Suchergebnisse

Is party identification a stable characteristic of the Mexican electorate? Do Mexicans reflect their identity as a consistent & determinant element of electoral choice? What contextual factors account for the party identification patterns observed in the 2000 & 2006 elections? This article analyzes the stability of party identification confronted with contextual factors on the last presidential elections. The basic assumption of this argument is that individuals are influenced by the issues in which an electoral competition is defined. Thus, an important component of party identification occurs points out that the dimensions of the electoral competition influence the definition of party id. The idea of political "change" and, to a lesser degree, the ideological continuum "left-right" played an important role in identification with the two main parties: the PRI-PAN conflict in 2000, & the competition between PAN & PRD in 2006. Adapted from the source document.

This article explores the policy interests expressed by the largest private educational system in the United States, American Catholic schools, during the first four months of the COVID-19 crisis. Critical discourse analysis is applied to public texts produced by the Catholic Church between March 1 and July 1, 2020, in order to understand the discursive strategies through which this institution constructs meaning in the policy arena. This analysis illustrates how Catholic leaders use language to make racialized and low-income students "discursively invisible." The author documents a significant change in policy discourse, from neoconservative logics to neoliberal ones, which corresponds directly to political signaling from the Trump Administration. Drawing on critical race theory, the author suggests implications for policymakers and stakeholders. ; Este artículo explora los intereses políticos expresados por el sistema educativo privado más grande de los Estados Unidos, la American Catholic School Network, durante los primeros cuatro meses de la crisis del COVID-19. Se aplica un análisis crítico del discurso sobre el tema a los textos públicos producidos por la Iglesia Católica entre el 1 de marzo y el 1 de julio de 2020, con el fin de comprender las estrategias discursivas a través de las cuales esta institución construye sentido en la arena política. Este análisis ilustra cómo los líderes católicos usan el lenguaje para hacer que los estudiantes racializados y de bajos ingresos sean "discursivamente invisibles". El autor documenta un cambio significativo en el discurso político, de la lógica neoconservadora a la neoliberal, que corresponde directamente a la señalización política de la administración Trump. Basándose en la teoría crítica de la raza, el autor sugiere implicaciones para los responsables políticos y las partes interesadas. ; Este artigo explora os interesses políticos expressos pelo maior sistema educacional privado dos Estados Unidos, a rede de escolas católicas americanas, durante os primeiros quatro meses da crise do COVID-19. Uma análise crítica do discurso sobre o tema é aplicada a textos públicos produzidos pela Igreja Católica entre o 1º de março e o 1º de julho de 2020, a fim de compreender as estratégias discursivas por meio das quais essa instituição constrói sentido na arena política. Esta análise ilustra como os líderes católicos usam a linguagem para tornar os alunos racializados e de baixa renda "discursivamente invisíveis". O autor documenta uma mudança significativa no discurso político, das lógicas neoconservadoras às neoliberais, à qual corresponde diretamente à sinalização política da administração Trump. Baseando-se na teoria da raça crítica, o autor sugere implicações para os formuladores de políticas e as partes interessadas.

An 'analytic narrative' is the presentation of crucial historical events, using the intuitions of rational choice theory, to clarify the motivations and beliefs of the principal actors. This article attempts to understand a dilemma embedded in the Declaration of Independence: the expected costs of war against Britain far exceeded any possible benefits, if these are construed simply as the removal of colonial taxation. Furthermore, war against Britain necessitated an alliance with a potential aggressive power, France. An analysis is presented indicating that the benefits also included the enormous reward of the west and the 'costs' incorporated possible future aggression by France and Spain. The narrative is extended to the Ratification of the Constitution in 1787, to suggest that the Federalists, and Madison, justifiably feared Spanish aggression in the Mississippi Valley. In the 1790s, consensus (about credible threats by the European powers) fragmented, and this led to entirely different policy preferences by Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans. Napoleon's imperial intentions in Louisiana were, however, thwarted by the defeat of the French forces in Haiti in 1802-03. The result was the Louisiana Purchase of 1803-04. While the necessary causes of these various constitutional transformations can be appreciated, there appears to be an element of contingency, or happenstance, embedded in the sufficient causes. The purpose of the exercise is to attempt to understand the possibly chaotic basis of rapid institutional change. (British Journal of Political Science / FUB)

This book reviews bureau-type organizations delivering network goods, documenting how most global institutions greatly improved their effectiveness during the last few decades. In the current globalized world, the design and choice of appropriate institutional rules and procedures can result in effective and democratic global government

Elections and Democracy is based on data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, spanning 36 countries. It considers the majoritarian and consensus models of democracy and how and their embodiment in institutional structures influence vote choice, political participation and satisfaction within a functioning democracy.

