the local departments of the Cadet party, not satisfied with the situation, made attempts in the period of the reaction to consolidate their supporters, using as a cover cultural, educational, scientific, technical and other legal societies of Siberian intelligentsia. However, such societies were not very popular among the liberal intelligentsia and the business bourgeoisie. With the collapse of Stolypin's policy of "appeasement " and the deepening of the Third-of-June Regime's political crisis, the oppositional mood began to grow among the liberal bourgeoisie again. In Siberia the revival of political activity of the liberal opposition, observed during the period of a new revolutionary upsurge of 1910 1914 years, has been used by the Cadets primarily for organizational activity expansion towards the creation of Societies of inhabitants and voters. Such Societies were established in 1909, and in 1910 they already existed in all major Siberia cities. The attempts of the Cadet intellectuals to vest those Societies of inhabitants and voters with sort of control functions over the work of town councils, to intervene in the selection process arouse, as a rule, discontent of the enfranchised bourgeoisie and its representatives in the elected city institutions. Tsarist administration in Siberia, that supported distrust of "city fathers" to the Societies of inhabitants and voters, was making a variety of obstacles to their activity. In the second half of 1910 Societies of inhabitants and voters were closed by the administration everywhere. In 1912, in connection with approaching elections into the IVth State Duma, the active part of the Liberals made an attempt to restore the permanent Cadet Party departments in major cities of the region. In Siberia the Liberals tried to restore the cadet organizations in Tomsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Verkhneudinsk. However, the revival of institutional activity of the Cadets was short-lived. In autumn 1912, after the end of the election campaign into the IVth Duma, the organizational centers of the Liberals in Siberia, that started to form, ceased to exist, not having shaped in permanent divisions of the Cadet party. The conclusion was made that the almost complete lack of shaped, continuously operating organizations, the evident apathy of the majority of the Liberals to a systematic organizational work and other similar events were typical during the new period of revolutionary upsurge not only for the Cadets in the Siberia, but in many respects for all Cadet "periphery."

Обозначена новая область для проблематизации (переосмысления) инноватики, а именно, ее социогуманитарная составляющая. Инноватика характеризуется как междисциплинарная область знания и практики. Описывается особый статус социогуманитарного знания в отечественной традиции. Представлена роль идеологии в современном инновационном дискурсе России. Проанализированы основные субъекты инновационной деятельности. Охарактеризованы ключевые социогуманитарные дефициты, угрозы, проблемы, вызванные инновационным и технологическим развитием. Материалом для анализа и апробации тезисов выступил XIV Томский инновационный форум INNOVUS. ; Supporting of the innovation development is one of the priority goals of Russian national strategy. Tasks of the building of national and regional innovation systems, development of the innovation infrastructure, perfection of relevant legislation have (already) been discussing during more than ten years. However there are some questions and problems that have been paid insufficient attention by the innovation community. These questions and problems are connected with influence of innovations to the individual and society. The authors believe that it is necessary to support professional discussion of social and cultural aspects of the idea and practice of the innovative development, to form relevant actual semantic space, to put forward new and original ideas in philosophical, social, cultural and anthropological sphere which would have increased understanding of the innovative type of development and would have minimized social and human risks of the innovation processes. Innovation study is described as a new scientific field. This field is interdisciplinary and includes knowledge from economics, management, sociology and other fields of knowledge. Key issues of the innovation study are the technological development and its economic efficiency. There is a lack of understanding of what social and anthropological consequences does innovative development have and what is its impact to the individual and society, country and the world community. There is a need to reconsider following challenges and problems: Challenge of the Risk Society. Constant innovation changes and renewals lead to instability and risk as a new norm of life. Challenge of the Social Gap. The modernization is fraught with social stratification, when the highly skilled specialists are involved into producing of the innovations, and low-skilled workers are engaged in a manual labor. Challenge of the Prognostication of the social effects of the technology development. The Problem of the Human Fatigue. For a modern people there is a need to educate and renew knowledge constantly. It leads to the information fatigue and generates new forms of escaping behavior, such as down-shifting, and new forms of resistance. The Problem of the Human Simplification. Constant innovations spread rapidly, that can lead to the formation of similar life styles and ways of thinking. This article includes analytics of the materials of the XIV Tomsk innovation forum INNOVUS that was held in 2011. The Forum showed that the specificity of the Russian innovation discourse is its ideological genre. As a result social and anthropological problems could not be understood at the proper level. Nowadays the subject of innovation activity and its initiator is primarily a state government. That in fact has negative impact into the effectiveness of innovation policy. Innovation rhetoric risks to lose its energy and become a new "ritual language" of the administrative-bureaucratic elite. It was demonstrated on the Forum that there is a deficit of the regional innovation policy actors and authentic regional concepts. The most part of the used examples and concepts is taken from experience of other countries.

