Suchergebnisse

"In einem von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten und am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin durchgeführten Projekt untersuchen wir anhand einer Inhaltsanalyse von Kommentaren überregionaler Tageszeitungen sowie von Anfragen und aktuellen Stunden im Bundestag, Parteiprogrammen und Regierungserklärungen den eigenständigen Beitrag von Medien im politischen Diskurs zwischen 1993 und 1998. Das Projekt geht zum einen der Frage nach, welche politischen Themen die Medien in ihren Kommentaren aufnehmen, in welcher Weise sie diese definieren und interpretieren und dabei bestimmte Akteure und Akteursbeziehungen ansprechen und bewerten. Es untersucht zum anderen, unter welchen Bedingungen die auf diese Weise erfolgenden Relevanzzuweisungen und Problemdeutungen im politischen System Resonanz finden. Neben einer kompakten Darstellung des theoretischen Rahmens der Studie und der Operationalisierung der Fragestellung informiert dieser Bericht über die methodischen Besonderheiten der Mehrebenenuntersuchung. Das Kategoriensystem der Kommentaranalyse - einschließlich der Ergebnisse des Reliabilitätstests - sowie einige Anpassungen des Schemas für die Analyse der politischen Agenda werden ebenso erläutert wie die Stichprobenauswahl und die technische Organisation und Durchführung der Codierarbeiten." (Autorenreferat)

Part One. Emerging Media Trends in Theory and Research Chapter 1. Introduction: Connecting CMC and Social Media Research; Jeremy Harris Lipschultz, Karen Freberg, and Regina Luttrell Chapter 2. Social Media Theories; Carolyn A. Lin and David J. Atkin Chapter 3. Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) and Social Media; Nicky Chang Bi and Ruonan Zhang Chapter 4. Unobtrusive Observational Approaches to Studying the Texting Life of Couples: A Case Study of Interpersonal Conflict; Miriam Brinberg, Rachel Reymann Vanderbilt, and Denise Haunani Solomon Chapter 5. How Social Media Serve As a Super Spreader of Misinformation, Disinformation and Conspiracy Theories Regarding Health Crises; Thomas J. Johnson, Ryan Wallace, and Taeyoung Lee Chapter 6. Global Culture, Power and Health Communication: India Fights Corona On the Battlefield of Social Media Platforms; Deepti Ganapathy Chapter 7. The COVID 19 Infodemic: Algorithmic Gatekeeping, Confirmation Bias, and Social Identity; T. Phillip Madison, Kyun David Kim, and William R. Davie Chapter 8. Mourning Using Social Media: The New Frontier for Death Communication; Jensen Moore Chapter 9. Saving Face: Theorizing Arab Women's Emerging Self-(re)presentations on Instagram; Zoe Hurley Chapter 10. Finding Love Online: An Overview and Future Directions for Research on Online Dating; Brianna L. Lane and David J. Roaché Chapter 11. A Textual Analysis of Online Asexual Representation and Visibility on Reddit; Kyle Webster Chapter 12. Gamification, Tinder-effect and Tinder-fatigue: Dating as a CMC Experience; Olga Solovyeva and Alexander V. Laskin Chapter 13. #MoreLatinosInNews: A Call for Representation; Teresa Puente Chapter 14. News Agenda Setting in Social Media Era: Twitter as Alternative News Source for Citizen Journalism; Yousef Aldaihani and Jae-Hwa Shin Chapter 15. QAnon: The Networks of Misinformation and Conspiracy Theories on Social Media; Shugofa Dastgeer and Rashmi Thapaliya Chapter 16. Emerging Trends in Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media in Sport: Theory & Practice; Frauke Hachtmann Part Two. Social Media and CMC Applied Trends Chapter 17. An examination of influencer-brand relationship: Implications and future directions for influencer marketing; Brandi Watkins Chapter 18. Nano- & Micro-Influencers; Arthur D. Soto-Vásquez and Nadia Jimenez Chapter 19. Influencer Marketing and Consumer Well-Being: From Source Characteristics to Social Media Anxiety and Addiction; Juan Mundel, Jing Yang, and Anan Wan Chapter 20. True Biz Deaf: An exploration of how deaf creators use TikTok; Edward H. Bart IV, Arlinda Boland, Summer Shelton, and Teri Del Rosso Chapter 21. Cancel Culture: A career vulture amongst influencers on social media; Tatiana Schwirblat, Karen Freberg, and Laura Freberg Chapter 22. The Transition of 24/7 Trolls, Bullies, and Intimidation Through Social Media; Sabrina Page Chapter 23. Integrating the Barcelona Principles 3.0 Into Online Gaming Brand Ambassadorships; Kristie Byrum Chapter 24. The Evolution of Social Media Management as Professional Practice; Karen Sutherland Chapter 25. Social Media Practices of Independent Sports Podcasters; Matthew P. Taylor Chapter 26. Healthcare and Aging Adults: Building Beneficial Relationships through Social Media; Elise Assaf Chapter 27: Schools' use of social media for multicultural community engagement: A case study of Facebook use by government schools in Australia; Lauren Gorfinkel and Tanya Muscat Part Three. New Communication Technologies, Directions in Theory and Practice Chapter 28. When AI Meets IoT: AioT; Adrienne A. Wallace Chapter 29. Excellence In Digital Storytelling: Exploring How Best Practices Are Embraced By Professional Communicators; Ashika Theyyil Chapter 30. Digital Misinformation & Disinformation: The Global War of Words; Jeongwon Yang and Regina Luttrell Chapter 31. Algorithms, Analytics, and Metrics: Is Audience Interaction Reshaping Algorithmic Gatekeeping in the Marketplace of Attention?; Heidi A. Makady, William R. Davie, and Kenneth A. Fischer Chapter 32. Agency in Computer-Mediated Communication: Bots and U.S. Political Elections; Cameron W. Piercy, Ryan S. Bisel, and Jeffrey W. Treem Chapter 33. A Computational Text Analysis Study on Marijuana Edible Product Use on Twitter; Hyejin Kim, Tao (Tony) Deng, Juan Mundel, and Jennifer Honeycutt Chapter 34. Call and Response: A System for Converting Interactive Data into Money and Sound; Carolyn Malachi Chapter 35. Design Thinking As A Course Design Methodology for Teaching Social Media & Digital Analytics: A Qualitative Exploratory Case Study; Jana Duckett and Janice Smith Chapter 36. Artificial Intelligence in Public Relations: Role and Implication; Alexander Buhmann and Candace White Chapter 37. Is It Broken or Just Bruised? Evaluating AI and Its Ethical Implications Within the PR and Healthcare Industries; Jamie Ward and Alisa Agozzino Chapter 38. Artificial Intelligence and Changing Ethical Landscapes in Social Media and Computer-Mediated Communication: Considering the Role of Communication Professionals; Lukasz Swiatek, Chris Galloway, Marina Vujnovic, and Dean Kruckeberg Chapter 39. Artificial Intelligence: The Dark Side, Ethics, and Implications; Christopher McCollough, Adrienne A. Wallace, and Regina Luttrell Chapter 40. Future Trends of CMC and Social Media Research; Jeremy Harris Lipschultz, Karen Freberg, and Regina Luttrell.

