Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this M.A. thesis is to research a hypothetical possibillity of building a metropolitan system in the city of Vilnius. For many years the idea of Vilnius Metro has been already escalated from engineerical, economical, ecological, political point of views, nethertheless, there is no data about Lithuanian artists showing major interest in this theme. Metro stations still are unseen kind of public spaces in Lithuania, that's why a newly built metro could possibly foster our artists' imagination. During my M.A. research I was trying to find new aspects of this phenomenon who could give an additional impulse to the artists of various fields. A metro system is about permanent transit which continouos energy stream is created by people, traffic participants. Moving masses create a common – mass – emotion and they are impacted by a distinctive esthetics and ruled by the sum of signs. Basing myself upon Michele Foucoult space philosphy ideas, the interpretation of symbol language by Ernst Gombrich, Paul Johaness Tillich and other authors, also by deep rooted collective experience, which historically could be explained by a Christian theology narrative, I was looking for my own senses and resources of artistical expressions under the ground. By disclosing the best metro examples and my own theoretical considerations I am trying to prove that a metro system is a society's mirror and the reflectors are underground platforms, stations and visual expressions of metro entries. There are innumerable objective and subjective connections in a metro system, but my major survey method is an empirical study, id est observing of already existing objects and analysing them, searching for relevant and common aspects and derivative interactions (?). In order to comprehend how metro systems are created, developed and later on kept on functioning I have analysed several metropolitans in different countries and found out that a metro is a very sensitive system, reflecting economical, social and cultural aspects of a society. I am glad I have managed to percieve its universal problems and their solutions. Those countries have inspiringly huge amount of artworks in their public metro spaces and one should notice the abundance of ideas and the quality of their implementations there. So there is no wonder that those countries with such metros usually have a special organization taking care of a city's metro and its public spaces. In my M.A. thesis I discuss the best example of such an organization that is, in my consideration, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York. At the end of XX century it was created mainly to help NY Subway system to get rid of its negative image and save this rapid transit system from collapsing. The heads of MTA very early understood that it was a good idea invest not only in design but art, as well. Since 1985 MTA's Arts and Design Program has invited almost three hundred young and prominent artists to put into reality their creative ideas in 260, almost a half of all NY metro stations. That is why NY Subway has a right now to present itself as the world's biggest public art museum under the ground. Another inspiring example is Stokholm. At the second half of XX century Swedish artists successfully managed a completely new project to them in Stokholm underground and proudly proved that art can be very democratic and artists can work in collaboration with other specialists as engineers, architects and workers. Decades after decades Stokholm metro slowly built a 110 km length underground art gallery. Stokholm metro art no longer belongs exceptionally to the Swedes, the sound of their capital's unique underground system and its images has already spread all over the globe. It has to be said – the winners of Stokholm's metro are all Swedes and every artist in this country. Swedish art curator Göran Söderström in his book Art Goes Uderground, which I can already name as my basic table book, calls Stokholm metro "a utilitarian, literally". He along all the authors of this book explain every aspect of Stokholm metro: from a need to build it, as well as planning and engineering it, to a society's needs and opinions and detailed descriptions of all stations with artworks and presentation of their creating history and philosophy. Utilitarian point of view is very distinct in all the examples presented in my M.A. thesis. One couldn't find a negative artwork or negative context anywhere in metros. Perhaps it is a common secret publicly kept in silence. If somebody decided to come up with a destructive idea, probably it would be rejected because of responsibility for a huge audience, millions of people everyday travelling rapid transit trains. Open, anonymous, unregulated public spaces naturally become a scene for social expression, especially it is true in transit zone spaces. If I discuss the esthetics in art decorated metro stations, I should discuss the space before the occurance of this estethics, I guess. My opionion of graffiti, at times irritating, at times positive phenomenon for me, is very well represented in a book about graffiti's (im)propriety called Inopinatum, written by young scholars in Rome. I could only admit that the works of street artists as Banksy, Blu, Os Gemeos become organic part of a facade and immediately create an urban value to it. And on the contrary, messy, dirty, damaged and tagged public metro space is inducing so called broken windows syndrome. My object of interest – Vilnius Metro – does not exist. Its inexestance or, in other words, the imaginery existance, became the major problem of my M.A. survey. My interest in possibility to build Vilnius metropolitan started with already existing strategy of the city. M. De Certeau ideas prompted me that my metro could be reflected from the point of view of a tactitian. Vilnius metro idea creators already have several schemes and metro line junctions. It was interesting to study them and evaluating their correspondence with my expectations as a tactitian. An organic metro line net reminds me of a plant root system, a huge battery placed under the city and providing it with energy. Cities with metros remind me of a human body that is vital, vibrant and forever young. My meeting with Vilnius metro planners and conversations with them could have become a small play of its own or extend the practical part of my M.A. thesis. Sadly, I have to admit that very important topic of Vilnius city landed in the hands of lobbyists and their "life mission" to build a metro is nothing more as a selfish search for a lucrative way to dig under Vilnius ground. As soon as I found it, I decided to look for data of this subject by myself and stop using the data supplied from the Destorted Looking-Glass Land of Vilnius metro lobbyists. For months attentively studying Vilnius city structure and its maps I have built a Vilnius metro scheme of my own. Along these studies I have been reading Tomas Venclova books. I trusted this Vilnius researcher, as well as his experience and insights. His idea about Vilnius, which fascinated me the most, was that Vilnius old town reminded anatomical heart. So I looked precisely at the contor map of Vilnius old town made by Vilnius municipality and I was astonished at how right and precise Tomas Venclova was, only several percent of the old town had not fitted into the contour. And not only this, Vilnius old town resembled an actual anatomical heart with its venous and arterial blood vessels taking all nutrients needed form the rivers Neris and Vilnelė. So that is how my city started – from the heart. Vilnius city anatomy with metro stations, that are still waiting for being created and given significance. It seems quite a good idea to me.

The purpose of this M.A. thesis is to research a hypothetical possibillity of building a metropolitan system in the city of Vilnius. For many years the idea of Vilnius Metro has been already escalated from engineerical, economical, ecological, political point of views, nethertheless, there is no data about Lithuanian artists showing major interest in this theme. Metro stations still are unseen kind of public spaces in Lithuania, that's why a newly built metro could possibly foster our artists' imagination. During my M.A. research I was trying to find new aspects of this phenomenon who could give an additional impulse to the artists of various fields. A metro system is about permanent transit which continouos energy stream is created by people, traffic participants. Moving masses create a common – mass – emotion and they are impacted by a distinctive esthetics and ruled by the sum of signs. Basing myself upon Michele Foucoult space philosphy ideas, the interpretation of symbol language by Ernst Gombrich, Paul Johaness Tillich and other authors, also by deep rooted collective experience, which historically could be explained by a Christian theology narrative, I was looking for my own senses and resources of artistical expressions under the ground. By disclosing the best metro examples and my own theoretical considerations I am trying to prove that a metro system is a society's mirror and the reflectors are underground platforms, stations and visual expressions of metro entries. There are innumerable objective and subjective connections in a metro system, but my major survey method is an empirical study, id est observing of already existing objects and analysing them, searching for relevant and common aspects and derivative interactions (?). In order to comprehend how metro systems are created, developed and later on kept on functioning I have analysed several metropolitans in different countries and found out that a metro is a very sensitive system, reflecting economical, social and cultural aspects of a society. I am glad I have managed to percieve its universal problems and their solutions. Those countries have inspiringly huge amount of artworks in their public metro spaces and one should notice the abundance of ideas and the quality of their implementations there. So there is no wonder that those countries with such metros usually have a special organization taking care of a city's metro and its public spaces. In my M.A. thesis I discuss the best example of such an organization that is, in my consideration, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York. At the end of XX century it was created mainly to help NY Subway system to get rid of its negative image and save this rapid transit system from collapsing. The heads of MTA very early understood that it was a good idea invest not only in design but art, as well. Since 1985 MTA's Arts and Design Program has invited almost three hundred young and prominent artists to put into reality their creative ideas in 260, almost a half of all NY metro stations. That is why NY Subway has a right now to present itself as the world's biggest public art museum under the ground. Another inspiring example is Stokholm. At the second half of XX century Swedish artists successfully managed a completely new project to them in Stokholm underground and proudly proved that art can be very democratic and artists can work in collaboration with other specialists as engineers, architects and workers. Decades after decades Stokholm metro slowly built a 110 km length underground art gallery. Stokholm metro art no longer belongs exceptionally to the Swedes, the sound of their capital's unique underground system and its images has already spread all over the globe. It has to be said – the winners of Stokholm's metro are all Swedes and every artist in this country. Swedish art curator Göran Söderström in his book Art Goes Uderground, which I can already name as my basic table book, calls Stokholm metro "a utilitarian, literally". He along all the authors of this book explain every aspect of Stokholm metro: from a need to build it, as well as planning and engineering it, to a society's needs and opinions and detailed descriptions of all stations with artworks and presentation of their creating history and philosophy. Utilitarian point of view is very distinct in all the examples presented in my M.A. thesis. One couldn't find a negative artwork or negative context anywhere in metros. Perhaps it is a common secret publicly kept in silence. If somebody decided to come up with a destructive idea, probably it would be rejected because of responsibility for a huge audience, millions of people everyday travelling rapid transit trains. Open, anonymous, unregulated public spaces naturally become a scene for social expression, especially it is true in transit zone spaces. If I discuss the esthetics in art decorated metro stations, I should discuss the space before the occurance of this estethics, I guess. My opionion of graffiti, at times irritating, at times positive phenomenon for me, is very well represented in a book about graffiti's (im)propriety called Inopinatum, written by young scholars in Rome. I could only admit that the works of street artists as Banksy, Blu, Os Gemeos become organic part of a facade and immediately create an urban value to it. And on the contrary, messy, dirty, damaged and tagged public metro space is inducing so called broken windows syndrome. My object of interest – Vilnius Metro – does not exist. Its inexestance or, in other words, the imaginery existance, became the major problem of my M.A. survey. My interest in possibility to build Vilnius metropolitan started with already existing strategy of the city. M. De Certeau ideas prompted me that my metro could be reflected from the point of view of a tactitian. Vilnius metro idea creators already have several schemes and metro line junctions. It was interesting to study them and evaluating their correspondence with my expectations as a tactitian. An organic metro line net reminds me of a plant root system, a huge battery placed under the city and providing it with energy. Cities with metros remind me of a human body that is vital, vibrant and forever young. My meeting with Vilnius metro planners and conversations with them could have become a small play of its own or extend the practical part of my M.A. thesis. Sadly, I have to admit that very important topic of Vilnius city landed in the hands of lobbyists and their "life mission" to build a metro is nothing more as a selfish search for a lucrative way to dig under Vilnius ground. As soon as I found it, I decided to look for data of this subject by myself and stop using the data supplied from the Destorted Looking-Glass Land of Vilnius metro lobbyists. For months attentively studying Vilnius city structure and its maps I have built a Vilnius metro scheme of my own. Along these studies I have been reading Tomas Venclova books. I trusted this Vilnius researcher, as well as his experience and insights. His idea about Vilnius, which fascinated me the most, was that Vilnius old town reminded anatomical heart. So I looked precisely at the contor map of Vilnius old town made by Vilnius municipality and I was astonished at how right and precise Tomas Venclova was, only several percent of the old town had not fitted into the contour. And not only this, Vilnius old town resembled an actual anatomical heart with its venous and arterial blood vessels taking all nutrients needed form the rivers Neris and Vilnelė. So that is how my city started – from the heart. Vilnius city anatomy with metro stations, that are still waiting for being created and given significance. It seems quite a good idea to me.