The overarching aim of this thesis is to explore how teaching and learning in tertiary education is performed in times of change both in language policy and learning approaches. The study takes social constructivist and socio-cultural theories as its major points of departure. These theories are combined with cognitive theory of learning with multimedia. The four studies comprising this thesis are born out of a new situation demanding the mastery of a scientific language in English and new ways of teaching and learning backed with ICT. The studies set out to investigate (i) how students and teachers adapt to a change of medium of instruction (ii) what teachers and students of physics learn when constructing a multimedia vocabulary learning instrument (iii) the impact of two methods of teaching vocabulary on students' test performance and (iv) how teachers reflect on the use of ICT in Physics teaching. To attain these targets, the study employed a blend of qualitative and quantitative designs to gather relevant data. In three studies, data were gathered from classroom practices in tertiary education. The fourth study included teacher interviews on their experiences with ICT. Findings indicate that the understanding of physics was facilitated by a variation in language use in different classroom spaces, students and teachers' collaborative selection of technical vocabulary and a multimedia tool of technical vocabulary software constructed by two teachers and the researcher. According to the teachers, the quality of physics teaching would be enhanced further by adopting learner-centred teaching methods and the integration of more advanced ICT. The studies show that teachers and students are on their way to develop ICT tools for teaching and learning. Given adequate support, this can pave the way for transforming teaching and allowing for further quality development in innovative and creative ways of learning with ICT. ; Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur undervisning och lärande inom högre utbildning sker i tider av förändring både inom språkpolicy och inom lärande. Studien tar socialkonstruktivistiska och socio-kulturella teorier som utgångspunkt. Dessa teorier har kombinerats med en kognitiv teori om lärande med multimedia. Studien består av fyra studier som behandlar den nya situation som uppstått när studenter och lärare behöver bemästra ett vetenskapligt språk på engelska och nya sätt att undervisa och lära med stöd av IKT. Studiernas syfte är att undersöka (i) hur studenter och lärare anpassar sig till ett förändrat undervisningsspråk (ii) vad lärare och studenter inom fysik lär när de konstruerar ett multimedia instrument (iii) utfallet av två olika metoder att lära studenter ett fackspråk inom fysik som det visar sig i olika test (iv) hur lärare reflekterar över användningen av IKT inom ämnesområdet fysik. För att uppnå dessa mål används en kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. I tre studier samlades data från klassrumspraktiker inom högre utbildning. I den fjärde studien intervjuades lärare om sina erfarenheter med IKT. Resultaten visar att förståelse av fackspråkliga begrepp underlättades av att olika språk användes beroende på avstånd eller närhet till eleverna i klassrummet. Samarbete mellan studenter och lärare i att välja ord och begrepp som skulle användas och mellan lärarna och forskaren i att konstruera ett multimedia-instrument påverkade också lärandet positivt. Enligt de intervjuade lärarna skulle kvaliteten i fysikundervisningen kunna förbättras ytterligare genom att använda elevcentrerade undervisningsmetoder och mer avancerad IKT. Studierna visar att lärare och studenter är på väg att utveckla IKT redskap för undervisning och lärande. Med adekvat stöd kan detta bereda vägen för en transformering av undervisningen och ge utrymme för vidare kvalitetsutveckling genom uppfinningsrika och kreativa sätt att lära med stöd av IKT.

La programació televisiva franquista no ha estat estudiada amb gran detall. Tan sols podem destacar les obres de Palacio o Baget com a intents rigorosos d'explicar els orígens i primers passos del principal mitjà de comunicació del nostre país. En aquest context, la programació esportiva ha passat desapercebuda. No obstant això, aquests continguts van ser peces essencials en el desenvolupament, expansió i modernització de la televisió durant el règim autoritari. Pràcticament totes les fites d'aquest mitjà van estar protagonitzats per retransmissions esportives: estrena de la televisió a Barcelona (la primera emissió d'un partit de futbol entre Reial Madrid i F.C. Barcelona), la connexió amb la xarxa d'Eurovisió (trobades de futbol de la Copa d'Europa) o la inauguració de continguts en horari de matinada (combats de boxa). Però al marge d'aquests fets, la major part de la producció científica sobre el tema ha obviat la gran rellevància d'aquest tipus de programació dins del context europeu i la seva rellevància a l'hora de consolidar una televisió de qualitat i, alhora, popular. Aquest article explicarà detalladament el paper de la programació esportiva en la consolidació d'una televisió pública basada en la innovació i, d'aquesta manera, es podran determinar els valors del mitjà públic en els seus orígens, al marge del seu condicionament polític. ; Franco's television programming has not been studied with great detail. We can only highlight the rigorous work of Palacio and Baget who deeply explain the origins of spanish television. In this context, sports programming has gone unnoticed. However, these contents were essential in the development, expansion and modernization of the television during Franco's regime. The most relevant milestones of this medium were sport telecasts: television premiere in Barcelona (the first broadcast of a Real Madrid and FC Barcelona football match), the connection to the Eurovision network (European Cup's football matches) or the first midnight telecast (boxing). But aside from these facts, most of the scientific production on the subject has ignored the great importance of this type of programming in the European context and its relevance to consolidate a quality and popular television. This article will explain the role of sports programming in the consolidation of a public television based on innovation and its real values, regardless of their political influence. ; La programación televisiva franquista no ha sido estudiada con gran detalle. Tan sólo podemos destacar las obras de Palacio o Baget como intentos rigurosos de explicar los orígenes y primeros pasos del principal medio de comunicación de nuestro país. En este contexto, la programación deportiva ha pasado desapercibida. Sin embargo, estos contenidos fueron piezas esenciales en el desarrollo, expansión y modernización de la televisión durante el régimen autoritario. Prácticamente todos los hitos de este medio estuvieron protagonizados por retransmisiones deportivas: estreno de la televisión en la Ciudad Condal (la primera emisión de un partido de fútbol entre Real Madrid y F.C. Barcelona), la conexión con la red de Eurovisión (encuentros de fútbol de la Copa de Europa) o la inauguración de contenidos en horario de madrugada (combates de boxeo). Pero al margen de estos hechos, la mayor parte de la producción científica sobre el tema ha obviado la gran relevancia de este tipo de programación dentro del contexto europeo y su relevancia a la hora de consolidar una televisión de calidad y, a la vez, popular. Este artículo explicará en detalle el papel de la programación deportiva en la consolidación de una televisión pública basada en la innovación y, de este modo, se podrán determinar los valores del medio público en sus orígenes, al margen de su condicionamiento político.