Целью работы является освещение сербских реакций и откликов на поддержку, оказанную Сербии со стороны России во время июльского кризиса 1914 г. и после объявления Австро-Венгрией войны Сербии. Работа базируется на архивных данных, опубликованных документах, современной публицистике, а также дневниках и мемуарах современников. В обзор включены позиции дипломатических, политических и военных кругов Сербии, также рассматриваются общественное мнение и мнения выдающихся личностей того времени. Получив 23 июля австро-венгерский ультиматум, министр финансов Лазар Пачу впервые связался с поверенным России в делах Сербии В. Штрандтманом. Российский поверенный был, таким образом, по его собственным словам, первым иностранцем, узнавшим содержание ультиматума. Дипломата вскоре посетили престолонаследник Александр Карагеоргиевич и глава сербского правительства Никола Пашич, обратившись к нему за советом. Телеграмма Александра Карагеоргиевича царю Николаю II, посланная 24 июля, стала следующим шагом в опоре сербских чиновников на мощное славянское государство. В то же время, сербские дипломатические представительства за рубежом (среди которых наиболее важными являлись представительства в Риме и Лондоне) сообщили из Белграда, что ключевую роль в данной ситуации играет позиция России. Затем российское правительство посоветовало Сербии в случае невозможности обороняться вывести войска и предоставить разрешение спора великим державам. Россия предлагала и поддерживала мирные инициативы. В своем ответе на письмо принца Александра, посланном 27 июля, Николай II посоветовал Сербии поддержать его усилия, направленные на то, чтобы «избежать кровопролития», но также заверил принца, что «Россия не оставит Сербию» и в случае войны. Большие надежды, возлагавшиеся Сербией на «православную империю», были довольно заметны. Штрандтман вспоминал весьма эмоциональный прием телеграммы императора. В официальных дипломатических сообщениях представители Королевства Сербии выражали благодарность России за помощь. Каждый шаг «славянской империи» тщательно рассматривался и анализировался, причем существовала «мистическая уверенность» в ее силах. Сербское общество очень внимательно следило за сообщениями из Санкт-Петербурга. Среди заголовков в сербских газетах были «Друзья заботятся о Сербии», «Сербия не одинока», «Сербия в безопасности, Россия поддерживает ее», «Русские за сербов», «Россия поднимается» и т. д. Защищая своего «маленького союзника» от разорения, Россия одновременно защищала свои собственные интересы и репутацию великой державы. Кроме того, Сербии была предоставлена возможность бороться за свое собственное выживание и за выполнение своих военных целей. По жестокой иронии, Российская империя сама исчезла в вихре войны, что заставляет еще больше уважать предпринятые ею усилия. ; The paper aims at highlighting Serbian reactions and responses to the support provided to Serbia from Russia during the July crisis of 1914 and after Austro-Hungary's announcement of war against Serbia. The work is based on historical data, published documents, journalism, as well as diaries and memoirs of contemporaries. The review includes the position of diplomatic, political and military leaders of Serbia. Public opinion and views of prominent figures of the time are also examined. Upon receiving the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum on the 23rd of July, the Minister of Finance Lazar Paču first contacted Vasiliy Shtrandtman. Russian chargé d'affaires was thus, according to his own words, the first foreigner cognizant of the ultimatum contents. The diplomat was soon visited by Regent Alexander and the head of the Serbian government Nikola Pašić, who sought advice. Regent Alexander's telegram to Tsar Nicholas II, sent on the 24th of July, was the following step in the Serbian officials' reliance on the powerful Slavic state. At the same time, Serbian diplomatic representatives abroad (among whom the most important were those in Rome and London) were informed from Belgrade that the key to the situation lay in the attitude of Russia. The Russian government then counselled Serbia to withdraw the troops if it wasn't capable of defence, and to allow the great forces to solve the dispute. Russia created and endorsed peace initiatives. In response to the aforementioned letter of Regent Alexander, which Nicholas II sent on the 27th of July, he advised Serbia to support his efforts directed towards «avoiding bloodshed», but he also assured the Regent that «Russia would not abandon Serbia» even in the case of war. Serbia's great expectations from the orthodox empire were fairly conspicuous. Shtrandtman remembered very emotional reception of the aforementioned Tsar's telegram. In the official diplomatic relations, the representatives of the Kingdom of Serbia expressed gratitude to Russia for its help. Each move of the Slavic empire was minutely analysed and examined, and there was a «mystical confidence» in its power. The public followed the messages from St. Petersburg very carefully. These were some of the headlines in Serbian newspapers: «Friends care about Serbia»; «Serbia is not alone»; «Serbia is safe, Russia supports it»; «The Russians for the Serbs»; «Russia rises» etc. While protecting its «small ally» from devastation, Russia simultaneously protected its own interests and the reputation of a great power. Moreover, Serbia was given the opportunity to fight for its own survival, and to accomplish its war aims. By a cruel irony, the Russian empire disappeared in the whirlwind of war, and thus its actions were even more respected.

Ein Kategoriensystem zur Wahrnehmung und Kodierung sprachlicher Diskriminierung von Flüchtlingen und Immigranten in mündlichen und schriftlichen Alltagsdiskursen wird vorgestellt. Unter Berücksichtigung der klassischen Sündenbocktheorie sowie neuerer sozialpsychologischer Ansätze wird davon ausgegangen, daß sprachliche Diskriminierung die Funktionen des Trennens, des Fixierens und der Evaluation beinhaltet. Das vorgestellte Kategoriensystem erlaubt die Kodierung expliziter sowie impliziter Diskriminierungen.

This book investigates the less-explored dimensions of how industries in different Indian subnational spaces or states have responded to the growing phenomenon of internationalization. What factors have influenced firms participating in global business? Have state (both central and provincial) policies acted as catalyst for local firms? Not only does this study delve into these issues; it also painstakingly develops a comprehensive database that remains unique in the absence of reliable official statistics on this subject to date. Efforts have been made to establish a reasonably consistent dataset for the period 1990-2008 derived from the CMIE-PROWESS database. Care has been taken to condense the data and classify it by sector, location, size and ownership. The study delineates export patterns by firm and state and explores factors influencing export decisions according to sector, size and location. A further interesting aspect is the book's critical examination of industrial and trade promotion policies at the state/regional level that might have contributed to or hindered exporting by firms. The states considered for detailed policy discussions are highly diverse and include Gujarat, Odisha and Karnataka. To address the glaring absence of literature on the role of subnational factors in enterprises' export performance, a preliminary state-by-state analysis of the spatial determinants of firms' export activities is also provided. Jaya Prakash Pradhanis an associate professor at the Centre for Studies in Economics Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, India. He has earlier served on the faculties of the Central University of Karnataka (Gulbarga), Sardar Patel Institute of Economic Social Research (Ahmedabad), the Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (New Delhi), the Gujarat Institute of Development Research (Ahmadabad), and has worked as a consultant to the Research and Information System for Developing Countries (New Delhi). He obtained his M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is a recipient of UGC Research Award (2014-16) and at present undertaking a study on the linkages between quality of inward FDI and development.He has been involved in research studies for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva; Department of Scientific and Industrial Research under the Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India); and Indian Council for Social Science Research under the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India).He is the author of Indian Multinationals in the World Economy: Implications for Development(Bookwell Publisher, New Delhi, 2008); co-editor of The Rise of Indian Multinationals: Perspectives on Indian Outward Foreign Direct Investment(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010) and Industrialization, Economic Reforms and Regional Development: Essays in Honour of Professor Ashok Mathur(Shipra Publication, New Delhi, 2005); and co-author of Transnationalization of Indian Pharmaceutical SMEs(Bookwell Publisher, New Delhi, 2008).Keshab Dasis a professor at the Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad, India. He holds M.Phil. (Applied Economics) and Ph.D. (Economics) degrees from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi through the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum. He is a recipient of the VKRV Rao Prize in Social Sciences (Economics). He holds a bachelor's degree in Journalism and Mass Communications from the Berhampur University, Orissa.He has been a visiting researcher or faculty at the University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), The Hague, Netherlands; University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Developing Economies, Chiba, Japan; CNRS-REGARDS, Bordeaux, France; Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (MSH), Paris, France; and Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. He has undertaken CNRS Research Missions to the Netherlands and Italy and CNRS-British Academy Research Mission to the United Kingdom concerning issues on SME competitiveness and regional development in Asian developing countries.He has undertaken research studies sponsored by various Indian Government Ministries (Industry; Science and Technology; Rural Development; Human Resource Development; and Environment and Forests); Planning Commission; Government of Gujarat; International Commission of Jurists; UNICEF; UNIDO; ILO; Ford Foundation; University of Sussex; French Ministry of Research; IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program; Centre for Environment Education; Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), Bangkok; International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada; National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), Paris, France; Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), UK and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.He has authored/co-authored/edited the following books: Globalization and Standards: Issues and Challenges in Indian Business (Springer, New Delhi, 2014); Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Competitiveness: Issues and Initiatives(Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation, Gandhinagar, 2011); Micro and Small Enterprises in India: The Era of Reforms(Routledge, New Delhi, 2011); Policy and Status Paper on Cluster Development in India(Foundation for MSME Clusters, New Delhi, 2007); Indian Industrial Clusters(Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 2005); The Growth and Transformation of Small Firms in India(Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2001); and Peasant Economy and the Sugar Cooperative: A Study of the Aska Region in Orissa(CDS, Trivandrum, 1993).Published extensively, his research concerns issues in regional development, industrialization, small firm development, industrial clusters, informal sector, labor and basic infrastructure in both rural and urban areas.