Introduction: Distributed Research Infrastructures are becoming increasingly more salient as science expands and universities continue to look for new means to cooperate and share expertise and expenses on large-scale projects. One area which has seen much development in recent years is biobanking, as there have been numerous attempts to harmonise the different biobanking standards over the years, none of which have been entirely successful. BBMRI.se was an EU-initiative that sought to harmonise the biobanks nationwide. BBMRI.se, was thus selected as a case for studying how a distributed Research Infrastructure was set up. At the time of its creation, the organisation constituted the largest investment ever made by the Swedish Research Council in a medical Research Infrastructure. The organisation involved all Swedish universities with a medical faculty, in addition to two other universities. However, the organisation was marred by a number of controversies and would eventually fold in 2018. Aim: This dissertation is to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the construction of a medical large-scale distributed Research Infrastructure, and to understand the motivations and rationale of the experts who activate themselves in constructing it. Thus, the overall aim of this doctoral thesis is to identify the benefits and constraints of forming a large-scale medical, distributed Research Infrastructure. Specifically, this dissertation looks at a real-life case while comparing it to the available literature covering the development of Research Infrastructures as well as some of the theories covering mindsharing and collective entrepreneurship. The ambition is to contribute knowledge on the determining factors in bringing a large-scale infrastructure together as well as the risks associated with it. Hence, this dissertation asks the following research question: What are the principal lessons for researchers, entrepreneurs and funders that can be inferred from the formation of a large-scale distributed Research Infrastructure towards securing more sustainable prospects for similar, future endeavours? More precisely, this dissertation seeks to determine what the most debated topics are within the academic discourse on Research Infrastructures (study I), after which it looks at the factors involved in constructing shaping a distributed Research Infrastructure (study II). The study then endeavours to looks at some of the pitfalls and how managerial self-governance affects organisational failure (study III). The study then seeks to investigate the mind-set of the managers/pioneers involved in setting up BBMRI.se and if they perceive the organisation in a similar fashion for the other managers (study IV) and how they have reasoned behind their motivations for joining the initiative in the first place (study V). The overall results have endeavoured to elucidate what components are at work when forming such an infrastructure at an organisational level, but also to understand the reasoning and motivation that the individuals responsible in setting up the infrastructure might have had, and how their visions and/or actions may have impacted on the organisation. Method: Some various designs and data collection methods were used in this dissertation. Study I was a literature study carried out as a narrative review using the PRISMA statements as a guideline. Both the Web of Science (WOS) and PubMed databases were scoured for articles. Study II-V used qualitative, semi-structured interviews with BBMRI.se managers. All of these studies took on the form of iterative, directed content analyses, with the exception of study III, which was an inductive, directed content analysis. Results: Study I found that the most commonly discussed topics concerned the need for developing and expanding the use of "infrastructures". The findings indicated that the future of scientific research calls for a deeper and more widespread multidisciplinary forms of collaboration. Study II found that it is crucial to identify the potential collaborative and deliberative organisational elements of organisational team building already at the outset of establishing a distributed Research Infrastructure. The study also found that, contrary to suggestions of extant literature, the establishment of a distributed Research Infrastructure does not necessarily counteract organisational fragmentation. Study III identified that an organisation with high levels of task uncertainty and low levels of organisational integration will suffer from organisational fragmentation. The type of fragmentation manifested in BBMRI.se is best identified as a "fragmented adhocracy". This means that the organisation's mission statement is subject to diverse views, leading to goals that are separate, unstable and sometimes even conflicting, while also lacking in co-ordination. The study also found that the organisation lacked a "liaison device" and instead depended on a more traditional model of planning and control systems through its reliance on strategy documents and interim evaluation reports. This was in spite of the fact that this model is better suited for a more vertical organisational structure. Study IV investigated how managers/associates of BBMRI.se perceived the organisation's brand and the role of "mindsharing". The results showed that mindsharing occurred throughout the initial two stages ("Brand Strategic Analysis" and "Brand Identity"), but would disspate throughout the remaining two final stages ("Brand Operationalising", and "Post Implementation Reflections"). This resulted in a fragmented brand perception, which resulted in the failure of generating a "pull-effect" for the BBMRI.se brand. Study V looked at how collective entrepreneurial team cognition of the instigators behind BBMRI.se changes throughout the process of establishing the organisation. The study devised a new "action phase model", known as the "4 I's" of entrepreneurship, where each "I" elaborated on the entrepreneurial rationale behind the various stages of the creation process. These were "Intention", "Initiation", "Implementation" and "Introspection". The results illustrated that the respondents agreed that there was a need for BBMRI.se, while disagreeing on what the organisation should be doing and what its challenges consisted of. The homogenous mind-set would begin to dissipate once the "Initiation" stage was reached, declining further throughout the Implementation stage. Conclusion: The overall conclusions from study I-V have shown that distributed Research Infrastructures carries potential to form a platform to pool scientific research in the face of the ever-expanding sciences, where the demands of co-financing and scientific co-operation are becoming ever so pressing. In addition, distributed Research Infrastructures have the benefit of utilising initial synergy effects and using multidisciplinary teams. In line with the contention of Gibbons et al. (1994), this carries the potential of opening up new possibilities of scientific knowledge production. Provided there is a political incentive in place to allocate the necessary funding, the process of establishing a distributed Research Infrastructure can be done in a considerably swift timespan. However, there are several inherent risks. Most notably, there was a lack of "infrastructuring", as defined by Star and Bowker (2002). This means that scientists as well as the policy- makers should gradually learn together through a learning process about how to creating an effective large-scale infrastructure. This may have prevented mindsharing from becoming consolidated throughout the formation process (Aaker, 1996; Acuña, 2012; Azevedo, 2005; J. Griffin, 2009; Holt, 2016; Krishnan, Sullivan, Groza, & Aurand, 2013; Stevens, 2003). This, in turn, would also put an end to the collective entrepreneurship that had up till that point characterised BBMRI.se, in which the motivations and drivers of the initiators/managers, as well as their respective recollections of the same, were instrumental features (Cardon, Post, & Forster, 2017; Czarniawska-Joerges & Wolff, 1991; Sakhdari, 2016). Moreover, the integration of autonomous "National Champions" (leading scientists within their field) carries a risk of the "principal-agent" problem, which in turn can lead to "moral hazard" as the "National Champion(s)" may elect to undertake added risks, since someone else bears the cost of those risks (Holmstrom, 1982; Laffont & Martimort, 2002; Steets, 2010). There is also an over- whelming risk of organisational fragmentation, which, coupled with managerial neglect, may cause the eventual failure of the organisation.

Die Energiewende stellt eine der größten Herausforderungen der heutigen Zeit dar. Eine besondere Rolle bei der Umsetzung einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung spielt dabei die Windenergie. Die durch die Politik und den Markt vorgegebene Komplexität bei Planung, Bau und Betrieb von Windenergieanlagen sowie die geforderten Ziele zur Überführung von erneuerbaren Energien in einen freien Markt stellt ein Windenergieprojekt in Deutschland heute und auch in der Zukunft vor komplexe Aufgaben. Die größte Herausforderung dabei wird es sein, ein Windenergieprojekt trotz schwankender Einspeisevergütung, Veränderung politischer Rahmenbedingungen und auftretender negativer Strompreise wirtschaftlich stabil betreiben zu können. Diesen neuen Herausforderungen begegnen die Windindustrie und der Finanzsektor mit immer neuen Ideen. In diesem Kontext erfolgt im Rahmen der Arbeit eine Analyse aus der Perspektive des Global Commodity Chain Ansatzes, welche die Austauschbeziehungen zwischen der Windindustrie und dem Finanzsystem aufzeigen und Veränderungen in diesem System erklären soll. Ziel dabei war es, herauszufinden, ob Finanzialisierungsprozesse die Struktur, die Akteure und die Funktionen der Windindustrie beeinflussen, wie Finanzialisierungsprozesse die Governance der Warenkette Windenergie verändern und ob Veränderungen des institutionellen Rahmens Finanzialisierungsprozesse begünstigen. Der Begriff Finanzialisierungsprozess bezeichnet dabei die zunehmende Rolle und Bedeutung von finanziellen Motiven, Finanzmärkten und Finanzakteuren in einer Warenkette. Auf Grundlage der Forschungsfragen und aufgestellten Hypothesen wurden Indikatoren definiert, anhand derer eine Identifikation von Finanzialisierungsprozessen der Warenkette Windenergie möglich ist. Der wissenschaftliche Diskurs über Finanzialisierung wird dabei in den Global Commodity Chain Ansatz integriert und der Forschungsdiskurs um Global Commodity Chains somit erweitert. Die empirischen Ergebnisse, die sich auch auf zahlreiche Gespräche und Interviews mit Branchenexperten und Marktakteuren stützen, belegen, dass die Windindustrie finanzialisiert und von Finanzakteuren und Finanzmärkten Schritt für Schritt durchdrungen wird. Es zeichnet sich ab, dass diese Entwicklung jedoch erst am Anfang steht. Die qualitativen Ergebnisse der Interviews konnten mit quantitativen Daten aus Statistiken oder selbst erstellten Datenbanken verifiziert werden, was die aufgestellten Hypothesen zusätzlich bestätigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich durch Finanzialisierungsprozesse das Aufgabenfeld und der Einfluss des Finanzsektors mit seinen unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen innerhalb der Windindustrie stark gewandelt haben. So war der Einfluss des Finanzsektors bei einem Windenergieprojekt Anfang der 2000er Jahre meist nur auf die Bereitstellung von Fremdkapital und die Strukturierung einer Finanzierung beschränkt. Heute begegnen Finanzdienstleister den aus sich verändernden institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen resultierenden Herausforderungen mit immer neuen Finanzierungsformen und Finanzprodukten, wie die Analyse von Finanzierungsstrukturen in dieser Arbeit zeigt. Akteuren aus dem Finanzsektor und seinen unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen wird hierbei eine Schlüsselposition zuteil. Durch die umfangreichen Interviews konnte belegt werden, dass zum einen Dienstleistungen, Empfehlungen und Beratung mit Fokus auf Projekt- und Unternehmensfinanzierungen angeboten sowie Optimierungspotenziale von sich in Betrieb befindenden Windparks aufgezeigt werden. Zum anderen wurde gezeigt, dass Finanzakteure durch neue Finanzprodukte und Finanzdienstleistungen neue Kreisläufe von Wertschöpfung erschaffen. So konnten neue Finanzprodukte und Beteiligungsmodelle für Privatanleger und professionalisierte Investoren am Markt etabliert werden, welche mittlerweile zu einem festen Bestandteil der Windindustrie geworden sind. So belegt eine eigene Erhebung, dass Firmen aus dem ursprünglich produzierenden Gewerbe der Windindustrie mittlerweile auch maßgeblich als Finanzdienstleister in der Windindustrie auftreten. Diese Leistungen werden durch die Fähigkeit vervollständigt, Kapital in andere Kreisläufe zu transferieren. Bedingt durch die Schnittstellenposition der Finanzakteure zwischen Windindustrie und Finanzwirtschaft schaffen sie die Möglichkeit, Kapital von anderen Investmentbereichen wie dem Immobilien- oder Versicherungssektor in die Windindustrie zu transferieren und auch wieder zurück. Aufgrund dieser angebotenen Dienstleistungen können Finanzdienstleister durch verschiedene Beratungsmandate, Finanzprodukte und Zugang zu Windenergieprojekten gezielt Investmententscheidungen vorbereiten und Investitionsmöglichkeiten aufzeigen, was einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Lenkung und Steuerung der Wertschöpfungskette mit sich bringt. Finanzialisierungsprozesse haben somit stetig die Governance-Prozesse und Strukturen in der Windindustrie verändert und beeinflusst. Verstärkt werden diese Prozesse in der Wertschöpfungskette Windenergie durch Veränderungen des Investitionsverhaltens und des institutionellen Rahmens. So zeigt eine Korrelationsanalyse auf Grundlage einer selbst erstellten Datenbank für Fondsprodukte im Windenergiebereich, dass die prognostizierten Fondslaufzeiten stetig gesunken sind und Investoren einen immer kürzeren Anlagenhorizont wählen. Die Veränderungen des institutionellen Rahmens zeichnen sich durch eine anhaltende Niedrigzinspolitik, fehlende Investitionsmöglichkeiten, eine Liberalisierung des Sektors der erneuerbaren Energien und eine Überakkumulation von Kapital aus. Diese Überakkumulation von Kapital in der Windindustrie hat dazu geführt, dass Renditeerwartungen gesunken sind und gleichzeitig die Risikobereitschaft gestiegen ist, was durch die zahlreichen Interviews belegt werden konnte. Durch die niedrigen