"Corporate social responsibility is seen in this book as multi-stakeholder approach to corporate governance. This volume outlines neo-institutional and stakeholder theories of the firm, new rational choice and social contract normative models, self regulatory and soft law models, and the advances from behavioral economics"--

"Corporate social responsibility is seen in this book as multi-stakeholder approach to corporate governance. This volume outlines neo-institutional and stakeholder theories of the firm, new rational choice and social contract normative models, self regulatory and soft law models, and the advances from behavioral economics"--

Social welfare policy -- Comparative social welfare policy -- Traditional public interest model -- The public choice perspective -- Government and its bureaucracy -- The origins of the new welfare law -- The genesis of the new welfare law -- Institutional analysis -- An econometric analysis of the variables affecting changes in welfare caseloads.

Monetary Scenarios is an original synthesis of post Keynesian macroeconomic and monetary theory with the new microeconomics of the behavioural, transaction cost and public choice theorists. These theoretical ideas are integrated with recent historical and institutional material from the United Kingdom, the United States and Australasia

On announcing a consultation exercise about how new money for the NHS should be used, the Health Secretary declared he wanted an NHS 'where the consumer is king'. Empowerment of consumers requires that they have choice. The institutional arrangements in the NHS do not facilitate this.

Institutions are central to economic life. They have a major impact on consumer preferences, the actions and processes of firms, levels of wealth and poverty in countries, the growth of international trade, and much more. Indeed, none of the preconditions for economic activity - such as the existence of buyers and sellers, recognizable goods and services, and the information we need to make choices - would be in place without institutions. Institutions, then, do more than support economic life: they enable and shape it. These insights challenge some of the most basic postulates on modern economic theory and are at the heart of many of the most exciting works in economic sociology. This book examines the role of institutions - defined as the formal and informal rules and practices that surround us as we go about our daily lives - in the economy. Illuminating complex ideas with carefully selected, vivid examples, the investigation focuses on economic activity as it unfolds at the individual, organizational, national, and international levels. This accessible and engaging book will be essential reading for students of economic sociology, and all those interested in the intimate relationship between institutions and the economy. -- Book Description.