In the previous article "Prediction on Clopidogrel's Abnormal Behaviors and Pharmacobehavioral Economics", the authors propose to establish new disciplines such as pharmacobehavioral economics. Although the establishment of a new discipline normally brings about a breakthrough in the development of the field, from December 2012 to July 2021, this paper had been rejected by many journals, and the correct results of empirical studies turned into a hot potato. During this process, both invisible hand and visible hand became barriers to the formal publication of this paper, justice and morality were ignored,and the market and regulators failed. So far, for clopidogrel whose global cumulative sales have exceeded $90 billion, the treatment guidelines based on the wrong results of Phase III CAPRIE cannot be corrected, and the global medical economic resources have been excessively consumed for a long time. At present, the global COVID-19 is serious, but some false information has been widely publicized by some media, misleading the public, causing confusion in thinking, harming the epidemic prevention and control, and interfering with economic recovery. However, the rumour-mongering media is hard to suppress. Therefore, we suggest that new disciplines such as quantitative media ethics etc. should be established to conduct ethical evaluation or hierarchical management of economic and media behaviors from a new perspective, reduce the ability of inferior media to mislead the public, and construct world stability and peace under the new perspective. The author proposes to establish an eight-level grading standard for media based on publishing false information or rumors. Based on the prediction function combined with pharmacobehavioral economics or medical-behavioral economics and game theory, within one day 8 years ago, from massive data, we quickly found that there were serious evidence-based medicine data errors and illogical in another drug with abnormal behavior. The author designs a new economic system, which is the new negative feedback mechanism of market economy operation when the market and the government or regulation failed at the same time. The process of disclosing the illogical data and wrong results of CAPRIE trial, which cannot be officially published so far, shows that absolute neoliberal economics should sometimes be just a skilled method or methodology for high IQ people or interest groups to transfer wealth as much as possible under the banner of freedom economics. In economic activities, "general disequilibrium theory", rather than "general equilibrium theory", widely exists in market economic activities. Therefore, it can be seen that the market economy in which capital participates is usually asymmetric, and asymmetric economics is the mainstream of market economy. In a discipline, the accurate interpretation of terms is crucial for communication of the discipline. It is suggested to replace "invisible hand" with "profit driven hand". Although pharmacobehavioral economics etc. can be used to predict and reveal issues from abnormal behaviors in the pharmaceutical industry under asymmetry information, it can be more used to describe or predict the relationship between pharmaceutical economic growth and R&D, clinic, prevention and health care behaviors from a positive perspective. What we can predict in the future is that in some major disease treatment areas, there will inevitably be many drugs with annual cumulative sales of more than $50 billion and more than $30 billion within a 10 to 30 year cycle after the drug is put into the market. Although the change or improvement to behavior in the treatment of diseases may sometimes lead to the decrease or increase in benefits of the pharmaceutical industry itself, they may bring significant improvement to the global economy and more security or health to mankind, such as the change of the definition and treatment behavior of hypertension, and the changes of treatment behavior of malaria and viral cold. The current guidelines on the clinical treatment behaviors of hypertension do not even consider that hypertension can be cured in the design ideas, the definition and standard of hypertension has been wrong for a long time, which also leads to the mistake of the guidelines for the clinical medication of hypertension. The borderline hypertension should be regarded as hypertension and hypertension that should be treated immediately. Perhaps the subversive revision of medical textbooks and the global guidelines on hypertension will be no less efficient than the development of twenty new antihypertensive drugs. It will also help to significantly reduce the mortality of stroke or cardiovascular disease etc, and a huge loss in productivity. Comparative studies on the medical and health behavioral economics, government behaviors and political ethics of some regions or countries in the current COVID-19 are not merely conducive to rapid epidemic prevention and control, saving lives, improving national governance capacity and level, and effectively promoting regional, national and global economic recovery, but also conducive to promoting the reasonable construction of quantitative administrative ethics and other disciplines and the classification of politicians or statesmen, which is more conducive to cultivate more peace fighters, eliminate the research of biological weapons, reduce the number of conflicts and wars, and promote world peace.

Within recent years, plurality and difference have been embraced in higher education both by internationalization strategies originating in a neoliberal marked-driven process as well as by counter-ideologies of ethical globalization. The neoliberal transformation has resulted in new ontologies of the university, e.g. "the entrepreneurial university" (Barnett 2012) or "the global university" (Biesta 2011) in its external relation to society defined by its preoccupation with the economic and technical development of society and with matching the needs of the labor marked (e.g.Rhoads and Szelenyi 2011, Arambewela 2010) and internally on the education marked by universities becoming similar because they are playing the same game (Biesta 2011). Furthermore, it has enforced the power structures of the international field of HE defined by flows of people and capital towards the global North and flows of knowledge produced in the North towards the South (Marginson 2008, Calhoun 2006, Altbach 2004). The ontological and structural changes is accompanied by a new epistemological hegemony of "useful" (Peters and Olssen 2005) or "specific, problem-solving knowledge" (Barnett 2012) and by new knowledge authorities such as consultants, professionals and free-lance experts (Barnett 2012). However, critics of the neo-liberal university argue that the university as educator and knowledge producer should engage in a more ethical knowledge production. It is a call for an academic knowledge production that recognizes the challenges of globalization and of the interconnectedness of lives (Rhoads and Szelenyi 2011); that recognizes the world's epistemological diversity (Santos, Nunes, and Meneses 2007); that recognizes and challenges Eurocentric paradigms (Paraskeva 2010) and makes ethical choices "in the shape of academic inquiry" (Barnett 2012, 224). At Aarhus University, the general internationalization strategy is inscribed in a neoliberal ideology and describes the development of intercultural(IC) competence in students as both a means for success in the labor marked and to success for business. The faculty-level internationalization strategies, however, both draw upon neoliberal and more ethically oriented globalization discourses and describes the aim of internationalization in terms such as developing the "flexible knowledge" needed to operate in a globalized world or "global citizenship". However, the relationship between the ideological approaches to internationalization, implied understandings of IC competence and the impact upon inter-epistemological encounters, understood as encounters between people and institutions socialized in or enacting different epistemological frameworks, is not reflected upon. Seeing international higher education as a field structured by neoliberalism at one pole and counter-ideologies of ethical globalization on the other, the paper maps the interaction of these ideologies in the epistemologies at play at three international master programs at Aarhus University and in their visions of IC competence. Drawing upon educational sociology and ethical theory, it is compared to how the "different" knowledge of the other students' is encountered, negotiated, rejected or acknowledged and made use of. Methodology and data The paper draws upon data from three international master programs at Aarhus University. The programs were selected so that they all have diverse student bodies and so that they represent different approaches to internationalization and recruit different kinds of students. The first program is an international business program. It attracts students pursuing a career in an international company. The program started with a vision of creating an international study environment to give the students cultural insights but today, the international aspect relates to the academic content about international business. In the program, about 50 % of the students are international. However, a large number of the international students have a bachelor degree from Aarhus University or other Danish universities. The second program is an interdisciplinary program in Human Security. It attracts students who want to work in aid-oriented organizations or NGOs. It is a collaboration between ethnography, biology, social science and external consultants. About 65 % of the students are international and both international and interdisciplinary cooperation is stressed. The third program is an Erasmus Mundus program in Journalism and Globalization, which offers joint degrees in cooperation with other European universities. Approximately 95 % of the students are international and the international composition of the student body is stressed as an asset. It is emphasized that the teachers speak from a liberal and European perspective but the students are encouraged to challenge it. Data about was produced with several methods: • Classroom observations focusing on epistemologies drawn upon by the lecturers and on how students acknowledge and negotiate knowledge relating to theoretical, methodological, political, cultural and paradigmatic aspects of the program. • In-depth interviews with 20 students reflecting on how knowledge is negotiated between students' different epistemological systems and epistemologies drawn upon in the program. • Policy documents relating to internationalization strategies retrieved from the university's web-page. Theoretical framework The understanding of the field as structured around a neoliberal ideology of competition and marketization on the one hand and a counter-ideology of ethical globalization involving recognition of epistemological diversity on the other calls for a theoretical framework which both encompasses existing power-structures, processes assisting their reproduction and the ethical agency that insists on recognition of difference. In the paper, Bourdieu's educational sociology (e.g. Bourdieu and Passeron 1990, Bourdieu 1989, 1986, 1994, 1977, 1988), his concepts field, habitus, capital and symbolic violence, are therefor drawn upon together with Levinas' understanding of the ethical encounter as an encounter with the other as an other who is not reduced to the same and the experience of that encounter as a trace of the other (e.g. Levinas 1996, Levinas 1986). Findings and discussion Three main types of inter-epistemological encounters are identified: 1: Remaining other: the encounter as traces of the other's knowledge 2: Becoming the same: the encounter as reduction and merger of epistemological positions 3: Rejecting the other: the encounter as reproduction of hegemonic epistemologies Finally, the paper will discuss the relationship between the typologies and the ideological approaches and the embedding of IC competence in neoliberal frameworks as potential barrier to fruitful inter-epistemological encounters. Altbach, P.G. 2004. "Globalization and the University: Myths and realities in an unequal world." Tertiary Education and Management 2 (1):83-110. Arambewela, R. 2010. "Student experience in the globalized Higher Education market: Challenges and Research Imperatives." In Globalization and internationalization in Higher Education: Theoretical, strategic and management perspectives, edited by F. Maringe and N. Foskett, 155-173. London: Continuum Publishing. Barnett, Ronald. 2012. "Liquid Knowledge, Liquid Universities." In Universities in the Knowledge Economy: Higher Education Organization and Global Change, edited by P. Temple. London and NY: Routledge. Biesta, G. 2011. "How useful should the university be? On the rise of the global university and the crisis in Higher Education." Qui Parle 20 (1):35-47. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. "The Forms of Capital." In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. Richardson. New York: Greenwood. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. Homo Academicus. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1989. "Social Space and Symbolic Power." Sociological Theory 7 (1):14-25. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1994. "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field." Sociological Theory 12 (1):18. Bourdieu, Pierre, and J.-C. Passeron. 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. 2 ed. London etc: Sage. Calhoun, C. 2006. "The University and the public good." Thesis Eleven 84 (1). Levinas, E. 1996. "Is Ontology Fundamental?" In Emmanuel Levinas: Basic Philosophical Writings, edited by Bernasconi, Critchley and Peperzak, 1-10. Bloomington: Indiana U.P. Levinas, Emmanuel. 1986. "The Trace of the Other." In Deconstruction in Context, edited by Mark Taylor, 345-359. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Marginson, Simon. 2008. "Global field and global imagining: Bourdieu and worldwide higher education." British Journal of Sociology of Education 29 (3):303-15. Paraskeva, J.M. 2010. Unaccomplished utopia: Neoconservative dismantling of public education in the European Union. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Peters, Michael A., and Mark Olssen. 2005. "'Useful Knowledge': Redefining Research and Teaching in the Learning Economy." In Reshaping the University: New Relationships between Research, Scholarhip and Teaching, edited by Ronald Barnett. Open University Press. Rhoads, R.A., and K. Szelenyi. 2011. Global citizenship and the university: Advancing social life and relations in an interdependent world. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Santos, B.d.S., J.A. Nunes, and J.P. Meneses. 2007. "Opening up the Canon of Knowledge and Recognition of Difference." In Another Knowledge is Possible: Beyond Northers Epistemologies, edited by B.d.S. Santos. London: Verso.