Renditeerwartungen eröffneten sich Finanzakteuren neue Möglichkeiten, um Windenergieprojekte finanziell neu zu strukturieren umso die Rendite zu verbessern. Die erhöhte Risikobereitschaft ermöglichte den Finanzdienstleistern neue und stärker risikobehaftete Produkte zu entwickeln und zu verkaufen. Diese Entwicklung führte zu krisenähnlichen Phänomenen in der Windindustrie, welche bereits heute aufgezeigt werden können. Dennoch ist noch nicht von einem Zusammenbruch oder Kollaps der Branche auszugehen. Eine mögliche Finanzialisierung bei der Durchdringung von erneuerbaren Energien im Mobilitäts- und Wärmesektor wird dabei eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. ; The energy revolution represents one of the greatest challenges of our times. Wind energy plays a special role within the implementation of sustainable energy supply. The increasing complexity of wind park planning, construction and operation, led by policy and economic developments, as well as the required targets for transferring renewable energies into a free market, is a difficult task for wind energy projects in Germany both today and in the future. Hereby the main challenge will be to operate an economically stable wind energy project despite fluctuating feed-in tariffs, changes to the political framework and occurring negative electricity prices. The wind industry and the financial sector are addressing these new challenges with new ideas. In this context, an analysis from the perspective of the Global Commodity Chain approach will be presented, which will show the relations between the wind industry and the financial system and explain changes and shifts in this system of exchange relationship. The aim was to find out whether financialization processes influenced the structure, the actors and the functions of the wind industry, how financialization processes changed the governance of the wind energy commodity chain and whether changes in the institutional framework favored financialization processes. The term financialization process refers to the increasing role and importance of financial motives, financial markets and financial actors in a commodity chain. Based on the research questions and the formulated hypotheses, indicators which made it possible to identify financialization processes in the wind energy commodity chain were defined. The scientific discourse on financialization has been integrated into the Global Commodity Chain approach, thus broadening the research discourse on Global Commodity Chains. The empirical results, which are also based on numerous discussions and interviews with industry experts and market players, show that the wind industry is being financialized and is gradually being penetrated by financial actors and financial markets. It appears that this development is only the beginning. The qualitative results of the interviews can be verified with quantitative data from statistics or self-created databases, which additionally confirmed the hypotheses. The results show that the field of activity and the influence of the financial sector with its advanced producer services has changed considerably within the wind industry. In the early 2000s, the influence of banks and financial service providers within a wind energy project was mostly limited to the provision of loan capital and the structuring of financing. Today, financial service providers are faced with the challenges arising from the changing institutional frameworks with ever new forms of financing and financial products, as the analysis of financing structures in this work shows. A key position will be given to service providers from the financial sector with advanced producer services. Through the extensive interviews, it could be proved that on the one hand, services, advice and consultancy with a focus on project and corporate financing are offered as well as optimization potentials of wind parks in operation. On the other hand, it has been found that new financial products and financial services create new circuits of value. New financial products and investment models for private investors and professionalized investors have been established on the market, and have now become an integral part of the wind industry. For example, an own survey shows that companies from the original manufacturing industry in the wind industry are now also playing a major role as financial services providers in the wind industry. These services are complemented by the ability to switch capital to other circuits of capital. Due to their interface position, financial actors are able to transfer capital from other investment sectors such as the real estate or insurance sector to the wind industry and also to return capital from the wind industry to other sectors. As a result of these services, financial services providers are able to prepare investment decisions by means of various advisory mandates, financial products and access to wind energy projects, and are able to point out investment opportunities, which has a considerable influence on the command and control of the commodity chain. Financialization processes have thus constantly changed and influenced the governance processes and structures in the wind industry. These processes have been strengthened in the wind energy commodity chain through changes in investment behavior and in the institutional framework. For example, a correlation analysis on a self-made database for fund products in the wind energy sector shows that the projected fund maturities have been steadily declining and investors have chosen an ever shorter investment horizon. Changes in the institutional framework are characterized by a sustained low-interest policy, lack of investment opportunities, liberalization of the renewable energy sector and over-accumulation of capital. The overaccumulation of capital in the wind industry has led to a decline in return expectations and an increase of the readiness to assume risk, which could be proved by the numerous interviews. The low return expectations opened up new possibilities for financial service providers to financially restructure wind energy projects to improve returns. The increased readiness to assume risk enabled financial service providers to develop and sell new and more risk-bearing products. This development leads to crisis-like phenomena in the wind industry, which are already visible today. Nevertheless, a breakdown or collapse of the industry is not anticipated. However, financialization could play a major role in possible future collapses, particularly if there is a penetration of renewable energies in the mobility and heat sector and this penetration is accompanied by further financialization.

It is well known that the human being does not learn in a meaningful way until the learning experience is not produced, does not manipulate, does not experience. it is not experienced. And it is that people, by nature, have the need to experiment in order to successfully achieve learning, the same goes for professional learning during the practicum and external practices. That is, the period where the initial training of professionals extends to areas outside university centers and professional schools, areas in which the main thing is not to reproduce learned content but to know how to act professionally, identifying and solving problems from the knowledge acquired and the scientific-technical argumentation analyzed and built in the training institutions. In short, learning from experience in the professional context, from experiential learning. Concept with which we could encompass everything that the author Dr. Miguel Zabalza develops in this work. In it, all the essential components for this practicum and the external practices are thoroughly broken down, the learning produced outside the institutional spaces of professional training, be the most profitable for the individuals who carry it out, and turn this experience into a formative sense. The work presents a thorough, useful and argued explanation of different topics that converge and give meaning to the practicum and external practices, which are: its curricular and institutional political nature, together with the vital experience it represents for the learning of students, an ideal and unique context where it occurs. As the author relates in its first pages, the practicum is not present in most of the works on Higher Education that are recently published, a fact that contrasts with the boom in credits and its greater presence in degrees. It is true that there is a literature and a broad "state of the art" on practicum, from which we can face the most important question, namely: how do you learn in practice?, and therefore, what would be the conditions that we should consider for this learning to occur? Despite this existing knowledge, a review of the programs by the author does not recall that there is still a lack of a clear theoretical foundation in the programs; where the organizational aspects do not predominate over the curricular ones; where an impact is sought beyond mere emotional satisfaction in students; and a constant review of relations and collaboration with internship centers, with more transparent agreements and programs in line with the moments and transformations that companies are currently undergoing. In our opinion, the work becomes a good "instruction manual" very valuable when it comes to planning with sense the stay of students in different areas and internship companies. It does not stop only to describe its own nature and analyze the possible elements of a practical model; rather, it proposes indicators and criteria to evaluate and interpret what happens in the practicum, with a guide at the end of the work that all Universities should take into account when programming and training their tutors. It is also an essential manual for those companies and institutions that receive all students; and that on numerous occasions, although they know how to show their skills, they do not really know what and how to teach what they do and know. As a conclusion of this review, it is worth highlighting the clarity of the contents, the simplicity when exposing something as complex and important as the practicum and external practices for the training of professionals from all areas. Therefore, the book becomes essential as a model where the tutoring of the practicum takes centerion, and where the tutor, from an appropriate policy of the institution, is also oriented and trained on and from his work as a tutor. ; Es bien sabido que el ser humano no aprende de forma significativa hasta que la experiencia de aprendizaje no se produce, no manipula, no experimenta… no se vivencia. Y es que las personas, por naturaleza, tenemos la necesidad de experimentar para poder alcanzar con éxito el aprendizaje, lo mismo ocurre con el aprendizaje profesional durante el practicum y las prácticas externas. Es decir, el período donde la formación inicial de profesionales se extiende a ámbitos fuera de los centros universitarios y escuelas profesionales, ámbitos en los que lo primordial no consiste en reproducir contenidos aprendidos sino en saber actuar profesionalmente, identificando y resolviendo los problemas desde el conocimiento adquirido y la argumentación científico-técnica analizada y construida en las instituciones de formación. En suma, aprender desde la experiencia en el contexto profesional, desde el aprendizaje experiencial. Concepto con el que podríamos englobar todo lo que el autor Dr. Miguel Zabalza desarrolla en esta obra. En él se desgranan de forma minuciosa todos los componentes imprescindibles para este practicum y las prácticas externas, el aprendizaje producido fuera de los espacios institucionales de formación profesional, sea lo más provechoso para los individuos que lo realizan, y se convierta dicha experiencia en todo un sentido formativo. La obra presenta una explicación minuciosa, útil y argumentada de diferentes temas que confluyen y otorgan significado al practicum y las prácticas externas, que son: su naturaleza curricular y política institucional, junto con la experiencia vital que representa para el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, un contexto idóneo y único donde éste se produce. Como relata el autor en sus primeras páginas, el practicum no está presente en la mayoría de las obras que sobre Educación Superior se publican recientemente, un hecho que contrasta con el auge en créditos y su mayor presencia en las titulaciones. Es cierto que hay una literatura y un amplio "estado del arte" sobre el prácticum, desde el cual podemos enfrentarnos a la cuestión más importante, a saber: ¿cómo se aprende en las prácticas?, y por tanto, ¿cuáles serían las condiciones que deberíamos considerar para que este aprendizaje se produzca? A pesar de este conocimiento existente, una revisión de los programas por el autor no recuerda que aún faltan una fundamentación teórica clara en los programas; donde los aspectos organizativos no predominen sobre los curriculares; donde se busque un impacto más allá de la mera satisfacción emocional en los estudiantes; y una revisión constante de las relaciones y colaboración con los centros de prácticas, con acuerdos y programas más transparentes y acordes con los momentos y transformaciones que están sufriendo las empresas actualmente. A nuestro juicio, la obra se convierte en un buen "manual de instrucciones" valiosísimo a la hora de planificar con sentido la estancia de los estudiantes en diferentes ámbitos y empresas de prácticas. No se detiene solo en describir su propia naturaleza y analizar los elementos posibles de un modelo practicas; sino que, propone indicadores y criterios para evaluar e interpretar lo que sucede en el prácticum, con una guía al final de la obra que deberían tener en cuenta todas las Universidades a la hora de programar y formar a sus tutores. También es un manual imprescindible para aquellas empresas e instituciones que reciben a todos los estudiantes; y que en numerosas ocasiones, si bien saben mostrar sus competencias, no saben realmente el qué y el cómo enseñar lo que hacen y saben. Como conclusión de esta recensión cabe destacar la claridad de los contenidos, la sencillez a la hora de exponer algo tan complejo e importante como es el practicum y las prácticas externas para la formación de profesionales de todas las áreas. Por lo que, el libro se vuelve esencial como un modelo donde toma protagonimos la tutorización del prácticum, y donde el tutor, desde una política adecuada de la institución, sea también orientado y formado sobre y desde su trabajo como tutor.