The search for a new democratic order in Europe after World War II was marked by the creation of a system of human rights protection based on the rule of law and a guarantee for every person under their jurisdiction human rights and fundamental freedoms. A system based on the effective cooperation of Member States of the international community should, in practice, become the one that determines the capacity of a particular entity, a particular institution, working alone or in collaboration with others. In the scientific literature, the idea of human rights, reflected in studies of European state building and public administration, has been developed into a theoretical concept that has become the basis of a social institute of human rights legitimized as a result of institutional processes at all levels of global and European governance. Given the current geopolitical changes, the migration crisis, environmental problems, armed conflicts and terrorist attacks, human rights are constantly being violated; public authorities, both national and integrational, face the challenge of finding effective mechanisms for ensuring the survival and development of human society. That is why the purpose of the article is to identify the particularities of the functioning of the EU's institutional human rights protection system in the context of finding an effective model of the human rights protection system. The EU's main institution is the Council of Europe, which has proven itself to be the most effective object of the system during its existence.The tasks of the countries which have acceded to the Council of Europe indicate the need to create a common ground for understanding the rule of law, as well as freedom and human rights. In this context, it should be emphasized that the effectiveness of the institutional system created to protect human rights is linked to certain standards, including the decision-making process legally enshrined in both international and national law. The Council of Europe and its Member States, in the interests of respect for and protection of liberties and human rights, should make every effort to ensure that all mechanisms, including political monitoring and control by the European Court of Human Rights, are used.It is argued that the effectiveness of human rights protection systems in the EU depends largely on the effectiveness of the procedures for implementing and monitoring the implementation of commitments made by individual countries. Attention is drawn to the fact that no state can ignore the values that are fundamental to the democratic identity of the entire international community, which they are bound to uphold. This also applies to Ukraine, which has ratified the European Convention on Human Rights and has to implement its requirements in domestic law. The main instruments and mechanisms of the European Union are being considered to help address human rights issues in the Member States. The functions of the main actors in the human rights protection system, in particular the European Court of Human Rights, are analyzed. An important condition for the effective functioning of the system is interinstitutional cooperation betweenSecretary General of the Council of Europe, Commissioner for Human Rights and the Tribunal of the European Court of Human Rights.It has been identified that one of the standard sets is to achieve a high level of human rights protection,which depends on the effectivenessof the procedures for fulfilling and controlling the commitments undertaken by member states of the Council of Europe. The effectiveness of the control procedure and the specific control mechanism increases only when a complaint is submitted to a competent, independent body, preferably a law enforcement one. This depends on the legal education of the population, which should be aware of the choice of instruments and mechanisms to protect their rights in a particular situation. Similarly, the issues of regulation of the sphere of official competence, which enable them to perform their function without any external pressure, also need legal justification.The choice of specific action methods by the state to ensure the protection of human rights, remains free, however, as a rule, it is limited and determined by the purpose or result set out in aparticular international agreement. The current activity of the Council of Europe proves that one of the main areas of its work is the creation of constitutional standards oriented towards the democratic development of Member States' political systems based on the values associated with freedom and human rights, which form its fundamental basis. These standards are transposed into the internal legal systems of the Member States.Thus, the theoretical foundations that characterize the human rights protection system indicate that in the process of creating human rights standards, the Council of Europe's «soft instruments», including, above all, recommendations, occupy an extremely important place. A very important incentive for Member States to fulfill their obligations before the Council of Europe is not only the quality of its specific monitoring and control procedures, but also the fact that the European Union itself clearly states that a country which does not comply with the principles and standards of the CoE does not have a chance of EU membership.It is noted that, regardless of levels, the process of European integration is based on broadening the sphere of democratic values and standards in order to better protect human rights and ensure the successful development of European communities. Respect for human rights is first and foremost the task of national authorities. This also applies to Ukraine which is seeking to become a full member of the EU. ; Пошук нового демократичного порядку в Європі після Другої світової війни ознаменувався створенням системи захисту прав людини, яка базується на засадах верховенства права та гарантій кожній особі, яка перебуває під їх юрисдикцією, прав людини та основних свобод.Доводиться, що ефективність систем захисту прав людини у ЄС багато в чому залежить від того, наскільки ефективними є процедури щодо здійснення та контролю за виконанням зобов'язань, взятих окремими країнами. Звертається увага на те, що жодна держава не може ігнорувати цінності, які є основними для демократичної ідентичності всієї міжнародної спільноти, якої вони зобов'язані дотримуватися. Розглядаються основні інструменти та механізми Європейського Союзу, які допомагають вирішувати питання захисту прав людини у країнах-членах. Аналізується функції основних суб'єктів системи захисту прав людини, зокрема Європейського Суду з прав людини. Важливою умовою ефективної діяльності системи є міжінституціональна співпраця між Генеральним секретарем Ради Європи, Уповноваженим Ради з прав людини та Трибуналом Європейського суду з прав людини.Визначено, що одним із стандартних нормативних наборів є досягнення високого рівня захисту прав людини, тим більше, чим ефективніші процедури виконання та контролю зобов'язань, взятих на себе державами-членами Ради Європи. Таким чином, теоретичні основи, що характеризують систему захисту прав людини, свідчать про те, що в процесі створення стандартів прав людини «м'які інструменти» Ради Європи, включаючи насамперед рекомендації, займають надзвичайно важливе місце. Дуже важливим стимулом для держав-членів виконувати свої зобов'язання перед Радою Європи є не лише якість його конкретні процедури моніторингу та контролю, а й той факт, що сам Європейський Союз чітко зазначає, що країна, яка не відповідає принципам та стандартам РЄ, не має шансів на членство в ЄС.Відзначається, що процес європейської інтеграції, незалежно від рівнів, базується на розширенні сфери демократичних цінностей та стандартів для більш ефективного захисту прав людини та забезпечення успішного розвитку європейських спільнот. А повага до прав людини є перш за все завданням національних органів влади. Це стосується і України, яка прагне стати повноправним членом ЄС.