This book describes the methodologies and tools used to conduct social cyber forensic analysis. By applying these methodologies and tools on various events observed in the case studies contained within, their effectiveness is highlighted. They blend computational social network analysis and cyber forensic concepts and tools in order to identify and study information competitors. Through cyber forensic analysis, metadata associated with propaganda-riddled websites are extracted. This metadata assists in extracting social network information such as friends and followers along with communication network information such as networks depicting flows of information among the actors such as tweets, replies, retweets, mentions, and hyperlinks. Through computational social network analysis, the authors identify influential actors and powerful groups coordinating the disinformation campaign. A blended social cyber forensic approach allows them to study cross-media affiliations of the information competitors. For instance, narratives are framed on blogs and YouTube videos, and then Twitter and Reddit, for instance, will be used to disseminate the message. Social cyber forensic methodologies enable researchers to study the role of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the evolution of information campaign and coordination. In addition to the concepts and methodologies pertaining to social cyber forensics, this book also offers a collection of resources for readers including several datasets that were collected during case studies, up-to-date reference and literature surveys in the domain, and a suite of tools that students, researchers, and practitioners alike can utilize. Most importantly, the book demands a dialogue between information science researchers, public affairs officers, and policy makers to prepare our society to deal with the lawless 'wild west' of modern social information systems triggering debates and studies on cyber diplomacy. Samer Al-khateeb is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Journalism, Media and Computing, College of Arts and Sciences, at Creighton University and a former Postdoctorate Research Fellow at the Collaboratorium for Social Media and Online Behavioral Studies (COSMOS) at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UA-Little Rock). He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer and Information Sciences, a master's degree in Applied Science, and a bachelor's degree in Computer Science form UA-Little Rock. He studies deviant acts (e.g., deviant cyber flash mobs and cyber propaganda campaigns) on social media that are conducted by deviant groups (e.g., Daesh, Black-hat hackers, and Propagandist) which aim to influence individual's behaviors and provoke hysteria among citizens. He also studies the type of actors these deviant groups use to perform their acts, i.e., are they human (e.g., Internet trolls) or automated actors (e.g., social bots) by leveraging social science theories (e.g., the theory of collective action), social network analysis (e.g., centralities and community detection algorithms), and social cyber forensics (e.g., metadata collection to uncover the hidden relations among these actors across platforms). He has many publications including book chapters, journal papers (e.g., Journal of Defence Strategic Communications; Journal of Digital Forensics, Security, and Law; Journal of Baltic Security; and the IARIA International Journal on Advances in Internet Technology), conferences proceedings, and conferences presentations. He won various awards such as the Staff Achievement Award for Educational Achievements, Excellence in Research Award, Outstanding Graduating Student Award (Master's Level), Who's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges, the Best Paper Award, 2nd Place Most Innovative Award, and 2nd Place Societal Impact Award, among others. Dr. Nitin Agarwal is the Jerry L. Maulden-Entergy Endowed Chair and Distinguished Professor of Information Science at University of Arkansas at Little Rock. He is the founding director of the Collaboratorium for Social Media and Online Behavioral Studies (COSMOS) at UA Little Rock. His research aims to push the boundaries of our understanding of cyber social behaviors that emerge and evolve constantly in the modern information and communication platforms with applications in defense and security, health, business and marketing, finance, and education. At COSMOS, he is leading projects funded by over $10 million from an array of federal agencies including U.S. National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, Army Research Office, Air Force Research Lab, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of State, and plays a significant role in the long-term partnership between UA Little Rock and the Department of Homeland Security. He developed publicly available social media mining tools, viz., Blogtrackers, YouTubeTracker, and Focal Structure Analysis used by NATO Strategic Communications and public affairs, among others. Dr. Agarwal participates in the national Tech Innovation Hub launched by the U.S. Department of State to defeat foreign based propaganda. Dr. Agarwal's research contributions lie at the intersection of social computing, behavior-cultural modeling, collective action, social-cyber forensics, AI, data mining, and machine learning. From Saudi Arabian women's right to drive cyber campaigns to Autism awareness campaigns to ISIS' and anti-West/anti-NATO disinformation campaigns, at COSMOS, he is directing several projects that have made foundational and applicational contributions to social and computational sciences. He has published 8 books and over 150 articles in top-tier peer-reviewed forums with several best paper awards and nominations. Dr. Agarwal obtained Ph.D. from Arizona State University with outstanding dissertation recognition in 2009. He was recognized as one of 'The New Influentials: 20 In Their 20s' by Arkansas Business in 2012. He was recognized with the University-wide Faculty Excellence Award in Research and Creative Endeavors by UALR in 2015. Dr. Agarwal received the Social Media Educator of the Year Award at the 21st International Education and Technology Conference in 2015. In 2017 the Arkansas Times featured Dr. Agarwal in their special issue on 'Visionary Arkansans: A Celebration of Arkansans with ideas and achievements of transformative power.' Dr. Agarwal was nominated as International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA) Fellow in 2017, Arkansas Academy of Computing (AAoC) Fellow in 2018, and Arkansas Research Alliance (ARA) Fellow in 2018.