The circular economy is a strategy for reducing risks that result from the criticality of commodities in our economic system. Therefore, anticipatory planning of recycling infrastructure must consider the historical and future use of metals as well as detailed product characterizations. For bulk materials like plastics, industrial base metals (IBMs) such as steel, aluminum, copper, and precious metals (PM), e.g. gold, silver, palladium, well-established methodologies and a profound knowledge base exist that enable a detailed process modeling. Similar information is missing for a selected set of critical raw materials (S-CRMs), which are applied to a large extent in modern electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Although, being highly important for the producing industry and being related to potential future supply risks, a functional recycling from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is currently not practiced. This doctoral thesis focuses on the provision of WEEE product-centric information with a special emphasis on S-CRMs via the consolidation and further development of available methods to support the derivation of recycling strategies. Research is needed explicitly for gallium in integrated circuits (ICs), indium applied as indium tin oxide (ITO) in liquid crystal displays (LCD), rare earth elements (REEs) used in NdFeB magnets applied in hard disk drives (HDDs), and tantalum in tantalum capacitors applied on printed circuit boards (PCBs). Following a consecutive methodology, in a first step, S-CRMs will be identified and localized in WEEE flows via material flow analysis (MFA), and single WEEE products via recycling-oriented product characterization. In a second step, theoretically available mass flows of these S-CRMs and by-applied materials are quantified for EEE put-on-market (worldwide/Germany) and WEEE collected (Germany) in 2013. Recyclability of S-CRMs in selected WEEE applications is assessed via customized recycling processes. Data are then collated in a recycling barrier analysis investigating the framework for a successful recovery of S-CRMs. WEEE flow results indicate a lower relevance of S-CRM recovery from WEEE, as significantly higher yields can be gained by reducing losses in the primary production of S-CRMs, in subsequent refining steps, and in the manufacture of semi-finished products. However, supply risks typically accompanying the primary production routes of S-CRMs indeed suggest considering S-CRMs recycling from WEEE. Current recycling strategies of WEEE are solely optimized for the recovery of bulk and valuable materials. Results on the general pre-processing of WEEE show that S-CRM recovery is not the core focus, which results in their dilution with other materials in mechanical treatment. A later S-CRM recovery from generated output fractions is hardly possible. Together with the loss of S-CRMs, other valuable materials, such as gold or copper, are lost within those output fractions as well, due to limited liberation and separation techniques in mechanical treatment. Results from WEEE product analyses confirm the earlier indicated lower relevance of S-CRM recovery, as the mass fractions in the WEEE devices is rather low. However, selected liberated components contain high S-CRM mass fractions of up to 30-50% and are worth further end-of-life treatment. The typical design of WEEE devices often impedes a feasible recycling of the S-CRMs. Also, the technical identification of smaller components (e.g. tantalum capacitors and in particular ICs), which contain S-CRMs, is complex due to lacking well identifiable characteristics. Chemical analyses prove heavily fluctuating mass fractions of S-CRMs in WEEE components. Furthermore, they have a limited selectivity, as with the removal of materials carrying S-CRMs, other elements are unintentionally removed. This applies to valuable materials such as gold, copper in ICs and silver in tantalum capacitors. Also, contaminating elements are affected such as nickel in NdFeB magnets or even toxic heavy metals such as arsenic, chromium, lead, and antimony in LCD panels. Resulting from WEEE flow and WEEE product analyses, theoretically available mass flows of gallium from ICs, of indium from LCD panels, of REEs from NdFeB magnets in HDDs and of tantalum from tantalum capacitors are estimated. Results show that WEEE cannot solely cover the S-CRM demand to produce new similar goods currently occurring on the market. Furthermore, the subsequently performed recyclability assessments reveal that S-CRMs cannot be recycled with current practice. However, within this thesis individual approaches are presented, which enable the concentration of S-CRMs and other by-applied materials to provide them for appropriate end-processing steps. For instance, a thermal treatment of ICs, manual removal of tantalum capacitors and a chemical fractionation of LCD panels show promising recycling processes for liberation and separation of components and materials carrying S-CRMs. In conclusion, the generated fundamental product-centric information for WEEE products allows for the development of recycling strategies and supports the holistic recovery of all materials applied in WEEE such as S-CRMs, PMs, IBMs, and other bulk materials. Thus, an extension with additional non-product-related information enables the further development of general political recycling strategies implemented e.g. in the European WEEE directive, national laws or in in-house business plans of recycling facilities. Also, technical and economic recycling strategies are supported, which are used for the technical set-up in recycling plants and the selection of materials to be recovered in context of processing costs and expected revenues. ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ist eine Strategie zur Verringerung von Risiken, die sich aus der Kritikalität von Rohstoffen innerhalb unseres Wirtschaftssystems ergeben. Eine vorausschauende Planung der Recyclinginfrastruktur muss die historische und zukünftige Nutzung von Metallen mit Hilfe von detaillierten Produktcharakterisierungen berücksichtigen. Für Massenwaren wie Kunststoffe, industrielle Basismetalle (IBMs) wie etwa Stahl, Aluminium, Kupfer oder Edelmetalle (PMs), z. B. Gold Silber, Palladium, etablierte Methodik und eine fundierte Wissensbasis existieren, die eine detaillierte Prozessmodellierung ermöglichen. Adäquate Informationen fehlen indes für ein ausgewähltes Set von kritischen Rohstoffen (S-CRMs), die zu großen Anteilen in modernen Elektro- und Elektronikgeräten (EEE) eingesetzt werden. Obwohl diese kritischen Rohstoffe wichtige Grundstoffe für die produzierende Industrie sind und künftig Versorgungsrisiken bestehen, wird derzeit kein funktionelles Recycling dieser Stoffe aus Elektro- und Elektronikaltgeräten (WEEE) praktiziert. Diese Dissertation fokussiert sich auf die Bereitstellung von produktzentrischen Information über WEEE mit einem besonderen Schwerpunkt auf S-CRMs, um durch die Konsolidierung und Weiterentwicklung verfügbarer Methoden die Ableitung von Recyclingstrategien zu ermöglichen. Forschungsbedarf bei S-CRMs besteht im Wesentlichen immer noch für Gallium in integrierten Schaltkreisen (ICs), Indium in Indiumzinnoxid (ITO) in Flüssigkristallanzeigen (LCD), Seltenerdelemente (SEE) in NdFeB Magneten in Festplatten und Tantal in Tantalkondensatoren, eingesetzt auf Leiterplatten. Einer konsekutiven Methodik folgend werden in dieser Arbeit in einem ersten Schritt S-CRMs in WEEE Massenflüssen durch Materialflussanalysen (MFA) und in WEEE-Produkten durch eine Recycling-orientierte Produktcharakterisierung identifiziert. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die theoretisch verfügbaren Massenströme, die durch neue Produkte auf den Markt gebracht werden mit den Massenströmen verglichen, die durch die formelle Sammlung von WEEE dem Recycling als Potenzial zur Verfügung stehen. Es folgt eine praktische Bewertung der Rezyklierbarkeit von S-CRMs und anderer eingesetzter Materialien in WEEE-Produkten. Final werden alle generierten Informationen in einer Recyclingbarrieren-Analyse zusammengefasst, mit externen Daten erweitert, um die generellen Rahmenbedingungen für das Recycling von S-CRMs darzustellen. Ergebnisse aus den Massenflussanalysen zeigen nur eine geringe Relevanz der S-CRM Recyclingpotenziale in WEEE, da deutlich höhere Potenziale durch die Verringerung von Verlusten in der Primärproduktion ausgeschöpft werden können. Allerdings ergibt sich durch künftige Versorgungsrisiken die Notwendigkeit auch aus WEEE zu rezyklieren. Die derzeitigen Recyclingstrategien von WEEE sind grundsätzlich auf die Rückgewinnung von Massen- und stark werthaltigen Materialien ausgelegt. Ergebnisse aus der Massenflussanalyse in einer Erstbehandlungsanlage zeigt, dass S-CRMs sich in der mechanischen Aufbereitung stark in den Hauptstoffströmen verdünnen. Eine spätere Rückgewinnung ist kaum möglich. Dies gilt allerdings auch für andere, stark werthaltige Materialien wie Gold, Silber oder Kupfer, da die Zerkleinerungs- und Trenntechniken der mechanischen Aufbereitung stark begrenzt sind. Ergebnisse aus den WEEE Produktanalyse bestätigen die Annahme der geringen Relevanz des S-CRMs Recyclings, die die Massenanteile in WEEE Produkten gering sind. Jedoch können durch gezielte Liberalisierung einzelner Bauteile und Materialien hohe S-CRM Massenanteile von bis zu 30-50% erreicht werden, die eine weitere Aufbereitung wert sind. Hierbei spielt das Produktdesign eine große Rolle, da es das funktionale Recycling eher behindert. Dies ist vor allem durch die komplexe technische Identifikationsmöglichkeit kleinerer Komponenten (z. B. Tantalkondensatoren oder ICs) zu erklären. Chemische Analysen zeigen stark schwankende Massenanteile der S-CRMs in WEEE Geräten und Komponenten. Darüber hinaus konnte eine stark begrenzte Selektivität bei der gezielten Separierung S-CRM haltiger Bauteile nachgewiesen werden. Andere Stoffe, teilweise wertvolle Edelmetalle, werden unter Umständen abgetrennt. Diese gilt allerdings auch für Kontaminanten, die Rückgewinnungsprozesse stören können. Ergebnisse der Analyse der theoretisch verfügbaren Massenströme zeigen, dass ein Recycling von WEEE momentan nicht die Nachfrage an S-CRMs für die Herstellung momentan auf den Markt gebrachter neuer Geräte decken kann. Die Rezyklierbarkeitsanalyse zeigt, dass aktuelle Recyclingsysteme dieses Recycling nicht leisten kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden jedoch individuelle Ansätze vorgestellt, die eine Aufkonzentration von S-CRMs und anderen eingesetzten Materialien ermöglichen. Es lässt sich zusammenfassen, dass die erarbeiteten produktzentrischen Informationen die Entwicklung von Recyclingstrategien für WEEE Produkte ermöglichen und hierbei einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz fördern. Ein Fokus auf S-CRM Recycling sollte nicht gesetzt werden, da nur das ganzheitliche Recycling ökonomische und ökologische Vorteile bringt. Durch die Erweiterung der in dieser Arbeit generierten mit externen, nicht produktzentrischen Informationen können politische Recyclingstrategien, wie zum Beispiel verankert in Gesetzgebung (Europäische WEEE Richtlinie, Elektro-G) oder in individuellen Businessplänen von Recyclingbetrieben entwickelt werden. Darüber hinaus werden technische und ökonomische Recyclingstrategien unterstützt, die direkt die Auswahl der zurückzugewinnenden Materialien beeinflussen und somit das technische Set-Up von Recyclingprozessen innerhalb der Recyclingkette im Zusammenhang der Prozesskosten und der erwarteten Erlöse definieren.