The global financial crisis, which started in spring 2007 and escalated in September 2008 after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, began to affect the real economy in the fourth quarter of 2008. The German government at the time expected that gross domestic product (GDP) would shrink in 2009 by 6 per cent – more than at any time since World War II (finally, Germany´s GDP shrank by 4.9 per cent). Economists gave two different explanations for this dramatic development. One camp laid the blame with central banks, which had created too much liquidity during the two decades before the crisis, leading to price bubbles on the American housing market. Others argue that weak regulation and the liberalization of financial markets were responsible. Against that backdrop the idea was born to not simply conduct a technical analysis to find out which of those two explanations was more plausible. Instead there would be an analysis into whether these two diverging arguments of economists can be explained by the history of ideas. It seemed necessary to deal with the history of ideas in social philosophy, the role of government in the economy and the nature of money and interest as reflected in the main economic writings of the 20th century. The question is whether there is a connection in the writings of economists and political philosophers between the more general ideas about economics and society on the one hand and monetary policy on the other. The challenge of this thesis is to find an answer to this question by comparing the literature written by different monetary theorists and political philosophers, who – despite differences in details – claim to be "liberal" (the word "liberal in this thesis is used in its original sense which means basically business friendly and in favour of free markets). The thesis presented analysis the writings of five important political and economic philosophers: Friedrich August von Hayek who presents the Austrian School of Economics, Walter Eucken who presents the German Freiburg School of Ordnungsoekonomik, Joseph A. Schumpter who presents a theory of the entrepreneur, Milton Friedman who is regarded as the founder of Monetarism and John Maynard Keynes who advocates an expansive monetary and fiscal policy to create jobs in the economy. Through this comparison there will be a connection of the thinking regarding broader ideas about political philosophy, the goals of economic policy and the instruments of monetary policy. The result: Individualistic ideas about a society coincide with preferences for small government and a high, sometimes fully decoupling of monetary policy from political influence. Conversely, ideas that follow less what is called "negative liberty" and more what is regarded as "positive liberty," and emphasize the economic success of the society instead of individual freedom, go along with ideas of big government in the economic process of coordination and allocation. They ask for an active role of monetary policy to steer the economic process of a society, too. This leads to the following conclusion: The demand for an expansive monetary policy to stimulate business activity and economic growth descends – at least from the view of the history of ideas – not only from technical considerations about efficiency, but also from fundamentally more collectivistic – partly socialist – fundamental convictions. In other words, the argument for or against a monetary policy that stimulates economic activity is not only derived from theoretical economic models that can be verified or falsified by empirical methods. It starts with basic normative convictions about the value of individual freedom or the protection of property rights. However, this aspect gets scant notice in the current political and scientific economic discussion.

A discussion of the twenty years of the Constitution from today's perspective necessarily implies an analysis of the opening, internationalization and insertion of the Colombian economy in the global markets and its effects on the nation's economy and on society. This article discusses the development of Bilateral Investment Agreements (BITs, or APPRI by its acronym in Spanish), within the framework of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 and the importance given by the Colombian government to these treaties as a tool for economic, technological and scientific development. In this sense, this paper begins by analyzing the treaties and their development in the international scene. Then it focuses on the BITs in Colombia in the light of Constitutional Court jurisprudence and rulings on the matter. Special emphasis is made on the issue of expropriation of foreign investments in Colombia under the Constitution of 1991, the contradiction between the Constitution and the BITs, and the solution given to the controversy by Colombian Congress. Lastly, the article makes a theoretical critique on the effectiveness and necessity of these treaties for Colombian society. ; Hablar de los veinte años de la Constitución desde la perspectiva de hoy, implica necesariamente detenerse a analizar la apertura, internacionalización e inserción de la economía Colombiana con el mundo y sus efectos en la economía nacional y per se en la sociedad. El presente artículo presenta una aproximación al desarrollo de los Acuerdos de Promoción y Protección de la Inversión extranjera (APPRI) o Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) como son mundialmente conocidos, en la constitución de 1991 y la importancia dada por el estado Colombiano a estos tratados como herramientas para el desarrollo económico, tecnológico y científico. En este sentido, el artículo parte del análisis de estos tratados y su desarrollo en el ámbito internacional, para después centrarse en el estudio de los BITs en Colombia a la luz de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional sobre la materia. Del análisis se destaca el estudio de la expropiación de inversiones extranjeras en Colombia bajo la Constitución de 1991, la contradicción existente entre los BITs y la solución dada por el legislador frente a la controversia. Finalmente el artículo realiza una crítica desde un punto de vista teórico sobre la efectividad y necesidad de estos tratados para la sociedad Colombiana. ; Falar dos vinte anos da Constituição desde a perspectiva de hoje implica necessariamente parar a analisar a apertura, internacionalização e inserção da economia colombiana com o mundo e seus efeitos na economia nacional e per se na sociedade. O presente artigo expõe uma aproximação ao desenvolvimento dos Acordos de Proteção e Promoção Recíproca de Investimento (APPRI) ou Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) como são mundialmente conhecidos, na Constituição do ano 1991, e a importância dada pelo Estado colombiano a estes tratados como ferramentas para o desenvolvimento econômico, tecnológico e cientifico. Neste sentido, o artigo parte da análise destes tratados e seu desenvolvimento no âmbito internacional, para depois centrar-se no estudo dos BIT na Colômbia à luz da jurisprudência da Corte Constitucional sobre a matéria. Da análise, destaca-se o estudo da expropriação de investimentos estrangeiros na Colômbia sob a Constituição do ano 1991, a contradição existente entre os BIT e a solução dada pelo legislador frente à controvérsia. Finalmente, o artigo realiza uma crítica desde um ponto de vista teórico sobre a efetividade e necessidade destes tratados para a sociedade colombiana.