Journalists encounter some of their sources only episodically, while relationships with other sources involve several social contexts and roles. The political beat, where both reporters and sources have years of experience in the field and interact on regular basis, and where opinions can turn into news, is an arena where relationships and interactions play a special role. This study explores how formal and informal relationships between journalists and their sources are reflected in the news-making in Lithuania and Sweden. How do journalists and sources negotiate their social and professional roles in their relationships with each other? This PhD thesis consists of an introduction and five articles. Theoretically, the study follows the process model of journalistic roles and discusses autonomy vs. adaptation between journalists and sources both when it comes to role conception and role performance. How do journalists and sources think about their relationships with each other (articles 1 and 2)? How do they use these relationships in practice (articles 3 and 4)? What motives guide the journalists' interactions with sources in different relational contexts (article 5)? The analysis of the role conception of this study is based on 43 qualitative interviews with journalists covering the national politics in two countries: Lithuania and Sweden. The data on the role performance consists of reconstruction interviews that cover 517 interactions between journalists and their sources in these countries. The results indicate that up to half of all sources who contribute to the media content stay invisible. Also, at least one-third of sources influencing the content are connected to the journalist with closer than purely formal social ties. Formal and informal and visible and invisible forms of interaction between journalists and sources presuppose different roles these sources get to play in the news-making process. These aspects of sourcing the news are a significant part of the journalistic routines despite the country context. The study concludes that while distance between journalists and sources is a normative condition to achieve autonomy, social relationships come into play when navigating the competitive environment. Professional and social roles can complement, overlap or be used interchangeably in journalist-source interactions, since sourcing the news is not only a professional practice but also a social practice between human agents who adapt to each other and the expectations from the environment. Informality and formality can drive each other, as informal solutions from journalists and sources emerge as a response to the formal structural constellations that are coordinating and professionalizing the government communication. Prevalence and reliance on different social ties in a certain context, therefore, could be a variable in studies of journalism and political communication culture. ; Journalister har källor de enbart möter vid något eller några tillfällen, och andra som utvecklas till relationer som spänner över flera sociala sammanhang och roller. Den politiska nyhetsbevakningen, där både reportrar och källor har mångårig erfarenhet på sina områden och interagerar regelbundet, och där åsikter blir nyheter, är en arena där relationer och interaktion spelar en särskild roll. Denna doktorsavhandling granskar hur formella och informella relationer mellan journalister och deras källor påverkar nyhetsbevakningen i Litauen och Sverige. Hur navigerar journalister och källor mellan sina sociala och professionella roller när de interagerar med varandra? Teoretiskt utgår studien från processmodellen för den journalistiska yrkesrollen, och diskuterar självständighet kontra anpassning mellan journalister och källor, både vad gäller hur roller uppfattas och utförs. Hur resonerar journalister och källor om relationen dem emellan? Hur använder de relationen i praktiken? Hur motiverar journalister sina beslut när de interagerar med en formell/informell och/eller synlig/osynlig källa? Denna doktorsavhandling består av en introduktion och fem artiklar. De första två artiklarna analyserar relationer mellan journalister och deras källor utifrån den normativa och den kognitiva rolluppfattningen. Artiklar tre och fyra testar när, på vilket sätt och varför de informella källorna bidrar till nyhetsbevakningen. Artikel fem undersöker hur journalisterna motiverar sina val och sin tillit till källorna i olika nyhets- och relationssammanhang. Studiens analys av rolluppfattningen baseras på 43 kvalitativa intervjuer med journalister som bevakar inrikespolitik i två länder: Litauen och Sverige. Underlaget som rör genomförandet av rollerna består av rekonstruktionsintervjuer som täcker 517 interaktioner mellan journalister och källor i dessa två länder. Resultatet visar att upp till hälften av alla källor som bidrar till medieinnehållet förblir osynliga där. Dessutom, en tredjedel av alla källor som bidrar till innehållet har icke-formella sociala band med journalister. Detta gäller i båda länder som undersökts. Den journalistiska yrkesrollens krav på autonomi kräver ett visst socialt avstånd mellan journalister och deras källor. Samtidigt förlitar sig både journalister och källor på varandras sociala relationer när de tar sig fram i den konkurrensutsatta omgivningen. Formell och informell samt synlig och osynlig interaktion mellan journalister och källor förutsätter olika roller som källorna får spela i nyhetsprocessen. Källor som även interagerar informellt med en journalist är mer aktiva i att ta fram uppslag till nyheter. Denna sorts källor syns ofta inte i rapporteringen och ingen hänvisning till dem finns i artiklarna. Sist men inte minst så har journalister större tillit till en källa, och anpassar i större utsträckning sin rapportering efter den, ju starkare social koppling de har till denna källa. Därför är de sociala banden mellan journalister och källor, och hur dessa kopplingar används vid det specifika tillfället, ett taktiskt val för källor som vill sätta en agenda och kan användas som en strategisk fördel när källorna vill sätta ramar som senare dominerar i den offentliga sfären. Studiens slutsats är att för journalister så kan den professionella och sociala rollerna komplettera, överlappa eller ta över varandra. Rollerna används växelvis i interaktionen mellan journalist och källa. Studien visar att interaktion mellan journalister och deras källor inte bara styrs professionellt utan också socialt mellan människor som anpassar sig till varandra och omgivningens förväntningar. Informell och formell interaktion driver på varandra. Informella lösningar mellan journalister och källor uppstår för att möta ökat tryck (från politiska ledare) att koordinera och professionalisera kommunikationen. Sociala nätverk och sociala band mellan journalister och deras källor och hur de spelar in i konkreta sammanhang kan därför vara en variabel i forskningen om journalistisk kultur och politisk kommunikation. ; Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 5 inskickat. At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 5 submitted.

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Religion und religiöser Identität.

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Umwelt, Klimawandel und Umweltschutz.

Author's IntroductionOver the last 25 years, the environmental justice movement has emerged from its earliest focus on US social movements combating environmental racism to an influential global phenomenon. Environmental justice research has also undergone spectacular growth and diffusion in the last two decades. From its earliest roots in sociology, the field is now firmly entrenched in several different academic disciplines including geography, urban planning, public health, law, ethnic studies, and public policy. Environmental justice refers simultaneously to a vibrant and growing academic research field, a system of social movements aimed at addressing various environmental and social inequalities, and public policies crafted to ameliorate conditions of environmental and social injustice. Academia is responding to this social problem by offering courses under various rubrics, such as 'Race, Poverty and the Environment, Environmental Racism, Environmental Justice', 'Urban Planning, Public Health And Environmental Justice', and so on. Courses on environmental justice offer students opportunities to critically and reflexively explore issues of race and racism, social inequality, social movements, public/environmental health, public policy and law, and intersections of science and policy. Integrating modules on environmental justice can help professors engage students in action research, service learning, and more broadly, critical pedagogy.This article offers an overview of the current state of the field and offers a range of resources for teaching concepts of environmental racism, inequality and injustice in the classroom.Author recommendsPellow, D. and R. Brulle 2005. Power, Justice and the Environment : a Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.The primary focus of this edited collection is to offer a 'Critical Appraisal' of the environmental justice movement. The articles in this book are strong, focused on broad areas of: critical assessment, new strategies, and the challenge of globalization.Downey, L. and B. Hawkins 2008. 'Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the United States.'Sociological Perspectives51: 759–81.This article is an effective overview of the current sociological literature on environmental inequality using quantitative methods.L. Cole and S. Foster 2001. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Ris of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York: New York University PressThe primary focus of this book is an overview of the US Environmental Justice Movement. Unique in itself, the authors, an activist lawyer and law professor, offer a well‐written overview of the movement.Taylor, Dorceta E. 2000. 'The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm: Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses.'American Behavioral Scientist43: 508–80.A leading environmental justice scholar discusses the issue of injustice framing.Morello‐Frosch, R. A. 2002. 'Discrimination and the Political Economy of Environmental Inequality.'Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20(2002): 477–96.In a critique that focuses on the political economy of place, geography, and ethnic studies, Morello‐Frosch integrates relevant social and legal theories with a spatialized economic critique to formulate a more supple theory of environmental discrimination that focuses on historical patterns of industrial development and racialized labor markets, suburbanization and segregation, and economic restructuring.Pastor, Manuel, Rachel Morello‐Frosch, James Sadd, Carlos Porras and Michele Prichard 2005. 'Citizens, Science, and Data Judo: Leveraging Secondary Data Analysis to Build a Community‐Academic Collaborative for Environmental Justice in Southern California,' in Methods For Conducting Community‐Based Participatory Research For Health, edited by Barbara A. Israel, Eugenia Eng, Amy J. Schulz and Edith A. Parker. San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass.Exemplary reflexive analysis of the power of research as intervention in environmental justice struggles.Online materials