In Canada, translation has been conceptualized within multi-layered and interwoven historical and political processes of nation building. One strand of these processes is the country's language policy, known as "official bilingualism". This national construct is so entrenched that the Federal government has not perceived a need to pair Canada's language laws with any legislation on translation. Despite this void, or perhaps because of it, the professional translation market first emerged as a corollary of official bilingualism, and it remains inflected by its a priori, which have also driven the design of university translator training programs. In giving English and French preferred status over all other "minority" languages that once were (i.e. Indigenous languages) and/or might become (i.e. Ukrainian, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Urdu, etc.) vehicular languages in certain regions or cities, public policy, which includes content and funding of university programs, has also restricted translator training to "official languages". This paper presents some preliminary data from a project aimed at proposing models for "post-bilingual" language and translation policies. More precisely, it focuses on one of Canada's most linguistically heterogeneous spaces–Toronto–and its multilingual translation policy. Drawing on González Núñez' adaptation of Spolsky's language planning model, I argue in favour of a new set of language and translation policies that countenance disparate and, at times, contradictory linguistic realities across and within Canada's post-bilingual zones, foregrounding elements that might inform evidence-based policies. Also informed by language rights research (e.g. De Schutter), this paper also serves as a preliminary discussion of language and translation policies that might be the springboard for new models of translator training that would ensure equal access to translation services for speakers of minority languages. ; En Canadá, la conceptualización de la traducción ha estado imbricada en complejos procesos históricos y políticos de construcción de la nación. Una de las vertientes de estos procesos es la política lingüística, conocida en Canadá como el "bilingüismo oficial". Este modelo nacional se ha arraigado a tal punto que el gobierno federal canadiense no ha percibido la necesidad de acompañar las leyes lingüísticas del país con legislación relativa a la traducción. A pesar de este vacío, o quizás incluso a causa del mismo, el mercado de la traducción profesional surgió inicialmente como un corolario del bilingüismo oficial, y sigue estando bajo la influencia de esta relación de origen, la cual ha también orientado el diseño curricular de los programas de formación universitarios. Al otorgarle al francés y al inglés un estatus preferencial con respecto a otras lenguas "minoritarias", algunas de las cuales eran lenguas vehiculares en ciertas regiones o ciudades (tales como las lenguas Indígenas) y otras que podrían serlo (tales como el ucraniano, el español, el chino, el árabe, el urdu, etc.) la política pública, que contempla el contenido y la financiación de los programas universitarios, también ha restringido la formación de traductoras y traductores a las "lenguas oficiales". Este trabajo presenta datos preliminares de un proyecto cuyo objetivo es el de proponer modelos de políticas lingüísticas y de traducción "postbilingües". Específicamente, se centra en Toronto, uno de los espacios canadienses de mayor heterogeneidad lingüística, y en su política de traducción multilíngüe. Con base en la adaptación del modelo de planeación lingüística de Spolsky que realizó González Núñez, el artículo presenta un argumento en favor de políticas lingüísticas y de traducción nuevas que respondan a las realidades lingüísticas marcadamente distintas y en ocasiones incluso contradictorias que se encuentran a lo largo de las zonas postbilingües de Canadá. La propuesta resalta elementos para una política basada en datos empíricos. El artículo parte también de investigaciones sobre derechos linguísticos (tal como el de De Schutter) y busca, desde este punto de vista, servir de base para una discusión preliminar para la creación de políticas lingüísticas y de traducción que sirvan para generar nuevos modelos de formación de traductoras y traductores orientados hacia la igualdad de acceso a servicios de traducción para los hablantes de lenguas minoritarias. ; Au Canada, la traduction est née de processus de construction de la nation, qu'ils fussent historiques ou politiques, imbriqués et multi-couches. Un des volets de ces processus est la politique linguistique du pays, « le bilinguisime officiel ». Cette construction nationale est tellement enracinée que le gouvernement fédéral n'a aucunement ressenti le besoin de conjuguer aux lois linguistiques une législation de la traduction. Malgré ce vide, ou peut-être grâce à lui, le marché professionnel de la traduction est né en réponse au bilinguisme officiel et il reste influencé par ses a priori, qui ont, par là même, conditionné la conception des programmes universitaires de formation des traducteurs. En donnant à l'anglais et au français un statut privilégié par rapport à toutes les autres langues « minoritaires » existant autrefois (les langues autochtones) et/ou les langues véhiculaires (ukrainien, espagnol, chinois, arabe, urdu, etc.) de certaines régions ou villes, les politiques publiques, qui touchent le contenu et le financement des programmes universitaires, ont également restreint les formations en traduction aux « langues officielles ». Cet article présente les données préliminaires d'un projet dont le but est de proposer des modèles de politiques linguistiques post-bilingues et une politique de la traduction. Plus précisément, ce travail s'attache à un des espaces les plus hétérogènes au niveau linguistique au Canada, Toronto, et à sa politique de traduction multilingue. En s'appuyant sur l'adaptation que González Núñez fait du modèle d'aménagement linguistique de Spolsky, je propose un nouvel ensemble de politiques linguistiques et de la traduction qui inclut des réalités linguistiques disparates, et parfois contradictoires, dans les zones post-bilingues au Canada, mettant en avant des éléments qui pourraient façonner des politiques qui seraient fondées sur des informations factuelles. Cet article, également inspiré par la recherche en droits linguistiques (par ex. De Schutter), sert de discussion préliminaire au sujet de politiques linguistiques et de politiques de traduction qui pourraient servir de tremplin pour de nouveaux modèles de formation des traducteurs, lesquels garantiraient un accès égal aux services de traduction pour les locuteurs de langues minoritaires. ; No Canadá, a tradução sempre foi conceituada no seio de processos históricos e politicos multidimensionais e imbricados, ligados à construção da nação. Uma das vertentes destes processos é a política linguística, conhecida como "bilinguismo official". Este construto nacional é tão enraizado, que o Governo Federal não reconhece a necessidade de adequar as leis canadenses relacionadas às línguas com qualquer legislação sobre a tradução. Apesar dessa lacuna – ou, talvez, em decorrência dela – o mercado profissional de tradução surgiu inicialmente como um corolário do bilinguismo official e se mantém determinado por este a priori, o que também orientou a formulação de programas de treinamento de tradutoras nas universidades. Ao privilegiar o inglês e o francês em detrimento de outras línguas "minoritárias" que já foram (ex., línguas indígenas) e/ou podem se tornar (ex. ucraniano, espanhol, chinês, árabe, urdu, etc) veiculares em certas regiões ou cidades, as políticas públicas, que incluem o conteúdo curricular e o financiamento de programas de formação universitária, têm também restringido o treinamento de tradutoras às "línguas oficiais". Este trabalho apresenta dados preliminares de um projeto que propõe modelos para políticas linguísticas pós-bilíngues e relacionadas à tradução. De modo específico, focalizamos Toronto, um dos espaços mais heterogêneos linguisticamente, e sua política de tradução multilíngue. Com base na adaptação do modelo de planejamento linguístico de Spolsky, proposta por González Núñez, defendemos uma série de políticas linguísticas e de tradução para compor as realidades díspares e, não raro, contraditórias nas regiões pós-bilíngues do Canadá, ressaltando os elementos que poderão informar as políticas de base empírica. Com o respaldo de pesquisa no campo dos direitos linguísticos (ex. De Schutter), este trabalho também apresenta uma discussão preliminar sobre políticas linguísticas e de tradução que poderá impulsionar a elaboração de novos modelos de formação para tradutoras, que garantam às falantes de línguas minoritárias acesso igualitário aos serviços de tradução.

The first political trame of the Venezuela urban history, established by "La Comisión Municipal de Urbanismo"in 1937;"La Dirección de Urbanismo","El Plan Monumental de Caracas' in 1939 and the 1952 and 1954 Caracas planimetry regulation plan, ruled the urban planning development and appointed a new social and institutional order.With the single-family house concept as a study unit, the first city densification process was established, following an open connected set of statutes and urban plans, during the 1945-1965 period.For which it is of undoubtedly testimonial value in the city's morphological growth. From the simplicity of Armando Reveron's El Castillete in 1920 and Carlos Raúl Villanueva's Caoma 1951-1952 and Sotavento 1957-1958 at the littoral central coast; as well as Dirk Bornhorst's Hato Hamburgo1956 and Klaus Heufer's Quinta 'H' 1960 in Caracas, are clear examples of the constructive outthrust in which the house is built using the single-family house concept.lnitial demonstrations that compose the spirit of the time and the starting point of this study. The analysis explores processes architectonic, considering as a fact what belongs to the local place. A method that will prove,which ones are the great 'invariants' that a culture transmits and how they can be used as materials of the project. The single-family house concept developed by a group of foreigners architects, concretes the notion of modern will. Some of them lived in Venezuela ,in the United States; others went back to Europe; but, all of them made multiple contributions out of the experience they brought from their countries of origin.The method (means,way) of interaction with the local scenery sets the introduction to the first steps of the project activity between the local people, the outsiders and the landscape. However,it is just only through the single-family house concept that the following personalities stand out: Jan Gorecki (1914), Russian origin; Klaus Heufer (1923) and Dirk Bornhorst (1927), both born in Germany; Richard Neutra (1892-1970), Austrian origin;Arthur Khan (1910) born in lstanbul, Turkey and finally: Gio Ponti (1897-1970), Domenico Fillipone(1903-1976), Athos Albertoni (1905-1977) and Guido Guazzo (1930), all of ltalian precedence.The significance of the whole process goes far beyond the constructive assorted offer; there existed a concentrated and significant amount of architectural requests at national level; mainly, impelled by and as a consequence of an intense and profitable oíl activity, between 1945 and 1965. During this period, the European architects, the Venezuelan ones and their clients, showed an ostensible national leadership. They constitute a generation that prompted the construction of a new stage in the local architecture.The typology of the single-family house projected by these professionals was driven in a particular way during the mentioned period, reached an important grade of development and a great conceptual and formal quality.Their own houses play a main role in the repertory that composes this investigation (investigative work) and with them,through them; we reach the point of defining the modern will in the single-family house concept. Over this ordered plan and putting into execution,we recognized the customs transmitted from one generation to another-the requirements and the mixture.The passing from the landed property colonial house toward the 'Quinta' and the modern single-family house concept, as a model of expansion of the city and under a plastic focalization at which the open plant is recognized as a principie of spatial organization, open forms, as a general concept.The court, as an architectonic element susceptible to new possibilities of interpretation.The modern will in the single-family house it's a permanent invitation to bring an interior habitable space to the exterior, which is so typical from Caracas and that indeed extended the space farther beyond the own limits of the volume. ; El primer marco político de la historia urbana venezolana que constituye la Comisión Municipal de Urbanismo en 1937, la Dirección de Urbanismo, el Plan Monumental de Caracas de 1939 y la información planimétrica del plan regulador de Caracas 1952 y 1954 regularon el desarrollo la planificación urbana del país y señalaron un nuevo orden social e institucional. Con la vivienda unifamiliar unidad de estudio se estableció la primera densificación de la ciudad siguiendo un conjunto abierto de ordenanzas y planes urbanos, durante el periodo de 1945 a 1965. Por lo que es indudable su valor testimonial en el desarrollo morfológico de la ciudad. Desde el sencillo Castillete 1920 de Armando Reverán, las casas de la ciudad y del litoral central tales como: Caoma 1951-52 y Sotavento 1957-58 de Carlos Raúl Villanueva, el Hato Hamburgo 1956, de Dirk Bornhorts y la Quinta "H" 1960, de Klaus Heufer son ejemplos del empuje constructivo en el que se hace la ciudad con la vivienda unifamiliar. Demostraciones iniciales que componen el espíritu de la época y el punto de partida de este estudio. El análisis explora procesos específicamente arquitectónicos, considerando como hecho clave lo que pertenece al lugar o viene de otro país. Un método que comprobará, cuáles son las grandes "invariantes" que una cultura transmite y de qué manera se pueden utilizar como materiales de proyecto. La vivienda unifamiliar desarrollada por un grupo de profesionales foráneos concretan la noción de voluntad moderna. Algunos se radicaron en Venezuela, en los Estados Unidos; otros regresaron a Europa, pero todos hicieron múltiples contribuciones a partir de la experiencia que traían desde sus lugares de origen. El medio de interacción con el paisaje es la introducción