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There has never been a Scottish school of international law. The concept of a "school" might, of course, be accorded a number of different meanings, but in any official sense the Scottish nation was never in a position to adopt a distinctive approach to international law. The union of the Scottish and English crowns (1603) and legislatures (1707) curtailed the opportunity for Scottish customs to be put forward as the evidence of national state practice. Moreover, it is difficult to show a critical mass of Scottish contributions to the subject, sufficient to form the basis for a national school of international legal theory. Indeed, in the 300 years up to World War I Scotland produced only a handful of significant contributions to the literature of international law: pre-eminently, William Welwood (1578-1622), William Scott (1674-1725), Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832), James Reddie (1773-1852), James Lorimer (1818-90) , Viscount Finlay of Nairn (1842-1929) , Arthur Berriedale Keith (1879-1944), and Thomas W. Fulton ( 1855-1929).

Der seit 2002 existierende Internationale Strafgerichtshof in Den Haag ist zweifellos eine Errungenschaft – aber auch eine Herausforderung an Recht, Gesetz und Politik. Kann der Gerichtshof die Anforderung an die Neutralität internationaler Rechtsprechung erfüllen, oder wie groß ist der Einfluss der Politik auf die Verfahren? Welche Rolle spielen Überlegungen zur Amnestie? Und wie agieren die internationalen Gerichte im Spannungsfeld zwischen Friedenssicherung und Gerechtigkeit? Fragen, denen der international renommierte Autor nachgeht, auch bezüglich der Erwartungen der Überlebenden von Massenverbrechen, die sich Gerechtigkeit und Genugtuung erhoffen.

The extent to which agents acting on behalf of the state are constrained by internal & external factors is examined. Literature on the influence of various factors on state decision making is reviewed, & constraints that affect state decision making on foreign policy are identified: agent views & inclinations; agent positions in the state structure; state political & legal foundations; & state economic, historical, & geographical position in relation to other states. International diplomatic standards, global law, international morality, different regimes, & global institutions also influence state decision making. Although none of the aforementioned constraints are absolutes, it is concluded that successful foreign policy requires the balancing of freedom & necessity. 34 References. J. W. Parker

Examines UN-developed and accepted treaties, defining "launching state" or states which launch space objects, liability for damage by space debris, problem of registration of space objects, and need for a World Outer Space Organization; since the 1980s, chiefly. Some focus on the UN-developed Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and the Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty), which came into force on Oct. 10, 1967.

"This open access book sets out what gendered peace can look like and how it might impact on international law, drawing on personal reflections, expert essays and empirical research. History, law, international relations and gender studies all merge to support the authors' suggested model for how peace should be considered going forward in international law"--