 25 stories from the Central Valley: http://twentyfive.ucdavis.edu
 Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta: http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/
 US EPA Environmental Justice: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/
 Environmental Justice of Field Studies: University of Michigan: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/environmentaljusticefieldstudies/home
 Center on Race, Poverty and the Environment: http://www.crpe‐ej.org/
 National Black Environmental Justice Network: http://www.nbejn.org/
 Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative: http://www.ejcc.org/
 Environmental Justice Project: http://ej.ucdavis.edu/

Sample syllabus





Ethnic Studies 103: Environmental Racism


Fall 2008


Instructor: Traci Brynne Voyles


Contact Information:
tvoyles@ucsd.edu


Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday 11:00‐12:30, SSB 240 and by appointment


Purpose: This course is designed to explore issues germane to environmental racism and environmental injustice, particularly focusing on the theoretical and material implications of social constructions of identity (race, class, gender, sexuality, etc.) and nature that lead to the degradation of racialized environments, bodies, and communities. In this course, we will explore case studies of environmental injustice, theories of body, space, nation, and colonialism; and think through possibilities for resistance, sovereignty, and environmental justice. The course materials are derived from ethnic studies, environmental justice studies, and feminist theory to provide multiple interdisciplinary perspectives on the state of race, inequality, and environment.


Logistics: You can reach me by email, in my office hours, or by appointment at any time during the quarter. I respond to students' emails by 10 am every weekday; I do not answer students' emails on weekends.


 I do not accept late assignments or assignments submitted electronically.


 This syllabus is subject to change; any changes will be announced well in advance in class or by email.


 Please refer to the UCSD Principles of Community (http://www.ucsd.edu/principles) for guidelines on standards of conduct and respect in the classroom. I reserve the right to excuse anyone from my classroom at any time for violating these principles.


Required Texts


1. Luke Cole and Sheila Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement, NYU Press, 2000.


2. Andrea Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, South End Press, 2005.


3. Rachel Stein, Ed., New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism, Rutgers University Press, 2004.


4. Al Gedicks, Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations, South End Press, 2001.


5. Ana Castillo, So Far from God, Tandem Library Books, 1994.


These texts are available on campus at Groundwork Books.


Assignments and Evaluation


 30 points: Attendance and reading responses


 20 points: Unit 1 Case Study Project and Paper


 20 points: Unit 2 Paper


 10 points: The View from UCSD Project


 20 points: Unit 3 Paper


Unit 1 Project For this project, you will work both in a group (4 people MAX) and individually. Ten points will be earned by doing a group presentation of your assigned case, explaining to the class in 4–6 minutes the who, what, when, where, and how of your case. Your group will produce a 1 page, bullet‐pointed informative analysis of the case in a style that could or would be distributed publicly. NO POWERPOINTS OR MEDIA THAT DOES NOT FIT ONTO THE 1 PAGE—on the 1 page, however, you can use graphics to convey major points about the case.


 The remaining 10 points will be earned by turning in a 500‐word paper that links this case to the course readings and lectures. A prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due.


Unit 2 Paper (1000–1250 words) The prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due. The prompt will require you to critically analyze course readings, lectures, and discussions from Unit 2.


The View from UCSD For this project, you will present a creative project of your choosing that explores themes of environmental racism and injustice from your viewpoint – that is, of a UCSD student. What is the relationship of UCSD as an academic institution to environmental injustice? How can (or how have) UCSD students contest and resist the perpetuation or funding of environmental injustices by their academic institutions? This project can be poetry, visual art, activist literature (i.e. brochures, web sites, pamphlets, etc.), political cartoons, activist alert bulletins, journalistic articles or photographic essays, etc.


Unit 3 Paper (1000‐1250 words) The prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due. The prompt will require you to think cumulatively about the course and apply materials and key themes from Units 1 and 2 to the readings, lectures, and discussions from Unit 3.


Unit 1: What's the Problem Here? Case Studies in Environmental Racism and Environmental Injustice In this unit, we will explore cases of environmental injustice through four major frameworks that will be used throughout the course:


 1. The social construction of identity and power (of race/racism, gender/patriarchy, sexuality/heteronormativity, etc.);


 2. The intersectionality of identity and power;


 3. The relationality of privilege and inequality; and


 4. The transnational or global nature of modern political–economic structures


9/26 Fri: 1st DAY – Introductions


 No reading due


Week 1 ER Frameworks: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Nation


9/29 Mon:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 1–33


10/1 Wed:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 34–53


10/3 Fri:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 54–79


Week 2 Relationality and Globalization


10/6 Mon:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 80–102


10/8 Wed:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 103–133


10/10 Fri:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 134–166


Week 3


10/13 Mon: Environmental Racism Case Studies


 Due: Unit 1 case study project and paper


Unit 2: A User's Guide to Environmental Justice Studies: Analytic Frameworks and Theoretical Possibilities This unit moves us from the material effects of environmental racism and injustice to the analytic frameworks and theoretical possibilities of environmental justice studies. In this unit, we will read, discuss, and develop theories about how racialization and naturalization work together, what role the environment plays in colonial encounters, and how to re‐imagine what we mean by 'nature', 'race', and 'body'.


10/15 Wed:


 Stein, pp. xiii‐20


10/17 Fri: ss


 Stein, pp. 21–62


Week 4 Ecocriticism


10/20 Mon:


 Stein, pp. 63–77


10/22 Wed:


 Stein, pp. 78–108


10/24 Fri:


 Stein, pp. 109–138


Week 5 Colonialism


10/27 Mon:


 Stein, pp. 225–248


10/29 Wed:


 Smith, pp. ix‐34


10/31 Fri:


 Smith, pp. 55–78


Week 6 Indigeneity and Sovereignty


11/3 Mon:


 Smith, pp. 137–176


11/5 Wed:


 Smith, pp. 177–192


11/7 Fri:


 Due: Unit 2 paper


UNIT 3: Decolonize This! Modes of Resistance to Environmental Injustice This unit is dedicated to the all‐important question of where to go from here? Now that we understand the material and theoretical ins and outs of environmental racism and injustice, how can and how is it being contested, resisted, and undone?


Week 7 Social Movements


11/10 Mon:


 Geddicks, pp. vi‐14


11/12 Wed:


 Geddicks, pp. 15–40


11/14 Fri:


 Geddicks, pp. 127–158


Week 8 The Politics and Poetics of EJ Resistance


11/17 Mon:


 Geddicks, pp. 159–180


11/19 Wed:


 Geddicks, pp. 181–202


11/21 Fri:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


Week 9 Poetics


11/24 Mon:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


11/26 Wed: NO CLASS


11/28 Fri: NO CLASS


Week 10 Conclusions and EJ Futures


12/1 Mon:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


12/3 Wed:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


12/5 Fri: LAST DAY—Conclusions


 Due: View from UCSD Project



Unit 3 Paper due on or before Tuesday, December 9, at 11am, in my office (SSB 240)



Guidelines for written assignments:


*Please note: more specific requirements for content, quality, and style will be included with each prompt.