Hablar de los veinte años de la Constitución desde la perspectiva de hoy, implica necesariamente detenerse a analizar la apertura, internacionalización e inserción de la economía Colombiana con el mundo y sus efectos en la economía nacional y per se en la sociedad. El presente artículo presenta una aproximación al desarrollo de los Acuerdos de Promoción y Protección de la Inversión extranjera (APPRI) o Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) como son mundialmente conocidos, en la constitución de 1991 y la importancia dada por el estado Colombiano a estos tratados como herramientas para el desarrollo económico, tecnológico y científico. En este sentido, el artículo parte del análisis de estos tratados y su desarrollo en el ámbito internacional, para después centrarse en el estudio de los BITs en Colombia a la luz de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional sobre la materia. Del análisis se destaca el estudio de la expropiación de inversiones extranjeras en Colombia bajo la Constitución de 1991, la contradicción existente entre los BITs y la solución dada por el legislador frente a la controversia. Finalmente el artículo realiza una crítica desde un punto de vista teórico sobre la efectividad y necesidad de estos tratados para la sociedad Colombiana. ; Falar dos vinte anos da Constituição desde a perspectiva de hoje implica necessariamente parar a analisar a apertura, internacionalização e inserção da economia colombiana com o mundo e seus efeitos na economia nacional e per se na sociedade. O presente artigo expõe uma aproximação ao desenvolvimento dos Acordos de Proteção e Promoção Recíproca de Investimento (APPRI) ou Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) como são mundialmente conhecidos, na Constituição do ano 1991, e a importância dada pelo Estado colombiano a estes tratados como ferramentas para o desenvolvimento econômico, tecnológico e cientifico. Neste sentido, o artigo parte da análise destes tratados e seu desenvolvimento no âmbito internacional, para depois centrar-se no estudo dos BIT na Colômbia à luz da jurisprudência da Corte Constitucional sobre a matéria. Da análise, destaca-se o estudo da expropriação de investimentos estrangeiros na Colômbia sob a Constituição do ano 1991, a contradição existente entre os BIT e a solução dada pelo legislador frente à controvérsia. Finalmente, o artigo realiza uma crítica desde um ponto de vista teórico sobre a efetividade e necessidade destes tratados para a sociedade colombiana. ; A discussion of the twenty years of the Constitution from today's perspective necessarily implies an analysis of the opening, internationalization and insertion of the Colombian economy in the global markets and its effects on the nation's economy and on society. This article discusses the development of Bilateral Investment Agreements (BITs, or APPRI by its acronym in Spanish), within the framework of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 and the importance given by the Colombian government to these treaties as a tool for economic, technological and scientific development. In this sense, this paper begins by analyzing the treaties and their development in the international scene. Then it focuses on the BITs in Colombia in the light of Constitutional Court jurisprudence and rulings on the matter. Special emphasis is made on the issue of expropriation of foreign investments in Colombia under the Constitution of 1991, the contradiction between the Constitution and the BITs, and the solution given to the controversy by Colombian Congress. Lastly, the article makes a theoretical critique on the effectiveness and necessity of these treaties for Colombian society.

Since there is a professionalization trend (Wilensky, 1964), professional associations are one of the few cases of associations which membership is not in decline, namely according to the World Values Survey data from 2000s. Most professions need to be organized as associations to be able to exert influence over the political power and this influence becomes more important when the State attributes autonomy to these associations in order to regulate the profession and defend the public interest. These professional groups thus acquire a privileged relation with the State (Halliday, 1987). In Portugal, these professional associations are named professional public associations (PPAs), also known as professional Orders. These PPAs are entities of the indirect and autonomous administration of the State (Moreira, 2003). The system of professional regulation in Portugal belongs to the most common pattern of the European Continent, in which the professional associations have the monopoly of professional regulation (Moran and Wood, 2003). The ambiguity of interests defended, private or public, is a characteristic of these associations (Candler, 2000; Moreira, 2003). Therefore, many times, when contributing towards the control of work, of the market, etc., these professional associations are responsible for the collision of public interest with professional interest. In this sense, in our country, some PPAs were involved in polemic situations when they obstructed the adhesion of professionals whose graduation course was not recognized by the PPA, but had been homologated by the Government (Lusa, 2005). We can say that behind a professional association there is always a candidate to a PPA (Moreira, 2003). In this sense, some Portuguese associations entitle themselves association pro-Order, like the Pro-Order Association of Psychologists (Associação Pró-Ordem dos Psicólogos) and the Teachers Pro-Order Trade Union (Associação Sindical dos Professores Pró-ordem). Professional associations can, with effect, also be understood as a strategy of a group to strengthen its status (Selander in Burrage and Torstendahl, 1990). Recently we have observed a substantial increase in the number of professional groups that obtain the status of a PPA following an apparently discretionary criterion by the legislator (Rego in Freire, 2004). For instance some professional groups succeeded to obtain the public status, like economists, while others, even if acting in more public interest sensitive fields, took longer, like psychologists or nutritionists. As a result of the proliferation of PPAs, Law 6/2008 was recently published to regulate its creation and action. The law has established a formal procedure for all PPAs creation but did not bring new features in terms of these associations power, namely on professional regulation. The only new requirement for the creation of a PPA is the making of a previous study, apparently an indicative of the importance of technical and scientific nature of the PPA creation. In short, we may expect that the material resources of professional groups will be important in order to support the legal initiative, besides the change of their lobbying focus, which will be centred on the parliamentary political parties instead of the government. The aim of this paper is to present and analyse the before and after periods of recently developed Portuguese legislation designed to regulate professional associations, taking in account policy makers standpoints, namely parliamentary parties who have voted and enacted the Law 6/2008. This paper is the result of an ongoing project on professional associations' creation and it intends to discuss the impact of the new legal framework on the future strategies of professional groups.