de los primeros pasos de la actividad proyectual entre el hombre local, los forasteros y el paisaje. Sin embargo, solo a través de los proyectos de viviendas unifamiliares se destacan las siguientes personalidades: Jan Gorecki (1914) de origen ruso; Klaus Heufer (1923) y Dirk Bornhorst (1927) -ambos nacidos en Alemania; Richard Neutra (1892-1970), de origen austríaco; Arthur Kahn (1910) nacido en Estambul, Turquía; y finalmente, Gio Ponti (1897-1970), Domenico Fillipone (1903-1976), Athos Albertoni (1905-1977) y Guido Guazzo (1930), todos de procedencia italiana. La significación va más allá del surtido constructivo: existió una concentración de encargos a nivel nacional como una consecuencia impulsada por la actividad petrolera entre 1945 y 1965. Durante este periodo los arquitectos europeos, los arquitectos venezolanos y junto con los clientes, ostentaron un sólido liderazgo nacional. Constituyen la generación que impulsó la construcción de una nueva etapa de la arquitectura local. La tipología de la vivienda unifamiliar proyectada por estos profesionales fue impulsada de forma particular en el lapso señalado, alcanzó un importante grado de desarrollo y gran calidad conceptual y formal. Sus propias viviendas forman parte del repertorio de esta investigación y con ellas se logra definir la voluntad moderna en la vivienda unifamiliar. Sobre este planteamiento de ordenación se reconocen las costumbres que se trasmitieron de generación en generación -los resquisios y la mezcla-. El paso de la casa de hacienda colonial hacia la quinta y la casa unifamiliar moderna como modelo de expansión de la ciudad bajo un enfoque plástico en el que se reconoce el empleo de la planta libre como un principio organización espacial, las formas abiertas, como un concepto general. El patio, como elemento arquitectónico susceptible a nuevas posibilidades de interpretación. La voluntad moderna en la vivienda unifamiliar. La benevolencia del clima tropical constituye una invitación a llevar el espacio habitable del interior al exterior que son tan caraqueños como tropicales y que en efecto extendieron el espacio más allá de los propios límites del volumen ; Postprint (published version)

The first political trame of the Venezuela urban history, established by "La Comisión Municipal de Urbanismo"in 1937;"La Dirección de Urbanismo","El Plan Monumental de Caracas' in 1939 and the 1952 and 1954 Caracas planimetry regulation plan, ruled the urban planning development and appointed a new social and institutional order.With the single-family house concept as a study unit, the first city densification process was established, following an open connected set of statutes and urban plans, during the 1945-1965 period.For which it is of undoubtedly testimonial value in the city's morphological growth. From the simplicity of Armando Reveron's El Castillete in 1920 and Carlos Raúl Villanueva's Caoma 1951-1952 and Sotavento 1957-1958 at the littoral central coast; as well as Dirk Bornhorst's Hato Hamburgo1956 and Klaus Heufer's Quinta 'H' 1960 in Caracas, are clear examples of the constructive outthrust in which the house is built using the single-family house concept.lnitial demonstrations that compose the spirit of the time and the starting point of this study. The analysis explores processes architectonic, considering as a fact what belongs to the local place. A method that will prove,which ones are the great 'invariants' that a culture transmits and how they can be used as materials of the project. The single-family house concept developed by a group of foreigners architects, concretes the notion of modern will. Some of them lived in Venezuela ,in the United States; others went back to Europe; but, all of them made multiple contributions out of the experience they brought from their countries of origin.The method (means,way) of interaction with the local scenery sets the introduction to the first steps of the project activity between the local people, the outsiders and the landscape. However,it is just only through the single-family house concept that the following personalities stand out: Jan Gorecki (1914), Russian origin; Klaus Heufer (1923) and Dirk Bornhorst (1927), both born in Germany; Richard Neutra (1892-1970), Austrian origin;Arthur Khan (1910) born in lstanbul, Turkey and finally: Gio Ponti (1897-1970), Domenico Fillipone(1903-1976), Athos Albertoni (1905-1977) and Guido Guazzo (1930), all of ltalian precedence.The significance of the whole process goes far beyond the constructive assorted offer; there existed a concentrated and significant amount of architectural requests at national level; mainly, impelled by and as a consequence of an intense and profitable oíl activity, between 1945 and 1965. During this period, the European architects, the Venezuelan ones and their clients, showed an ostensible national leadership. They constitute a generation that prompted the construction of a new stage in the local architecture.The typology of the single-family house projected by these professionals was driven in a particular way during the mentioned period, reached an important grade of development and a great conceptual and formal quality.Their own houses play a main role in the repertory that composes this investigation (investigative work) and with them,through them; we reach the point of defining the modern will in the single-family house concept. Over this ordered plan and putting into execution,we recognized the customs transmitted from one generation to another-the requirements and the mixture.The passing from the landed property colonial house toward the 'Quinta' and the modern single-family house concept, as a model of expansion of the city and under a plastic focalization at which the open plant is recognized as a principie of spatial organization, open forms, as a general concept.The court, as an architectonic element susceptible to new possibilities of interpretation.The modern will in the single-family house it's a permanent invitation to bring an interior habitable space to the exterior, which is so typical from Caracas and that indeed extended the space farther beyond the own limits of the volume. ; El primer marco político de la historia urbana venezolana que constituye la Comisión Municipal de Urbanismo en 1937, la Dirección de Urbanismo, el Plan Monumental de Caracas de 1939 y la información planimétrica del plan regulador de Caracas 1952 y 1954 regularon el desarrollo la planificación urbana del país y señalaron un nuevo orden social e institucional. Con la vivienda unifamiliar unidad de estudio se estableció la primera densificación de la ciudad siguiendo un conjunto abierto de ordenanzas y planes urbanos, durante el periodo de 1945 a 1965. Por lo que es indudable su valor testimonial en el desarrollo morfológico de la ciudad. Desde el sencillo Castillete 1920 de Armando Reverán, las casas de la ciudad y del litoral central tales como: Caoma 1951-52 y Sotavento 1957-58 de Carlos Raúl Villanueva, el Hato Hamburgo 1956, de Dirk Bornhorts y la Quinta "H" 1960, de Klaus Heufer son ejemplos del empuje constructivo en el que se hace la ciudad con la vivienda unifamiliar. Demostraciones iniciales que componen el espíritu de la época y el punto de partida de este estudio. El análisis explora procesos específicamente arquitectónicos, considerando como hecho clave lo que pertenece al lugar o viene de otro país. Un método que comprobará, cuáles son las grandes "invariantes" que una cultura transmite y de qué manera se pueden utilizar como materiales de proyecto. La vivienda unifamiliar desarrollada por un grupo de profesionales foráneos concretan la noción de voluntad moderna. Algunos se radicaron en Venezuela, en los Estados Unidos; otros regresaron a Europa, pero todos hicieron múltiples contribuciones a partir de la experiencia que traían desde sus lugares de origen. El medio de interacción con el paisaje es la introducción de los primeros pasos de la actividad proyectual entre el hombre local, los forasteros y el paisaje. Sin embargo, solo a través de los proyectos de viviendas unifamiliares se destacan las siguientes personalidades: Jan Gorecki (1914) de origen ruso; Klaus Heufer (1923) y Dirk Bornhorst (1927) -ambos nacidos en Alemania; Richard Neutra (1892-1970), de origen austríaco; Arthur Kahn (1910) nacido en Estambul, Turquía; y finalmente, Gio Ponti (1897-1970), Domenico Fillipone (1903-1976), Athos Albertoni (1905-1977) y Guido Guazzo (1930), todos de procedencia italiana. La significación va más allá del surtido constructivo: existió una concentración de encargos a nivel nacional como una consecuencia impulsada por la actividad petrolera entre 1945 y 1965. Durante este periodo los arquitectos europeos, los arquitectos venezolanos y junto con los clientes, ostentaron un sólido liderazgo nacional. Constituyen la generación que impulsó la construcción de una nueva etapa de la arquitectura local. La tipología de la vivienda unifamiliar proyectada por estos profesionales fue impulsada de forma particular en el lapso señalado, alcanzó un importante grado de desarrollo y gran calidad conceptual y formal. Sus propias viviendas forman parte del repertorio de esta investigación y con ellas se logra definir la voluntad moderna en la vivienda unifamiliar. Sobre este planteamiento de ordenación se reconocen las costumbres que se trasmitieron de generación en generación -los resquisios y la mezcla-. El paso de la casa de hacienda colonial hacia la quinta y la casa unifamiliar moderna como modelo de expansión de la ciudad bajo un enfoque plástico en el que se reconoce el empleo de la planta libre como un principio organización espacial, las formas abiertas, como un concepto general. El patio, como elemento arquitectónico susceptible a nuevas posibilidades de interpretación. La voluntad moderna en la vivienda unifamiliar. La benevolencia del clima tropical constituye una invitación a llevar el espacio habitable del interior al exterior que son tan caraqueños como tropicales y que en efecto extendieron el espacio más allá de los propios límites del volumen ; Postprint (published version)

The general objective of this thesis is to improve the quality of a certain Sustainability Objectives (OS) and Material Flows Indicators (IFM) to propose a set of Sustainability Indicators for the Sustainable Planning of coastal tourist destinations, through a systemic methodological process structured in 8 chapters: Chapter II elaborates on tourism itself and on the paradigm of sustainable development. The term Sustainable Tourism is an updated definition of Sustainable Tourism by the UNWTO (1993). The knowledge of the institutional debate of the strategies for sustainable development, and the discussion with experts in sustainable tourism and urban sustainability inside the doctorate group (focus group), made possible in Chapter III to update and improve the quality of the OS by stating 4 imperative ones, from which the "To change the patterns of production and consumption of material resources" was taken as a starting point for the proposals in this thesis given that reviewing and improving their resource management models would guarantee the closing of the material cycles in the technical processes in order to maintain and increase the utility value of touristic appeal, that the landscape is. In Chapters IV and V a case study for Alcossebre a town on the Mediterranean coast in the Valencian Community is chosen. This place is an example of the tourist model of sun and beach. It was characterized to know about its territorial problems, the dynamics of material resources and the relationships of the users with the territory and resources. Territorially speaking it is an urban dispersed model. A SWOT analysis, elicits the potential and limitations of the place as a tourist destination as well as the contributions of the population in regard to their perception towards the presence of tourism in it. Through a face-to-face survey. The results show that the population weights tourism as a generator of economic benefits and minimizes their potential environmental impacts. A model of sustainable resource management involves designing reliable indicators for decision-making and to know about their results over time. The indicators report how the technical processes are being carried out and alert when values are moving away from the desirable parameters. In Chapter VI, the instruments to conceptualize and design the indicators sets (organizational models and scientific approaches) are studied. The resulting indicators allow the outlining of a first IFM set (water, energy and waste) and Territory for tourist use, which is enriched with the results from the case study. The suggested set is evaluated in Chapter VII through the discussion in the focus group by weighting the criteria for the design of indicators. This would be the first round of the Delphi survey where 26 experts would seek consensus on the results obtained during this research, and where they would give recommendations and corrections to refine the final result. In Chapter VIII, the conclusions and contributions from this work based on the discussion of the hypotheses and specific objectives set in Chapter I are presented, namely: A set of sustainability indicators relative to the material flows and to the territory for tourism use was validated through a Delphi survey and via an innovative methodological process to derive it that was indeed a major contribution from this thesis. Also a main conclusion is given in the sense that the tourist phenomenon and its problems should be addressed by interdisciplinary professional teams for decision-making and that indicators of materials flows and territory are reliable to form a tool for decision support because of their universal and traversal character, but they must be complemented by other indicators of a social, economic and political nature to provide integrated answers within the paradigm of sustainability. ; El objetivo general de la tesis es mejorar la calidad de unos Objetivos de Sostenibilidad (OS) e Indicadores de Flujos de Materiales (IFM) para proponer una Batería de Indicadores de Sostenibilidad para la Planificación Sostenible de destinos turísticos costeros, por medio de un proceso metodológico sistémico estructurado en 8 capítulos: En el Capítulo II se profundiza en el paradigma de la sostenibilidad del desarrollo y el turismo. Se actualiza el término de Turismo Sostenible reformulando la primera definición de Turismo Sostenible de la OMT (1993). El conocimiento del debate institucional de las estrategias para