The three papers required for this course must be:


 –Typed


 –Stapled


 –Submitted on time


Please include a header with:


 –Your name


 –The name of the assignment (e.g. 'Unit 2 Paper')


 –A word count


Please do not include:


 –A title


 –The assignment prompt


Majoring or Minoring in Ethnic Studies at UCSD


Many students take an Ethnic Studies course because the topic is of great interest or because of a need to fulfill a social science, non‐contiguous, or other college requirement. Often students have taken three or four classes out of 'interest' yet have no information about the major or minor and don't realize how close they are to a major, a minor, or even a double major. An Ethnic Studies major is excellent preparation for a career in law, public policy, government and politics, journalism, education, public health, social work, international relations, and many other careers. If you would like information about the Ethnic Studies major or minor at UCSD, please contact Yolanda Escamilla, Ethnic Studies Department Undergraduate Advisor, at 858‐534‐3277 or yescamilla@ucsd.edu.




OptionalFocus questions

 What are the roots of environmental inequality? What are the major policy debates within the field of environmental justice?
 How has environmental justice academic writing and environmental justice activism changed since the 1980s? What accounts for these changes?
 What are the relationships between academic research, environmental justice, and the politics of knowledge production, more broadly? How are these relationships complicated by factors such as race, class, and gender?
 What challenges do researchers interested in environmental justice face and why?
 What are the challenges faced by environmental justice activists that can be informed by EJ research?

Seminar/project idea25 Stories Project: Teaching Tools available in the Summer 2009 http://www.twentyfive.ucdavis.edu Use these teaching tools to introduce the environmental justice movement in classroom settings. Tools may be used individually or in combination with one another.Below, you will see that we have organized the tools by the intended purpose of the activity. In considering which to use, it may be helpful to look over the 'Why Do It' section of the directions for the tool you are looking at for an indication of how this activity might fit within your course material.






Purpose
Teaching tool




Getting to know the group's experience of the environment
Share squares
Environmental experience in pictures
Circles of my self


Defining environmental justice
Where is the environment and what do people do there? Environmental justice defined


Researching your place in the environment
Mapping your community
My town, your town
Data detective


Learning from the life‐stories of others
Environmental justice stories
Circles of my self




Combining tools for lesson planningEach teaching tool fits into one (or more) of the categories above. Combine tools from different categories to create lesson plans for your class or workshop.For example, in a 50‐min class session you could combine the following tools:

Help the group get to know each other with 'Share squares'.
Explore various understandings of the environment with 'Where is the environment and what do people do there?' and then
Analyze women's real‐life experiences with stories and questions relevant to your class with 'Environmental Justice Stories'.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La sociedad ha evolucionado al mismo tiempo que lo ha hecho la comunicación. En el campo de la prensa esta transformación ha afectado al producto, ahora más renovado, que se dirige a un público que también ha cambiado. En este sentido, los asesinatos han sido un tema al que los medios de comunicación han recurrido desde siempre. Sin embargo, el enfoque que la prensa ha dado a este tipo de noticias ha variado, fruto de las constantes transformaciones que se han venido produciendo desde la década de 1980. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo inicial es analizar la cobertura que los asesinatos han tenido en La Verdad y La Opinión desde 1990 hasta 2014, y elaborar una radiografía de la evolución que el tratamiento periodístico del homicidio de etiología criminal ha registrado en todo este tiempo, influenciado por los cambios económicos y políticos que la sociedad ha experimentado. Se identifican, en primer lugar, todas aquellas muertes violentas que se hayan cometido o resuelto en la Región, en este periodo de tiempo, independientemente de la nacionalidad de los implicados (autor/víctima) y de la naturaleza del hecho, ya sea parricidio, fratricidio, asesinato u homicidio múltiple. Paralelamente, se pretende comparar la disminución o aumento de los crímenes en la Región de Murcia con la cobertura de los periódicos, para comprobar si han representado los periódicos la imagen real de los asesinatos cometidos o han creado un cierto alarmismo. HIPÓTESIS: En los diarios La Verdad y La Opinión la importancia de la crónica negra ha ido creciendo; una evolución ascendente que no se ha correspondido con exactitud a los altibajos de la criminalidad en la Región de Murcia durante 25 años desde 1990. Otra de las líneas es cómo la prensa trata la crónica negra de la misma manera en que un escritor redacta su novela; el desarrollo dramático que se hace del relato de los asesinatos y cómo la información obedece a un espectáculo informativo que tiende a vulgarizar la labor de un periodismo comprometido con el morbo, influenciado por la televisión y dominado por grandes grupos empresariales. METODOLOGÍA: Por una parte, en un análisis sincrónico realidad/medio se compara los asesinatos cometidos, a través de las estadísticas de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado y el Ministerio del Interior, con las piezas publicadas en La Verdad y La Opinión para analizar la imagen que la prensa ha difundido y si difiere de la realidad. Para ello, se crea una base de datos en Excel donde quedan registrados los 364 asesinatos de la Región de Murcia en este periodo de tiempo, además de su aparición o no en la prensa. Mediante un análisis cuantitativo podemos estudiar si la imagen que ha proporcionado la prensa difiere o no de la radiografía de la criminalidad según las fuentes oficiales. Por otro lado, a partir de un estudio de la cobertura de los 33 crímenes que más repercusión mediática han tenido se analiza, mediante un análisis diacrónico longitudinal, la evolución del valor noticiable del asesinato en la prensa mediante un análisis de su tratamiento a partir de variables como la distribución de la pieza informativa o de opinión, el espacio que ocupa, su ubicación en la página, la composición y el lenguaje. RESULTADOS: Los medios de comunicación comienzan a producir este tipo de informaciones relacionadas con los asesinatos, que se diferencian por su carácter melodramático, ya que juegan con el suspense y la acción, unido a los ingredientes del morbo, sensacionalismo y espectáculo. En Murcia la crónica negra ha ido creciendo y ganando importancia; un crecimiento que no se ha correspondido con los aumentos y descensos de la criminalidad durante 25 años. Es decir, la imagen que la prensa ha difundido de la radiografía que ha hecho el Ministerio del Interior sobre la criminalidad en Murcia difiere en el sentido de que no hay una relación causa efecto entre los aumentos y descensos de los asesinatos y el número de piezas difundidas al respecto. Al mismo tiempo, el año 2000 se configura como un punto de inflexión en el tratamiento periodístico del asesinato en la prensa murciana diaria de información general. Ese año, en el que se cometió uno de los peores crímenes en la historia de Murcia, un menor mató a sus padres y a su hermana, también menor y con síndrome de Down, y para ello empleó una catana, el asesinato comienza a ser foco de atracción para ambos periódicos. El crimen de la catana provoca la creación de un nuevo enfoque de la información de asesinatos en la prensa de Murcia y supone el nacimiento de un paradigma informativo. INTRODUCTION: Society has evolved at the same time as communications. In the field of the press, this change has affected the product, more renewed today, which targets an audience that has changed as well. In this sense, murders have been a subject media have always resorted to. Nevertheless, the point of view the media have given to this kind of news has changed due to the constant development that has been taking place since the decade of the 1980s. OBJECTIVES: The initial aim is to analyse the media coverage of murders which La Verdad and La Opinión have covered from 1990 to 2014, and then, to elaborate an in-depth study of the development the journalistic treatment of criminal homicides has registered during all this time, influenced by the economic and political changes that society has experienced. We can identify, in the first place, all those violent deaths which have been committed or solved in the Region, in this period of time, regardless of the nationality of the implicated parts (author/ victim) and the nature of the facts, being those parricide, fraticide, murder or multiple homicide. Similarly, we aim to compare the decrease or increase of the crimes committed in the Region de Murcia using media coverage, in order to verify if newspapers have represented the real image of murders or they have created a sort of alarmism. HYPOTHESIS: In La Verdad and La Opinión newspapers, the importance of crime news has been increasing; an upward evolution that does not correspond accurately with the ups and downs of criminality in the Region of Murcia during the last 25 years, since 1990. Another point is to analyse how press treats crime news in the same way that a writer writes his novel, the dramatic development that is made in the explanation of homicides or how information responds to an informational show that tends to popularize the work of journalism committed to morbidity, influenced by television and dominated by large business groups. METHODOLOGY: On the one hand, the homicides committed are compared in a simultaneous analysis reality/media, using the statistics from The national security Forces and the Interior Ministry, with the news published in La Verdad and La Opinión in order to analyze the image the press has spreaded around and, also, if it differs from reality. To do so, a data-base is created in Excel where 364 homicides are registered in the Region of Murcia during this period of time, besides its appearance or not in the press. By using a quantitative analysis we can study if the image that the media have provided differs from the in-depth study of criminality according to the official sources. On the other hand, from the starting point of a study of the coverage of the 33 crimes that have had more media impact, we can analyze, by using a diacrhonic and longitudinal analysis, the homicide value's evolution in the press by an analysis of its treatment on the basis of variables like the distribution of the information or opinion, the space that it takes, its location on the page, the composition and language. CONCLUSION: The media start to produce this kind of information related to murders, which can be differenciated by their dramatic characteristic as they play with suspense and action, combined with morbidity, sensationalism and performance. In Murcia, crime news have grown and gained prominence, a growth that does not match with the increases and decreases of criminality during the last 25 years. That means, the image that the press has spreaded from the in-depth study made by the Interior ministry about criminality in Murcia differs in the sense of not having a cause-effect relationship between the increases and decreases of the murders and the number of news published about them. At the same time, 2000 becomes a turning point in the journalistic treatment of homicides in the Murcian daily press of general information. That year, when one of the worst crimes was committed in the history of Murcia, an under aged boy killed his parents and sister, who was also under age and suffered Down´s syndrome, and to do so he used a katana, the murder started to be a focus of attraction for both newspapers. The crime of the katana causes a new informational focus on homicides in the press of Murcia and it marks the birth of an informational paradigm.