Castles have a significant place in Lithuanian history at all times being a symbol of the grandeur of the state and also a symbol of struggle and resistance. Few buildings of this type have only remained in Lithuania until now, and museums are accommodated in almost half of them. So it gives us an opportunity to witness the interaction of two objects of different type of heritage: a castle itself and a museum with all its treasuries. There have not been many scientific studies on museums in Lithuania so far and there are no studies on the museums of castles at all. Therefore, it may be reasonable to give more attention to the castle museums in Lithuania. Having analysed the communication between these types of memorial institutions we will be able to supplement the knowledge about them that we have from scarce studies on this subject. At the same time we can contribute to the research on the demand of Lithuanian museums by ascertaining and emphasizing the commonalities of the structure, areas and means of communication in castle museums and other types of Lithuanian museums, and by rating them according to numbers of visitors and the demand. The research includes 8 castle museums of Lithuania. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the nature of the communication of Lithuanian castle museums and the indicators of the areas of communication in 2007 and 2009, to ascertain the level of demand of communication in castle museums and to determine their position in the rating according to the demand of communication of Lithuanian museums. In order to fullfil the aim the following tasks have been set: 1. To analyse the concept, structure and means of the communication of museums. 2. To clarify the classification and typology of Lithuanian castle museums. 3. To analyse the indicators of the areas of communication in castle museums (exhibitions, education, events, publications, visiting) from 2007 and 2009. 4. To determine the rating of castle museums in general museum attendance. In order to implement the tasks, a method of historical comparative analysis and empirical data analysis has been chosen. The master thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, the conclusions, the list of literature and sources and a summary in english. Having fulfilled the set tasks the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. In Lithuania, the castle museums have been established since the middle of the 20th century. This process can be split into two stages: the Soviet period and the independent Lithuania period. During Soviet times, the establishment of museums in castles was influenced by ideological attitude of the government: the castles built in the times of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania symbolised the fight against the Crusaders. The self-consciousness of independent Lithuania associated the castle museums with historical glory, the fight for the freedom and independence of the land, nation and the state and with cultural achievements. The castles are usually set in good, strategic places that are eagerly visited both by the inhabitants of Lithuania and by guests from abroad. 2. Most of the castle museums have the municipality museum status. 3. The dominant type of a castle museum is a historical museum. 4. The communication in the castle museums is developing; the demand of electronic communication is particularly growing. 5. The castle museums with republican and national status are among the most visited museums in Lithuania.

U Hrvatskoj, kao i u svim mediteranskim zemljama, već se stoljećima njeguje tradicija proizvodnje grožđa i vina. Čitav niz geografskih i klimatskih osobitosti, ali i povijesno društvenih okolnosti, uvjetovale su da se tijekom stoljeća na malome teritoriju pojavi velika raznolikost sortimenta vinove loze. U 19. stoljeću pojavom filoksere i kriptogenih bolesti te gospodarsko-ekonomskih neprilika dolazi do masovnog napuštanja tradicionalnog načina vinogradarenja te izumiranja brojnih sorata vinove loze. Znanstveni projekt "Ampelografska i genetička evaluacija autohtonih sorata vinove loze" kao i niz stručnih projekata na Agronomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu pokrenuti su s ciljem detaljne evaluacije preostalog sortimenta vinove loze u Republici Hrvatskoj i njegove revitalizacije. U isto vrijeme aktivnom državnom politikom povećanja proizvodnih površina pod trajnim nasadima učinjeni su veliki koraci u procesu gospodarske revitalizacije određenog broja autohtonih sorata. Proizvodnja sadnog materijala vinove loze u razdoblju od 2004. godine do 2010. godine bilježi kontinuirani rast, a svoj vrhunac doživljava 2006. i 2007. godine. Povećanje proizvodnje vidljivo je i kod autohtonih sorata - kako po ukupnoj količini tako i po povećanju broja sorata. U proizvodnji cjepova auohtonog sortimenta najveći udio zauzimaju tradicionalno najpopularnije sorte kao što su Plavac mali i Malvazija istarska, ali slijede ih i sorte Debit, Plavina, Babić, Maraština, Pošip, Žlahtina te neke druge sorte poput Crljenka kaštelanskog i Malvasije dubrovačke. Početak proizvodnje sadnog materijala određenog dijela autohonih sorata možemo povezati s rezultatima ranije navedenih projekata. Te činjenice govore o sve većoj popularnosti, ali i važnosti autohtonih sorata na hrvatskom vinskom tržištu, što svakako pridonosi reputaciji Hrvatske kao mediteranske zemlje vrlo bogate vinogradarske i vinarske kulture te očuvanih biljnih resursa. ; In Croatia, like in all Mediterranean countries, there is a centuries-old tradition in grape and wine production. A