The search for a new democratic order in Europe after World War II was marked by the creation of a system of human rights protection based on the rule of law and a guarantee for every person under their jurisdiction human rights and fundamental freedoms. A system based on the effective cooperation of Member States of the international community should, in practice, become the one that determines the capacity of a particular entity, a particular institution, working alone or in collaboration with others. In the scientific literature, the idea of human rights, reflected in studies of European state building and public administration, has been developed into a theoretical concept that has become the basis of a social institute of human rights legitimized as a result of institutional processes at all levels of global and European governance. Given the current geopolitical changes, the migration crisis, environmental problems, armed conflicts and terrorist attacks, human rights are constantly being violated; public authorities, both national and integrational, face the challenge of finding effective mechanisms for ensuring the survival and development of human society. That is why the purpose of the article is to identify the particularities of the functioning of the EU's institutional human rights protection system in the context of finding an effective model of the human rights protection system. The EU's main institution is the Council of Europe, which has proven itself to be the most effective object of the system during its existence.The tasks of the countries which have acceded to the Council of Europe indicate the need to create a common ground for understanding the rule of law, as well as freedom and human rights. In this context, it should be emphasized that the effectiveness of the institutional system created to protect human rights is linked to certain standards, including the decision-making process legally enshrined in both international and national law. The Council of Europe and its Member States, in the interests of respect for and protection of liberties and human rights, should make every effort to ensure that all mechanisms, including political monitoring and control by the European Court of Human Rights, are used.It is argued that the effectiveness of human rights protection systems in the EU depends largely on the effectiveness of the procedures for implementing and monitoring the implementation of commitments made by individual countries. Attention is drawn to the fact that no state can ignore the values that are fundamental to the democratic identity of the entire international community, which they are bound to uphold. This also applies to Ukraine, which has ratified the European Convention on Human Rights and has to implement its requirements in domestic law. The main instruments and mechanisms of the European Union are being considered to help address human rights issues in the Member States. The functions of the main actors in the human rights protection system, in particular the European Court of Human Rights, are analyzed. An important condition for the effective functioning of the system is interinstitutional cooperation betweenSecretary General of the Council of Europe, Commissioner for Human Rights and the Tribunal of the European Court of Human Rights.It has been identified that one of the standard sets is to achieve a high level of human rights protection,which depends on the effectivenessof the procedures for fulfilling and controlling the commitments undertaken by member states of the Council of Europe. The effectiveness of the control procedure and the specific control mechanism increases only when a complaint is submitted to a competent, independent body, preferably a law enforcement one. This depends on the legal education of the population, which should be aware of the choice of instruments and mechanisms to protect their rights in a particular situation. Similarly, the issues of regulation of the sphere of official competence, which enable them to perform their function without any external pressure, also need legal justification.The choice of specific action methods by the state to ensure the protection of human rights, remains free, however, as a rule, it is limited and determined by the purpose or result set out in aparticular international agreement. The current activity of the Council of Europe proves that one of the main areas of its work is the creation of constitutional standards oriented towards the democratic development of Member States' political systems based on the values associated with freedom and human rights, which form its fundamental basis. These standards are transposed into the internal legal systems of the Member States.Thus, the theoretical foundations that characterize the human rights protection system indicate that in the process of creating human rights standards, the Council of Europe's «soft instruments», including, above all, recommendations, occupy an extremely important place. A very important incentive for Member States to fulfill their obligations before the Council of Europe is not only the quality of its specific monitoring and control procedures, but also the fact that the European Union itself clearly states that a country which does not comply with the principles and standards of the CoE does not have a chance of EU membership.It is noted that, regardless of levels, the process of European integration is based on broadening the sphere of democratic values and standards in order to better protect human rights and ensure the successful development of European communities. Respect for human rights is first and foremost the task of national authorities. This also applies to Ukraine which is seeking to become a full member of the EU. ; Пошук нового демократичного порядку в Європі після Другої світової війни ознаменувався створенням системи захисту прав людини, яка базується на засадах верховенства права та гарантій кожній особі, яка перебуває під їх юрисдикцією, прав людини та основних свобод.Доводиться, що ефективність систем захисту прав людини у ЄС багато в чому залежить від того, наскільки ефективними є процедури щодо здійснення та контролю за виконанням зобов'язань, взятих окремими країнами. Звертається увага на те, що жодна держава не може ігнорувати цінності, які є основними для демократичної ідентичності всієї міжнародної спільноти, якої вони зобов'язані дотримуватися. Розглядаються основні інструменти та механізми Європейського Союзу, які допомагають вирішувати питання захисту прав людини у країнах-членах. Аналізується функції основних суб'єктів системи захисту прав людини, зокрема Європейського Суду з прав людини. Важливою умовою ефективної діяльності системи є міжінституціональна співпраця між Генеральним секретарем Ради Європи, Уповноваженим Ради з прав людини та Трибуналом Європейського суду з прав людини.Визначено, що одним із стандартних нормативних наборів є досягнення високого рівня захисту прав людини, тим більше, чим ефективніші процедури виконання та контролю зобов'язань, взятих на себе державами-членами Ради Європи. Таким чином, теоретичні основи, що характеризують систему захисту прав людини, свідчать про те, що в процесі створення стандартів прав людини «м'які інструменти» Ради Європи, включаючи насамперед рекомендації, займають надзвичайно важливе місце. Дуже важливим стимулом для держав-членів виконувати свої зобов'язання перед Радою Європи є не лише якість його конкретні процедури моніторингу та контролю, а й той факт, що сам Європейський Союз чітко зазначає, що країна, яка не відповідає принципам та стандартам РЄ, не має шансів на членство в ЄС.Відзначається, що процес європейської інтеграції, незалежно від рівнів, базується на розширенні сфери демократичних цінностей та стандартів для більш ефективного захисту прав людини та забезпечення успішного розвитку європейських спільнот. А повага до прав людини є перш за все завданням національних органів влади. Це стосується і України, яка прагне стати повноправним членом ЄС.