In October this year, Science published a journalistic investigation into quality of peer review in open access journals [1]. The results were sobering. Around 60% of all journals accepted to publish a research paper with most obvious and basic mistakes - in fact the whole paper, its data, authors and their affiliations were entirely made up by the journalist, John Bohannon, to expose poor peer review. The article has provoked a lot of media attention as well as a backlash from open-access publishers and supporters, who called it unethical, unsound and even accused the journalist of being racist (for making up authors with African names). But regardless of the criticisms, the paper's surprising findings stand and should be a cause of grave concern for science and science publishing: it shows that many - if not most - open access journals do not have a strict enough editorial and peer review process to catch poor research and flawed papers. The article intrigued me especially, as I commissioned a similar feature article for the website where I edit new and feature, SciDev.Net, which we published earlier this year [2]. I also had the idea of sending out fake and flawed papers to catch 'bad journals' who accept it, but the time and money needed to do this meant we ended up skipping the investigative part, and we based our article only on reporting interviews with people affected. The key findings were that this is a global problem with some journals prey on researchers going for their money but not providing proper peer review, and that pressure to publish draws scientists, especially in developing countries, to publish in such journals. Experts suggested investigation and regulation is needed to ensure proper peer review, but there was little indication that this regulation will happen any time soon. Another key reason for not sending out fake papers were concerns over how to do this ethically and legally - in fact, the prospects of being sued by journals or their publishers for even talking about this issue meant that we had to be extra careful and run the article by media lawyers, as well as amend some sections and still accept some risk of being sued. Bohannon, in his recent interview with The Scholarly Kitchen blog, says his investigation, too, was initially held back by an editor who feared a lawsuit [3]. And here's the thing: there is a huge number of journals and publishers out there doing a poor job indeed, publishing suspect science and some charging scientists money for it, and yet this is not illegal - and there is no national or international body that can order such journals to shut down. What they do is bad for science, good for publishers who make money off it and even good for some scientists who choose to publish there simply not to perish - rather than having any significant findings to communicate, and yet it is not against any law to do so. Yet journalists wanting to report on this issue fear being sued and are being held back from even investigating the issue. This is why I think Science's article is so important: it was brave enough to investigate this issue and expose bad practice even though the prospect of a lawsuit was very real along the way [3]. This is what real journalism is about: telling stories that someone somewhere does not want you to tell; and seeing it done in science, where we rarely have investigative stories is especially satisfying. And even after this expose there may be no consequences for most of the journals and publishers. Indeed, apart form InTech's (Rijeka-based publisher) International Journal of Integrative Medicine, which closed down as I reported at Retraction Watch blog [4], Bohannon says he is not aware of any other closures [3]. In the legal void in which anyone can set up a 'scientific journal' online and start charging scientists for 'publishing' there it is up to national and international grant giving bodies and funders to act to exclude journals with poor peer review from being accepted in scientists grant, job and promotion applications. Science's investigation included most - or all, as Bohannon claims - of open access publishers that publish in English and in sciences (such as biology, medicine, chemistry), targeting 304 journals many of which were listed in Directory of Open Access Journals, and some, tellingly, in Beall's List of predatory publishers. This left out thousands of journals that publish in local languages, including many in our region of South-East Europe. Croatia alone, has 343 academic journals listed on the central portal of Croatian scientific journals - Hrčak [5]. Most of these are open access and funded by the government, yet scientists often criticise many of them for being a waste of public money and dumps for bad science that cannot be published in better international journals [6]. Quality of peer review, especially in domestic language is also brought into question [6]. Similarly, in Serbia, SCIndeks lists 411 academic journals [7]. Yet, Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science, which runs the index together with National Library of Serbia, found recently that up to 11% of all articles published there contained some sort of plagiarism [8]. The centre itself admitted later that "after about one-year time we have to admit that the expected response by journal editors is still missing" and itself it only excluded two of the biggest culprits out of SCIndeks [9]. Similarly, my own journalistic investigation into what how, if at all, plagiarised papers are then retracted from journals in Serbia [10] and Croatia [11] shows a lack of standard practices and wide variation in retraction practices - often not following internationally accepted guidance, such as those set by COPE. If journals fail to detect plagiarism, which is a routine procedure these days, one wonders what the state of peer review and detection of other forms of misconduct may be. Indeed, a more recent study by the same centre found what is calls"a citation cartel created for manipulative purposes by two predatory journals" published by a publisher based in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but where many Serbian researchers regularly publish, in what the study called a cartel (i.e. scientists know they are doing a bad thing, paying public money to publish in their friends' journals, and citing other studies in those journals to artificially boost their impact factors) [12]. What these examples highlight is that by no means has the publishing misconduct - or at least suspect practices - bypassed our region. In fact, small scientific communities, peer review in local languages, and lack of publishing and scientific expertise are all likely to exacerbate the problems in conducting proper peer review in small and local journals. Indeed, out of five journals in the former Yugoslavia, which Bohannon targeted, only one - the journal you are reading - has recognized the problems with the fake paper and decided to reject it. The other four: International Journal of Integrative Medicine (In Tech, Croatia), Journal of Plant Biology Research (International Network for Applied Sciences and Technology, BH), Acta Facultatis Medicae Naisensis (Medical Faculty of University of Niš, Serbia), and Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics in Skopje, Macedonia) all accepted it and if this was not a journalistic investigation they could have all be by now had published similar fake papers. When asked about this case, the editorial offices of the Journal of Plant Biology Research and Acta Facultatis Medicae Naisensis did not reply to my e-mails, which is discouraging. It shows how little transparency some journals are prepared to have in their work, and to what extent they can simply ignore such exposes by even the venerable Sciencemagazine. The answers I received from the other three journals' editorial offices shine some light on the issues in the region [13]. Editor of the Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, Professor Mirko Spiroski, PhD, MD, told me his editorial team and peer reviewers did not have expertise in the field the fake article was in, and after seeking ten peer reviews and only receiving one back (a single line review), they decided to accept the paper nevertheless. InTech basically said they gave their appointed scientific editors, who were not part of the firm, full freedom in peer review and then blamed the mistake on them. This shows a lack of in-house expertise in some journals and a worrying degree of relying on outside editors or peer reviewers with little oversight to make the decisions on whether to publish a paper or not. In contrast, the editors of this journal, Professor Bakir Mehić, PhD, MD and AminaValjevac, PhD, MD highlighted the value of in-house pre-review check of papers, before sending them out to peer reviewers. As the world continues to debate the merits of, and potentially better ways of doing, peer review (e.g. post-publication peer review, Peerage of Science's or LIBRE's community peer review before it reaches journals), we should take care to ensure proper peer review in our journal now. It is not rocket science and it has worked for centuries now. And national bodies and funders should recognize good practice and reward hard-working and ethical editorial offices to stimulate excellence and better peer review, while at the same time punishing the misconduct and being quicker and more proactive in striking off known offenders off citation indices and lists of journals accepted for official grants and job promotions.