whole set of geographical and climate characteristics, next to historical and social circumstances, caused diversity in grapevine cultivars in such a small territory. Economic problems, together with the emersion of phylloxera and cryptogenic diseases in the 19th century caused the disappearance of traditional ways in viticulture along with the extinction of respectable number of cultivars of the grapevine. Scientific project "Ampelographic and genetic evaluation of the autochthonous grapevine cultivars", next to many other projects on the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb were started with the purpose of making a detailed evaluation of the remaining grapevine cultivars in Croatia and their revitalization. At the same time, an active government policy supporting the increase of grapevine production resulted in an economic revitalization of a certain number of autochthonous grapevine cultivars. The production of the grapevine planting material in the period from 2004 to 2010 grew continuously and reached its top in 2006 and 2007. When it comes to autochthonous cultivars, the upsurge in the production is visible as in the total quantity, so in the increasing number of cultivars. In the production of planting material of the autochthonous cultivars, the highest share belongs to traditionally the most popular cultivars Plavac Mali and Malvazija istarska, following by cultivars Debit, Plavina, Babic, Marastina, Posip, Zlahtina, Crljenak kastelanski and Malvasija dubrovacka. The beginning of the production of the planting material of certain autochthonous cultivars can be associated with the results of the projects mentioned above. These facts show the increase in the popularity and importance of the autochthonous cultivars in Croatian wine market, which certainly encourages Croatia's reputation of a Mediterranean country with a very rich grape vine and wine culture and preserved natural resources.

The theoretical part of the research analyses the main focuses concerning parents' satisfaction with the services provided by speech therapists and support to their children as well as to the families in pre-school in Lithuania as well as in other European countries. The aim of the research is to assess the parents' raising up pre-school children, who need speech therapy, satisfaction with speech therapy support. There were applied the theoretical analysis of literature and documents, secondary analysis of documents as well as empirical (questionnaire and interview), and statistical methods. Methods of descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequencies) were applied for statistical analysis. The sample of research (questionnaire survey) consists of 198 parents with pre-school children, who receive speech therapy at pre-school, as well as 4 respondents who took part in an interview in order to ascertain the views and attitudes towards the given support and its contents. The main conclusions of the empirical part of the research: 1. The scientific literature and analysis of documents show that Lithuania, focusing on the European Union's education policy, shifts from a narrow orientation to the child's and the support to him/her, based on the traditional institutional assistance of a speech therapist to a child in educational institution, to a systemic educational model focused not only on a child but also on a families, involved into the child's education. 2. The analysis of the research results suggests that most of participated parents appreciate the speech therapy support to their child. Especially well regarded is speech therapy support for children in means of communication with a child and used forms and methods of the assistance. Parents involved in the research welcomed positively the provided information for them about the child's speech and language development and education opportunities as well as advices of speech therapist which makes the child feel safe, offers new ideas for child's education. 3. The results of the survey suggest that parental satisfaction with the support of speech therapist determine successful parents-professionals relationships, when it is discussed and agreed on the possible solutions. According to the opinion of parents who participated in the survey, although experts tend to communicate with parents with empathy, the cooperation is most often confined with advices how education child's speech at home. 4. The study showed that parents assess the support of speech therapy as an appropriate model for the child's speech and language development as well as other development areas. According to the respondents, professionals respect their family values and lifestyle, but they believe there should be a greater involvement of the parents into child's speech and language development activities as well as into the processes of development of speech and language education programmes. 5. The results showed that professionals' attitudes towards the cooperation based on their professional experience are positive, but it is still emphasized the lack of parental motivation to collaborate. Speech therapists, depending on parents' expectations, reconcile the parent and child's satisfaction with the educational process and speech therapy effectiveness. Most of speech therapists are satisfied with their work when a child succeeds in overcoming language and communication disorders, and develop positive relationships with parents and children, i.e. when it is sought the harmony between satisfaction with teaching and learning process and the efficiency of speech therapy.