2018 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Water quality trading (WQT) is a collective action mechanism increasingly employed to address water quality concerns arising from nonpoint source pollution. Yet, many established WQT programs have experienced little or no trading activity. Collective action theory regarding common property resources (CPR) suggests that the external variables comprising a collective action institution's context dictate how effectively an institution can organize and perform. Because successful emergence is a precursor to successful performance and endurance down the road, understanding how and why external variables affect WQT collection action during early formative stages can provide insights into why some WQT programs may struggle to function and perform to their anticipated potential as they mature. However, few efforts have empirically examined WQT programs in terms of the external variables known to influence CPR collective action emergence, performance, and durability. In addressing this void, I use an in-depth case study approach of two incipient WQT initiatives in the western U.S. to assess if and how the manifestation of external variables considered to be enabling conditions for successful CPR collective action influences the development of emerging WQT programs. This research finds theory regarding CPR collective action enabling conditions useful in understanding the development trajectories of emerging WQT programs. Results suggest that the absence of enabling conditions and strong constitutional rules can undermine the ability of decentralized political systems to support emergent WQT programs. Contrarily, centralized systems with well-defined rules and roles may provide more stable scaffolding for institutional development. These findings demonstrate how the quality of constitutional rules interacts with other external variables, including policy norms, agency allocation, collective choice rules, and social capital, to dictate the evolution and eventual performance of emergent WQT programs and CPR collective action institutions more broadly.

International audience One of Ronald Coase's insights was to extend the economic theory of choice to include the policy choice among institutional arrangements, which had to be analyzed with the same framework as the producer's choice. Both choices, he argued, are amenable to an opportunitycost approach. The similarity he points to, however, is somewhat limited: while some of his articles from the 1930s stressed the subjectivity of producers' decisions, his later criticisms of standard policies, as well as the method he suggests for the design of policy, are based on the idea that costs are objective and measurable. Are the subjective aspects of the production decision reconcilable with the objective aspects of the policy decision in Coase's analysis? I shall argue that the framework he adopts is objectivist or subjectivist depending on the nature of the criticism he is leveling against standard theory, and on the type of decision he is studying. Eventually he did propose a univocal analysis-an objectivist one-of the producer's decision between making and buying and the policy decision among institutional arrangements. This paper initiates a study of Coase's theory of decision. It returns to his subjectivist account of choice and contributes to solving the apparent contradiction between the subjectivist young Coase and the more mature objectivist scholar. It thereby sets out the diversity of the criticisms that Coase levels against standard theory, and shows the evolution of his strategy. Ultimately, the problem of the difference between Coase's analyses of production decisions and policy decisions is more subtle than simply being an apparent contradiction: it turns on the subjectivity of individual decisions having no consequence for his analysis of policy.