un desarrollo sostenible, su discusión con expertos en turismo sostenible y sostenibilidad urbana al interno del doctorado (focus group), hizo posible en el Capítulo III, actualizar y mejorar la calidad de los OS, enunciándose 4 prioritarios, de los cuales, el ¿Cambiar los patrones de producción y consumo de los recursos materiales¿ se tomó como punto de partida para la propuesta objeto de esta tesis, ya que revisar y mejorar los modelos de gestión de sus recursos garantizaría el cierre de los ciclos materiales en los procesos técnicos para mantener e incrementar el valor de utilidad del atractivo turístico, que es el paisaje. En los Capítulos IV y V, se elige un caso de estudio. Alcossebre, en la costa Mediterránea de la Comunidad Valenciana. Este lugar, de estructura territorial difusa, es ejemplo del modelo turístico de sol y playa. Se ha caracterizado para conocer su problemática territorial, la dinámica de los recursos materiales y las relaciones de los usuarios con el territorio y los recursos. Un análisis DAFO, da cuenta de las potencialidades y limitaciones del lugar como destino turístico así como los aportes de la población en cuanto a su percepción hacia la presencia turística, a través de una encuesta presencial. Los resultados generales muestran que la población pondera al turismo como generador de beneficios económicos y minimiza sus posibles impactos ambientales. Un modelo de gestión sostenible de los recursos implica diseñar indicadores fiables para la toma de decisiones y conocer sus resultados en el tiempo. Los indicadores informan de cómo se están llevando a cabo los procesos técnicos y alertan cuando los valores se están alejando de los parámetros deseables. En el Capítulo VI, se estudian los instrumentos para conceptualizar y diseñar una batería de indicadores, esto es, los Modelos de organización y enfoques científicos. Los indicadores emanados permiten esbozar una primera batería de IFM (agua, energía y residuos) y territorio de uso turístico, enriquecida con los resultados del estudio del caso. Esta batería propuesta se evalúa en el Capítulo VII a través de su discusión entre el focus group ponderando los criterios para el diseño de indicadores. Ésta sería la 1ª de tres rondas de la Encuesta Delphi en la que 26 expertos consensuarían los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de esta investigación, harían sus recomendaciones y correcciones para ajustar el resultado final. En el Capítulo VIII, se presentan las conclusiones y aportaciones de este trabajo a partir de las discusión de las hipótesis de trabajo y objetivos específicos planteados en el Capítulo I: Una Batería de Indicadores de Sostenibilidad relativos a los flujos de materiales y al territorio de uso turístico consensuada y validada a través de una encuesta Delphi y una Metodología sistémica iterativa como aportaciones de esta tesis. Y como conclusiones, que los indicadores de flujos de materiales y territorio son fiables para conformar una herramienta de ayuda a la decisión por su carácter universal y transversal, pero deben complementarse con otros de tipo social, económico y político para dar respuestas integradas dentro del paradigma de la sostenibilidad, y que en la toma de decisiones, es importante la participación interdisciplinar de profesionales e intervinientes interesados en lo turístico, para soluciones holísticas. ; Postprint (published version)

This research focuses on the use and practice of Competitive Intelligence within the Spanich pharmaceutical sector, as a tool to be used in decision making. For that purpose, it is necessary to perform each step of the IC methdology, in order to identify strengths and weaknesses of competing firms and the own, to plan strategies for the benefit and growth of the pharmaceutical industry in Spain. This is for laboratories and companies regarless of their origin either national or foreign companies affiliated with Farmaindustria and Plan Profarma for the period 2008-2011. The research is founded on the basis of four research questions that expose the following: 1) The characteristics of Competitive intelligence and its practice within pharmaceutical companies of Spain; 2) The contribution of the CI in the process of R&D in the pharmaceutical firms; 3) Enablings and inhibiting factors of innovation, patents and CI, in Spain; and 4) The influence of CI in the chain of product development in the pharmaceutical firms in Spain. The proposal of the methodology is established by considering the aforementioned background and disciplines from which this research is based, espefically CI, R&D+i and patents. First of all, through the stages of the CI cycle, planning, evaluation of sources, information gathering, data processing, analysis (qualitative techniques) and results three work phases were established to conduct the research methodology, 1) a database of 200 pharmaceutical companies was created including fields to be filled about general data, innovation, therapies, and so on. 2) the implementation of a survey of 155 companies with open-ended questions on the themes of R&D, innovation, industrial property, CI and other questions. Finally, 3) a patents analysis though "Matheo Patent software" to identify business leaders, countries, inventors, technology, patent officess, etc. Results indicate the use of the CI in pharmaceutical firms even if the steps of the methodology are often not applied in structured form. Large enterprises give more attention to this type of activities, while SMEs lean towards other interests on the operations, on small innovations found on the way. Among the main perceived needs, it is highlighted the lack of investment in R&D, because the development of innovative new drug is long, expensive and with a rate of slow and uncertain recovery. 25% of pharmaceutical firms performing R&D, record a low rate of innovation, but the market for generic drugs and beauty products increases gradually. It was noted that a variety of information sources and tools for information on the area of interest, with the aim of providing a competitive advantage over the competition. However, there are also factors that impede the efficient and continuous development of the IC as a tool for innovation, since those are processes that must adapt to the changing political, social and cultural environmen as it is the case of research for innovative products and services that pharmaceuticl firms can provide to society. Finally and in the vace of the many possibilities the pharmaceutical industry provides, future research lines are proposed: Knowledge management (KM) to check the status of the company through the transmission of information and skills to their employees, while the external knowledge will indicate what happens in the market; patent analysis to identify whether what has been patented in the last 5-7 years, is still in the market as well as checking product whose patent is about to get due. ; Esta investigación se enfoca en el uso y práctica de la inteligencia competitiva dentro del sector farmacéutico español como una herramienta para ser utilizada en la toma de decisiones. Para ello, es necesario realizar cada paso de la metodología de IC, con la finalidad de identificar puntos fuertes y débiles de las empresas competidoras y las propias para planear las estrategias en beneficio y crecimiento de la industria farmacéutica en España. Esto es para: laboratorios y empresas indistintamente del origen de su procedencia, es decir, empresas nacionales y extranjeras afiliadas a Farmaindustria y al Plan Profarma en el periodo 2008-2011. La investigación se realizó a partir de cuatro preguntas de investigación que exponen lo siguiente: 1) las características de la inteligencia competitiva y sus prácticas dentro de las empresas farmacéuticas de España; 2) la contribución de la IC en el proceso de I+D en las farmacéuticas; 3) los factores facilitadores e inhibidores de innovación, de patentes y de IC en las farmacéuticas en España, así como los de la IC; y, 4) la influencia que tiene la IC en la cadena de desarrollo de productos en las firmas farmacéuticas de España. El planteamiento de la metodología se establece al considerar antecedentes expuestos y disciplinas en las que se base esta investigación, concretamente la IC, I+D+i y patentes. En primer lugar, a través de las etapas del ciclo de la IC, planeación, evaluación de fuentes, obtención de información, procesamiento de datos, análisis (técnicas cualitativas) y, resultados. Para llevar a cabo la metodología en la investigación, se establecieron tres fases de trabajo, 1) se realizó una base de datos de 200 empresas farmacéuticas que incluye campos a documentar sobre datos generales, innovación, terapias, etc. 2) aplicación de una encuesta a 155 empresas con preguntas abiertas y cerradas con temas de I+D, innovación, propiedad industrial, IC, y otros. Por último, 3) un análisis de patentes mediante en software "Matheo Patent", para identificar líderes de empresas, países, inventores, tecnologías, oficinas de patentes, etc. Los resultados indican el uso de la IC en las farmacéuticas que aunque realizan los pasos de la metodología, no suelen aplicarse en forma estructurada. Sin embargo, se distingue que las grandes empresas tienen más atención a este tipo de actividades, mientras que las pymes se inclinan hacia otros intereses de las operaciones, al igual que de las pequeñas innovaciones que van descubriendo. Entre las principales necesidades observadas, destaca la falta de inversión a la I+D, debido a que el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos innovadores son de larga duración, costosos y con una tasa de recuperación lenta e incierta. El 25% de las farmacéuticas que realizan I+D, registran un bajo índice de innovación, sin embargo el mercado para medicamentos genéricos y parafarmacia se incrementa de forma gradual. Con lo anterior se observó que existe una variedad de fuentes de información y herramientas para obtener información sobre el sector de interés, con el objetivo de proporcionar una ventaja frente la competencia. No obstante, también hay factores que impiden el desarrollo eficiente y continuo de la IC como herramienta la de Innovación, y son procesos que deben adaptarse al cambiante entorno político, social y cultural. Como es el caso de la investigación para productos y servicios innovadores que puedan ofrecer las farmacéutica a la sociedad. Para finalizar y frente a muchas posibilidades que ofrece la industria farmacéutica, se proponen futuros trabajos de investigación:la gestión del Conocimiento (GC) para conocer el status de la empresa a través de la transmisión de información y habilidades a sus empleados, mientras que el conocimiento externo indicará lo que ocurre en el mercado; el análisis de patentes para identificar si lo que se ha patentado en los últimos 5-7 años, está en el mercado al igual que los próximos productos a caducar la patente ; Postprint (published version)

This research focuses on the use and practice of Competitive Intelligence within the Spanich pharmaceutical sector, as a tool to be used in decision making. For that purpose, it is necessary to perform each step of the IC methdology, in order to identify strengths and weaknesses of competing firms and the own, to plan strategies for the benefit and growth of the pharmaceutical industry in Spain. This is for laboratories and companies regarless of their origin either national or foreign companies affiliated with Farmaindustria and Plan Profarma for the period 2008-2011. The research is founded on the basis of four research questions that expose the following: 1) The characteristics of Competitive intelligence and its practice within pharmaceutical companies of Spain; 2) The contribution of the CI in the process of R&D in the pharmaceutical firms; 3) Enablings and inhibiting factors of innovation, patents and CI, in Spain; and 4) The influence of CI in the chain of product development in the pharmaceutical firms in Spain. The proposal of the methodology is established by considering the aforementioned background and disciplines from which this research is based, espefically CI, R&D+i and patents. First of all, through the stages of the CI cycle, planning, evaluation of sources, information gathering, data processing, analysis (qualitative techniques) and results three work phases were established to conduct the research methodology, 1) a database of 200 pharmaceutical companies was created including fields to be filled about general data, innovation, therapies, and so on. 2) the implementation of a survey of 155 companies with open-ended questions on the themes of R&D, innovation, industrial property, CI and other questions. Finally, 3) a patents analysis though "Matheo Patent software" to identify business leaders, countries, inventors, technology, patent officess, etc. Results indicate the use of the CI in pharmaceutical firms even if the steps of the methodology are often not applied in structured form. Large enterprises give more attention to this type of activities, while SMEs lean towards other interests on the operations, on small innovations found on the way. Among the main perceived needs, it is highlighted the lack of investment in R&D, because the development of innovative new drug is long, expensive and with a rate of slow and uncertain recovery. 