The theoretical part of the research analyses the main focuses concerning parents' satisfaction with the services provided by speech therapists and support to their children as well as to the families in pre-school in Lithuania as well as in other European countries. The aim of the research is to assess the parents' raising up pre-school children, who need speech therapy, satisfaction with speech therapy support. There were applied the theoretical analysis of literature and documents, secondary analysis of documents as well as empirical (questionnaire and interview), and statistical methods. Methods of descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequencies) were applied for statistical analysis. The sample of research (questionnaire survey) consists of 198 parents with pre-school children, who receive speech therapy at pre-school, as well as 4 respondents who took part in an interview in order to ascertain the views and attitudes towards the given support and its contents. The main conclusions of the empirical part of the research: 1. The scientific literature and analysis of documents show that Lithuania, focusing on the European Union's education policy, shifts from a narrow orientation to the child's and the support to him/her, based on the traditional institutional assistance of a speech therapist to a child in educational institution, to a systemic educational model focused not only on a child but also on a families, involved into the child's education. 2. The analysis of the research results suggests that most of participated parents appreciate the speech therapy support to their child. Especially well regarded is speech therapy support for children in means of communication with a child and used forms and methods of the assistance. Parents involved in the research welcomed positively the provided information for them about the child's speech and language development and education opportunities as well as advices of speech therapist which makes the child feel safe, offers new ideas for child's education. 3. The results of the survey suggest that parental satisfaction with the support of speech therapist determine successful parents-professionals relationships, when it is discussed and agreed on the possible solutions. According to the opinion of parents who participated in the survey, although experts tend to communicate with parents with empathy, the cooperation is most often confined with advices how education child's speech at home. 4. The study showed that parents assess the support of speech therapy as an appropriate model for the child's speech and language development as well as other development areas. According to the respondents, professionals respect their family values and lifestyle, but they believe there should be a greater involvement of the parents into child's speech and language development activities as well as into the processes of development of speech and language education programmes. 5. The results showed that professionals' attitudes towards the cooperation based on their professional experience are positive, but it is still emphasized the lack of parental motivation to collaborate. Speech therapists, depending on parents' expectations, reconcile the parent and child's satisfaction with the educational process and speech therapy effectiveness. Most of speech therapists are satisfied with their work when a child succeeds in overcoming language and communication disorders, and develop positive relationships with parents and children, i.e. when it is sought the harmony between satisfaction with teaching and learning process and the efficiency of speech therapy.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is continuously increasing both for military and civilian operations. The degree of automation inside an UAV has reached the capability of high levels of autonomy, increasing but human participation/action is still a requirement to ensure an ultimate level of safety for the mission. Direct remote piloting is often required for a board range of situations; this is true especially for larger UAVs, where a fault might be dangerous for the platform but even for the other entities of its environment (people, building etc.). Unfortunately the physical separation between pilot/operator and the UAV reduces greatly the situational awareness; this has a negative impact on system performance in the presence of remote and unforeseen environmental constraints and disturbances. This is why this thesis is dedicated to the study of means to increase the level of situational awareness of the UAV operator. The sense of telepresence is very important in teleoperation, and it appears reasonable, and it has already been shown in the literature, that extending the visual feedback with force feedback is able to complement the visual information (when missing or limited). An artificially recreated sense of touch (haptic) may allow the operator to better perceive information from the remote aircraft state, the environment and its constraints, hopefully preventing dangerous situations. This thesis introdues first a novel classification for haptic aid systems in two large classes: Direct Haptic Aid (DHA) and Indirect Haptic Aid (IHA), then, after showing that almost all existing aid concepts belong to the first class, focuses on IHA and tries to show that classical applications (that used a DHA approach) can be revised in a IHA fashion. The novel IHA systems produce different sensations, which in most cases may appear as exactly "opposite in sign" from the corresponding DHA; these sensations can provide valuable cues for the pilot, both in terms of improvement of performance and "level of appreciation". Furthermore, it will be shown that the novel cueing algorithms, which were designed just to appear "natural" to the operator, and not to directly help the pilot in his task (as in the DHA cases), can outperform the corresponding DHA systems. Three case studies were selected: obstacle avoidance, wind gust rejection, and a combination of the two. For all the cases, DHA and IHA systems were designed and compared against baseline performance with no haptic aid. Test results show that a net improvement in terms of performance is provided by employing the IHA cuse instead of both the DHA cues or the visual cues only. Both professional pilots and naïve subjects were used in some of the experiments. The perceived feelings transmitted by the haptic cues, strongly depend by the type of the experiment and the quality of the participants: the professional pilots, for instance, retained the DHA the most helpful force while they preferred IHA because they found it more natural and because they felt a better control authority on the aircraft; different results were obtained with naive participants. In the end, this thesis aim is to show that the IHA philosophy is a valid and promising alternative to the other commonly used, and published in the scientific literature, approaches which fall in the DHA category. Finally the haptic cueing for the obstacle avoidance task was tested in the presence of time delay in the communication link, as in a classical bilateral teleoperation scheme. The Master was provide with an admittance controller and an observer for force exerted by the human on the stick was developed. Experiments have shown that the proposed system is capable of standing substantial communication delays.

Este artículo pretende presentar algunos hechos históricos recientes y relevantes sobre la formación del IASC/IASB y evidencia aspectos aún poco conocidos por la mayoría de los investigadores y estudiosos de la contabilidad en Brasil, especialmente, acerca de los presupuestos de las negociaciones y los tratados políticos en torno a su creación y la conducción del proceso de elaboración de las normas contables internacionales. Los elementos básicos aquí presentados se refieren también al proceso de formación de otras entidades y grupos de trabajo, como IFAC, G4+1, además de otros, que influenciaron decisivamente la creación del IASC. Los hechos históricos permiten inferir el agobiante proceso político en la dirección de la creación de IASC/IASB que redunda, en contrapartida, en el abandono de los principios científicos positivistas para orientarla consolidación de las normas contables internacionales. La conclusión de este trabajo es que la cientificidad de la contabilidad en este nuevo milenio está determinada por organismos de representación de clase, eliminando casi completamente la academia y los talentos individuales; esos organismos son creados no para ser foros de discusión, sino para ser los agentes determinantes de la orientación de la ciencia contable. Con respecto a la metodología, puede decirse que esta investigación es descriptiva con un abordaje cualitativo. ; Este artigo objetiva apresentar alguns fatos históricos recentes e relevantes sobre a formação do IASC/IASB e evidencia aspectos ainda pouco conhecidos pela maioria dos pesquisadores e estudiosos da Contabilidade brasileira, especialmente, acerca dos bastidores das negociações e das tratativas políticas em torno da sua criação e da condução do processo de elaboração das normas contábeis internacionais. Os elementos históricos, aqui apresentados, se referem também ao processo de formação de outras entidades e grupos de trabalho, como IFAC, G4+1, além de outros, que influenciaram decisivamente na criação do IASC. Os fatos históricos permitem inferir sobre o estressante processo político na condução da criação do IASC/IASB que deságuam, em contrapartida, no abandono dos princípios científicos positivistas para nortear a consolidação das normas contábeis internacionais. E a conclusão destetrabalho é de que a cientificidade contábil, nesse novo milênio, é determinada por organismos de representação de classe, eliminando quase que completamente a academia e os talentos individuais. Esses organismos são criados não para serem foros de discussão, mas para serem os determinantes, os agentes da condução da ciência da Contabilidade. A pesquisa é descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. ; This article aims to present some recent and relevant historical facts about the formation of the IASC / IASB and highlights aspects still little known by the majority of researchers and scholars of Brazilian Accounting, especially, about the backstage of the negotiations and political dealings around its creation and conducting the process of preparing international accounting standards. The historical elements, presented here, also refer to the process of forming other entities and working groups, such as IFAC, G4 + 1, in addition to others, which decisively influenced the creation of the IASC. The historical facts allow us to infer about the stressful political process in the conduction of the creation of the IASC / IASB which, in contrast, lead to the abandonment of positivist scientific principles to guide the consolidation of international accounting standards. And the conclusion of this work is that accounting scientificity, in this new millennium, is determined by class representation bodies, almost completely eliminating academia and individual talents. These bodies are created not to be forums for discussion, but to be the determinants, the agents of conducting accounting science. The research is descriptive with a qualitative approach.

Accanto allo sviluppo del pensiero filosofico-scientifico e al sorgere di nuovi ordinamenti politici in diverse poleis, la presenza delle comunità pitagoriche in Magna Grecia sembra aver dato impulso anche a livello religioso -ad esempio, con l'affermarsi del culto di Apollo- e musicale. A tale riguardo, si propone una riflessione sulla musicoterapia presso i Pitagorici antichi, e in particolare sull'uso da parte loro del peana, come emerge ad esempio nella Vita Pythagorica di Giamblico (§ 110: la catarsi "primaverile" di gruppo) e nella Vita Pythagorae di Porfirio (§ 32). Il peana, che nella tradizione appare rivolto soprattutto a calmare l'ira (in particolare quella divina, come emerge dalla prima attestazione letteraria del termine in Il. I, 473, παιήονα), sembra rivelarsi in generale efficace in casi di agitazione psichica e scompostezza del comportamento. Importanti spunti a questo riguardo sono offerti da una testimonianza della Historia mirabilis di Apollonio il paradossografo (§ 40 = Aristox. fr. 117 Wehrli), in cui si riferisce che Aristosseno avrebbe narrato in un bios del ditirambografo Teleste di una strana forma di ekstasis delle donne di Locri e di Reggio, che, quando udivano qualcuno chiamarle mentre pranzavano, si precipitavano correndo fuori dalle mura della città. L'oracolo consigliò allora di "intonare dodici peani primaverili al giorno per sessanta giorni", così che questo episodio costituirebbe l'αἴτιον dell'esistenza di una importante tradizione peanografica in Magna Grecia. L'analisi del contesto sociale e religioso di questa testimonianza, unitamente alle altre sui Pitagorici, può offrire elementi interessanti sia riguardo al peana (per quanto concerne la sua connessione col culto di Apollo e con la catarsi rituale, la sua diffusione geografica -in particolare in ambito dorico- ed ai suoi contesti d'uso), sia riguardo ad una riflessione su follia e musica. ; As well as the development of philosophic and scientific thought, and the rise of new political systems in some poleis, the presence of pythagorean communities in Magna Graecia seems to have had influence also on religion –for instance, as far as Apollo's cult is concerned- and on music. I propose a reflection on music-therapy among the Early Pythagoreans, in particular for what concerns their use of paeans for healing, as it is clear for instance from Iamblichus' De Vita Pythagorica (§ 110: the "group katharsis" in spring) and from Porphyry's Vita Pythagorae (§ 32). The paean, which stands out in tradition also as the musical genre intended to soothe wrath -in particular divine wrath, as we can see for instance in the verses of the Iliad (I, 472-474) where the word is first attested-, proves to be an efficacious cure as far as mental excitement and unbecoming behaviours are concerned. A passage from Apollonius the Paradoxographer's Historia mirabilis (§ 40 = Aristox. fr. 117 Wehrli) is very interesting as for the therapeutic use of paeans. This evidence concerns Aristoxenus and his account -in a biography of the dityrambic poet Telestes- of a very strange behaviour of women in Locri and Rhegium, who rushed outside the city walls as they heard somebody calling them while they were eating. An oracle consulted for this odd kind of ekstasis prescribed that "twelve "spring paeans" a day for sixty days" should have been sung, so that this event would be the αἴτιον of the paeanographic tradition in Magna Graecia. A study of the social and religious context of this evidence -together with the evidence concerning the Pythagoreans-, might offer interesting elements both as far as the paean is concerned (the relationship of this musical genre with Apollo's cult and the ritual katharsis, as well as its spread–in particular within the doric regions- and its contexts), and as for the relationship between madness and music.