25% of pharmaceutical firms performing R&D, record a low rate of innovation, but the market for generic drugs and beauty products increases gradually. It was noted that a variety of information sources and tools for information on the area of interest, with the aim of providing a competitive advantage over the competition. However, there are also factors that impede the efficient and continuous development of the IC as a tool for innovation, since those are processes that must adapt to the changing political, social and cultural environmen as it is the case of research for innovative products and services that pharmaceuticl firms can provide to society. Finally and in the vace of the many possibilities the pharmaceutical industry provides, future research lines are proposed: Knowledge management (KM) to check the status of the company through the transmission of information and skills to their employees, while the external knowledge will indicate what happens in the market; patent analysis to identify whether what has been patented in the last 5-7 years, is still in the market as well as checking product whose patent is about to get due. ; Esta investigación se enfoca en el uso y práctica de la inteligencia competitiva dentro del sector farmacéutico español como una herramienta para ser utilizada en la toma de decisiones. Para ello, es necesario realizar cada paso de la metodología de IC, con la finalidad de identificar puntos fuertes y débiles de las empresas competidoras y las propias para planear las estrategias en beneficio y crecimiento de la industria farmacéutica en España. Esto es para: laboratorios y empresas indistintamente del origen de su procedencia, es decir, empresas nacionales y extranjeras afiliadas a Farmaindustria y al Plan Profarma en el periodo 2008-2011. La investigación se realizó a partir de cuatro preguntas de investigación que exponen lo siguiente: 1) las características de la inteligencia competitiva y sus prácticas dentro de las empresas farmacéuticas de España; 2) la contribución de la IC en el proceso de I+D en las farmacéuticas; 3) los factores facilitadores e inhibidores de innovación, de patentes y de IC en las farmacéuticas en España, así como los de la IC; y, 4) la influencia que tiene la IC en la cadena de desarrollo de productos en las firmas farmacéuticas de España. El planteamiento de la metodología se establece al considerar antecedentes expuestos y disciplinas en las que se base esta investigación, concretamente la IC, I+D+i y patentes. En primer lugar, a través de las etapas del ciclo de la IC, planeación, evaluación de fuentes, obtención de información, procesamiento de datos, análisis (técnicas cualitativas) y, resultados. Para llevar a cabo la metodología en la investigación, se establecieron tres fases de trabajo, 1) se realizó una base de datos de 200 empresas farmacéuticas que incluye campos a documentar sobre datos generales, innovación, terapias, etc. 2) aplicación de una encuesta a 155 empresas con preguntas abiertas y cerradas con temas de I+D, innovación, propiedad industrial, IC, y otros. Por último, 3) un análisis de patentes mediante en software "Matheo Patent", para identificar líderes de empresas, países, inventores, tecnologías, oficinas de patentes, etc. Los resultados indican el uso de la IC en las farmacéuticas que aunque realizan los pasos de la metodología, no suelen aplicarse en forma estructurada. Sin embargo, se distingue que las grandes empresas tienen más atención a este tipo de actividades, mientras que las pymes se inclinan hacia otros intereses de las operaciones, al igual que de las pequeñas innovaciones que van descubriendo. Entre las principales necesidades observadas, destaca la falta de inversión a la I+D, debido a que el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos innovadores son de larga duración, costosos y con una tasa de recuperación lenta e incierta. El 25% de las farmacéuticas que realizan I+D, registran un bajo índice de innovación, sin embargo el mercado para medicamentos genéricos y parafarmacia se incrementa de forma gradual. Con lo anterior se observó que existe una variedad de fuentes de información y herramientas para obtener información sobre el sector de interés, con el objetivo de proporcionar una ventaja frente la competencia. No obstante, también hay factores que impiden el desarrollo eficiente y continuo de la IC como herramienta la de Innovación, y son procesos que deben adaptarse al cambiante entorno político, social y cultural. Como es el caso de la investigación para productos y servicios innovadores que puedan ofrecer las farmacéutica a la sociedad. Para finalizar y frente a muchas posibilidades que ofrece la industria farmacéutica, se proponen futuros trabajos de investigación:la gestión del Conocimiento (GC) para conocer el status de la empresa a través de la transmisión de información y habilidades a sus empleados, mientras que el conocimiento externo indicará lo que ocurre en el mercado; el análisis de patentes para identificar si lo que se ha patentado en los últimos 5-7 años, está en el mercado al igual que los próximos productos a caducar la patente ; Postprint (published version)

The general objective of this thesis is to improve the quality of a certain Sustainability Objectives (OS) and Material Flows Indicators (IFM) to propose a set of Sustainability Indicators for the Sustainable Planning of coastal tourist destinations, through a systemic methodological process structured in 8 chapters: Chapter II elaborates on tourism itself and on the paradigm of sustainable development. The term Sustainable Tourism is an updated definition of Sustainable Tourism by the UNWTO (1993). The knowledge of the institutional debate of the strategies for sustainable development, and the discussion with experts in sustainable tourism and urban sustainability inside the doctorate group (focus group), made possible in Chapter III to update and improve the quality of the OS by stating 4 imperative ones, from which the "To change the patterns of production and consumption of material resources" was taken as a starting point for the proposals in this thesis given that reviewing and improving their resource management models would guarantee the closing of the material cycles in the technical processes in order to maintain and increase the utility value of touristic appeal, that the landscape is. In Chapters IV and V a case study for Alcossebre a town on the Mediterranean coast in the Valencian Community is chosen. This place is an example of the tourist model of sun and beach. It was characterized to know about its territorial problems, the dynamics of material resources and the relationships of the users with the territory and resources. Territorially speaking it is an urban dispersed model. A SWOT analysis, elicits the potential and limitations of the place as a tourist destination as well as the contributions of the population in regard to their perception towards the presence of tourism in it. Through a face-to-face survey. The results show that the population weights tourism as a generator of economic benefits and minimizes their potential environmental impacts. A model of sustainable resource management involves designing reliable indicators for decision-making and to know about their results over time. The indicators report how the technical processes are being carried out and alert when values are moving away from the desirable parameters. In Chapter VI, the instruments to conceptualize and design the indicators sets (organizational models and scientific approaches) are studied. The resulting indicators allow the outlining of a first IFM set (water, energy and waste) and Territory for tourist use, which is enriched with the results from the case study. The suggested set is evaluated in Chapter VII through the discussion in the focus group by weighting the criteria for the design of indicators. This would be the first round of the Delphi survey where 26 experts would seek consensus on the results obtained during this research, and where they would give recommendations and corrections to refine the final result. In Chapter VIII, the conclusions and contributions from this work based on the discussion of the hypotheses and specific objectives set in Chapter I are presented, namely: A set of sustainability indicators relative to the material flows and to the territory for tourism use was validated through a Delphi survey and via an innovative methodological process to derive it that was indeed a major contribution from this thesis. Also a main conclusion is given in the sense that the tourist phenomenon and its problems should be addressed by interdisciplinary professional teams for decision-making and that indicators of materials flows and territory are reliable to form a tool for decision support because of their universal and traversal character, but they must be complemented by other indicators of a social, economic and political nature to provide integrated answers within the paradigm of sustainability. ; El objetivo general de la tesis es mejorar la calidad de unos Objetivos de Sostenibilidad (OS) e Indicadores de Flujos de Materiales (IFM) para proponer una Batería de Indicadores de Sostenibilidad para la Planificación Sostenible de destinos turísticos costeros, por medio de un proceso metodológico sistémico estructurado en 8 capítulos: En el Capítulo II se profundiza en el paradigma de la sostenibilidad del desarrollo y el turismo. Se actualiza el término de Turismo Sostenible reformulando la primera definición de Turismo Sostenible de la OMT (1993). El conocimiento del debate institucional de las estrategias para un desarrollo sostenible, su discusión con expertos en turismo sostenible y sostenibilidad urbana al interno del doctorado (focus group), hizo posible en el Capítulo III, actualizar y mejorar la calidad de los OS, enunciándose 4 prioritarios, de los cuales, el ¿Cambiar los patrones de producción y consumo de los recursos materiales¿ se tomó como punto de partida para la propuesta objeto de esta tesis, ya que revisar y mejorar los modelos de gestión de sus recursos garantizaría el cierre de los ciclos materiales en los procesos técnicos para mantener e incrementar el valor de utilidad del atractivo turístico, que es el paisaje. En los Capítulos IV y V, se elige un caso de estudio. Alcossebre, en la costa Mediterránea de la Comunidad Valenciana. Este lugar, de estructura territorial difusa, es ejemplo del modelo turístico de sol y playa. Se ha caracterizado para conocer su problemática territorial, la dinámica de los recursos materiales y las relaciones de los usuarios con el territorio y los recursos. Un análisis DAFO, da cuenta de las potencialidades y limitaciones del lugar como destino turístico así como los aportes de la población en cuanto a su percepción hacia la presencia turística, a través de una encuesta presencial. Los resultados generales muestran que la población pondera al turismo como generador de beneficios económicos y minimiza sus posibles impactos ambientales. Un modelo de gestión sostenible de los recursos implica diseñar indicadores fiables para la toma de decisiones y conocer sus resultados en el tiempo. Los indicadores informan de cómo se están llevando a cabo los procesos técnicos y alertan cuando los valores se están alejando de los parámetros deseables. En el Capítulo VI, se estudian los instrumentos para conceptualizar y diseñar una batería de indicadores, esto es, los Modelos de organización y enfoques científicos. Los indicadores emanados permiten esbozar una primera batería de IFM (agua, energía y residuos) y territorio de uso turístico, enriquecida con los resultados del estudio del caso. Esta batería propuesta se evalúa en el Capítulo VII a través de su discusión entre el focus group ponderando los criterios para el diseño de indicadores. Ésta sería la 1ª de tres rondas de la Encuesta Delphi en la que 26 expertos consensuarían los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de esta investigación, harían sus recomendaciones y correcciones para ajustar el resultado final. En el Capítulo VIII, se presentan las conclusiones y aportaciones de este trabajo a partir de las discusión de las hipótesis de trabajo y objetivos específicos planteados en el Capítulo I: Una Batería de Indicadores de Sostenibilidad relativos a los flujos de materiales y al territorio de uso turístico consensuada y validada a través de una encuesta Delphi y una Metodología sistémica iterativa como aportaciones de esta tesis. Y como conclusiones, que los indicadores de flujos de materiales y territorio son fiables para conformar una herramienta de ayuda a la decisión por su carácter universal y transversal, pero deben complementarse con otros de tipo social, económico y político para dar respuestas integradas dentro del paradigma de la sostenibilidad, y que en la toma de decisiones, es importante la participación interdisciplinar de profesionales e intervinientes interesados en lo turístico, para soluciones holísticas. ; Postprint (published version)

The firming of the economic recovery is putting the policy spotlight back on the longer term challenge of faster, more inclusive Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Modest investment rates despite attractive returns and low savings rates despite favorable demographics are important impediments. A virtuous cycle of faster capital accumulation, job creation (especially for the youth), and technological advancement needs to be stimulated. There are no quick fixes that can produce the desired stimulus. The quest for inclusive growth calls for a different, bolder approach. Integration of the advanced and less-developed economies and more effective integration with the global economy, using factory Southern Africa as a platform, hold considerable potential. South Africa's medium-term growth prospects point to a strengthening recovery. GDP growth is projected to be 3.5 percent in 2011, 4.1 percent in 2012 and 4.4 percent in 2013. The long term potential growth rate under the current policy environment is estimated at 3.5 percent. In light of South Africa's low national savings, the reemergence of high current account deficits, financed mostly through volatile portfolio flows, will reemerge as the biggest cause for macroeconomic concern over the medium term. With considerable strengthening of the economic recovery and GDP projected to reach its potential by 2014, the focus shifts back to the longer term challenge of raising GDP growth to 6-7 percent and making it much more inclusive to tackle the extremely high unemployment. This first issue is anchored in the national aspirations of faster and more inclusive growth, with special emphasis on the issues of savings and investment.

Several East Asian countries, in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, are considering an expansion of their social safety net programs. In many cases, existing delivery mechanisms for social assistance in the region tend to be basic, in line with the small size of programs. In a context of coverage expansion and proliferation of new programs, the risk of creating increasingly complex systems characterized by cross-incentives is high. Lack of coordination, ambiguous criteria for identifying and selecting beneficiaries, low administrative capacity, lack of transparency and limited beneficiary participation pose risks for program effectiveness and can decrease accountability. Good governance can improve program outcomes through effective program coordination, stronger accountability arrangements, provider incentives and greater transparency and participation. This paper proposes an analytical framework to systematically identify governance risks and constraints which, if removed, could improve the outcomes of modern social assistance programs.